GT4

I HC KHOA HC T NHIN TP H CH MINH
KHOA TAN-TIN HC
__________________________________________

Tin s Nguyn Thanh V

Nin kha 2009-2010
Toan GII TCH A4 GV Nguyen Thanh Vu- 2009 Trang 1

CHNG 1 PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP MT

1. NH NGHA PHNG TRNH VI PHN
1.1 Khi nim
Xt mt phng trnh m n l hm s mt bin y, chng hn nh
+ = '' 3 5 ' 0 , x, , , ,
trong c cha o hm ca y. Phng trnh ny c gi l phng trnh vi phn .
Cp cao nht ca o hm trong phng trnh l cp 2, nn phng trnh ny c gi l phng
trnh vi phn cp 2.
Phng trnh + = '' 3 ' 5 0 , x, , c gi l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2.
Phng trnh + = 3 ' 7 sin , x, x c gi l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1.
Phng trnh + = '' 3 5 ' 0 , x, , , l phng trnh vi phn nhng khng tuyn tnh.
Phng trnh vi phn y' = 2xy-3y
2
c dng = ' ( , ) , f x , v c gi l phng trnh gii ra
i vi o hm.
Coi phng trnh vi phn = ' 1 , . Nghim trn \ ca phng trnh vi phn ny c dng y=x+C vi
C l hng s ty . Ngi ta gi y=x+C, trong C l hng s ty , l nghim tng qut ( general
solution) ca phng trnh vi phn = ' 1 , trn \.
Cc hm s y=x+1, y=x+2 c gi l cc nghim c bit (particular solution) ca phng
trnh vi phn = ' 1 , trn \.
ng biu din ca nghim y = y(x) c gi l ng cong nghim hay ng cong tch phn
ca phng trnh vi phn.
Xt phng trnh vi phn = ' ,, x . Ly tch phn hai v ta c = +
2 2
, x C . H thc
= +
2 2
, x C c gi l nghim n ( implicit solution) ca phng trnh vi phn. Khi no nghim
c dng y=f(x) th n c gi l nghim tng minh ( explicit solution).

1.2. nh ngha phng trnh vi phn
Mt phng trnh vi phn l phng trnh hm ( mt bin ) c cha o hm ca hm cn tm. Nu
bc cao nht ca o hm trong phng trnh vi phn l n, th phng trnh ny c gi l phng
trnh vi phn cp n.
Xt phng trnh vi phn cp n
F(x, y, y',, y
(n)
) = 0,
trong biu thc F(x, y,..., y
(n)
) thc s cha y
(n)
.
Hm s y = y(x) c gi l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn trn khong I (vi I R) nu hm
s y = y(x) tha tnh cht
x I, F(x, y(x), y'(x), , y
(n)
(x)) = 0.
Ch thch:
Tnh cht trn bao hm hai tnh cht sau
Hm s y kh vi ti cp n trn I, tc cc o hm y'(x), y"(x),... y
(n)
(x) tn ti vi mi x I .
x I, (x, y(x),..., y
(n)
(x)) thuc min xc nh ca F.

1.2 nh ngha nghim

Mt h thc G(x,y)=0 c gi l nghim n trn khong I ca phng trnh vi phn nu tn ti
mt hm s y va tha h thc G(x,y(x) )=0 va tha phng trnh vi phn vi mi x thuc I.
V d: Xt phng trnh vi phn + = ' 0 ,, x .
Ly tch phn hai v ta c + =
2 2
2 2
, x
C hay + =
2 2
, x K vi K l hng s.
Ta thy h thc + =
2 2
25 , x l mt nghim n ca phng trnh vi phn + = ' 0 ,, x trn
khang = + ( 5, 5) I . Tht vy, tn ti hm s y=
2
25 x xc nh trn (-5,5) v tha

+ =
+ = + =
2 2
25
' 0
, x
,, x x
2
2
, x I -x
25-x
25-x

GV. Nguyen Thanh Vu- 2009 Toan Gii Tch A4 Trang 2

Nu biu thc ca nghim c cha tham s v mi nghim ca phng trnh u c dng ny
(cc nghim khc nhau th ng vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca tham s), th nghim ny c gi l
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn.

+ =
+ = + =
2 2
25
' 0
, x
,, x x
2
2
, x I -x
25-x
25-x

2. MT S PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP 1
Trong on ny, mt s phng php gii phng trnh vi phn cp 1 c trinh by. Mc ch ca
on ny ch l gii thiu phng php, do c mt s ch l lun cha ng nhng chng ti vn
lt qua. Chng hn, vic chia hai v ca phng trnh cho mt i lng ( i lng ny c th bng
0) l khng ng v l lun. Chng ti s b sung cc ch l lun cha ng trong cc on sau.
2.1. Phng trnh tch bin
Phng trnh sau c gi l phng trnh tch bin : h(y)y' = g(x)
Dng ny c th vit di cc hnh thc sau
h(y) ) x ( g
dx
dy
= ; h(y) dy = g(x) dx ; h(y) dy + f(x) dx=0.
2.1.1. Phng php gii
Ly nguyn hm hai v, ta c

= dx ) x ( g dy ) y ( h
H(y) = G(x) + C ,
trong H l nguyn hm ca h v G l nguyn hm ca g.
Phng trnh trn khng cn cha o hm ca y, nghim y ca phng trnh vi phn c xc nh
bi phng trnh ny.

2.1.2. Th d. Hy gii phng trnh y' = 5x
2
trn R....
Li gii : Ly nguyn hm hai v ta c nghim tng qut nh sau C x
3
5
y
3
+ = .
2.1.3. Th d. Hy gii phng trnh vi phn y
2
y' = x 5 trn R.
Li gii.
Ly tch phn hai v ta c

= dx ) 5 x ( dx ' y y
2

= dx ) 5 x ( dy y
2

C x 5
2
x
3
y
2 3
+ =

3 / 1
2
C 3 x 15
2
x 3
y
+ =
Ta thy 3C l hng s ty v C l hng s ty , do ta vit hng s K thay cho 3C.
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh trn R l

3 / 1
2
K x 15
2
x 3
y
+ = vi K l hng s ty .
2.1.4. Th d Hy gii phng trnh xy' = y
2
+ 1 trn (0,+).
Li gii.
Chuyn v ca x v y
2
+ 1 a v dng phng trnh tch bin

x
y
y
1
'
1
1
2
=
+
.
Ly tch phn hai v

2
1 1
1
=
+

dy dx
x
y

arctg y = lnx + C

, vi C

l hng s.
Suy ra y = tg (lnx + C)

2.1.5. Th d Hy gii phng trnh
2 3
' , x , = trn R.
Li gii.
Chuyn v y
2
a v dng phng trnh tch bin

2
2
' ,
x
,
= .
Ly tch phn hai v

2
2
' ,
dx x dx
,
=

3
1
3
x
C
,
= +

, vi C

l hng s.

3
3
3
,
x C
=
+

3
3
,
x |
=
+
vi k l hng s. (*)
Ch thch
Phng trnh trn c dng y(x)= a(x) b(y) . Phng trnh ny c mt nghim c bit l hm hng
o
, , , trong
o
, l s tha b(y
o
) = 0. Khi chuyn phng trnh y(x)= a(x) b(y) qua dng tch
bin
1
b(y)
y(x)=a(x), nghim yy
o
thng b mt.
Hm 0 , l mt nghim ca phng trnh
2 3
' , x , = , nhng dng (*) khng cha hm ny.

Bi tp: T bi tp 1 ti bi tp 25 ( cui chng 1).

2.2. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1
Sau y l nh l v nghim ca phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 thun nht.
2.2.1 nh l
Cho phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 thun nht
y' + p(x)y = 0,
trong p l hm lin tc trn khong I R.
Gi P l mt nguyn hm ca p(x)
Khi , nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn trn khong I l
y(x) = Ce
-P(x)
,
trong C l hng s ty .
Chng minh
Gi s P l mt nguyn hm ca p.
Nhn hai v phng trnh vi phn cho e
P(x)
), ta c

( ) ( )
'( ) ( ) ( ) 0 + =
P x P x
e y x p x e y x

( )
/
( )
( ) 0
P x
e y x =

( )
( )
P x
e y x C = vi C l hng s
Vy
( )
( )
P x
y x Ce
=
Ch thch:
Phng trnh y' + p(x)y = 0 c dng y(x)= a(x) b(y) v c th gii bng phng php tch bin
nh v d 2.1.5.

2.2.2 nh l
Cho phng trnh vi phn vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1
y' + p(x)y = q(x)
trong p, q l cc hm lin tc theo x trn khong I.
Gi P l mt ngyn hm ca p(x)
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh ny trn khong I l

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
P x P x
y x e e q x dx
=


Ch thch: Nghim c th ghi di dng sau

( )
( ) ( )
=
P x
y x e F x vi
( )
( ) ( ) =
P x
F x e q x dx
hay
( )
( )
1
( ) ( )
= +
P x
y x e F x C vi
1
F l mt nguyn hm ca
( )
( )
( )
P x
e q x .

Chng minh
Nhn hai v phng trnh vi phn cho e
P(x)
, ta c

( ) ( ) ( )
'( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + =
P x P x P x
e y x p x e y x e q x
hay
( )
/
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
P x P x
e y x e q x =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
P x P x
e y x e q x dx =

Vy
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
P x P x
y x e e q x dx
=

Ch thch:
Hm s (x) = e
P(x)
c gi l tha s tch phn.
nh l 2.2.1 l trng hp c bit nh l 2.2.2. Thay v chng minh trc tip nh l 2.2.1, ta
c th p dng nh l 2.2.2 chng minh nh l 2.2.1

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
P x P x
y x e e q x dx
=

=
( ) ( )
0 .

=
P x P x
e dx e C
2.2.3. Th du. Hy tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn
' , , x, x = x R.
Li gii.
Phng trnh ny c dng tuyn tnh y' + p(x)y = q(x) vi p(x)=-x v q(x)=x.
Ta c
2
1
( )
2
x
p x dx x dx C = = +

.
Chn P(x) =
2
2
x
th P l mt nguyn hm ca p.
Ta c
2
2
P(x)
e
x
c
= v
2
2
-P(x)
e
x
c =
Ta c F(x)=
( )
( )
| x
c q x dx
=
2 2
2 2
x x
c xdx c C

= +

Vy nghim tng qut trn R ca phng trnh vi phn l

( )
( ) ( )
=
P x
y x e F x =

+

2 2
2 2
x x
c c C = -1+C
2
2
x
c , vi C l hng s.
2.2.4. Th du.
Hy tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn
, 0 x cos x
x
y 2
dx
dy
x
1
2
= x (0, +).
Li gii.
Phng trnh tng ng l y
x
y
2
' = x
2
cos x, x (0, +).
Phng trnh ny c dng tuyn tnh y' + p(x)y = q(x).
Ta c

+ =
=
1
C x ln 2 dx
x
2
dx ) x ( p .
Chn P(x) = 2lnx = ln (x
2
) th P l mt nguyn hm ca p.
Khi e
P(x)
=
2
x ln
e = x
2
v
2ln ( ) 2 x | x
c c x
= =
Ta c F(x)=
( )
( )
| x
c q x dx =

2 2
cos x x x dx =
dx x cos = sin x + C, vi C l hng s.

Vy nghim tng qut trn R ca phng trnh vi phn l

( )
( ) ( )
=
P x
y x e F x =
( )
2
sin x x C + = x
2
sin x + Cx
2
.

2.2.5. nh l Cho bi ton iu kin u nh sau

+ =
' ( ) ( ) ,
( ) ,
\
o o
, p x , qx x
, x ,

trong p v q l cc hm s lin tc trn R, x
o
v y
o
l cc hng s cho trc ty .
Khi , bi ton c mt nghim y duy nht.
Chng minh
Theo nh l 2.2.2, nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn + = ' ( ) ( ) , p x , qx l

( )
( )
1
( ) ( )
= +
P x
y x e F x C
vi F l mt nguyn hm ca
( )
( )
( )
P x
e q x
Da vo iu kin u y(x
o
) = y
o,
ta xc nh hng s C nh sau:

( )
0
( )
0 1 0
( ) ( )
= +
P x
y x e F x C
0
( )
0 1 0
( ) ( ) =
P x
C y x e F x .
Hng s C c xc nh duy nht nn nghim y c xc nh duy nht. Vy bi ton trn lun
lun c mt nghim duy nht.
Bi tp: T bi tp 26 ti bi 45 ( cui chng 1)

2.3. Phng trnh vi phn ton phn
Phng trnh M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0
hay M(x,y) + N(x,y)y =0
c gi l phng trnh vi phn ton phn nu tn ti hm hai bin F tha
dF(x,y) = M (x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy.
- Khi phng trnh vi phn tr thnh
dF(x,y)=0.
F(x,y)=C vi C l hng s.
Trong l thuyt ca hm hai bin, ta c cng thc
dF(x,y) =
x
F
(x, y)dx +
y
F
(x, y) dy.
v

=

F F
y x x y

T , ta c nh l sau
2.3.1 nh l
Cho phng trnh vi phn M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0.
Gi s cc o hm ring cp 1 ca M v N lin tc trn min D ca R
2

v

=

M N
y x

Khi :
a) Tn ti hm hai bin F trn D tha
dF(x, y) = Mdx+ Ndy .
b) Phng trnh vi phn trn tr thnh
F(x,y)=C vi C l hng s.

2.2.2 Phng php gii
Khi gp phng trnh M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy= 0,
c
x
N
y
M
,
ta s tm biu thc ca F da vo

N
y
F
M
x
F

Sau kt lun F(x, y) = C.
2.3.3 Th d. Hy tm nghim tng qut trn khong (a,b) ca phng trnh vi phn
y 3x
2
+ (x 1)y = 0. Bit rng khong (a, b) khng cha 1.
Li gii
Ta c (y 3x
2
)dx+ (x 1)dy = 0 hay M dx+N dy = 0 ,
trong M = y 3x
2
v N = x 1.
D thy N v M c cc o hm ring cp 1 lin tc trn R
2
.
ng thi ta c
x
N
y
M
( v cng bng 1).

Do tn ti hm F xc nh trn trn R
2
tha
dF(x, y) = (y 3x
2
)dx+ (x 1)dy
Ta xc nh F nh sau

2
3
1

=
(*)
(**)
F
y x
x
F
x
y

(**) F(x,y) = (x 1)y + g(x) v F(x,0)=g(x).
Kt hp vi (*) ta c
'( ) ( , )
2
0 3
= =
F
g x x x
x
g(x) = x
3
+ k, vi k l hng s.
Chn k = 0, ta c F(x, y) = (x 1)y x
3.

Vy phng trnh vi phn ban u tng ng vi
(x 1)y x
3
= C.


2.4. Phng trnh vi phn ng cp ( thun nht).
Phng trnh vi phn
=
x
y
h ' y , vi h l hm theo mt bin
x
y
u = , c gi l phng trnh vi
phn ng cp.
Ch thch
Hm f(x,y) c gi l hm thun nht bc k nu f(tx,ty)= t
k
f(x,y) vi mi s thc t.
Th d :
2 2
( , ) 3 2 5 f x , x x, , = + l hm thun nht bc 2.
Nu M v N l cc hm s thun nht c cng bc k th phng trnh sau l phng trnh vi phn
ng cp : M(x,y)+N(x,y)y=0 .

2.4.1. Phng php gii. Phng php gii phng trnh
=
x
y
h ' y nh sau:
Bc 1 ( i bin)
t
x
y
u = th y = ux v y' = u'x + u.
Khi , phng trnh vi phn tr thnh
u'x + u = h(u)
xu' = h(u) u
Bc 2 ( tch bin)

x
1
u ) u ( h
' u
=
.

=
dx
x
1
du
u ) u ( h
1
.
Phng trnh s c dng sau
H(u) = A nx + C
H C x ln
x
y
+ =
.
2.4.2. Th d. Hy gii phng trnh vi phn
2
2
x
xy 2 y
' y
+
= trn min (1,+).
Li gii
Phng trnh vi phn tng ng l

x
y
2
x
y
' y
2
+
=
t u =
x
y
th y = ux v y' = u'x + u.
Phng trnh vi phn tr thnh
u'x + u = u
2
+ 2u
xu' = u
2
+ u

x
1
u u
' u
2
=
+

=
+
dx
x
1
du
u u
1
2

=
+
dx
x
1
du
1 u
1
u
1

A nu A nu +1 = A nx + n C A , vi C l hng s ty .

1
u
n n Cx
u
=
+
A A

1
u
Cx
u
=
+

1
u
|x
u
=
+
, vi k l hng s ty .

1
,
x
|x
,
x
=
+

,
|x
, x
=
+

2
(1 ) |x , |x =

2
1
|x
,
|x
=
(*)
Ch thch: Kt qu (*) cha han chnh

2.5. o hm l hm s theo bin ax + by
Xt phng trnh vi phn c dng
y' = h(ax + by) ,
trong a v b l hng s khc 0.
2.5.1. Phng php gii
t u = ax + by, ta c
u' = a + by' hay y=
b
a u '
.
Phng trnh y' = h(ax + by) tr thnh

) u ( h
b
a ' u
=

u' = a + bh(u)
a v phng trnh vi phn dng tch bin
1
) u ( bh a
' u
=
+

+
du
) u ( bh a
1
= x +C
H(u) = x + C
H(ax+by) = x + C
2.5.2. Th du. Hy gii phng trnh vi phn y' = x y +1 +
1
, x
.

Li gii.
t u = y x , ta c
u' = y' 1 hay y' = u' + 1

Phng trnh vi phn trn tr thnh
u' + 1 = u + 1 +
1
u

hay u' = u +
1
u

2
' 1
1
u
u
u
=
+
hay
2
1
u
du dx
u
=
+

2
1
u
du dx
u
=
+

hay
2
1 2
2
1
u
du dx
u
=
+

2
1
ln 1
2
u x | + = + , vi k l hng s ty .

( )
2
ln 1 2 2 u x | + = +

2
u +1
2 2 2 2 x | | x
c c c
+
= = .

2
u +1
2x
Cc = vi C l hng s dng ty .
( )
2
y-x +1
2x
Cc =


2.6. Phng trnh vi phn Bernoulli
Xt phng trnh c dng
y' + P(x)y = Q(x)y
n
,
trong P, Q l cc hm s lin tc trn khong (a, b) v n l s thc.
Phng trnh ny c gi l phng trnh vi phn Bernoulli.
2.6.1.Phng php gii
Trng hp n = 0 hay n = 1: Phng trnh trn c dng l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1.
Phng php gii trnh by trong on 2.3.
Trng hp n 0 v n 1:
Xt y'+ P(x)y = Q(x)y
n

y
n
y' + P(x)y
1n
= Q(x)
t u = y
1n
th u' = (1 n)y
n
y' . Khi , phng trnh trn tr thnh

n 1
1
u + P(x)u = (1 n) Q(x)
u' + (1 n) P(x)u = (1 n) Q(x)
Ta a v dng phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1, phng php gii ca phng trnh ny
c trnh by trong on 2.3.

2.6.2.Th d. Hy gii phng trnh vi phn y' 5y =
3
xy
2
5
trn R.
Li gii
Chia 2 v cho y
3
, ta c
y
3
y' 5y
2
= x
2
5
.
t u = y
2
th u' = 2y
3
y'. Phng trnh trn tr thnh

'
1 5
5
2 2
= u u x
' 10 5 + = u u x
Phng trnh ny c dng phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1, ta tm c
u =
x 10
Ce
20
1
2
x

+

x 10
2
Ce
20
1
2
x
y
1

+ = (*).
Ch thch: y 0 l mt nghim ca phng trnh vi phn nhng (*) khng cha nghim ny.

2.7. Mt dng phng trnh a v dng ng cp
Xt phng trnh vi phn dng
2 2 2
1 1 1
c y b x a
c y b x a
' y
+ +
+ +
=
2.7.1. Phng php gii
) Trng hp a
1
b
2
= a
2
b
1.

Lc tn ti hng s k tha a
1
= ka
2
v b
1
= kb
2
.
Do ) (
) (
'
2 2
2 2 2
1 2 2
y b x a h
c y b x a
c y b x a k
y + =
+ +
+ +
=
Ta thy y' l hm s theo bin u = a
2
x + b
2
y, phng php gii phng trnh dng ny trnh by
trong on 2.5.
) Trng hp a
1
b
2
a
2
b
1

Nu c
1
= c
2
= 0, phng trnh vi phn trn tr thnh

y b x a
y b x a
y
2 2
1 1
'
+
+
=
x
y
b a
x
y
b a
' y
2 2
1 1
+
+
= .
Phng trnh ny c dng phng trnh ng cp, phng php gii nh trong on 2.4.
Nu c
1
0 hay c
2
0, gi (h, k) l nghim s ca h phng trnh bc nht

= + +
= + +
0
0
2 2 2
1 1 1
c y b x a
c y b x a
,
Nh th, (h,k) tha
= + +
= + +
0 c k b h a
0 c k b h a
2 2 2
1 1 1

=
=
k b h a c
k b h a c
2 2 2
1 1 1
.
Khi
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2 2
1 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
k y b h x a
k y b h x a
k b h a y b x a
k b h a y b x a
c y b x a
c y b x a
+
+
=
+ +
+
=
+ +
+ +
.
t X = x h v Y = y k ta c
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
'
2 2
1 1
k y b h x a
k y b h x a
y
+
+
=
Y b X a
Y b X a
dX
dY
2 2
1 1
+
+
=
Phng trnh c dng phng trnh ng cp , phng php gii c trnh by trong on 2.4.
2.7.2. Th d Hy gii phng trnh vi phn ( ) 2 ' 3 6 x , , x , + + = trn R.
Li gii.
Gi s x+y+2 0.

