Chng III

Chng

PHN TCH H RI RC LTI DNG PHP BIN I Z

Php bin i Z l mt cng c quan trng trong vic phn tch h ri rc LTI. Trong chng ny ta s tm hiu v php bin i Z, cc tnh cht v ng dng ca n vo vic phn tch h ri rc LTI. Ni dung chnh chng ny l: Php bin i Z Php bin i Z ngc Cc tnh cht ca php bin i Z Phn tch h ri rc LTI da vo hm truyn t ng dng bin i Z gii phng trnh sai phn

2.1 PHP BIN I Z (Z-Transform) Php bin i Z l bn sao ri rc ha ca php bin i Laplace. Laplace transform : F ( s ) = z -transform : F ( z ) =

f (t )e st dt f [ n] z n

n =

Tht vy, xt tn hiu lin tc f (t ) v ly mu n, ta c:

f s (t ) = f (t ) (t nT ) =
n =

n =

f (nT ) (t nT )

Bin i Laplace ca tn hiu ly mu (cn gi l ri rc) l:

L[ f s (t )] = f (nT ) (t nT ) e st dt = f (nT ) (t nT )e st dt n = n =

n =

f (nT )
sT

(t nT )e st dt =

n =

f (nT )e snT

Cho f [n] = f (nT ) v z = e , ta c:

F ( z) =

n =

f [ n] z n

F ( z )|z =esT = f [n]e sTn

n =

= f (nT )e snT
n =

= L[ f s (t )]

Nh vy, bin i Z vi z = e sT chnh l bin i Laplace ca tn hiu ri rc.

3.1.1 nh ngha php bin i Z - 50 -

Chng III Nh va trnh by trn, php bin i Z hai pha (bilateral Z-Transform) ca h[n] l: H ( z ) = Z [ h[n]] =

n =

h[n]z

Ta cng c nh ngha php bin i Z mt pha (unilateral Z-transform ) l:

H ( z ) = h[n]z n .
n=0

Php bin i Z hai pha c dng cho tt c tn hiu, c nhn qu v khng nhn qu. Theo nh ngha trn ta thy: X(z) l mt chui lu tha v hn nn ch tn ti i vi cc gi tr z m ti X(z) hi t. Tp cc bin z m ti X(z) hi t gi l min hi t ca X(z)k