H phng trnh
= + +
=
0 2
0 6 3
y x
y x
c nghim l
=
=
3
1
y
x

t X = x 1 v Y = y + 3 th
dx
dy
dX
dY
= . Khi , phng trnh tr thnh

) 3 y ( ) 1 x (
) 3 y ( ) 1 x ( 3
' y
+ +
+
=
Y X
Y X 3
dX
dY
+
=
Theo phng php gii phng trnh vi phn dng ng cp, ta t u l hm s tha Y = uX.
T Y=uX, ta suy ra u X
dX
du
dX
dY
+ = .
Chuyn Y qua u, phng trnh vi phn tr thnh

u 1
u 3
u
dX
du
X
+
= +
u
u 1
u 3
dX
du
X
+
=

1 u
3 u 2 u
dX
du
X
2
+
+
= ( phng trnh c dng tch bin).
dX
X
1
du
3 u 2 u
1 u
2
=
+
+

=
+
+
dX
X
1
du
3 u 2 u
) 1 u ( 2
2
1
2

1
2
C X ln 3 u 2 u ln
2
1
+ = + , vi C
1
l hng s.
lnu
2
+ 2u 3 = 2ln X + ln C
2
( vi
1
2
2
C
e C = )
lnu
2
+ 2u 3 = ln C
2
X
2

u
2
+ 2u 3 = C
2
X
2

2
2
) 1 x (
1
C 3
1 x
3 y
2
1 x
3 y
+
+
+
( vi C l hng s)
(y + 3)
2
+ 2(x 1) (y + 3) 3(x 1)
2
= C
Bi tp: Bi tp 81 v bi tp 82 ( cui chng 1).

2.8. Phng trnh c th a v dng vi phn ton phn.
Phng php ny lum thum, ch nn p dng khi cc phng php khc tht bi.

Xt phng trnh M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 hay phng trnh M(x,y)+N(x,y)y=0 ,
trong
) , ( ) , ( y x
x
N
y x
y
M
.
Phng trnh trn cha l phng trnh vi phn ton phn. Ta s bin i v a v dng phng
trnh vi phn ton phn nh trong on 2.3 .

Ta s dng k hiu M
y
thay cho
y
M
, v dng k hiu N
x
thay cho
x
N
.
2.8.1. Phng php gii.
Xt phng trnh vi phn M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 vi M
y
N
x
.
Nhn hai v ca phng trnh cho mt hm (x, y) ( lun khc 0 trn min ang xt), ta c
(x, y)M(x, y)dx + (x, y)N(x, y)dy = 0 (*)
Hm c chn sao cho (*) c dng phng trnh vi phn ton phn.
Hm trong phng php ny c gi l tha s tch phn.

Sau y l nh l lin quan ti vic chn tha s tch phn .


2.8.2. nh l
Xt phng trnh vi phn M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 v M
y
N
x
. Khi :
a) Nu

N
N M
x y
lin tc v ch ph thuc x (khng ph thuc y), khi mt tha s tch phn
ca phng trnh trn l

=

dx
N
N M
exp ) x (
x y

(hng s xut hin khi tnh nguyn hm c chn ty v thng c chn bng 0).
b) Nu

M
M N
y x
lin tc v ch ph thuc y (khng ph thuc x), khi mt tha s tch phn
ca phng trnh trn l

=

dy
M
M N
exp ) y (
y x

(hng s xut hin khi tnh nguyn hm c chn ty v thng c chn bng 0).
Chng minh
Ta thy Mdx + Ndy l vi phn ton phn nu 2 tnh cht sau ng:
i) Cc o hm ring phn cp 1 ca M, N lin tc
ii) ) N (
x
) M (
y

Tnh cht (i) thng thng ng. Sau y ta tm cch chn da vo tnh cht (ii).
H thc (ii) tng ng vi

y
M + M
y
=
x
N + N
x

y
M
x
N = (N
x
M
y
) (**)
Vic xc nh da vo (*) thng kh khn, do ngi ta ch xt hai trng hp c bit nh sau:
Trng hp
y
= 0 ( tc hm ch ph thuc 1 bin x ).
Phng trnh (**) tr thnh phng trnh vi phn vi hm cn tm l
0
x
N = (N
x
M
y
)
x
=
N
N M
x y

Phng trnh trn c dng phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1, theo kt qu trong on 2.3 th mt
nghim ca phng trnh ny l

=

dx
N
N M
exp ) x (
x y
.
Gi s
N
N M
x y

ch ph thuc bin x ( khng ph thuc bin y). Khi ta chn

=

dx
N
N M
exp ) x (
x y
, d thy tha phng trnh (**).
Tnh cht (a) ca nh l c chng minh.
Trng hp
x
= 0 (tc hm ch ph thuc 1 bin x ). T (*) ta c
y
M = (N
x
M
y
)
Phng trnh (**) tr thnh phng trnh vi phn vi hm cn tm l

y
M 0 = (N
x
M
y
)
M
M N
y x
y
=
Phng trnh trn c dng phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1, theo kt qu trong on 2.2 th mt
nghim ca phng trnh ny l

=

dy
M
M N
exp ) y (
y x
.
Gi s
N
N M
x y

ch ph thuc bin y ( khng ph thuc bin x). Khi ta chn

=

dy
M
M N
exp ) y (
y x
, d thy tha phng trnh (**).
Tnh cht (b) ca nh l c chng minh.
2.8.3. Th d Hy gii phng trnh vi phn y(1 + xy) xy = 0 trn min (0,+).
Li gii
Phng trnh vi phn c dng M + Ny = 0 Mdx+ Ndy=0 , vi M= y(1 + xy) v N=-x.

Ta c
=
+ = +
=
1 ) x (
x
N
xy 2 1 ) xy y (
y
M
x
2
y

Do M
y
N
x
nn ta s tm tha s tch phn .
Ta c M
y
N
x
= (1 + 2xy) ( 1) = 2 (1 + xy). Chia biu thc ny ln lt cho M v N, ta thy vic
chia cho M cho ra kt qu c bit.
Ta c
y xy y
xy
M
N M
x y
2
) 1 (
) 1 ( 2
=
+
+
=

y
2
M
M N
y x
=
( ch cha bin y, khng cha x).

Chn tha s tch phn
k y ln 2
e dy
y
2
exp ) y (
+
=

=
2
y
1
= ( k c chn bng 0).
Nhn hai v ca phng trnh ban u cho
2
y
1
ta c phng trnh dng vi phn ton phn
0
1
2
=
+
dy
y
x
dx
y
xy

Da vo

+
=
2
) , (
1
) , (
y
x
y x
y
F
y
xy
y x
x
F
,
ta tm c
2
) , (
2
x
y
x
y x F + = .
dF(x,y) = 0 F(x, y) = C
1

1
2
2
C
x
y
x
= +

2.8.4. Th d Hy gii phng trnh vi phn (2x
2
+ y)dx + (x
2
y x)dy = 0 trn min (0,+).
Li gii
Phng trnh vi phn c dng Mdx + Ndy = 0 vi M=2x
2
+ y v N= x
2
y x.
Ta c
y
M
y
= (2x
2
+ y) = 1 v
x
N
x
= (x
2
y x) = 2xy 1.
Do M
y
khc N
x
nn ta s tm tha s tch phn .
Ta c M
y
N
x
= 1 (2xy 1) = 2(1xy). Chia biu thc ny ln lt cho M v N, ta thy vic chia
cho N cho ra kt qu c bit.

x
2
) 1 xy ( x
) xy 1 ( 2
N
N M
x y
=

Chn ( )
2
x x ln 2 exp dx
x
2
exp ) x (

= =

=

.
(hng s xut hin khi tnh nguyn hm c chn bng 0).
Nhn hai v ca phng trnh vi phn ban u cho
2
x
1
ta c phng trnh dng vi phn ton
phn nh sau: 0 dy
x
1
y dx
x
y
2
2
=
+ .
Da vo
+ =
x
y y x
y
F
x
y
y x
x
F
1
) , (
2 ) , (
2
,

ta tm c F(x, y) =
2
y
x
y
x 2
2
+
dF(x,y) = 0 F(x, y) = C
2x C
2
y
x
y
2
= + vi C l hng s.
Bi tp: Bi tp 83 v bi tp 84 ( cui chng 1).

3. PHNG TRNH GII RA I VI O HM
3.1 Gii thiu bi ton iu kin u.
Cho (x
o
,y
o
) thuc mt min D trong R
2
. Hm f l hm hai bin xc nh trn min D. Bi ton
(P) c quan tm trong on ny l tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn
) , (
/
y x f y = (3.1.a)
v nghim ny tha iu kin u

o o
y x y = ) ( (3.1.b)
Nghim y l hm thc theo bin x v xc nh trn mt khong I no trong R.
ngha hnh hc ca iu kin u y(x
o
)=y
o
l ng cong tch phn qua im (x
o
,y
o
).
Ch thch: Min D trong chng ny c hiu l tp m lin thng trong R
2
.
Phng trnh (3.1a) c gi l phng trnh gii ra i vi o hm.
Bi ton i hi ng biu din ca nghim qua mt im cho trc nh trong bi
ton (P) c gi l bi ton Cauchy.

3.2. nh l v s tn ti duy nht nghim
3.2.1 nh l
Xt bi ton

/
( , )
( )
o o
y f x y
y x y
(P)

Gi s
i) D l hnh ch nht [x
o
a, x
o
+ a] [y
o
b, y
o
+ b], vi a v b l cc s dng.
ii) Hm hai bin f lin tc trn D.
iii) o hm ring
y
f
tn ti v lin tc trn D.

Khi , bi ton trn c nghim duy nht y = y(x) trn on x
o
x x
o
+ ,
trong = min
M
b
, a vi M l mt chn trn ca f trn D.
3.2.2 Ch thch
Do D l tp ng v b chn trong R
2
, ng thi f lin tc trn D nn chn trn M tn ti (hu
hn).
Bi tp: Bi tp 85 ( cui chng 1).
Bi tp: Bi tp 86 ti 104
Bi tp: T bi tp 105 ti bi tp 118 ch dnh cho sinh vin gii.

3.3 ngha hnh hc ca bi ton (P) trong 3.1
Ti mi im trong min D, tn ti mt on thng nhn im l trung im v c h s gc l
f(x,y). Tp hp tt c cc on thng ny c gi l trng hng i vi ng cong tch phn.
Nu ng cong tch phn qua im (x,y) th o hm ti bng f(x,y), tc ng cong tch phn
tip xc vi on thng ca trng hng.
ng cong tch phn ng vi bi ton (P) l ng cong qua im (x
o
, y
o
) v tip xc on thng
ca trng hng ti mi im m ng cong ny i qua.


3.4 Phng php th
Xt bi ton (P) trn min D nh trong on 3.1:
0 0
y'=f(x, y)
y(x )=y

Phng php th c dng v ng cong tch phn m khng cn gii ra nghim y = y(x).
Phng php ny gm cc bc sau:
a) V cc im (x, y) phn b u trong min D vi mt cng cao cng tt, tp hp cc im ny
c gi l tp V. Ti mi im (x, y) ca tp V, ta v mt on thng ngn c h s gc l f(x, y),
on thng ny c trng cho trng hng ti im (x,y). Cc on thng ny cho ta hnh nh mt
trng hng.
b) T (x
o
,y
o
), v ng cong lin tc sao cho tnh cht sau c tha:
Ti cc im thuc tp V m ng cong i qua, ng cong tip xc vi on thng c trng
cho trng hng ti im .
Bi tp:
Xt bi ton (P)
1
y'=x-y
y(0)=

a) Hy dng phng php th v ng cong tch phn ca bo tan trn.
b) Hy gii bi tan ny da theo nh l v phng trnh vi phn cp 1 tuyn tnh.


BI TP CHNG 1
Hy tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn bng phng php tch bin
1) = 2
dy
xy
dx
p s: =
2
x
y ke
2) ( )
= =
2
3 , 0 2
y
dy
x e y
dx
p s: y = ln (x
3
+ e
2
)
Ch thch: Min xc nh ca nghim trn l

+

2
3
; e
3)
( )
= +
2
2 1
dy
x y
dx
p s: y = tg (x
2
+ C)
Ch thch: Hm s p s khng xc nh khi x
2
+ C =
2
k
4) ( ) + = 1 0 x dy ydx p s: y = C (1 + x)
5)
=
dy x
dx y
p s: x
2
+ y
2
= C
2

6) = = ; (4) 3
dy x
y
dx y
p s: = < <
2
25 ; 5 5 y x x
7) =
2
4
dy
y
dx
p s:
4
4
1
2
1
x
x
ce
y
ce

8)
( ) ( ) = =
2
cos 2 , 0
y y
dy
e y x e sin x y O
dx
p s: e
y
+ ye
-y
+ e
-y
= 4 -2cos x
9) =
t
dx
te
dt
p s: x = -ln

2
2
t
c
10)
( )
+ = + 4 4
t
dy
y y e
dt
p s: y =
( )
t
e
ce
11)
( )
= +
2 2
1
dx
r x
dr
p s: x = tg

+

3
3
r
C
12) ( ) + = =
2
2 ; 0 1
ds
s st s
dt
p s:

=
3
2
3
t
t
s e
13) ( ) + = =
2 2
0; 1 3
dy
x y y
dx
p s: =
3
4 3
x
y
x

14) yy= e
x
p s: = +
x
y 2e C
15) ( ) ( ) + = =
x
e x' 1 1; x 0 1 p s:

=

t
1 e
x ln 1
e

16) =
dy
sin5x
dx
p s: = +
1
y cos5x C
5

17) + =
3x
dx e dy 0 p s:
= +
3x
1
y e C
3

18)
+
=
3x 2y
dy
e
dx
p s:
= +
2y 3x
3e 2e C
19)
( ) ( )

+ + + =
2 3
y y x x
e 1 e dx e 1 e dy 0 p s:
( ) ( )

+ + + =
2 1
x y
e 1 2 e 1 C

20)
+
=
+
dy xy 3x y 3
dx xy 2x 4y 8
p s: ( ) ( ) + = +
5 5
x y
y 3 e c x 4 e
21) =
2
dy
x 1 y
dx
p s: y = sin

+

2
1
x C
2

22)
( )

= + =

2
dx
4 x 1 ; x 1
dt 4
p s:

=

3
x tg 4t
4

23) ( ) = =
2
dy
x y xy; y 1 1
dx
p s:

+

=
1
1
x
xy e
24)
( )
( )
+
= =
2
dy 2 sinx
; y 0 2
dx
3 y 1
p s: ( ) = + +
1
3
y 1 2x cosx 2
25) ( )
= =
+
3
4 2
x y y
y' ; y 0 1
y y 1
p s: + =
4 2 4
y 2y 4ln y x 4x 1
Hy a v dng phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 v tm nghim.
26) y + 3y = 3 p s: y = Ce
-3x

27) ( ) = =
dy
2xy; y 1 1
dx
p s:
=
2
1 x
y e
28) y' = y + x
2
; y(0) = 1 p s: y = 3e
x
-(x
2
+2x+2)
ch thch
( )

= + +
2 x 2 x
x e dx x 2x 2 e
29) ( ) = =
dx
x 1; x 0 1
dt
p s: x = 1
30) =
dy
7y x
dx
p s: =
7x
x 1
y Ce
7 49

31) = +
2
dy
y x 2
dx
p s: =
x 2
y Ce x 2x 4
32) =
dy
3y 6
dx
p s: = +
3x
y 2 Ce
33) =
4 x
dy
x 4y x e
dx
p s: = +
5 x 4 x 4
y x e x e cx
34)
( )
+ =
2
dy
x 9 xy 0
dx
p s: =
2
C
y
x 9

35) ( ) + = =
dy
y x; y 0 4
dx
p s:
= +
x
y x 1 5e
36) ( ) + =
dy
y f x
dx
vi ( )

=

>
1, 0 x 1
f x
0, x 1
v y(0) = 0
p s:
( )
=

>
x
x
1 e ; 0 x 1
y
e 1 e ; x 1

37) + =
3x
dy
y e
dx
p s:
= +
3x x
1
y e ce
4

38) + =
2
x y' xy 1 p s:

= + >
1 1
y x lnx cx ; x 0
39) =
2
dy
x y x sinx
dx
p s: = > y cx xcosx; x 0

40) x
2
y + x(x+2)y = e
x
p s:
= + >
x x
2 2
1 C
y e e , x 0
2x x

41) ydx-4(x+y
6
)dy = 0 p s: x = 2y
2
+ cy
2
, y > 0
42) cosx ( ) + =
dy
sinx y 1
dx
p s:

= + < < y sinx ccosx; x
2 2

43) xy + y = e
x
; y (1) = 2 p s:
= + >
x
e 2 e
y ; x 0
x x

44) ( ) ( ) + + = =
dy
x 1 y lnx; y 1 10
dx
p s: (x+1)y = xlnx x + 21;x > 0
45) + = =
o
di
L Ri E, i(0) i
dt
vi L, R, E, i
o
l cc hng s
p s:

= +

Rt
L
0
E E
i i e
R R

Hy tm nghim ca mi phng trnh vi phn sau nu c dng vi phn ton phn .
46)
2
2xydx (x 1)dy 0 + = p s
2
0 x y y =
47) + + =
2y 2y
[e ycos(xy)]dx [2xe xcos(xy) 2y]dy 0
p s + + =
2y 2
xe sin(xy) y c 0
48)
= =
2
2
cos sin
, (0) 2
(1 )
dy xy x x
y
dx y x
p s
2 2 2
(1 ) cos 3 y x x =
49) + + + =
2 2
(2 2 ) (4 3 ) 0
dy
x y xy y
dx
p s + + =
2 2 3
x 2xy y C
50) + + + =
2
(2xy 1) (x 4y)y' 0 p s + + =
2 2
2 x y x y C
51) + + + + = =
2 2
(2x 1 2y ) (4xy 3y )y' 0, y(0) 1 p s + + + =
2 3 2
2xy y x x 1
52) + =
2
2xy (4y xy)y' 0 Khng c dng vi phn ton phn
53)
( )
+ + =
x
dy
e x y 0
dx
p s: + + =
2 2
x
x y
e C
2 2

54)
( )
+ = +
2
x 4y y' 2xy 1 p s: Khng c dng vi phn ton phn
55) =
dy
z t
dx
p s: t
2
+ z
2
= C
56)
( )
=
3 2 3 2
dy dy
x 3y x y 3x y y
dx dx
p s: + =
2
3 3
y
x y xy C
2

57) ( ) ( ) + = xcos xy dy [ycos(xy) 2x]dx; y 1 2 p s: sin (xy) x
2
= sin 2 1
58)
( ) ( )

+ + + =

2 y y
dy
sint t e 3 ycos t 2te 0, y 0
dx 2

p s: y sint + t
2
e
y
- 3y =
2
4

59)
( ) ( )
+ =
2 3 3 2
dy
3t x x t 3x t 0
dx
p s: khng c dng vi phn ton phn.
Hy tm nghim ca mi phng trnh sau nu n c dng phng trnh vi phn ng cp.
60)
=
+
dy x y
dx x y
p s: =
2 2
x 2xy y C

61) ( ) = + =
2 2 2
dy
x y xy x ; y 1 2
dx
p s:

=

1
y x 1
ln x 1

Hng dn: ( )

=
2
1
v 1 dv x dx vi =
y
v
x

62)
( )
=
2 2
dy
y xy x
dx
p s: =
y
ln y C
x

Hng dn =
du u
x
dx u 1
vi =
y
u
x

63) ( )
+
= =
2 2
dS t S
S ; S 2 1
dt t
p s: ( )

= +

1
2
2
t 1
S t t ln
2 4

Hng dn: =
1
udu dt
t
vi =
S
u
t

64) = +
dy dy
x 2y x 3
dx dx
p s: Khng c dng ng cp

65)
( )
=
cos xy 1 dy
dx xy
p s: Khng c dng ng cp

66) = +
dx
t t 2x
dt
p s: x = ct
2
t
67)
( )
+ + =
2 2
x y dy 2xydx 0 p s: + =
3 2
y 3yx C
68) ( )
= =
dy y 6x
; y 0 1
dx 2x y
p s: ( ) ( ) + =
1 4
5 5
y 3x y 2x 1
69)
( ) ( ) + + = =
2 2 2
dy
x 4x xy y 0; y 1 1
dx

p s:

= +

1
y 2xtg 2ln x acrtg
2

70) ( )
= =
+
dN t N
; N 0 2
dt t N
p s: + =
2 2
N 2Nt t 4

Hy tm nghim ca mi phng trnh sau nu c dng y = h (ax +by) vi a v b l cc hng
s.
71) ( ) ( ) = + =
2 dy
2x y 7; y 0 0
dx
p s:
( )
= +
+
6x
6x
3 1 e
y 2x
1 e

72) ( ) + + =
2
dy x y 1 dx 0 p s: ( ) = + + y x 1 tg x C
73)
( )
= + + dy 2 y 2x 3 dx p s: ( ) ( ) + = +
2
4 y 2x 3 x C
74) ( ) = +
2
dy
tg x y
dx
p s: 2y 2x + sin2(x + y) = C
75)
( )
= + +
3
2
dy
2x y 1
dx
p s: Khng c dng y = h(ax = by)


Hy tm nghim ca mi phng trnh vi phn sau nu n c dng phng trnh vi phn
Bernoulli
76) + =
2 2
dy
x y x y
dx
p s: =
+
2
1
y
x cx

Hng dn: + =
2
dy 1
y xy
dx x
c dng Bernoulli vi n = 2
77) + =
2
dy 1
x y
dx y
p s: y
3
= 1 + cx
-3

78)
( )
=
3
dy
y xy 1
dx
p s:
= + +
3 3x
1
y x ce
3

79) + =
2 2
dy
t y ty
dt
p s: =
t
y
e ct
80) ( ) = =
2 4
dy 1
x 2xy 3y ; y 1
dx 2
p s:

= +
3 1 6
9 49
y x x
5 5

Hy tm nghim ca mi phng trnh vi phn sau nu n c dng
1 1 1
2 2 2
a x+b x+c
y'=
a x+b x+c
vi a
1
,
a
2
, b
1
, b
2
, c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s.

81) ( )
+
= =
+
dy 4x 3y 13
; y 0 1
dx x y 3

Hng dn: t x = t 4; y = u 1
( )
= =
du 4t 3u
; u 4 2
dt t u

( )
+
=

x 4
ln c y 2x 7
y 2x 7
vi
=
2
3
1
C e
6

82)
( ) +
=
+
4x 3 y 1 dy
dx 2x 3y 2
p s: Khng c dng nh bi yu cu.

Hy dng tha s tch phn a v dng vi phn ton phn v tim nghim ca cc
phng trnh vi phn sau:
83)
( )
+ =
2 2
x y 2xyy' 0
Hng dn:
Phng trnh c dng M dx + Ndy = 0
Ta c :

= =
y x
M N
2y 2y 2
N 2xy x

Chn tha s phn tch
( ) ( )

= = + =

2
2 1
x exp dx exp 2ln x C
x x
(chn C thch hp)
Suy ra
( )

+ =

2 2
2
1
x y dx 2xydy 0
x

+ =

2
2
y 2y
1 dx dy 0
x x


+ =
2
y
x C
x

84)
( )
+ =
2
y y x y' 0
Hng dn:
Phng trnh c dng + = Mdx Ndy 0
Ta c:

= =
x y
N M
1 1 2
M y y

Chn tha s tch phn
( ) ( )

= = + =

AAA
2
2 1
y exp dy exp 2ln y C
y y
(chn C thch hp)
Suy ra
( ) ( )

+ = + =

2
2 2
1 1 x
ydx y x dy 0 dx 1 dy 0
y y y

+ =
x
y C
y

Bi tp p dng nh l 3.2 v s tn ti duy nht nghim
85)
Cho bi ton iu kin u
=
+ =

0 ) 0 ( y
e x ' y
2
y 2

a) Hy chng minh bi ton c nghim y = y(x) trn mi on I R .
b) Hy chng minh bi ton c nghim y = y(x) trn R .
Hng dn
a) Bi ton iu kin u c dng

=
=
o o
y ) x ( y
) y , x ( f ' y

Vi f(x, y) = x
2
+
2
y
e
, x
o
= 0 , y
o
= 0.
Xt a >0 v b >0, hai s a v b ny s c chn chnh xc sau. Gi [ ] [ ] b b a a D , , = .
Ta thy f lin tc trn D. V
y
f
nen ye 2 ) y , x (
y
f
2
y

lin tc trn D.
Do
2
2
( , ) , ( , )
y
f x y x e x y D
= + 1
2
+ a , ta c M = 1
2
+ a l mt chn trn ca f trn D.
Khi
1
2
+
=
a
b
M
b
. Chn b=a( a
2
+1) th a
M
b
=
Gi = min
M
b
a, , th =a .
Theo nh l 3.2 th bi ton trn c nghim duy nht y = y(x) trn on [-a,a]. Chn a ln th on
[-a,a] cha on I. Vy bi ton c nghim duy nht trn I.

Tng t cc bi tp t 1 ti 84, trong cc bi tp 86 ti 104 hy tm nghim trn min
I.

86) ) , 0 ( I ,
x
y 1
' y
2
+ =
= p s: y = sin (lnx + C)
87) y' + x = x(y
2
+ 1) p s:
2
x C
2
y
=


88) y' (sinx) y = sin x p s y = Ce
cosx
1
89) (1 + x
2
) y' + xy =
2
x 1 + p s y =
2
x 1
C x
+
+

90) xy' = y + 1 xy + p s
x 4
4 ) C x (
y
2
+
=
91) y' = y + xy
2
p s
x
Ce x 1
1
y
+
=
92) y' =
5 3
4 3 2 4
x 2 xy
y x y x 3 y 3
+
p s C
y
x
x
3
x
y
2 3
= + +
93) 0 x sin y
dx
dy
3 = + p s y =
3
x
cos
Ce
94) xy' + y = 2y' + 3x 8 p s xy C y 2 x 8
2
x 3
2
= (dng vi phn ton phn)
95) xdy + xydx = (1 y)dx p s
x
1
xe
C
y
x
+ =
96) 1
dx
dy
y
x 3 y
2
=
p s y
3
x = C
5
y
5
+ ( tuyn tnh theo x)
97) (2x + ye
xy
) + (y + xe
xy
)y' = 0 p s x
2
+ e
xy
+ C
2
y
2
= (vi phn ton phn)
98) (x + e
y
)y' 1 = 0 p s x = (y + C)e
y

( tuyn tnh theo x)
99) y' = e
x+y
,
y(1) = 0 p s e
y
+ e
x
= 1 + e. ( tch bin)
100) y' = xy + 2x y 2 p s y = 2 +
x
2
x
2
Ce ( tch bin)
101) (t
2
+ y
2
) 0 ) t 2 y ( t 2
dt
dy
= + + p s y
3
+ 3yt
2
+ 4t
3
= C (ng cp)
102) y = 2(y
2
+ x)y' p s x = y
2
(2lny + C) ( tuyn tnh theo x)
103) 1 ) 0 ( y ,
3 y x
13 y 3 x 4
' y =
+
+
=
Hng dn: Th x = t 4 , y = u 1.
u t
u 3 t 4
dt
du
= , u(4) = 2

3
2
e
6
1
C vi ) 7 x 2 y ( C ln
7 x 2 y
4 x

= =

+

104)
2
2 2
x -1 -2
y'- y=
x(x +1) x +1
, I=(0,+ )
Hng dn
Phng trnh ny c dng phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1.
Ta c

+
+
=
+
+
dx
x
1
1 x
x 2
dx
) 1 x ( x
1 x
2 2
2
k
1 x
x
ln
2
+
+
= .
Chn P(x)
2
ln
1
x
x
=
+
.
Ta c
2
ln
( )
1
2
1
x
P x
x
x
e e
x
+
= =
+
.
Nghim ca phng trnh l

( ) ( )
2
2
( )
1
P x P x
y x e e dx
x

=
+


2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
( )
1 1 ( 1)
x x x x
y x dx dx
x x x x x
+ +
= =
+ + +

2 2
2
1 1 1 1 1
( )
1
x x C
y x C C Cx
x x x x x
+ + +
= + = + = +

+

Cc bi tp t 105 ti 112 l bi tp kh
105) *
Xt vn tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn x (1 + x
2
) y' y = 0 trn R .
Mt s sinh vin gii nh sau:
x(1 + x
2
)y' y = 0
Chia hai v cho x(1 + x
2
) ta c
0 y
) 1 x ( x
1
' y
2
=
+
.
y l mt phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 thun nht.
Ta c

+
+
=
+
dx
1 x
x
x
1
dx
) 1 x ( x
1
2 2
k 1 x ln
2
1
x ln
2
+ + + = k
x
1 x
ln
2
+
+
= .
Chn P(x) =
x
1 x
ln
2
+
.
Ta thy
2
1
ln
( )
2
1
x
x P x
x
e e
x
+
= =
+

Do
( )
2
1
P x
C x
y Ce
x
= =
+
, vi C l hng s ty .
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn l

2
1
Kx
y
x
=
+
, vi K l hng s ty .
Hy vit han chnh li gii ny.
Hng dn
trnh trng hp x = 0, ta s tm nghim trn min ( , 0) v nghim min (0, + ). Sau
suy ra nghim trn min ( , + ).
Xt D l min ( , 0) hoc (0, + ). Trn min D, ta c
x(1 + x
2
)y' y = 0 0 y
) 1 x ( x
1
' y
2
=
+
(*)
y l mt phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1.
Ta c

+
+
=
+
dx
1 x
x
x
1
dx
) 1 x ( x
1
2 2
k 1 x ln
2
1
x ln
2
+ + + = k
x
1 x
ln
2
+
+
= .
Chn P(x) =
x
1 x
ln
2
+
.
Ta thy
2
1
ln
( )
2
1
x
x P x
x
e e
x
+
= =
+
.
Do
2
1
Cx
y
x
=
+

Gi y
1
l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn trn min (0, + ) v y
2
l nghim trn min (, 0) th
y
1
, y
2
c dng nh kt qu trn nhng gi tr hng C c th khc nhau.
Ta ghp ni hai hm s y
1
, y
2
c hm s y xc nh trn ( , + ) nh sau

x
0 1 2
2 x
ln2 x
2 1 0
0 ln 2

1
2
2
2
Kx
y (x)= , x (- ,0)
x +1
y(x) y(0) , x=0
Cx
y (x)= , x (0,+ )
x +1

Ta c
2 1
x 0 0
lim ( ) 0 lim ( ) 0
x
, x va , x
+

= = , do chn y(0) = 0 th hm y lin tc ti 0.
Ta c
( )
C
1 x
C
lim ) x ( y lim
0 x
0 ) x ( y
lim
0 x
0 ) x ( y
lim
2 / 3
2
0 x
'
1
0 x
1
0 x 0 x
=
+
= =
+ + + +

v
( )
K
1 x
K
lim ) x ( y lim
0 x
0 ) x ( y
lim
0 x
0 ) x ( y
lim
2 / 3
2
0 x
'
2
0 x
2
0 x 0 x
=
+
= =

do o hm y'(0) tn ti nu v ch nu K = C, khi y'(0) = C.
kim hm y c tha phng trnh vi phn ti x = 0, ta phi th cc gi tr x = 0, y(0), y'(0) vo v
tri ca phng trnh vi phn ban u, ta thy
0 C ) 0 1 ( 0 y ' y ) x 1 ( x
0 x
2
+ = +
=
= 0
Vy y tha phng trnh vi phn khi x = 0.
Tm li, nghim ca phng trnh vi phn trn (, + ) l
) , ( x ,
1 x
Cx
) x ( y
2

+
=
trong C l hng s ty .
106) *
Hy tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn x(1 + x
2
)y' (x
2
1)y + 2x = 0 trn R .
Hng dn:
Gii tng t bi 105, kt qu l y(x)= - x.
107) *
Xt bi ton tm nghim trn I nh sau:
a) y' +
2
x
e y = 1 , y(0) = 1
b)
x
e y' + (ln2 x) y = 4 , y(1) = 2
Hy tm khong I ln nht m bi tan vn c nghim duy nht.
Hng dn
a) Phng trnh c dng tuyn tnh cp mt. Cc h s l hm lin tc trn ( , ) nn I = ( , +
)
b) Phng trnh c dng tuyn tnh cp mt.
x ch xc nh khi x 0
Khi x = 1 th 2 x = 1

Khong I cha 1 ln nht
x
e v ln 2 x lin tc l I = [0, 2).
Vy p s l I = [0, 2).
108) *
Hy tm nhng ng trc giao (orthogonal trajectories) vi h parabol y = mx
2
, trong m l
tham s.
Ch thch: ng cong (C) c gi l ng trc giao vi h parabol y = mx
2
nu n c tnh cht
sau: Coi M l mt im ty thuc (C), tn ti m sao cho M thuc parabol y = mx
2
, ng thi tip
tuyn ca (C) v tip tuyn ca parabol y = mx
2
ti M vung gc vi nhau.

Li gii
Coi (x, y) l im ty trong mt phng xOy

Trng hp x 0 v y 0:
Gi y
1
= y
1
(x) l phng trnh ca parabol P
1
qua (x, y).
Gi y
2
= y
2
(x) l phng trnh ca ng trc giao C
1
qua (x, y).
Ta phi c C
1
trc giao vi P
1
ti (x,y) tc l
/
2 /
1
1
y (x)=-
y (x)
.
Parabol P
1
c phng trnh y = mx
2
nn y' = 2mx =
x
y 2
x
x
y
2
2
= .
Do phng trnh y = y(x) ca C
1
l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn
y 2
x
' y =
a v dng tch bin 2yy' = x hay

= dx ) x ( ydy 2
C
2
x
y
2
2
+ = hay C
2
x
y
2
2
= + (*)
Trng hp x = 0 hay y = 0:
Trng hp ny ng vi (x, y) nm trn trc honh hay trc tung. Nu im (x, y) ny khng phi l
gc O th khng xt ng trc giao do khng c parabol no qua (x, y). im gc (0, 0) khng
thuc cc ng cong (*) v ta khng cn quan tm.
Kt lun: H cc ng trc giao vi h parabol y = mx
2
l h cc ellip C
2
x
y
2
2
= + (vi cc C
l tham s) b i cc im trn trc honh v cc im trn trc tung.
109) * Cho bi ton iu kin u
=
=
0 ) 0 ( y
y x ' y
3 / 1

Hy chng minh bi ton c v s nghim.
Li gii
Xt phng trnh vi phn y' =
3
1
yx (1)

Trc ht ta p dng phng php tch bin .
Gi s hm s y lun khc 0. Chia hai v cho
3
1
y ta c x ' y y
3
1
=

1
2
3
2
C
2
x
y
2
3
+ = hay
3
1
2
2
C
3
2
3
x
y
+ =

2 / 3
2
C
3
x
y
+ =

Kim trc tip ti phng trnh vi phn (1),
ta thy hm s dng sau l nghim trn R ca
phng trnh vi phn (1):
2 / 3
2
C
3
x
y
+ = , vi C l hng s.
Da vo iu kin u , ta nh C nh sau:
y(0)=0 0 = (0 + C)
3/2
C = 0.
Do , hai hm s c phng trnh sau l
nghim trn R ca bi ton ang xt:

3 3
x
y
3
= .
Ngoi ra, hm hng y 0 cng l nghim
trn R ca bi ton ny.

y
x O
y = 0
m
2 / 3
2 2
3
m x
y

=
2 / 3
2 2
3
m x
y

=

Sau y, ta s chng minh cc hm s di y cng l nghim trn R ca bi ton ang xt

<
=
m x ,
3
m x
m x , 0
) x ( y
2 / 3
2 2
, vi tham s m l s dng.
Trc ht ta thy y(0) = 0, tc y tha iu kin u ca bi ton.
Trng hp x > m: ta c
) x ( xy
3
m x
x x
3
2
.
3
m x
2
3
) x ( ' y
3
1
2
1
2 2
2
1
2 2
=

=
Trng hp x < m: ta c y'(x) = ) x ( y x
3
1
(do hai v cng bng 0)
Trng hp x = m:
Ta c y(m) = 0 v y lin tc ti x = m
o hm bn tri 0
m x
0
lim
m x
) m ( y ) x ( y
lim
m x m x
=

o hm bn phi 0
3
m x
x lim
m x
) m ( y ) x ( y
lim
2
1
2 2
m x m x
=
+ +

Do y'(m) = 0. Suy ra y'(x) =
3
1
xy (x) khi x = m (do hai v cng bng 0).
Vy y = y(x) l nghim ca bi ton.
V m c th v s cch chn, ng thi mi m tng ng vi mt nghim, do bi ton c v s
nghim.
Ch thch: Ngoi cc nghim trn, bi ton cn c cc nghim khc, chng hn nh:

<
=
m x ,
3
m x
m x , 0
) x ( y
2 / 3
2 2

110) * Xt bi ton trn I = [2, + ) nh sau

=
+ +
=
1 ) 2 ( y
2
y 4 x x
' y
2

a) Hy chng t
1
(x) = 1 x v
2
(x) =
4
x
2
u l nghim ca bi ton?
b) Ti sao nh l tn ti v duy nht nghim khng c p dng ?
111) *
Tm nghim trn [1, +) ca phng trnh vi phn
y' y lnx = 0 ? C tn ti nghim b chn khng?
Hng dn:
- Trc ht , hy chng minh phng trnh ny c nghim l
+ =

x
1
t x
dt t ln e C e y .
- Chng minh nghim khng b chn nh sau:
Gi s c nghim b chn, tc tn ti C R v M R hm s sau b chn bi M trn (1, + ).
Khi ,
x R, M dt t ln e C e
x
1
t x


+

x
1
x
t
e
M
dt t ln e C .
Suy ra

x khi 0 dt t ln e C
x
1
t
.
Do

=
1
t
1
t
dt t ln e C va han hu tai ton tdt ln e
Suy ra :
1 1
ln ln
x
x t t
y e e tdt e tdt

= +

ln
x t
x
e e t dt
=

Do
x
t
dt t ln e tn ti hu hn nn ta c th p dng cng thc tnh tch phn tng phn
x
t t x
dt
t
1
) e (
x
t ln e e y = e
x

dt
t
1
e x ln e
x
t x
.

=
x
t x
dt
t
1
e e x ln
m

= =
x
x x t x
x
t x
1 e . e dt e e dt
t
1
e e .

Do = =

) x ln ( lim y lim
x x
.
iu ny v l v ang gi s y b chn bi M.
Vy khng c nghim b chn.
112) Gi s c ngun sng t ti im O trn trc Ox. Hy xc nh hnh dng ca gng sao cho
mi tia sng phn x trn gng ( ng vi tia ti pht xut t O ) u cng hng vi Ox?
Hng dn
Chn O lm tc ta v h trc ta xOy.
Xt im ti M trn gng vi ta l (x, y).
Tia ti v tia phn x ti M tha nh lut phn x
nh sng, theo hnh v th ta c = vi l
gc nhn hp bi tia ti v tip tuyn ca gng
ti M, cn l gc nhn hp bi tia phn x v
tip tuyn ca gng ti M.

Gi l gc hp bi tip tuyn ca gng ti M vi trc Ox.
Ta c = (ng v), ng thi = nn = 2 = 2.
H s gc ca tip tuyn ca gng ti M l y' = tg.
H s gc ca OM l
x
y
= tg = tg2.
i vi cc v tr khc ca M ta cng tm c h phng trnh

=
=
) 2 ( x ) 2 ( tg y
) 1 ( tg ' y

m

=
2
tg 1
tg 2
2 tg nn x
) ' y ( 1
' y 2
y
2
= .
Do y(y')
2
+ 2xy' y = 0.
Gii phng trnh bc hai theo y', ta c hai nghim tri du
y
y x x
' y
2 2
+
= .
xx
y
O x
y
M

Ta ch cn xt dng gng ng vi y' > 0 nn ch xt
y
y x x
' y
2 2
+ +
= (3)
p dng phng php gii phng trnh vi phn ng cp, ta t u =
x
y
th y = ux v
y' = u'x + u. Phng trnh vi phn (3) tr thnh
x
y
x
y
1 1
' y
2
2
+ +
=
Do u'x + u =
u
u 1 1
2
+ +

u
) u 1 ( u 1
' xu
2 2
+ +
=
Chuyn qua dng phng trnh tch bin

x
1
' u
u 1 1 u 1
u
2 2
=
+ +

Trong tch phn trn ta nhn thy nu t
2
u 1 1 W + = th
2
u 1
u
du
dW
+
= , do

= dx
x
1
dW
W
1
hay ln W = lnx + k
Suy ra x e
W
1
k
= hay
W
1
= k
2
x. Do W =
x k
1
2

Ta c
x k
1
x
y
1 1
2
2
2
= +
x k
1
1
x
y
1
2
2
2
= + hay
2
2
2
x
c
1
x
y
1
+ = +
Do
2
2
2
2
x
c
x
c 2
1
x
y
1 + + = + hay y
2
= 2cx + c
2
.

Ta thu c biu thc ca y l phng trnh ca parabol.
Trong qu trnh gii phng trnh vi phn trn ta gi s x 0, y 0. Kim li trc tip, ta thy
cc im M c x = 0 hay y = 0 thuc parabol c phng trnh trn u cho tia phn x cng hng
Ox.
T nhnh parabol y
2
= 2cx + c
2
, ta xoay trn quanh trc Ox th c dng paraboloid trn xoay ca
gng.
Cc phng trnh sau khng c dng y=f(x,y)
113) Hy tm nghim trn R ca phng trnh vi phn (y')
2
(x + y)y' + xy = 0.
Hng dn: T phng trnh F(x, y, y') ta s tnh y' theo x v y a v phng trnh c dng
y' = f(x, y).
Li gii
Ta c (y')
2
(x + y)y' + xy = 0 (y' x)(y' y) = 0

=
=
y ' y hay
x ' y

2
2
x
x
, C
ha, , Cc
= +
, vi C hng s.
Nh vy, nghim trn R ca phng trnh vi phn l mt trong ba dng sau
a) C
2
x
) x ( y
2
+ = , vi C l hng s.
b) y(x) = Ce
x
, vi C l hng s.
c) Hm s c biu thc (a) khong ny, nhng c biu thc (b) khong khc.

Ch thch: Mi im (x
o
, x
o
) ty thuc ng thng [y = x] l im k d ca phng trnh vi
phn F(x, y, y') = 0 v c hai ng cong tch phn qua n v c cng tip tuyn ti (x
o
, x
o
), hai
ng cong c phng trnh

=
+ =
x
x
o
2
o
o
2
e
e
x
) x ( y
2
x
x
2
x
) x ( y
o

v h s gc ca tip tuyn chung ti (x
o,
x
o)
l x
o
.
114) Hy tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn y= (y)
2
yx+
2
2
x
.
Hng dn: C dng y=f(x,y). Ly o hm 2 v ri t u=y c phng trnh vi phn cp 1 theo
u
Li gii.
Xt y= (y)
2
yx+
2
2
x
(1)
Ly o hm hai v ca phng trnh vi phn (1) theo x, ta c
y=2.y.yyx y+x (2yx)y= 2yx .
t u=y ta c phng trnh vi phn cp 1 i vi u: (2ux)u=2ux (2)
Trc ht ta tm nghim tha phng trnh u'=
2u-x
2u-x
:
Suy ra u=1 u=x+C , vi C l hng s.
y=x+ C
y=
2
2
x
+Cx+C
2
, vi C
2
l hng s.
Ta thy hm s mi tm c ch l nghim ca (1) nu C
2
=0.
By gi tm nghim tha phng trnh 2u+x=0:
u=
2
x
y=
2
x
y=
2
4
x
+C
3
.
Ta thy hm s mi tm c ch l nghim ca (1) nu C
3
=0.
115) Hy tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (y)
3
4xyy+8y
2
=0.
Hng dn: a v dng x=f(y,y). t u=y v ly o hm hai v theo y, ta a v phng trnh vi
phn vi hm s l u v bin l y.
Li gii.
Xt (y)
3
4xyy+8y
2
=0. (1)
Ta tm nghim ca phng trnh sau x =
2
(y') 2y
+
4y y'
(2)
Ta s tnh y theo y, ri th biu thc ny vo (2) hay (1).
t u=y v ly o hm hai v ca (2) theo y, vi lu
dx 1
=
dy u
, ta c

2
2 2
2 1 2
4 2
, u u du
u , u , u d,

= + +

Suy ra
( )
( )
3 2
3 2
4
2 4
u u ,
du
d, , u ,
.
Xt trng hp u
3
-4y
2
lun khc 0.
Ta suy ra
1
2
du
u
d, ,
= . Do
1
2
u C, = , vi C l hng s.
Th biu thc ca u vo phng trnh vi phn (1) ta c

3
3
2
C , 4Cx
3
2
, +8y
2
=0
3
2
, ( C
3
4Cx+8
1
2
, )=0.
T C
3
4Cx+8
1
2
, =0, ta suy ra c y=
1
64
(4Cx C
3
)
2
=
2
4
C
(x
2
4
C
)
2
(3).

T hm s dng (3), bng cch kim trc tip th ta thy hm s sau l nghim trn R ca (1):
y = K(xK)
2
vi K l hng s,
trong bao gm c nghim hng y0.
By gi ta xt thm trng hp u
3
-4y
2
= 0.
Khi u=
( )
1
2
3
4, . Thay biu thc ny vo (1) vi y=u, ta c 4y
2
4xy
( )
1
2
3
4, +8y
2
=0 .
Suy ra y=
3
4
27
x . Hm ny cng l nghim trn R ca phng trnh vi phn (1).
116) Hy tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn y=yx+ (y)
2
.
Hng dn: Phng trnh ny c dng y= yx+h(y). t u=y v ly o hm hai v theo x, ta c
phng trnh vi phn vi hm s l u v bin s l x.
Li gii.
Xt y= yx+ (y)
2
(1)
t u=y. Ly o hm hai v ca (1) theo x, ta c:
Th y phng trnh trn vo phng trnh di ta c
u=ux+u+ 2uu u(2u+x)=0.
Xt trng hp u=0:
Khi y=u=C. Th y=C vo (1) ta thu c y=Cx+C
2
.
Hm s sau l nghim trn R ca phng trnh vi phn (1)
y=Cx+C
2
, vi C l hng s.
Xt trng hp 2u+x=0:
Khi u=
2
x
. Th y=
2
x
vo (1) ta thu c y=
2
2
x
+
2
4
x
=
2
4
x
.
Nghim trn R ca phng trnh vi phn (1) l y=
2
4
x
.
117) Hy tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn y= (y)
2
x+ (y)
2
.
Hng dn: Phng trnh c dng y= g(y)x+h(y). t u=y v ly o hm hai v theo x, ta c
phng trnh vi phn vi hm s l u v bin s l x.
Li gii.
Xt y= (y)
2
x+ (y)
2
(1)
t u=y.
Ly o hm hai v ca phng trnh vi phn (1) theo x, ta c
y=2.y.yx+(y)
2
+2.y.y ( 2yx+2y)y=y (y)
2

hay ( 2ux+2u )
du
dx
= u u
2
.
Coi u l tham s, ta a v phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh ca hm x theo bin s u nh sau:
( u u
2
)
du
dx
2ux = 2u.
Xt trng hp u u
2
0:
Ta c phng trnh
du
dx
+
2
u-1
x =
2
1-u
.
Nghim ca phng trnh ny l x =
( )
o
2
C
1
u-1
vi C
o
l hng s. (2)
Thay y=u v biu thc ca x theo u vo (1), ta c
y= u
2
( )
o
2
C
1
u-1

+ u
2
= u
2
( )
o
2
C
u-1
. (3)
Ta thu c mt hm s c phng trnh tham s nh (2) v (3). By gi ta kh u tm h thc ca
y theo x :
T (2) ta c (u-1)
2
=
o
C
1 x +
u=
o
C
1 x +
+1
Th biu thc ca u vo (3) th c y=
2
o
C
1
1 x

+

+

(x+1). Biu thc ny thuc dng

y=
( )
2
1 x C + + hoc y=
( )
2
( 1) x C + + , vi C l hng s.
Kim trc tip, ta thy hm s sau l nghim trn [-1,+ ) ca phng trnh vi phn (1):
y=
( )
2
1 x C + + vi C l hng s.
Xt trng hp u u
2
0:
Thay y=u= 0 vo (1), ta thy hm hng y 0 l nghim ca phng trnh (1).
Thay y=u=1 vo (1), ta thy hm y=x+1 l nghim ca phng trnh (1).
118) Hy tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn y+ n A (y)y=0.
Hng dn: a v dng y=f(y) ri coi y l tham s t. Sau suy ra biu thc ca y theo t v biu
thc x theo t.
Li gii.
Phng trnh tng ng l y= y+ n A (y).
Coi y l tham s t. Ta c phng trnh ca y theo tham s t l y=t+ n A t.
Sau y ta tm phng trnh ca x theo tham s t.

dx dx dy 1 dy
= =
dt dy dt y' dt
=
1 1
1+
t t

=
2
1 1
+
t t
.
Do x= n A t
1
|
+C.
Ta suy ra hm s sau l nghim trn min (0,+ ) ca phng trnh vi phn :

1
,
.
x n| C
|
, | n|
= +
= +
A
A
trong C l hng s v tham s t (0,+).

MT S T TING ANH LIN QUAN TI CHNG 1.
Differential Equations.
Ordinary Differential Equations (ODF).
Partial Differential Equations (PDF).
Interval of existence and uniqueness.
Initial-value problem (IVP).
First-order ordinary differential.
Trivial solution.
Explicit and implicit solutions.
Family of solutions.
General Solution.
Singular Solution.
Initial conditions.
Existence and uniqueness of a solution.
Direction Fields.
A solution of the equation= An integral of the
equation.
An integral curve= A solution curve.
Separable Equation.
Homogeneous Linear Differential Equations.
Nonhomogeneous Linear Differential Equations.
Sch tham kho:
- DENNIS G.ZILL, Differential Equations with Modeling Applications, Brooks/Cole, 2001
RICHARD K. MILLER, Introduction to Differential Equations, Prentice-Hall ,
WILLIAM R. DERRICK STANLEY I. GROSSMAN, Elementary Differential Equations,
Addison Wesley, 1997.
R. KENT NAGLE/EDWARD B. SAFF, Fundamentals of Differential Equations and Boundary
Value Problems, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1993.
WILLIAM E. BOYCE., Elementary Differential Equations, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1997.
NGUYN TH HON-PHM PHU -C s Phng trnh vi phn v l thuyt n nh. Nh xut
bn Gio Dc-2000
MORRRIS W. HISCH, STEPHEN SMALE, Phng trnh vi phn H ng lc v i s
tuyn tnh, Nh xut bn i Hc v Trung Hc Chuyn Nghip, 1979.
MARTIN BRAVN, Differential Equations and Their Application, Spriger Verlag, 1993.
FRANK R. GIORDANO MAURIVE D. WEIR, Differentiadl Equations, Addison Wesley,
1988.
Sinh vin vui lng thng xuyn coi thng bo trn web
www.nguyenthanhvu.com hoc www.math.hcmuns.edu.vn/~ntvu
_______________________________________________________________________________
Tin s Nguyn Thanh V , 38639 462, nguyenthanhvu60@gmail.com


CHNG 2
PHNG TRNH VI PHN TUYN TNH CP HAI

Trong chng ny, I c k hiu l mt tp lin thng trong \, tc I c mt trong cc dng
sau:(,x
2
), (x
1
,x
2
), (x
1
, +), (, x
2
], (x
1
, x
2
], [x
1
, x
2
], [x
1
, x
2
), [x
1
, +), (, +).

1. S TN TI V DUY NHT CA NGHIM
1.1. nh ngha
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai l phng trnh vi phn c dng
y" + p(x)y' + q(x)y = f(x) (1)
trong p, q, f l cc hm s theo mt bin x.
Hm s y = y(x) c gi l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (1) trn I nu
y"(x) + p(x) y'(x) + q(x) y(x) = f(x), x I
trong y',y" l o hm cp 1 v o hm cp 2 ca hm s y theo bin s x.
Nu f(x) 0 th phng trnh (1) c gi l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht.

1.2. Pht biu nh l v s tn ti v duy nht nghim
Xt bi ton ( c iu kiu u) sau

// /
o o
/ /
o o
y (x)+p(x) (x)+q(x) (x)=f(x),
y(x )=y
y (x )=y
y y x I

trong x
o
I v y
o
,
/
o
, l cc hng s.
Gi s cc hm s a, b, f lin tc trn I.
Khi bi ton lun lun c nghim duy nht y= y(x) trn I.

2. NGHIM TNG QUT CA PHNG TRNH THUN NHT
2.1. nh l (nh l t hp nghim)
Gi s y
1
v y
2
l nghim trn I ca phng trnh thun nht
y" + p(x)y' + q(x)y = 0.
Khi
y
3
= c
1
y
1
+ c
2
y
2
(vi c
1
v c
2
l cc hng s) cng l nghim trn I ca phng trnh ny.
Chng minh .
Do y
1
v y
2
l nghim ca phng trnh , nn vi mi x thuc I ta c :

// /
1 1 1
// /
2 2 2
y (x)+p(x)y (x)+q(x)y (x)=0
y (x)+p(x)y (x)+q(x)y (x)=0

Nhn hai v ca phng trnh trn cho c
1
v nhn hai v ca phng trnh di cho c
2
, ri cng v ,
ta c

// // / /
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
c y (x)+c y (x)+p(x) c y (x)+c y (x) +q(x) c y (x)+c y (x) =0.
Suy ra
// /
3 3 3
y (x)+p(x)y (x)+q(x)y (x)=0
Vy y
3
l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn.

2.2. c lp tuyn tnh
2.2.1. nh ngha c lp tuyn tnh
Xt hai hm s y
1
v y
2
xc nh trn I.
Hai hm s y
1
v y
2
c gi l c lp tuyn tnh trn I nu v ch nu
(c
1
, c
2
\, x I, c
1
y
1
(x) + c
2
y
2
(x) = 0) ( c
1
= 0 c
2
= 0 )
Hai hm s y
1
v y
2
c gi l ph thuc tuyn tnh nu chng khng c lp tuyn tnh.

2.2.2 nh l
Cho y
1
l hm s lin tc v lun khc 0 trn I,
v l hm s trn I v khng l hm hng .
Gi s y
2
(x) = v(x) y
1
(x), x I
Khi y
1
, y
2
l hai hm s c lp tuyn tnh trn I.

Chng minh
Coi c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s ty .
Gi s c
1
y
1
(x) + c
2
y
2
(x) = 0 , x I
Khi , vi mi x I ta c
c
1
y
1
(x) + c
2
v(x) y
1
(x) = 0
y
1
(x) [c
1
+ c
2
v
1
(x)] = 0
c
1
+ c
2
v(x) = 0 ( do y
1
(x) 0 )
Nu c
2
0 th v(x) =
2
1
c
c
, iu ny v l v v khng l hm hng.
Do c
2
= 0. Suy ra c
1
= 0.
Vy y
1
v y
2
c lp tuyn tnh.

2.2.3. nh ngha hm s Wronski
Gi s y
1
, y
2
l hai hm kh vi trn I.
Hm s Wronski ca y
1
v y
2
( k hiu W(y
1
, y
2
)) c nh ngha l hm s xc nh trn I v c
biu thc
W(y
1
, y
2
) (x) =
/ /
1 2 1 2
y (x)y (x)-y (x)y (x) , x I.
Nu s dng k hiu nh thc th

1 2
1 2 / /
1 2
y (x) y (x)
W(y ,y )(x)=
y (x) y (x)
hay
/
1 1
1 2
/
2 2
y (x) y (x)
W(y ,y )(x)=
y (x) y (x)
.

2.2.4. nh l v c lp tuyn tnh
Gi s y
1
, y
2
l nghim trn I ca phng trnh vi phn
y" + p(x)y' + q(x)y = 0
Khi , hai hm s y
1
, y
2
c lp tuyn tnh trn I nu v ch nu
x
o
I , W(y
1
, y
2
) (x
o
) 0
Chng minh
Gi s tn ti x
o
I tha W(y
1
, y
2
) (x
o
) 0
Coi c
1
, c
2
l hai hng s ty sao cho c
1
y
1
(x) + c
2
y
2
(x) = 0 vi mi x I.
Ly o hm hai v ta c c
1
/ /
1 2 2
y (x)+c y (x)=0 vi mi x I.
Ta c h hai phng trnh bc nht vi n l c
1
v c
2
nh sau :

1 1 o 2 2 o
/ /
1 1 o 2 2 o
c y (x )+c y (x )=0
c y (x )+c y (x )=0

Nhn hai v phng trnh trn cho
/
2
( )
o
, x , nhn hai v phng trnh di cho y
2
(x
o
), ri tr v ta
c
( )
/ /
1 o 2 o 1 o 2 o 1
y (x )y (x )-y (x )y (x ) c =0
1 2 o 1
W(y ,y )(x ).c =0 c
1
= 0 .
Tng t, ta tm c c
2
= 0.
Vy y
1
, y
2
c lp tuyn tnh.
Gi s ( bi phng php phn chng) rng W(y
1
, y
2
) (x) = 0 vi mi x I.
Ta s chng minh y
1
, y
2
ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Nu y
1
(x) = y
2
(x) vi mi x I th y
1
v y
2
ph thuc tuyn tnh, ta khng cn chng minh tip.
Sau y ta xt trng hp tn ti x
o
I tha y
1
(x
o
) y
2
(x
o
).
t y
3
=c
1
y
1
+c
2
y
2
, vi

c
1
= y
2
(x
o
) v c
2
= y
1
(x
o
). Do nguyn l t hp nghim th y
3
l nghim ca
phng trnh y" + p(x)y' + q(x)y = 0. Mt khc, ta c
.
3 o 1 1 0 2 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
/ / / / /
o 1 0 2 0 2 o o 1 o o 1 2 0
3 1 2 1 2
y (x )=c y (x )+c y (x )=y (x )y (x )+(-y (x ))y (x )=0,
y (x )=c y (x )+c y (x )=y (x )y (x )-y (x )y (x )=-W(y ,y )(x )=0

Do y
3
l nghim ca bi ton

o
o
y"+ p(x)y' +q(x)y=0,
y(x )=0,
y'(x )=0.

Ta thy hm hng y 0 cng l nghim ca bi ton.
Theo nh l duy nht nghim (nh l 1.2) th y
3
(x) = 0 vi mi x I.

Suy ra y
2
(x
o
) y
1
(x) + ( y
1
(x
o
)) y
2
(x) = 0 vi mi x I, trong hng s y
2
(x
o
) 0 hay (
y
1
(x
o
)) 0 ( do hai s ny khc nhau).
Do y
1
, y
2
ph thuc tuyn tnh. nh l c chng minh.

2.3. nh l v nghim tng qut
Xt phng trnh vi phn cp hai thun nht
y" + p(x)y' + q(x)y = 0
trong cc hm s p, q lin tc trn I.
Gi s y
1
, y
2
l hai nghim ca phng trnh vi phn v c lp tuyn tnh trn I.
Khi , nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn l
y = c
1
y
1
+ c
2
y
2
, trong c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s.
Ch thch:
Nghim y = c
1
y
1
+ c
2
y
2
, vi c
1
v c
2
l cc hng s, c gi l nghim tng qut v hai tnh cht
sau ng:
a) Mi hm s c dng y = c
1
y
1
+ c
2
y
2
u l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn, trong c
1
v c
2
l
cc hng s ty .
b) Mi nghim y = y(x) ca phng trnh vi phn u c dng
y = c
1
y
1
+ c
2
y
2
, trong c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s.

Hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh y
1
, y
2
c gi l hai nghim c s.
Khng gian gm tt c cc nghim l mt khng gian 2 chiu.
Chng minh nh l
Xt hm s c dng y = c
1
y
1
+ c
2
y
2
vi c
1
v c
2
l cc hng s.
p dng nh l t hp nghim 2.1, ta c y l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn.
Coi l mt nghim ty ca phng trnh vi phn.
Ta s chng minh c dng y = c
1
y
1
+ c
2
y
2
vi c
1
v c
2
l cc hng s.
Hai hm y
1
, y
2
c lp tuyn tnh nn theo nh l 2.2.4 th tn ti x
o
I tha
W(y
1
, y
2
) (x
o
) 0
/ /
y y (x )-y (x )y (x )0
1 2 o 1 o 2 o

Gi k
1
= (x
o
) v k
2
= '(x
o
).
Xt nghim y
3
= c
1
, y
1
+ c
2
y
2
ca phng trnh vi phn vi cc hng s c
1
, c
2
c chn sao cho

3 o 1 1 1 o 2 2 o 1
/ / /
3 o 2 1 1 o 2 2 o 2
y (x )=k c y (x )+c y (x )=k
y (x )=k c y (x )+c y (x )=k

/
1 2 o 2 2 o
1 / /
1 o 2 o 1 o 2 o
/
1 o 2 1 o 1
2 / /
1 o 2 o 1 o 2 o
k y (x )-k y (x )
c =
y (x )y (x )-y (x )y (x )
y (x )k -y (x ) k
c =
y (x )y (x )-y (x )y (x )

( trong mu s chnh l W(y
1
, y
2
)(x
o
) nn khc 0).
Xt bi ton

o 1
o 2
y"+a(x)y' + b(x)y=0
y(x )=k
y'(x )=k

Ta thy v y
3
cng l nghim ca bi ton trn, do v y
3
trng nhau (theo nh l 1.2), vy
trn I ta c = c
1
y
1
+ c
2
y
2
.
Bi tp: Bi tp t 119 ti 125

3. PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH THUN NHT VI H S HNG
3.1. Phng trnh c trng
Xt phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht c h s hng
ay" + by' + cy = 0
trong a, b, c l cc hng s thc v a 0
Phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh vi phn ny c nh ngha l phng trnh bc hai
ar
2
+ br + c = 0.
Ch thch:
Phng trnh ay" + by' + cy = 0 tng ng vi phng trnh 0 y
a
c
' y
a
b
" y = + + (nu a 0).


3.2. inh l v nghim
Xt phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht vi h s hng
ay" + by' + cy = 0 (vi a 0) (1)
Dng nghim ca phng trnh vi phn trn R ph thuc vo i lng (b
2
4ac) nh sau:
1. Trng hp b
2
4ac > 0:
Gi r
1
, r
2
l hai nghim phn bit ca phng trnh c trng.
Khi , nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn (1) l trn R l
y(x) =
1 2
r x r x
1 2
c e +c e
trong c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s ty .
2. Trng hp b
2
4ac = 0:
Gi r
o
l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng.
Khi , nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn (1) trn R l
y(x) =
o o
r x r x
1 2
c e +c xe
trong c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s ty .
3. Trng hp b
2
4ac < 0:
Phng trnh c trng khng c nghim thc nhng c hai nghim phc l

2
b 4ac-b
- i
2a 2a

t = = ,
2
b 4ac-b
-
2a 2a

Khi , nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn (1) trn R l
y(x) = c
1
e
x
cosx + c
2
e
x
sinx

vi c
1
v c
2
l cc hng s.
Chng minh nh l.
1. Trng hp b
2
4ac > 0:
Ta tm nghim c bit ca phng trnh vi phn (1) di dng y(x) = e
rx
(vi r l hng s)
Th y(x) = e
rx
vo (1) ta c
ar
2
e
rx
+ bre
rx
+ ce
rx
= 0
e
rx
(ar
2
+ br + c) = 0
ar
2
+ br + c = 0 (2)
Do r
1
v r
2
l nghim ca phng trnh (2), nn y
1
(x) =
x r
2
x r
2 1
e ) x ( y va e = l hai nghim ca
phng trnh vi phn (1).
Ta c

1 1
2 2
/
1 1 1
/
2 2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
r x r x
r x r x
, x , x c r c
, x , x c r c
=
'
1 1
'
2 2
(0) (0)
(0) (0)
, ,
, ,
=
1
2
1
1
r
r
= r
2
r
1
0
Theo nh l 2.3 th y
1
, y
2
l hai nghim c s ca phng trnh vi phn (1) trn R . Do , nghim
tng qut trn R ca phng trnh vi phn (1) l
y(x) = c
1
y
1
(x) + c
2
y
2
(x)=
1 2
1 2
r x r x
c c c c + vi c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s ty .
2. Trng hp b
2
4ac = 0
: Ta tm nghim c bit ca phng trnh (1) di dng y(x) = e
rx
. L lun ging nh trng hp b
2

4ac > 0. Do r
o
l nghim kp ca phng trnh (2), nn mt nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (1) l
y
1
(x) =
x r
o
e .
Xt y
2
(x) = x
x r
o
e , ta thy y
2
cng l nghim ca phng trnh (1) v vi mi x R ta c
/ /
2 2 2
ay (x)+by (x)+cy (x) =
( ) ( )
o o o o o
r x r x r x r x r x 2
o o o
a 2r e +r xe +b e +r xe +cxe
=
( ) ( )
o o
r x r x 2
o o o
xe ar +br +c +e 2ar +b
= 0

2
o o o
b
do ar +br +c=0 va r =-
2a

Hai nghim y
1
v y
2
c lp tuyn tnh bi nh l 2.2.2. S c lp tuyn tnh ny c th suy ra t
nh thc Wronski nh sau

( )
o o
o o o
r x r x
'
o
1 1
' r x r x r x
2 2 o
e r e
y (x) y (x)
=
y (x) y (x) xe e +r xe
0
'
1 1 o
'
2 2
y (0) y (0) 1 r
= =1
0 1
y (0) y (0)

Theo nh l 2.3 , nghim tng qut trn R ca phng trnh vi phn (1) l
y(x) = c
1
y
1
(x) + c
2
y
2
(x) =
o o
r x r x
1 2
c e +c xe vi c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s ty .
3. Trng hp b
2
4ac < 0:
Theo chng minh trong trng hp 1 trn, nu r l nghim thc ca phng trnh c trng ar
2
+
br + c = 0 th hm s x 6 e
rx
tha phng trnh vi phn. Sau y ta chng minh trng hp r l
nghim phc ca phng trnh c trng ar
2
+ br + c = 0 th hm phc x 6 e
rx
cng tha phng trnh
vi phn (1).
Xt hm phc g t R C vi g(x) = e
rx
, trong r l nghim phc ca phng trnh c trng.
Do g'(x) = re
rx
v g"(x) = r
2
e
rx
nn
ag"(x) + bg'(x) + cg(x) = ar
2
e
rx
+ bre
rx
+ ce
rx
= e
rx
(ar
2
+ br + c)=0
Suy ra ag"(x) + bg'(x) + cg(x)=0 vi mi xR.
Sau y ta tm hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng trnh vi phn.
Phng trnh c trng c hai nghim phc l

2
-(b -4ac) -b
i
2a 2a

Xt nghim phc r = + i vi = =
2
b -b +4ac
- va
2a 2a

Ta c g(x) =

rx x+i x x
e =e =e [cos( x)+ i sin( x)] = y
1
(x) + iy
2
(x),
trong
x
1
x
2
y (x) e cos( x)
y (x) e sin( x)

Do g'(x) = ) x ( iy ) x ( y
'
2
'
1
+
g"(x) = ) x ( iy ) x ( y
"
2
"
1
+
T tnh cht ag" + bg' + cg = 0, ta suy ra

( ) ( )
// // / /
1 2 1 2 1 2
a y +iy +b y +iy +c(y +iy )=0

( ) ( )
// / // /
1 1 1 2 2 2
ay +by +cy +i ay +by +cy =0
Do
// /
1 1 1
// /
2 2 2
ay +by +cy =0
ay +by +cy =0
.
Vy hai hm s thc y
1
, y
2
l hai nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (1).
Hai nghim y
1
v y
2
ny c lp tuyn tnh trn R v

=
+

1
2
cos( cos( sin(
( )
( )
sin( ) sin( cos(
x x
x x
c c c
, x
, x
c x c c
x
'
1
'
x
2
x) x) x)
y (x)
y (x)
x) x)

0
0
1
) 0 ( y ) 0 ( y
) 0 ( y ) 0 ( y
'
2 2
'
1 1
=
=
Theo nh l 2.3 th nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn (1) trn R l
y(x) = c
1
y
1
(x) + c
2
y
2
(x) vi c
1
v c
2
l cc hng s.
Ch thch: Ngi ta c th chng minh y
1
, y
2
l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (1) m khng dng
kin thc hm phc, khi phi da vo php tnh o hm t biu thc ca y
1
v y
2
.

3.3. Mt s th d.
3.3.1. Th d. Hy tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn y" 2y' 8y = 0 trn R.
Li gii
Phng trnh c trng l r
2
2r 8 = 0
Bit s ' = 9. Hai nghim ca phng trnh c trng l r
1
= 4, r
2
= 2.
Nghim tng qut trn R ca phng trnh vi phn l

4x -2x
1 2
y=c e +c e , vi c
1
v c
2
l cc hng s.
3.3.2. Th d. Hy tm nghim tng qut trn R ca phng trnh vi phn y" 4y' + 4y = 0.

Li gii
2
4r + 4 = 0
Bit s = 0. Nghim ( kp ) ca phng trnh c trng l r = 2.

2x 2x
1 2
y=c e +c xe vi c
1
v c
2
l cc hng s.
3.3.3. Th du. Hy tm nghim tng qut trn R ca phng trnh vi phn y" + 2y' + 10y = 0. .Li gii
2
+ 2r + 10 = 0.
Bit s ' = 9. Nghim phc ca phng trnh c trng l r = 1 i. 3
( (
-x -x
1 2
y=c e cos 3x)+c e sin 3x) , vi c
1
v c
2
l cc hng s.
3.3.4. Th d. Hy tm nghim trn R ca bi ton c iu kin u nh sau

y"+y' =0
y(0) =1
1
y'(0) =-
2

Li gii
Phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh vi phn l r
2
+ r = 0.
Hai nghim ca phng trnh c trng l r = 0 v r = 1.

x . 1
2
x 0
1
e c e c y

+ =
y = c
1
+ c
2
e
x
, vi c
1
v c
2
l cc hng s.
Do y' = c
2
e
x
.
Da vo iu kin u, ta tm gi tr ca c
1
v c
2
nh sau.
/
(0) 1
1
(0)
2
o
,
,
=
=
= +
2
1
c
1 c c
2
2 1

1
2
1
2
1
2
c
c

Vy nghim trn R ca bi ton l
x
e
2
1
2
1
y

+ = .

4. PHNG TRNH EULER
4.1 nh ngha.
Phng trnh Euler thun nht trn I l phng trnh vi phn c dng
x
2
y" + axy' + by = 0 (1)
trong a, b l cc hng s v I khng cha 0.
Phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh Euler (1) c nh ngha l phng trnh bc 2 theo n
r nh sau
r(r 1) + ar + b = 0 (2)
hay r
2
(a 1) r + b = 0

Ch thch :
Nu nghim ca (1) c dng y = x
r
th r phi tha phng trnh sau vi mi x I
x
2
(x
r
)" + ax (x
r
)' + b(x
r
) = 0
x
2
r (r 1) x
r2
+ axrx
r1
+ bx
r
= 0
x
r
[r (r1) + ar + b] = 0
r (r 1) + ar + b = 0
Do , nu r l nghim ca phng trinh c trng (2) th y = x
r
l nghim ca phng trnh (1).

4.2. nh l v nghim.
Xt phng trnh Euler thun nht
x
2
y" + axy' + by = 0 (1)
trong a, b l cc hng s v I khng cha 0.
a) Trng hp phng trnh c trng c hai nghim phn bit r
1
, r
2
.

Gi s hm s y
1
=
1
r
x v hm s y
2
=
2
r
x xc nh trn I.
Khi nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (1) l
y(x) = c
1
1
r
x + c
2
2
r
x
trong c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s ty .
b) Trng hp phng trnh c trng c nghim kp r
o
.
Gi s hm s y
1
=
o
r
x xc nh trn I.
y(x) =
o
r
x (c
1
+ c
2
lnx)
trong c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s ty .
c) Trng hp phng trnh c trng c hai nghim phc i:
Gi s hm s y = x
xc nh trn I.
y(x) = x
[c
1
cos ( lnx) + c
2
sin ( lnx)]
trong c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s ty .
Chng minh
a) Do r
1
, r
2
l nghim ca phng trnh c trng nn y
1
=
1
r
x v y
2
=
2
r
x

l nghim ca phng
trnh (1) (theo ch thch trong nh ngha 6.1.2).
Ta c
W(y
1
, y
2
) (x) =
1 1
2 2
/ 1
1 1 1
/ 1
2 2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
r r
r r
, x , x x r x
, x , x x r x
= = ( )
1 2
1
2 1
0
r r
r r x
+

Do y
1
, y
2
c lp tuyn tnh. Suy ra nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (1) l t hp tuyn tnh
ca y
1
, y
2
.
b) Trong trng hp ny, hm y
1
=
o
r
x l nghim ca phng trnh (1). Ta s chng minh
y
2
=
o
r
x lnxcng l nghim ca (1).
Ta c
( )
1 1 '
2
1
ln ln 1
o o o
r r r
o o
, r x x x x r x
x

= + = +
v ( ) ( )
2 1 //
2
1
1 ln 1
o o
r r
o o o
, r x r x x r
x

= + + =
2
( 1) ln 2 1
o
r
o o o
x r r x r
+

Suy ra
2 // /
2 2 2
( 1) ln 2 1
o
r
o o o
x , ax, b, x r r x r + + = + +

( )
ln 1 ln
o o
r r
o
ax r x bx x + +
= ( ) ln ( 1) 2 1
o
r
o o o o
x x r r ar b r a + + + +

.
ng thi, r
o
l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng (2) nn

( 1) 0
1
2
o o o
o
r r ar b
a
r
+ + =
( ) ln ( 1) 2 1 0
o o o o
x r r ar b r a + + + + =
Vy y
2
l mt nghim ca phng trnh (1).
Ta thy y
2
c dng y
2
(x) = lnxy
1
(x). Do y
2
v y
1
c lp tuyn tnh ( theo nh l 2.2.2)
Suy ra nghim tng qut ca (1) l t hp tuyn tnh ca y
1
v y
2
.
c) Xt y
1
= x
cos ( lnx)
y
2
= x
sin ( lnx)
Vic chng minh y
1
, y
2
l hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng trnh (1) c thc hin tng
t nh trong chng minh ca nh l 3.2. Vic chng minh ny c xem nh l mt bi tp.
4.3 Th d. Hy tm nghim tng qut trn I = (, 0) ca phng trnh vi phn
x
2
y" + 2xy' 12y = 0.
Li gii
Phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh Euler l
r (r1) + 2r 12 = 0 r
2
+ r 12 = 0
Phng trnh c trng ny c hai nghim l r
1
= 4, r
2
= 3.
Vy nghim tng qut trn I ca phng trnh vi phn l

1 2
1 2
( )
r r
, x c x c x = +

3 1
2 4
( )
c
, x c x
x
= + vi c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s ty .

5. GII PHNG TRNH KHNG THUN NHT
Xt phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai khng thun nht
y" + p(x)y' + q(x)y = f(x) (1)
trong cc hm s p, q, f lin tc trn I.
v phng trnh thun nht tng ng vi n l
y" + p(x)y' + q(x)y = 0 (2)
5.1. nh l.

Xt phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai khng thun nht
y" + p(x)y' + q(x)y = f(x) (1)
trong cc hm s p, q, f lin tc trn I.
Phng trnh thun nht tng ng vi phng trnh (1) l
y" + p(x)y' + q(x)y = 0 (2)

Gi s y
P
l mt nghim (c bit) trn I ca phng trnh (1)
v y
o
l nghim tng qut trn I ca phng trnh (2).
Khi , nghim tng qut trn I ca phng trnh (1) l
y = y
P
+ y
o.

Chng minh nh l.
Xt phng trnh (1).
y" + p(x)y' + q(x)y = f(x) (1)
Hm s y
P
l nghim ca phng trnh (1) nn

// /
P P P
y +p(x)y +q(x)y =f(x)
Tr v hai phng trnh trn ta c phng trnh tng ng vi (1)

// // / /
P P p
y - y +p(x)(y - y )+q(x)(y-y )=0
(y y
P
)" +p(x) (y y
P
)' + q(x) (y y
P
) = 0
t Y = y y
P
, ta c phng trnh thun nht

// /
+p(x)Y +q(x)Y =0 Y (2)
Do , quan h gia nghim ca phng trnh (1) v phng trnh (2) nh sau
Y = y y
P
hay y= y
P
+ Y

5.2 Phng php gii
Tm nghim tng qut y
o
ca phng trnh (2). Nghim ny c dng
y
o
(x) = c
1
y
1
(x) + c
2
y
2
(x)
trong y
1
, y
2
c lp tuyn tnh v c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s.
Tm nghim c bit y
p
ca phng trnh khng thun nht (1). tm nghim c bi, ngi ta
thng da vo phng php xc nh h s ( xem th d trong mc 6.3 di) hoc phng php
bin thin tham s ( xem th d trong mc 6.4 di).
Nghim y ca phng trnh (1) l tng ca y
0
v y
p
:
y= y
0
+y
p
.
5.3. Tm nghim c bit bng phng php xc nh h s
Phng trnh khng thun nht (1) ang xt nh sau
y"+ p(x) y' + q(x)y = f(x)
i vi mt s dng c bit ca hm s f, ngi ta c th on c dng ca hm s y y tha
phng trnh (1). Chng hn khi f(x) = x
2
th ta on y = Ax
2
+ Bx + C c th l mt nghim c bit
ca phng trnh (1), sau ta phi xc nh cc h s A, B, C y tht s l nghim. Phng php
ny gi l phng php xc nh h s (cn gi l phng php h s bt nh), phng php ny
khng tng qut bng phng php bin thin h s nhng trong mt s phng trnh th phng
php xc nh h s d tm nghim hn.
Ta ch c th s dng phng php xc nh h s khi mi s hng ca f l mt hay tch ca nhiu
hm s c dng sau:
a) a thc theo x (hng s c coi l a thc bc 0)
b) Hm m e
x

c) Hm sinx, cosx
Chng hn , ta c th p dng phng php xc nh h s i vi cc trng hp sau:
F(x) = 20 (f l hm hng); f(x) = xe
5x
; f(x) = x
3
sin 2x; f(x) = e
2x
cos 4x ; f(x) = 2x
2
e
4x
cos x + 7

5.3.1. Th d. Hy tm nghim trn R ca phng trnh sau y" y = x
2
(3)
Li gii.
Phng trnh thun nht tng ng vi phng trnh tuyn tnh cp hai khng thun nht trn l
y" y = 0 (4)
Phng trnh c trng r
2
1 = 0 c hai nghim l r = 1.
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht (4) l y
o
(x) = c
1
e
x
+ c
2
e
x

Phng trnh khng thun nht (3) c v tri l a thc bc 2 nn ta tm nghim c bit ca phng
trnh ny di dng a thc bc 2 nh sau: y
P
(x) = Ax
2
+ Bx + C.
Khi y'
P
= 2Ax + B v y"
P
= 2A.
Do y
P
l nghim ca phng trnh (8) nu vi mi xR ta c:
y"
P
y
P
= x
2
2A (Ax
2
+ Bx + C) = x
2
Ax
2
Bx + 2A C = x
2
,
ng nht cc h s tng ng, ta c
1 1
0 0
2 0 2

C C
= =

= =

= =

Do y
P
(x) = x
2
2
Vy nghim tng qut trn R ca phng trnh (8) l
y(x) = c
1
e
x
+ c
2
e
x
x
2
2, vi c
1
, c
2
l cc h s ty .
5.3.2. Th d. Hy tm mt nghim c bit trn R ca phng trnh y" y' y = sin x
Li gii.
V phi l hm s f(x) = sin x nn ta tm nghim c bit di dng sau:
y
P
(x) = Acos x + Bsin x
Khi

'
"
sin cos
cos sin
|
|
, x x
, x x
= +

Hm y
P
l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn nu vi mi xR ta c:
// /
sin
| | |
, , , x = ( Acos x Bsin x) ( Asin x + Bcos x) (Acos x + Bsin x) = sin x
(2A B) cos x + (A 2B 1)sin x = 0

1
2 0
5
2 1 0 2
5

Do
1 2
( ) cos sin
5 5
|
, x x x = .
5.3.3. Th d. Hy tm mt nghim c bit trn R ca phng trnh vi phn
y" + 3y' + 2y = e
3x

Li gii.
Ta tm nghim c bit di dng y
P
(x) = Ae
3x

Khi
' 3
3
x
|
, c = va
// 3
9
x
|
, c = .
Hm y
P
l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn nu vi mi x R ta c
y"
P
+ 3y'
P
+ 2y
P
= e
3x
9Ae
3x
+ 3.3Ae
3x
+ 2Ae
3x
= e
3x
20Ae
3x
= e
3x
A =
20
1

Vy y
P
(x) =
x 3
e
20
1
.
5.3.4. Th d. Hy tm mt nghim c bit trn R ca phng trnh vi phn
y" + 3y' + 2y = e
x
sin x
Li gii.
P
(x) = (Acos x + Bsin x) e
x

Khi
'
|
, = (Asin x + Bcos x)e
x
+ (Acos x + Bsin x)e
x
= [(A + B) cos x + (A + B) sin x] e
x

v y"
P
= [(A + B) sin x + (A + B) cosx + (A + B) cosx + (A + B) sin x] e
x

= (2B cosx 2Asin x)e
x

Hm y
P
y"
P
3y'
P
+ 2y
P
= e
x
sinx
(2B cos x 2A sin x) e
x
3 [(A + B)cos x +(A + B)sin x]e
x
+ 2(Acos x + Bsinx)e
x
= e
x
sin x

[(2B 3A 3B + 2A) cos x + (2A + 3A 3B + 2B) sin x] e
x
= e
x
sin x

1
2 3 3 2 0 0
2
2 3 3 2 1 1 1
2
+ = =

+ + = =

=

Vy
1 1
( ) cos sin
2 2
x
|
, x x x c

=

( ) cos sin
2
x
c
x x
5.3.5. Th d. Hy tm mt nghim c bit trn R ca phng trnh vi phn y" + y = xe
2x

Li gii.
P
(x) = (Ax + B)e
2x

Khi y'
P
= Ae
2x
+ 2(Ax + B)e
2x
= (2Ax + A + 2B)e
2x

v y"
P
= 2Ae
2x
+ 2(2Ax + A + 2B)e
2x
= (4Ax + 4A + 4B)e
2x

Hm s y
P
y"
P
+ y
P
= xe
2x

(4Ax + 4A + 4B)e
2x
+ (Ax + B)e
2x
= xe
2x

[(5A 1)x + 4A + 5B]e
2x
= 0

1
5 1 0
5
4 5 0 1
25

+ =

Do

2
4
( )
5 25
x
|
x
, x c

=

2
( ) (5 4)
25
x
|
c
, x x =
Ch thch: Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn l
y(x) = c
1
sin x + c
2
cos x +
2
(5 4)
25
x
c
x x R.
5.3.6. Th d. Hy tm mt nghim trn R ca phng trnh vi phn y" y = xsinx
Hng dn: Tm y
P
di dng y
P
(x) = (Ax + B) cos x + (Cx + D) sin x.
5.3.7. Th d. Hy tm nghim trn R ca phng trnh vi phn
y" + y = xe
2x
+ 3x
2
+ 14x + 4
Hng dn
Phng trnh y" + y = 0 c nghim tng qut l y
o
(x) = c
1
sin x + c
2
cos x
Phng trnh y" + y = xe
2x
c nghim c bit l
2
1
( ) (5 4)
25
x
p
c
, x x = (theo th d 5.4.5)
Phng trnh y" + y = 3x
2
+ 14x + 4 c nghim c bit l
2
( )
p
, x = 3x
2
+ 2x + 4
Phng trnh vi phn bi c nghim c bit l y
P
(x) =
1
( )
p
, x +
2
( )
p
, x v

( )
// // //
1 2 1 2
( )
| | p p p p
, , , , , , + = + + +
( ) ( )
// //
1 1 2 2 p p p p
, , , , = + + + = (xe
2x
) + (3x
2
+ 14x + 4)
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn l
y(x) = y
o
(x) + y
P
(x)

2
2
1 2
( ) sin cos (5 4) 3 2 4
25
x
c
, x C x C x x x x = + + + + +
5.3.8. Th d. Hy tm nghim tng qut trn R ca phng trnh vi phn
y" y' 12y = e
4x
. (*)
Li gii.
Phng trnh vi phn thun nht tng ng l y" y' 12y = 0 (**)
Phng trnh c trng r
2
r 12 = 0 c hai nghim l r
1
= 4, r
2
= 3.
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht l
y
o
(x) = c
1
y
1
(x) + c
2
y
2
(x) = c
1
e
4x
+ c
2
e
3x

Nhn xt: Nu ta tm nghim c bit ca phng trnh (*) di dng y
P
(x) = Ae
4x
th s tht bi
v (Ae
4x
)" (Ae
4x
)' 12(Ae
4x
) = 0 e
4x
.

Hm s y= Ae
4x
l nghim ca phng trnh thun nht
(**) nn khng th l nghim ca (*).

Ta tm mt nghim c bit ca phng trnh vi phn (*) di dng y
P
(x) = Axe
4x
.
Khi y'
P
= Ae
4x
+ 4Axe
4x
v y"
P
= 4Ae
4x
+ 4Ae
4x
+ 16Axe
4x
= 8Ae
4x
+ 16Axe
4x

Hm s y
P
l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn khng thun nht
y"
P
y'
P
12y
P
= e
4x
(8Ae
4x
+ 16Axe
4x
) (Ae
4x
+ 4Axe
4x
) 12(Axe
4x
) = e
4x

7Ae
4x
= e
4x
7A = 1 A =
7
1
.
Do y
P
(x) =
7
1
xe
4x

Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn khng thun nht (*) l
y(x) = y
o
(x) + y
P
(x)
y(x) = c
1
e
4x
+ c
2
e
3x
+
7
1
xe
4x
vi c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s.
5.3.9. Th d. Hy tm nghim tng qut trn R ca phng trnh vi phn
y" 4y' + 4y = e
2x
(*)
Li gii.
Phng trnh thun nht tng ng l y" 4y' + 4y = 0 (**)
Phng trnh c trng r
2
4r + 4 = 0 c nghim kp l r = 2.
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (**) l y
o
(x) = c
1
e
2x
+ c
2
xe
2x

Nhn xt: Thng thng, khi v phi ca (17) l e
2x
th ta tm nghim c bit di dng
y
P
= Ae
2x
. Tuy nhin, y
1
= e
2x
v y
2
= xe
2x
l nghim ca phng trnh thun nht(**), do hai hm
ny khng th l nghim ca phng trnh (*) . Trong bi ny ta phi xt nghim c bit c dng
Ax
2
e
2x
.
Ta tm nghim c bit ca phng trnh (*) di dng y
P
(x) = Ax
2
e
2x

Khi y'
P
= Ae
2x
(2x
2
+ 2x) v y"
P
= Ae
2x
(4x
2
+ 8x + 2)
Hm s y
P
l nghim ca phng trnh (*) nu
y"
P
4y'
P
+ 4y
P
= e
2x

Ae
2x
(4x
2
+ 8x + 2 8x
2
8x + 4x
2
) = e
2x

2Ae
2x
= e
2x
A =
2
1

Do
2 2
1
( )
2
x
|
, x x c =
Nghim tng qut trn R ca phng trnh (*) l
y(x) = y
o
(x) + y
P
(x)
y(x) = c
1
e
2x
+ c
2
xe
2x
+
2
1
x
2
e
2x

y(x) = e
2x
(c
1
+ c
2
x +
2
1
x
2
)
trong c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s.
5.3.10. Th d. Hy tm nghim tng qut trn R ca phng trnh vi phn y" + y = cos x (*)
Li gii.
Phng trnh thun nht tng ng l y" + y = 0 (**)
Phng trnh c trng r
2
+ 1 = 0 c hai nghim phc l r = i.
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (**) l y
o
(x) = c
1
cos x + c
2
sinx.
Nhn xt: Thng thng, v phi ca (19) l cos x th ta tm nghim c bit di dng y
P
= Acos
x + Bsin x. Tuy nhin, trong phng trnh ny th y
1
= cos x v y
2
= sin x l nghim ca phng trnh
thun nht (**), do ta s tm nghim c bit di dng
y
P
= Ax cos x + Bx sin x.
Ta tm nghim c bit ca phng trnh (*) di dng y
P
(x) = Ax cosx + Bx sinx
Khi y'
P
= Acos x Axsin x + Bsinx + Bxcosx
v y"
P
= Asinx Asinx Axcosx + Bcosx + Bcosx Bxsinx
= 2Asin x Axcos x + 2Bcos x Bxsin x
Hm s y
P
l nghim ca phng trnh (*) nu
y"
P
+ y
P
= cos x
( 2Asinx Axcosx + 2Bcosx Bxcos x Bxsin x) + (Axcos x + Bxsin x) = cos x
2Asin x + 2B cos x = cos x

=
=
=
=
2
1
B
0 A
1 B 2
0 A 2

Do mt nghim c bit ca phng trnh (*) l y
P
(x) =
2
1
x sin x.
Nghim tng qut trn R ca phng trnh (*) l
y(x) = y
o
(x) + y
P
(x)
y(x) = c
1
cosx + c
2
sin x +
2
1
xsin x
trong c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s.
5.4. Tm nghim c bit bng phng php bin thin tham s
5.4.1. nh l.
Xt phng trnh vi phn khng thun nht (1) v phng trnh vi phn thun nht (2).
Gi s nghim tng qut trn I ca phng trnh thun nht (2) l
y
o
(x) = c
1
y
1
(x) + c
2
y
2
(x)
vi c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s v y
1
, y
2
c lp tuyn tnh.
Gi s v
1
v v
2
l hai hm s tha tnh cht (i) hoc (ii) nh sau:
(i) Hai hm s v
1
, v
2
l nghim c bit trn I ca h phng trnh

/ /
1 1 2 2
/ / / /
1 1 2 2
0
( )
, v , v
, v , v f x
+ =
+ =
.
(ii) Hai hm s v
1
, v
2
c biu thc

2
1
1 2
1
2
1 2
( ) ( )
( )
( , )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( , )( )
f x , x
v x dx
V , , x
f x , x
v x dx
V , , x

=
,
trong cc hng s tch phn c chn ty .

Khi , hm s sau l mt nghim c bit trn I ca phng trnh khng thun nht (1)
y
P
(x) = v
1
(x) y
1
(x) + v
2
(x) y
2
(x).
Ch thch: T nghim y
o
ta thay hai hng s c
1
, c
2
bng hai hm s v
1
, v
2
th ra dng nghim c bit
y
P
. Phng php ny gi l phng php bin thin tham s hay phng php bin thin hng s
hay phng php Lagrange.
Chng minh
Gi s phng trnh thun nht (2) c nghim tng qut
y
o
= c
1
y
1
+ c
2
y
2

Ta tm nghim c bit ca phng trnh khng thun nht (1) di dng
y
P
(x) = v
1
(x) y
1
(x) + v
2
(x) y
2
(x)
o hm ca y
P
l
/ / / / /
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 |
, v , v , v , v , = + + +
=
( ) ( )
/ / / /
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
v , v , v , v , + + +
c biu thc n gin, ta chn
/ /
1 1 2 2
0 v , v , + =
Lc
/ / /
1 1 2 2 |
, v , v , = + .
Suy ra
// / / // / / //
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 |
, v , v , v , v , = + + +
Th cc biu thc
/ //
, ,
| | |
, , , vo phng trnh (1) th c

// /
| | |
, p, q, f + + = (5)
( )
/ / // / / // / /
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2
v , v , v , v , p v , v , + + + + + + q (v
1
y
1
+ v
2
y
2
) = f

( )
/ / / / // /
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
v , v , v , p, q, + + + +
( )
// /
2 2 2 2
v , p, q, f + + + =
trong

( )
// /
1 1 1 1 2
// /
2 2 2
0 , (2)
0
, p, q, do , , a nghcm cua
, p, q,
+ + =
+ + =

Do phng trnh (5) tng ng vi
/ / / /
1 1 2 2
v , v , f + =
Nh vy y
P
= v
1
y
1
+ v
2
y
2
l nghim c bit ca phng trnh (1) nu v
1
, v
2
tha h phng trnh

/ /
1 1 2 2
/ / / /
1 1 2 2
0 , v , v
, v , v f
+ =
+ =

Gii h phng trnh bc nht vi hai n
/ /
1 2
, v v ta c

/ 2 2
1 / /
1 2 2 1 1 2
/ 1 1
2 ' '
1 2 2 1 1 2
.
( , )
( , )
f , f ,
v
, , , , V , ,
f , f ,
v
, , , , V , ,

= =
= =

( do y
1
, y
2
c lp tuyn tnh nn mu s lun khc 0).
Nh th, v
1
v v
2
c chn l

dx
) x )( y , y ( W
) x ( y ) x ( f
) x ( v
dx
) x )( y , y ( W
) x ( y ) x ( f
) x ( v
2 1
1
2
2 1
2
1

5.4.2. Th d. Hy tm nghim trn R ca bi ton sau

" 4sin
(0) 3
'(0) 1
, , x
,
,
+ =
(*)
Ch thch: Vic tm nghim c bit ca bi ny bng phng php xc nh h s th d dng hn
bng phng php bin thin tham s. Tuy nhin, phng php bin thin tham s vn c trnh by
lm v d cho phng php ny.
Li gii
Phng trnh thun nht y" + y = 0 c phng trnh c trng l r
2
+ 1 = 0, phng trnh c trng
c hai nghim phc l r = i, nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht trn R l y
o
(x)
= c
1
cos x + c
2
sin x
hay y
o
(x)= c
1
y
1
(x) + c
2
y
2
(x) vi y
1
(x)=cos x v y
2
(x)= sin x.
Mt nghim c bit ca phng trnh khng thun nht (*) l
y
P
(x) = v
1
(x)y
1
(x) + v
2
(x)y
2
(x) = v
1
(x) cosx + v
2
(x) sin x
trong v
1
, v
2
l cc hm s tha
' ' ' '
1 1 2 2 1 2
' ' ' ' ' '
1 1 2 2 1 2
0 (cos ) (sin ) 0
( sin ) (cos ) 4sin
, v , v x v x v
, v , v f x v x v x
+ = + =

+ = + =

' 2
1
'
2
4sin
4sin cos
v x
v x x
=
2
1
2
4 sin
4 sin cos
v x dx
v x x dx

p dng cng thc ( )
2
1
1
sin sin cos
2
x dx x x x | = +
v

2
2
sin
sin cos (sin )(sin )'
2
x
x x dx x x dx | = = +

ta c
1 1
2
2 2
2(sin cos ) ( 0)
2sin ( 0)
v x x x chon |
v x chon |
= =
= =

Suy ra nghim c bit ca phng trnh khng thun nht (*) l
y
P
(x) = v
1
(x)y
1
(x) + v
2
(x)y
2
(x)
= 2(sin x cos x x) cosx + 2sin
2
x sin x
= 2sin x (cos
2
x + sin
2
x) 2xcos x = 2sin x 2xcos x
Nghim tng qut trn R ca phng trnh khng thun nht (*) l
y(x) = y
o
(x) + y
P
(x)
y(x) = c
1
cos x + c
2
sin x + 2 sinx 2x cos x vi c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s.
y(x) = c
1
cos x + (c
2
+ 2) sin x 2x cos x
y(x) = c
1
cos x + c
3
sin x 2x cos x (vi c
3
= c
2
+ 2)
Suy ra y'(x) = c
1
sin x + c
3
cos x + 2x sin x 2cos x

Ta da vo iu kin u xc nh hng s c
1
, c
3
nh sau

1 1
2 3
(0) 3 3 3
'(0) 1 2 1 1
, c c
, c c
= = =

= = =

y(x) = 3 cos x + sin x 2x cos x
y(x) = (3 2x) cos + sin x.
Bi tp: Bi tp t 178.
__________________________________________________________________________

BI TP CHNG 2
119)
Bi ton no tha cc iu kin ca nh l v s duy nht nghim 1.2
a) ( ) ( ) + + = =
2
1
y'' y' 3y x , y 0 , y' 0 1
x

b) ( ) ( ) + + = = =
2
1
y'' y' 3y x , y 1 1, y' 1 3
x
p s : b
c) ( ) ( ) + + = = =
2
1
y'' y' 3y x , y 1 1, y' 2 3
x

d) ( ) ( ) + + = = = xy'' y' 4xy 0, y 0 1, y' 0 2

120) Cp hm s no sau y c lp tuyn tnh
a)
x 2x
e ,e b)
3 4
;
x x

c)
3
lnx, lnx b) sinx, tgx
e) 3,x p s : ( ) ( ) ( ) a , d , e
121) Cho = =
x 2x
y e va y e l hai nghim ca phng trnh + + = y'' ay' 2y 0 vi a l
hng s: hm s no sau y cng l nghim ca phng trnh ny:
a) +
x 2x
e e b)
x 2x
e 8e c)
2x
8e d)
x
17e
p s: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a , b , c , d
122) Hy cho bit hm s no l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn y+y=0
a)
= +
x x
1 2
y c e c e b) = +
1 1 2
y c sinx c sin2x
c) y = c
1
cosx + c
2
cos(-x) d) y = c
1
sinx + c
2
cosx
e) y = c
1
cosx c
2
sinx p s: (d) hay (e)
123) Hy tm hm s Wronski ca hm s y
1
(x) = x
2
v y
2
(x) = x
5

a) y = 5x
6
2x
5
b) y = x
7
c) y = 2x
3
-5x
9

d) y = 2x 5x
4
e) y = 3x
6
p s: (e)
124) Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn y + 4y = 0 l
y = c
1
cos2x+c
2
sin2x. Mt nghim ca phng trnh y + 4y = x l =
1
y x
4
. Mt nghim ca
phng trnh y + 4y= e
x
l =
x
1
y e
5

Hm s no sau y l nghim ca phng trnh y + 4y = x + e
x


a) = +
x
5
1
y x e
4
b) = +
x
5
y x 4e
c) =
x
5
1
y x e
4
d) = + +
x
5
1
y x e 3cos2x 5sin2x
4

e) = +
1
y x sin2x
4

f) =
x
5
y e 3cos2x
g) = + +
x
5
1
y x e sin2x
4
h) = +
x
5
1
y x e cos2x
4

p s: (a), (d), (g), (h)
125) Trong 9 phng trnh sau, phng trnh no l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh. Nu n
l tuyn tnh th hy xt thm tnh cht thun nht v tnh cht h s hng.
a) y+ 2x
3
y + y = 0 b) y + 2y + y
2
= x c) y + 3y + yy = 0
d) y + 3y + 4y = 0 e) y + 3y + 4y = sinx f) y + y(2 + 3y) = e
x

g) y + 4xy + 2x
3
y = e
2x
h) y + sin(xe
x
)y + 4xy = 0 i) 3y + 16y+2y = 0

Hy tm nghim ca mi phng trnh vi phn sau nu n c dng cp 2 thun nht, tuyn
tnh vi h s hng
126) Hy tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn y" + y' y = 0 trn R
Li gii
2
+ r' 1 = 0.
Bit s = 5. Hai nghim ca phng trnh c trng l

2
5 1
r ,
2
5 1
r
2 1

=
+
=

x
2
r
2
x
1
r
1
e c e c y + =
y
1 2
1 5 1 5
exp exp
2 2
c x c x

+
= +

vi c
1
v c
2
l cc hng s.
127) Hy tm nghim trn R ca bi ton c iu kin u nh sau

" ' 0
(0) 1
1
'(0)
2
, ,
,
,
+ =

Li gii
2
+ r = 0.
Hai nghim ca phng trnh c trng l r = 0 v r = 1.

x . 1
2
x 0
1
e c e c y

+ =
y = c
1
+ c
2
e
x
, vi c
1
v c
2
l cc hng s.
Do y' = c
2
e
x
.
Da vo iu kin u, ta tm gi tr ca c
1
v c
2
nh sau.
/
(0) 1
1
(0)
2
o
,
,
=
=
= +
2
1
c
1 c c
2
2 1

1
2
1
2
1
2
c
c

x
e
2
1
2
1
y

+ = .

128) Hy tm nghim trn R ca bi ton sau

=
=
= + +
2 ) 1 ( ' y
0 ) 1 ( y
0 y 17 ' y 2 " y

Li gii
2
+ 2r + 17 = 0
Bit s ' = 16. Hai nghim phc ca phng trnh c trng l r = 1 i.4.
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn l
y = c
1
e
x
cos4x + c
2
e
x
sin4x
Do y' = c
1
e
x
cos4x 4c
1
e
x
sin4x c
2
e
x
sin4x + 4c
2
e
x
cos4x.
iu kin u y(1) = 0, y'(1) = 2 tr thnh
= +
= +

2 4 cos e c 4 4 sin e c 4 sin e c 4 4 cos e c
0 4 sin e c 4 cos e c
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1

= +
= +

0 4 cos e c 4 4 sin e c 4
0 4 sin c cos c
1
2
1
1
2 4 1

=
=
4 cos
2
e
c
4 sin
2
e
c
2
1

Nghim trn R ca bi ton l
sin4 cos 4 cos 4 sin4
2 2
x x
c c
, c x c x

= +
y
2
e
1 x+
= (sin 4 cos 4x sin 4x cos 4)
y
( 1)
1
sin4( 1)
2
x
c x

= .
129) + = y'' 3y' 10y 0
+
2x 5x
1 2
ap so : y (x) = c e c e
130) + = = = y'' 3y' 10y 0, y(0) 1, y'(0) 3
( )
2x 5x
1
ap so : y(x) = 8e e
7

131) + + = y'' 6y' 9 0

+
3x 3x
1 2
ap so : y (x) = c e c xe
132) = y'' 4y 0
+
2x 2x
1 2
ap so : y = c e c e
133) + = y'' 3y' 2y 0 +
x 2x
1 2
ap so : y = c e c e
134) + + = = = 4x'' 20x' 25x 0, x(0) 1, x'(0) 2

9
ap so : x= 1+
2
5
t
2
t e
135) = = = x'' x' 6x 0, x(0) 1, x'(0) 1
( )
+
3t 2t
1
ap so : x = - e 4e
5

136) = y'' 5y' 0 +
5x
1 2
ap so : y = c c e
137) + + =
2
y'' 2 y' y 0
+
x
1 2
ap so : y = (c c x)e
138) z - 2z 15z = 0
+
5x 3x
1 2
ap so : z = c e c e
139) y'' 8y' 16y 0, y(0) 1, y'(0) 6 + = = =
4x
ap so : y = (1+ 2x)e
140) = y'' 2y 0
+
2x 2x
1 2
ap so : y = c e c e
141) = = = y'' 5y 0, y(0) 3, y'(0) 5
+
5x 5x
ap so : y = e e
142) + = = = y'' 3y' 0, y(0) 1, y'(0) 1
3x
1
ap so : y = (4 e )
3

143) + + = y'' 10y' 16y 0

+
2x 8x
1 2
ap so : y = c e c e
144) + = = = y'' 7y' 12y 0, y(0) 1, y'(0) 2
4x 3x
ap so : y = e 2e

145) = = = y'' y' 12y 0, y(0) 1, y'(0) 10
4x 3x
ap so : y = e 2e
146) + = = = y'' 7y' 12y 0, y(0) 1, y'(0) 2
4x 3x
ap so : y = 5e 6e
147) + = y'' y 0 +
1 2
ap so : y = c cosx c sinx
148) + + = = = y'' y' y 0, y(0) 1, y'(0) 3

+

x
-
2
3 7 3
ap so : y = e cos x sin x
2 7 3

149) + + = y'' 2y' 2y 0
+
x
1 2
ap so : y = e (c cosx c sinx)
150) + + = x'' x' 7x 0

+

t
-
2
1 2
3 3 3 3
ap so : y = e c cos t c sin t
2 2

151)

+ = = =

2
2
d x
4x 0, x 1, x' 3
d 4 4
+
3
ap so : x = - cos(2 ) sin(2 )
2

152) + = = =
1
y'' y 0, y( ) 1, y'( ) 1
4
+
x x
ap so : y = sin 2cos
2 2

153) + + = y'' 2y' 5y 0 +
-x
1 2
ap so : x = e (c cos(2x) c sin(2x))
154)

+ + = = = y'' 2y' 2y 0, y( ) e , y'( ) 2e
-x
ap so : y = e (sinx cosx)
155) y" y = 2 x
2
p s: y(x) = y
o
(x)

+ y
P
(x) = c
1
e
x
+ c
2
e
x
+ x
2
.
156) + + =
2
y'' 2y' y 0 p s: Khng tuyn tnh.
157) + + = y'' yy' y 0 p s: Khng tuyn tnh.

Hy tm nghim ca mi phng trnh vi phn sau nu n c dng Euler
158) Hy tm nghim tng qut trn I = (0, +) ca phng trnh vi phn
x
2
y" 3xy' + 4y = 0
Li gii
Phng trnh c trng ca l phng trnh Euler l
r (r 1) 3r + 4 = 0 r
2
4r + 4 = 0
Phng trnh c trng c nghim kp l r
o
= 2.
Nghim tng qut trn I ca phng trnh vi phn l
y(x) = c
1
o
r
x + c
2
o
r
x

lnx
y(x) = x
2
(c
1
+ c
2
ln x) vi c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s ty .
159) Hy tm nghim tng qut trn I = (0, +) ca phng trnh vi phn
x
2
y" + 5xy' + 13y = 0
Li gii
Phng trnh c trng ca l phng trnh Euler l
r (r 1) + 5r + 13 = 0 r
2
+ 4r + 13 = 0.
Phng trnh c trng c hai nghim phc l 2 i3
Gi = 2 v = 3.
Nghim tng qut trn I ca phng trnh vi phn l
y(x) = x
[c
1
cos (lnx) + c
2
sin ( lnx)]
y(x) = x
2
[c
1
cos (3 lnx) + c
2
sin (3 ln x)]
trong c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s ty .
160) + =
2
x y'' 2xy' 12y 0, x 0 p s: = +
2 3 1
4
c
y c x
x

161) + = >
2
x y'' 3xy' 4y 0, x 0 p s:
( )
= +
2
1 2
y x c c ln x
162) + + =
2
x y'' 5xy' 13y 0, x 0 p s:
( )
= +
2
1 2
y x c cos(3ln x ) c sin(3ln x )
163) + =
2
x y'' xy' y 0, x 0 p s:
= +
1
1 2
y c x c x
164) + =
2
x y'' xy' 2y 0, x 0 p s:
( )
= +
1 2
y x c cos(ln x ) c sin(ln x )

165) + = >
2
4x y'' 4xy' 3y 0, x 0 , y(1)=0, y(1)=1 p s: =
3/ 2 1/ 2
y x x
166) + =
2
x y'' 3xy' 3y 0, x 0 p s: = +
3
1 2
y c x c x
167) + + =
2
x y'' 5xy' 5y 0, x 0 p s:
= +

2
1 2
y x c cos(ln x ) c sin(ln x )
168) + =
2
x y'' 2xy' 12y 0, x 0 p s:
= +
3 4
1 2
y c x c x

Hy tm nghim cc phng trnh vi phn khng thun nht sau:
169) + = y'' 4y 3sinx p s: +
1 2
y = c sin(2x) c cos(2x) sinx
170) + =
3x
y'' 3y' 2y 6e p s: + +
x 2x 3x
1 2
y = c e c e 3e
171) + =
3x
y'' 2y' y 4e p s:
( )
= +
x 2
1 2
y e c c x 2x
172) + = y'' 7y' 10y 100x, y(0)-0, y(0)=5 p s: + +
5x 2x
y = 3e 10e 10x 7
173) + =
3 2
y'' y' x x p s:
+ + +
4
x 3 2
1 2
x 4
y = c c e x 4x 8x
4 3

174)
+ + =
3x
y'' 6y' 9y 10e p s:
( )
= + +
3x 2
1 2
y e c c x 5x
175) + + =
4x
y'' 8y' 16y 2xe p s:
( )

= + +
4x 2 4x
1 2
(4x 1)
y e c c x e
128

a. + =
2 3
x y'' 5xy' 9y x , x 0 p s:

= + +

3 2
1 2
1
y x c c ln x ln x
2

176) + =
2
x y'' 2xy' 12y x , > x 0 p s:
= +
4 3 1/ 2
1 2
4
y c x c x x
45

177) Hy tm nghim tng qut trn I = (0, + )ca phng trnh vi phn
x
2
y" + 2xy' 12y = x
p s: y(x) = c
1
x
4
+ c
2
x
3

2
1
x
45
4
, trong c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s ty .
178) Hy tm nghim tng qut trn
2
,
2
ca phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai
khng thun nht nh sau y" + y = tgx (*)
Li gii
Phng trnh thun nht y" + y = 0 c phng trnh c trng l r
2
+ 1 = 0.
Phng trnh c trng c hai nghim phc l r = i
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht trn
2
,
2
l y
o
(x) = c
1
cos x + c
2
sin x .
Nh th y
0
c dng y
o
(x)= c
1
y
1
(x) + c
2
y
2
(x) vi y
1
(x)=cos x v y
2
(x)= sin x.
Mt nghim c bit ca phng trnh thun nht (*) l
y
P
(x) = v
1
(x)y
1
(x) + v
2
(x)y
2
(x) = v
1
(x)cos x + v
2
(x)sin x
trong v
1
, v
2
l cc hm s tha
' ' ' '
1 1 2 2 1 2
' ' ' ' ' '
1 1 2 2 1 2
0 (cos ) (sin ) 0
( sin ) (cos )
, v , v x v x v
, v , v f x v x v |gx
+ = + =

+ = + =

2
'
1
'
2
sin
sin
cos
cos sin
x
v x |gx
x
v x |gx x
= =
= =

Do
v
1
=
2 2
sin cos 1
cos cos
x x
dx dx
x x
=

1 1
cos sin
cos cos
x dx x dx
x x

= =

.
p dng cng thc
1
sec ln sec x dx x |gx | = + +

1
sec
cos
|rong do x
x

=

ta c v
1
= sin x lnsec x + tgx (chn k
1
= 0)

Ta cng c v
2
=
2
sin cos cos x dx x | x = + =
(chn k
2
= 0).
Suy ra nghim c bit ca phng trnh khng thun nht (*) l
y
P
(x) = v
1
(x)y
1
(x) + v
2
(x)y
2
(x) = (sin x lnsec x + tg x) cos x + (cos x) sin x
= cos x lnsec x + tg x
Nghim tng qut trn
2
,
2
ca phng trnh khng thun nht (*) l
y(x) = y
o
(x) + y
P
(x)= c
1
cosx + c
2
sinx cosx lnsecx + tgx

Hy gii bi tp 179 - 180

179) ( Chng minh nh l Ostrogradski-Louivile )
Cho phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 thun nht
y+p(x)y+q(x)y=0.
Gi s y
1
v y
2
l hai nghim trn I ca phng trnh vi phn ny.
a) Hy chng minh nh thc Wronski ca hai hm y
1
v y
2
trn I c dng nh sau

-P(x)
1 2
W(y ,y )(x) = Ce ,
Trong C l hng s v P l mt nguyn hm ca hm p.
b) Hy chng minh
1 2
W(y ,y )(x) lun bng 0 trn I nu y
1
v y
2
ph thuc tuyn tnh.
c) Hy chng minh
1 2
W(y ,y )(x) lun khc 0 trn I nu y
1
v y
2
c lp tuyn tnh.
Hng dn
a) T
/
1 1
1 2
/
2 2
y (x) y (x)
W(y ,y )(x)=
y (x) y (x)
, hy chng minh

/
1 2 1 2
W (y ,y )(x) = -p(x)W(y ,y )(x)
y l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 thun nht. Nghim tng qut l
-P(x)
1 2
W(y ,y )(x) = Ce , vi C l hng s v P l mt nguyn hm ca hm p.
180) ( Phng php tm nghim tng qut khi bit mt nghim c bit)
Xt phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht
y" + p(x)y' + q(x)y = 0. (*)
Cho y
1
l mt nghim ca phng trnh (*) v y
1
lun khc 0 trn \.
1/ Gi s tn ti hm v ( khng l hm hng) sao cho y
2
= v y
1
l mt nghim ca phng trnh (*)
Hy chng minh
a) y
1
, y
2
c lp tuyn tnh
b) Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (*) l
y = c
1
y
1
+ c
2
y
2,
trong c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s ty .
2/ Gi u l hm s c biu thc
[ ]
-P(x)
2
1
e
u(x)= dx
y (x)
(hng s tch phn c chn ty ), trong

P l mt nguyn hm ca p.
Hy chng minh
a) Hm s y
2
= uy
1
l nghim trn I ca phng trnh (1).
b) Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (*) l
y = c
1
y
1
+ c
2
y
2,
trong c
1
, c
2
l cc hng s ty .
Hng dn
1/ p dng nh l trong 2,2 v 2.3.
2/ Cch 1:
T biu thc ca u, ta tnh c
/
2
y ,
//
2
y . Suy ra
2
y l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn.
Cch 2:
Ta tm nghim ca phng trnh (*) di dng y = vy
1
.
Ta c
/ '
1 1
// // / / /
1 1 1
y =v'y +vy
y =v +2v y +vy

Hm y l nghim ca phng trnh (1) nu

( ) ( )
// / / / / /
1 1 1 1 1 1
v y +2v y +vy +p v y +vy +qvy =0

( )
// / / / /
1 1 1 1 1 1
v y +v (2y +py )+v y +py +qy =0 ( trong
/ /
1 1
0 , p, q + + = v y
1
l nghim)

( )
// /
1 1 1
v +v' 2y +py =0

/
// / 1
1
2y
v + +p v =0
y

( ) ( )
/
/
/ / 1
1
2y
v + +p v =0
y

Phng trnh trn c dng l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt thun nht theo n (v).
Do

/
/ 1
1
2
( ) exp ( )
,
v x C p x dx
,

= +

=
( )
2
1
exp ( ) C n , p x dx
A =
2
1
1
exp ( ) C p x dx
,

v(x)=
2
1
1
exp ( ) C p x dx dx
,

Chn
( )
2
1
1
( )
| x
v x c dx
,

p dng kt qu ca cu 1, ta suy ra c iu cn chng minh.

Hy gii cc bi tp sau (cc bi tp ny khng c phn loi)
181) Hy tm nghim trn I = (0, +) ca phng trnh
xy" + 2y' + x = 1, y(1) = 2, y'(1) = 1
Hng dn
. Phng trnh khng cha y nn t u = y' a v phng trnh cp 1
xu' + 2u + x = 1
x
x 1
u
x
2
' u

= +
Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 1 theo u c nghim tng qut l u(x) = c
1
x
2
3
x
2
1
+
Khi x = 1 th u(x) = 1 ta suy ra
6
5
c
1
= . D y'(x) =
3
x
2
1
x
6
5
2
+
.
Suy ra y(x) =
2
2
c
6
x
2
x
x
6
5
+ + . Khi x = 1 th y(x) = 2 nn suy ra c c
2
=
2
5
.
182) Hy tm nghim trn R ca phng trnh vi phn
y" + (y')
3
y = 0, y(0) = 1 , y'(0) = 1
Hng dn
Phng trnh khng cha x nn ta coi y nh l mt bin c lp.
t u = y' a v phng trnh vi phn cp 1.
Ta c u
dy
du
dx
dy
.
dy
du
dx
du
" y = = = . Phng trnh vi phn tr thnh 0 y u
dy
du
u
3
= +
p dng phng php tch bin ta c
1
2
c 2 y
2
u
=
Khi x = 0 th y = 1 v u = 1, suy ra c
1
=
2
3
. Do
3 y
2
dx
dy
2
=
p dng phng php tch bin ta c
2
3
C x 2 y 3
3
y
+ =
Khi x = 0 th y = 1, suy ra c
2
=
3
8
.
183) Hy tm nghim trn R ca cc phng trnh vi phn sau
a) y" y = 0 , y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 0 p s: y = (e
x
+ e
x
) / 2
b) y" 2y' = 0, y(1) = 0, y'(1) = 2 p s: y = e
2(x1)
1

c) y" + 2y = 0, y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 2 p s: y = cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x
d) y" 2y' + 17y = 0, y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 0 p s: y = e
x

x 4 sin
4
1
x 4 cos
e) y" 4y = 0, y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 0 p s: y = cosh 2x = (e
2x
+ e
2x
) / 2
f) y" + 3y = 0, y(3) = 1, y'(3) = 1 p s: y = cos 3 (x 3) (1/ 3 ) sin 3 (x 3)
g) y" + 2y' + 17y = 0, y(1) = 0, y'(1) = 2 p s: y =
2
1
e
(x 1)
sin 4 (x 1)
184) Hy tm nghim trn R ca cc phng trnh vi phn sau
a) y" + 3y' + 2y = e
x

p s: y = c
1
e
x
+ c
2
e
2x
+
6
e
x

b) y" + y = 1 + x p s: y = c
1
cos x + c
2
sin x + x + 1
c) y" + y' + 3y = e
2x

p s:
9
e
2
x
11 sin c
2
x
11 cos c e y
x 2
2 1
2
x
+
=

d) y" + y = xe
x

p s: y = c
1
cosx + c
2
sinx + (x 1)
2
e
x

e) y" y = e
2x
, y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 1 p s:
3
e
6
e
5
2
e
y
x 2 s x
+ =

185) Hy tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn
a) y" + y = sec x
Hng dn: Nghim c bit l y
P
= xsin x + (cos x) lncos x
b) y" - 4y' + 4y =
x
e
x 2
, 0 < x < .
Hng dn: Nghim t bit l y
P
= x lnx e
2x

c) e
3x
(y" + 6y' + 9y) = x
2
, 0 < x <
Hng dn: Nghim c bit l y
P
= e
3x
lnx
d) y" 2y' + y = x e
x
, 0 < x <
Hng dn: Nghim c bit l
x
2
5
P
e x
15
4
y =
f) x
2
y" 2xy' + 2y = xlnx, 0 < x < , y(1) = 1, y'(1) = 1.
Hng dn: y = x
2
xlnx
2
) x (ln x
2
1

186) Hy tm nghim tng qut trn I = (0, ) ca cc phng trnh vi phnsau:
a) x
2
y" xy' + y = x p s: y = c
1
x + c
2
xlnx + 4 x
b) x
2
y" 6y = x , y(1) = 2, y'(1) = 2 p s:
6 15
13
10
13
2 3
x
x x y + =

187) Hy tm nghim tng qut trn R ca cc phng trnh vi phn sau:
b) y" + 2y' + y = sinx p s: y = (c
1
+ c
2
x) e
x
(cosx) / 2
c) y" = y + e
x
sin2x p s: y = c
1
e
x
+ c
2
e
x
e
x
(cos2x + sin2x) / 8
d) y" 2y' + 4y = e
x
sinx p s: y = e
x
(c
1
cos 3 x + c
2
sin 3 x)+ + (e
x
sinx) / 2
e) y" 6y' + 9y = e
3x
+ cosx , y(0) = 1,y'(0)=0
p s: y = x x e
x
e x
x x
sin
50
3
cos
50
4
2 50
135
50
46
3
2
3
+ +

f) y" + 3y' + 2y = 3 2e
x
, y(0) = 0,y'(0) = 0. p s: y =
x x 2 x
e
3
1
2
3
e
6
5
e 2 + +

Sinh vin vui lng thng xuyn coi thng bo trn web.

Tin s Nguyn Thanh V, in thoi: 38639.462, nguyenthanhvu60@gmail.com
_______________________________________________________________________________

CHNG 3 S LC PHP BIN I LAPLACE

1. NH NGHA CA BIN I LAPLACE
1.1. nh ngha
Gi s t 6 f(t) l hm s thc xc nh vi mi t 0.
Bin i Laplace ca hm f c nh ngha l hm F c bin s s v biu thc ca hm F nh sau
F(s): = dt ) t ( f e
0
st
(1)
Min xc nh ca F gm nhng gi tr ca s lm cho tch phn (1) tn ti.
Ngi ta k hiu F= L {f}. Cc k hiu sau cng c s dng
L {f(t)} = F(s) = dt ) t ( f e
0
st
; L {f(t)}(s) = F(s) = dt ) t ( f e
0
st

L {f} = F(s) = dt ) t ( f e
0
st
; L {f}(s) = F(s) = dt ) t ( f e
0
st

1.2 Th du. Xt f l hm hng k, tc f(t) k vi mi t >0. Khi
L {k}(s) =
0
|
|
o
c
c | d| |
=
0
0
lim lim
|

c c c
| | |

=

=0+
1
|
=
|

Kt qu trn ng vi trng hp s > 0.
1.3 Th du. Xt f(t) = e
at
, trong a l hng s.Ta c
L
{ }
( )
0 0
( )
a| | a| a |
c c c d| c d|

= =

( )
( )
a |
o
c
a

=

=
( ) ( ) 0
0
lim lim
( ) ( ) ( )
a | a

c c c
a a a

=

=
1
a

Kt qu trn ng vi trng hp s a > 0.
1.4 Th du. Xt f(t) = sin at, trong a l hng s khc 0. Ta c
L { } ( )
2 2
0 0
sin ( ) sin sin cos
|
|
c
a| c a| d| a| a a|
a
+

= = +

+

2 2
a
a
=
+
vi mi s > 0.
Bi tp: Bi tp 188.

2. TNH CHT C BN CA BIN I LAPLACE
2.1. nh l v s tn ti
Gi s
i) f l hm lin tc tng phn trn [0, ).
ii) Tn ti hng s , hng s dng T v hng s dng M tha
t T, f(t) Me
t

Khi , L {f(t)}(s) tn ti vi tt c s > .
Ch thch: Hm s f c gi l lin tc tng phn trn on [0, +) nu f lin tc ti mi im
thuc [0, +) ngoi tr ti mt s hu hn cc im, ng thi ti cc im x m f khng lin tc th
f(x
+
) v f(x
) vn tn ti.
Chng minh
Chng ta cn chng minh

> =
0
A
0
st
A
st
s vi tai ton dt ) t ( f e lim dt ) t ( f e
Ta c

+ = + =
0 T
2 1
st
T
0
st st
I I dt ) t ( f e dt ) t ( f e dt ) t ( f e

trong
< =

T
0
st
1
dt ) t ( f e I do t 6e
st
f(t) lin tc tng phn trn [0, T].
ng thi, vi mi s> ta c
I
2
=
( )
( )
| | |
T T T
c f | d| c \c d| \ c d|

=

=
( )
0
( )
|
c
\
+

= 0 +
( ) T
\c

Do
<
0
st
dt ) t ( f e vi mi s>.

2.2.. nh l v s tuyn tnh
Gi s L {f(t)}(s) v L {g(t)}(s) tn ti. Cho a, b l cc hng s.
Khi , L {af(t) + bg(t)}(s) tn ti v
L {af(t) + bg(t)}(s) = a L {f(t)}(s) + b L {g(t)}(s)
Chng minh
L { } [ ]
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
|
af | bg | c af | bg | d|
+ = +

+ =
0 0
st st
dt ) t ( g e b dt ) t ( f e
= a L {f(t)}(s) + b L {g(t)}(s)

2.3. nh l v s tnh bin
Gi s F(s) = L {f(t)} tn ti vi s > b v a l s thc ty .
Khi , L {e
at
f(t)}(s) = L {

f(t)}(s a) vi s a > b
Chng minh
L
{ }
( )
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a| | a|
c f | c a| f | d| c f | d|

= =

= L {

f(t)}(s a)
2.4. Bin i Laplace ca mt s hm c bit
f(t)
F(s) = L {f(t)}(s)
1
s
1
, s > 0
e
at

a s
1
, s > a
t
n

1
!
n
n
+
, s > 0
e
at
t
n

1
!
( )
n
n
a
+
, s > a
sin bt
2 2
b
b +
, s > 0
cos bt
2 2
b +
, s > 0
e
at
sin bt
2 2
( )
b
a b +
, s > a
e
at
cos bt
2 2
( )
a
a b
+
, s > a
sinh (bt) =
2
a| a|
c c

2 2
b s
b
, s > b
cosh (bt) =
2
a| a|
c c
+

2 2
b s
s
, s > b
e
at
sinh (bt)
2 2
( )
b
s a b
, s >a+ b

e
at
cosh (bt)
2 2
( )
s a
s a b

, s >a+ b
Trong bng cng thc trn, a v b l cc hng s, n l s nguyn dng.
Chng minh
Trng hp f l hm hng: cng thc c chng minh ni th d 1.2.
Trng hp f(t) = e
at
: cng thc c chng minh ni th d 1.3.
Trng hp f(t) =t
n:

L
{ }
1
0 0
( )
0
| n
n | n | n
c | n
| c | d| c | d|

= = +

s
n
0 + = L {t
n 1
}(s)
Do
L { }
s
n
t
n
= L
{ }
1
( 1)
n
n n
|

= L {t
n 2
}= ... =
!
n
n
L {t
o
} =
!
n
n
L {1}=
1
!
n
n
+

Trng hp f(t) =sinh(at) :
L {sinh (at)}(s) = L
2
1
2
e e
at at
=

(L {e
at
} L {e
at
})
2 2
a s
a
a s
1
a s
1
2
1
=
Trng hp f(t) =cosh(at) :
L {cosh (at)}(s) = L
2
1
2
e e
at at
=
+

( L {e
at
} + L {e
at
})
2 2
a s
a
a s
1
a s
1
2
1
+
+
=
Vic chng minh cc cng thc cn li c xem l bi tp.
Bi tp: Bi tp 189 ti 196.

2.5. nh l lin quan php bin i Laplace ngc
Cho f, g l hai hm lin tc trn [0,+).
Gi s f, g c cng bin i Laplace , tc l L {f(t)} = L {g(t)}
Khi , f v g bng nhau trn [0,+), tc l
f(t) = g(t)) vi mi t 0.
2.6. nh ngha php bin i Laplace ngc.
Gi s F l bin i Laplace ca hm lin tc f, tc l F(s) = L {f(t)}(s).
Khi hm lin tc f c gi l bin i Laplace ngc ca F v k hiu nh sau
f = L
1
{F}
Cc k hiu khc : f(t) = L
1
{F(s)}; f(t) = L
1
{F(s)}(t) ; f(t) = L
1
{F}(t)
Ch thch. f = L
1
{ L {f}} .
Th d.
Xt hm lin tc f vi f(t) = e
at
(a l hng s). Ta c L {f (t)} = L {e
at
} =
a s
1

Do L
1
a s
1
= e
at

Php bin i Laplace ngc c tnh cht tuyn tnh nh sau:
2.7. nh l
Gi s f,g l cc hm lin tc. Cho F = L {f} v G = L {g}, a v b l cc hng s.
Khi
L
1
{a F + b G} = a L
1
{F} + b L
1
{G}
Chng minh
nh l trn suy ra t tnh cht tuyn tnh ca php bin i Laplace.
2.8. Th du.
Ta xc nh: f(t) = L
1
+ +
+
+
10 s 8 s 2
3
9 s
s 6
6 s
5
2 2
nh sau:
Ta c L
1

6 s
5
= 5 L
1

6 s
1
= 5e
6t


L
1
6
9 s
s 6
2
=
L
1
t 3 cos 6
3 s
s
2 2
=
+

L
1
2
3
10 s 8 s 2
3
2
=
+ +
L
1
( )
t sin e
2
3
1 2 s
1
t 2
2 2
+ +

Do f(t) = 5e
6t
6cos3t +
2
3
e
2t
sin t
2.9. Th du
Ta xc nh L
1
+
4
) 2 s (
5
nh sau:
Ta c L
1
=
+
4
) 2 s (
5
L
1
[ ]
3 1
3! 5
6
( 2)
+

6
5
= L
1
[ ]

+1 3
) 2 ( s
! 3
3 t 2
t e
6
5

=

3. GII BI TON IU KIN U
3.1. Bin i Laplace ca o hm
3.1.1. nh l:
Gi s
i) o hm f' tn ti v lin tc tng phn trn [0, ).
ii) Tn ti cc hng s dng a, M, T sao cho
f(t) < Me
at
, t T (1)
Khi , bin i Laplace ca f' tn ti vi mi s a v
L {f'(t)}(s) = s L {f} f(0) .
Ch thch: Tnh cht (i) suy ra hm s f lin tc trn [0, )
Chng minh
Theo nh l 2.1, bin i Laplace ca f tn ti .
Trc ht, ta xt trng hp f lin tc trn [0, ). Khi , ta c

+ =
A
0
st
A
0
st st
dt ) t ( f e s
0
A
) t ( f e dt ) t ( ' f e
trong e
st
f(t) ) 0 ( f ) 0 ( f ) A ( f e
0
A
sA
=

khi A .
Cho A , t ng thc trn ta suy c
0 0
'( ) (0) ( )
| |
c f | d| f c f | d|

= +

Suy ra L {f'(t)} = f(0)+s L {f}.
Trng hp f' lin tc tng phn trn [0, ): chng minh tng t nh trn.
3.1. 2. nh l:
Gi s
i) f c o hm ti cp 2 v
//
f lin tc tng phn trn [0, ).

/ //
( ) ( ) , ,
a| a|
f | \c va f | \c | T
Khi , bin i Laplace ca
//
f tn ti vi mi s a vi
L {
//
( ) f t } =
2
s L { ( ) f t } s

(0) f
/
(0) f
Ch thch: Nu k hin bin i Laplace ca hm f l Y th kt qu ca nh l 3.1.1 v 3.1.2
nh sau:

L {
/
( ) f t }(s) = s Y f(0) .
L {
//
( ) f t } =
2
s Y s (0) f
/
(0) f
Chng minh

p dng nh l 3.1.1 cho hm s
/
f , ta c
L {f"(t)} = s L {f'(t)} f'(0) = s [ s L {f(t)} f(0)] f'(0) = s
2
L {f(t)} sf(0) f'(0).

Dng tng qut ca nh l 3.1.1 v 3.1.2 nh sau:
3.1. 3. nh l:
Gi s
i) f c o hm ti cp n v f
(n)
lin tc tng phn trn [0, ).
{ }
( )
( ) , 0,1,..., 1 , ,
a|
f | \c n | T
Khi , bin i Laplace ca f
(n)
tn ti vi mi s a vi
L {f
(n)
(t)} = s
n
L {f(t)} s
n1
f(0) s
n2
f'(0) ... f
(n1)
(0)
tc l L {f
(n)
(t)} = s
n
L {f(t)} ) 0 ( f s
i
1 n
0 i
1 i n
=

Chng minh
Dng php chng minh qui np v kt qu ca nh l 3.1.1 v 3.1.2, ta suy ra c nh l trn.
3.1.4. Th du
T cng thc L{sin bt} =
2 2
b s
b
+
, ta c th tm L {cos bt} nh sau :
Xt f(t) = sin bt. Ta c f'(t) = b cos bt v f(0) = 0
p dng nh l 3.1.1, ta c L {bcos bt} = s L {sin bt} f(0)
b L {cos bt} = s
2 2
b s
b
+
L {cos bt} =
2 2
b s
s
+

3.1.5. nh l:
Gi s f tha iu kin trong nh l 3.1.1
Khi , L {tf(t)}(s) tn ti vi mi s > v L {tf(t)}(s) =
ds
d
L {f(t)}(s)
Hn na, L {t
n
f(t)} tn ti vi s > v L {t
n
f(t)}(s) = (1)
n

n
n
ds
d
L {f(t)}(s),
Trong n l s nguyn dng.
Ch thch: Nu n=1 th cng thc trn tr thnh L {t

f(t)}(s) =
d
ds
L {f(t)}(s), tc l
L { ( ) t f t }(s) =
/
Y (s) vi Y l bin i Laplace ca hm s f

Chng minh
Trng hp n = 1: Ta c
ds
d
L {f(t)} =
ds
d
( )

=
0
st
0
st
dt ) t ( f e
ds
d
dt ) t ( f e =
=
0
st
dt ) t ( f e t L {tf(t)}
Trng hp n > 1: Cng thc nh l c chng minh bng qui np, chi tit chng minh c
coi l bi tp.
3.1.6. Th du. T cng thc L {sin bt}(s)=
2 2
b s
b
+
ta suy ra cng thc L {t sin bt} nh sau:
L {t sin bt} =
ds
d
L {sin bt} =
2 2 2 2 2
) b s (
bs 2
b s
b
ds
d
+
=
+
.
3.2. Phng php gii bi ton iu kin u
Xt phng trnh vi phn vi hm cn tm l y(x).
Bin i Laplace hai v ca phng trnh vi phn ta thu c mt phng trnh hm vi hm cn
tm l L {y(x)}.
Tm biu thc ca L {y(x)} theo s.
Dng bin i Laplace ngc tm y(x)

3.2.1 Th d: Hy tm nghim y ca bi ton trn [0, ) sau

" 2 ' 5 8 (*)
(0) 2 , '(0) 12 (**)
x
, , , c
, ,
+ =
= =

Li gii.
Bin i Laplace hai v ca phng trnh (*)
L{y" 2y' + 5y} = L { 8e
x
}
Gi Y(s) = L {y(x)} (s) ta c
[ ] [ ]
1 s
8
) s ( Y 5 ) 0 ( y ) s ( Y s 2 ) 0 ( ' y ) 0 ( sy ) s ( Y s
2
+
= +

1 s
8
5Y 4 2sY - 12 - 2s - Y s
2
+
= + +
(s
2
2s + 5) Y = 2s + 8
1 s
8
+

Y =
) 1 s )( 5 s 2 s (
s 10 s 2
2
2
+ +
+

Do y(x) = L
1
+ +
+
) 1 s )( 5 s 2 s (
s 10 s 2
2
2

Mt khc ta c
1 s
1
5 s 2 s
5 s 3
) 1 s )( 5 s 2 s (
s 10 s 2
2 2
2
+
+
+
=
+ +
+
=
1 s
1
2 ) 1 s (
8 ) 1 s ( 3
2 2
+
+
+

1 s
1
2 ) 1 s (
2
4
2 ) 1 s (
1 s
3
2 2 2 2
+
+
+
+

=
Do nghim trn [0, ) ca bi ton l
y(x) = L
1
+
+
+

) 1 ( s
1
2 ) 1 s (
2
4
2 ) 1 s (
1 s
3
2 2 2 2
= 3e
x
cos2x + 4e
x
sin2x e
x.


4.B TC MT HM C BIT
4.1. Hm bc :
Xt hm s sau
0
( )
1
u t

=

neu t<0
neu t 0
.
Hm ny khng lin tc ti t=0 v c gi l unit step function ( tm dch l hm bc
n v ).
Vi k hiu trn, ta c
0
( )
1
u t c
c
neu t<c
neu t
vi c l hng s.
Th d: Nu ( ) f t

t
t
e neu 0 t<2
e +cos t neu t>2
,
ta c th ghi ( ) ( 2 ) cos( )
t
f t e u t t = + vi 0 t .
4.2 nh l: Cho c 0 v s>0. Bin i Laplace ca u(t-c) l
L { } ( ) ( ) u t c s =
-cs
e
s
.
Th d: Hy tm bin i Laplace ca hm s f(x)=3 [u(x)-u(x-2)].
Hng dn.
Bin i Laplace ca hm s f l
Y=3 L (u(x))-3 L (u(x-2))=
2
3 3
s
e
s s

.

BI TP CHNG 4
188) Hy chng minh hm
1
( ) f t
t
= khng c bin i Laplace.
Hng dn:
1
0 0 1
st st st
e e e
dt dt dt
t t t

= + = +

T bi tp 189 ti bi tp 196, hy tm cc bin i Laplace L(f(t)) ca hm s f.
189)
3
( 6 )
t
L e
p s:
6
3 s
+

190) (24 )
t
L e p s:
24
1 s

191) ( ) ( )
5sin 60 L t p s:
2 2
60
5
60 s
+

192)
3
( 6 )
t
L e
p s:
6
3 s
+

193)
3 2
( 5 2 1) L t t t + + p s:
4 3 2
6 10 2 1
s s s s
+ +
194) ( )
t
L te p s:
( )
2
1
1 s

195) ( ) ( sin 2 )
t
L e t p s:
( )
2
2
1 4 s +

196)
( ) ( )
3 2
3 5
t
L e t t
+ p s:
( ) ( )
3 2
2 3 5
3
3 3
s
s s
+
+
+ +

Hy bin i ngc Laplace ca hm s Y(s) trong bi tp 197, 198.
197)
3 2
6
Y
s s
=
+
p s: 6 6 6
t
y t e
= + +
198)
2
5
6 10
s
Y
s s
+
=
+ +
p s:
3 3
cos 2 sin
t t
y e t e t

= +
Hy dng phng php bin i Laplace tm nghim ca cc phng trnh trong bi
tp t 199 ti 205:
199) y" + 4y' 5y = xe
x
, y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 0
Hung dn
Ta c L {y" + 4y' 5y} = L

{xe
x
}
Gi Y(s) = L {y(x)}(s). Ta c
[ ] [ ]
2
2
) 1 s (
1
Y 5 ) 0 ( y sY 4 ) 0 ( ' y ) 0 ( sy Y s
= +
s
2
Y s + 4sY 4 5Y =
2
) 1 s (
1

Y =
3
2 3
) 3 s )( 5 s (
5 s 7 s 2 s
+
+ +

3 2
) 1 s (
2
12
1
) 1 s (
1
36
1
1 s
1
216
181
5 s
1
216
35
) s ( Y
+
+
=
Do nghim [0, ) ca bi ton l
y(x) = L
1
{Y(s)}
x 2 x x x 5
e x
12
1
xe
36
1
e
216
181
e
216
35
+ + =

200) y"(x) 2y'(x) + 5y(x) = 8e
x
; y() = 2 ; y'() = 12
Hng dn

t h(x) = y(x + ). Khi h'(x) = y'(x + ), h"(x) = h" (x + ).
Thay x bng x + trong phng trnh vi phn th c
y" (x + ) 2y' (x + ) + 5y (x + ) = 8e
(x+)

Do

"( ) 2 '( ) 5 ( ) 8
(0) 2 , '(0) 12
x
h x h x h x e
h h
+ =
= =

Dng phng php bin i Laplace nh trong th d trn, ta c
h(x) = 3e
x
cos 2x + 4e
x
sin 2x e
x

Vy y(x) = h (x ) = 3e
x
cos2 (x ) + 4e
x
sin 2(x ) e
(x)

h(x) = 3e
x
cos 2x + 4e
x
sin 2x e
x
.
201) y-3y+2y=
4|
c
, y(0)=1, y(0)=5.
Hng dn:Y(s)=
2
6 9
( 1)( 2)( 4)

+ +
+
;
2 4
16 25 1
( )
5 6 30
| | |
, x c c c
= + +
( )( )( )
2
2 3
1 2 3
s s
Y
s s s
+ +
=
+ + +

202) y-6y+9y=
2 3|
| c , y(0)=2, y(0)=17.
Hng dn: Y(s)=
2 3
2 11 2
3 ( 3) ( 3)
+ +

;
3 3 2 3
1
( ) 2 11
12
| | |
, x c |c | c = + +
203) y+4y+6y=1+
|
c
, y(0)=0, y(0)=0.
Hng dn: Y(s)=
2
5
1 1
2 3
6 3( 1) 4 6

+
+ +
+ + +
;
2 2
1 1 1 2
( ) cos 2 sin 2
6 3 2 3
| | |
, x c c | c |

= +
204) x+16x=cos (4t), x(0)=0, x(0)=1.
Hng dn: X(s)=
2 2 2
1
16 ( 16)

+ +
+ +
;
1 1
( ) sin(4 ) sin(4 )
6 8
x | | | | = +
205) y+4y+3y=-6
3|
c , y(0)=2, y(0)=-1.
Hng dn:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
+
=
+ +
+ +
2
2 7 6
3 1
3 1
Y

=
( )
+ +
+ +
+
2
3 1
3
C

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + + = + + + + + +
2
2 7 3 6 3 1 1 3 C (*)
Cho s=-3 ta c -6=-2B. Cho s=-1 th c 4=4C. Th gi tr ca B v C vo phng trnh
(*), ri tm A.
Suy ra Y=
( )
+ +
+ +
+
2
1 3 1
3 1
3

. Do y=( )

+ +
3
3 1
x x
x c c .
Hy gii cc bi tp sau
206) Cho c 0 v s>0. Hy chng minh cng thc sau
L { } ( ) ( ) u t c s =
-cs
e
s
.
Hng dn. Coi hng dn trong bi tp k di ( bi 207)
207) Cho c>0 v f l hm s c bin i Laplace l F(s) khi s>b, vi b l hng s.
Hy chng minh cng thc sau
L { } ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
cs
u t c f t c s e F s
= .
Hng dn
L{ }
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
st
u t c f t c s e u t c f t c dt
=
( )
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
st s r c cs sr cs
c
e f t c dt e f r dr e e f r dr e F s

+
= = =

Hy tm bin i Laplace ca hm s f nh sau

2
( )
1
f t
t
0 neu 0 t<1
neu 1 t<
neu t<2
neu 2 t

Hng dn.
Ta c = + + ( ) 2 ( 1) 3 ( ) ( 1) ( 2 ) f | u | u | | u |
= + + + ( ) 2 ( 1) 3 ( ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) (2 1) ( 2 ) f | u | u | | u | u |
Do

+
= + +
2 2
2
2 3 (2 1)
{ }( )

c c c c
L f

Hy tm bin i Laplace ca hm s f nh sau

2
( ) 3 f t
t

1 neu 0 t<2
neu 2 t<3
neu t 3

Hng dn.
Ta c = + +
2
( ) 1 4 ( 2) (3 ) ( 3) f | u | | u |
( )

= + + +

2
( ) 1 4 ( 2) 3 6( 3) 12 ( 3) f | u | | | u |
Do

= + + +

2
3
3 2
1 4 2 6 12
{ }( )
c
L f c

Sinh vin vui lng coi thng bo v thi hc k trn web.


Nu c thc mc v kt qu thi, sinh vin vui lng gi ti email
nguyenthanhvu60@gmail.com


CNG THC C S DNG TRONG PHNG THI
( 1)
x x
xe dx e x C = +

2 2
( 2 2)
x x
x e dx e x x C = + +

ln ln xdx x x x C = +

2 2
1
arcsin
x
dx C
a
a x

= +

2
1 1
sin sin2
2 4
xdx x x C = +

2
1 1
cos sin2
2 4
xdx x x C = + +

2 2
1 1
a
x
dx arctg C
x a a

= +

+

2 2
2 2
1
ln dx x x a C
x a
= + +

sin sin cos x xdx x x x C = +

cos cos sin x xdx x x x C = + +

2
tg xdx tgx x C = +

2
cotg xdx cotgx x C = +

PHNG TRNH VI PHN
y' + p(x)y = q(x)
( ) ( )
( )
=

P x P x
y e e q x dx
y' + p(x)y = 0
( ) P x
y Ce
=
ay" + by' + cy = 0
--------------
ar
2
+ br + c = 0
y(x) =
1 2
r x r x
1 2
c e +c e
y(x) =
o o
r x r x
1 2
c e +c xe
y(x) =
x x
1 2
c e cos( )+c e sin( ) x x

x
2
y" + axy' + by = 0
-----------------------------
r
2
(a 1) r + b = 0
y(x) = c
1
1
r
x + c
2
2
r
x
y(x) =
o
r
x (c
1
+ c
2
lnx)
y(x) = c
1
x
cos ( lnx) + c
2
x
sin ( lnx)

BIN I LAPLACE
f(t)
F(s): = dt ) t ( f e
0
st

1
s
1
, s > 0
e
at

a s
1
, s > a
t
n

1
!
n
n
+
, s > 0
e
at
t
n

1
!
( )
n
n
a
+
, s > a
sin bt
2 2
b
b +
, s > 0
cos bt
2 2
b +
, s > 0
e
at
sin bt
2 2
( )
b
a b +
, s > a
e
at
cos bt
2 2
( )
a
a b
+
, s > a
sinh (bt) =
2
a| a|
c c

2 2
b s
b
, s > b
cosh (bt) =
2
a| a|
c c
+

2 2
b s
s
, s > b
Trong bng cng thc trn, a v b l cc hng s, n l s nguyn dng.

GT4

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I HC KHOA HC T NHIN TP H CH MINH

dx x cos = sin x + C, vi C l hng s.

( v cng bng 1).

( ch cha bin y, khng cha x).

y (x )=k c y (x )+c y (x )=k

(hng s tch phn c chn ty ), trong

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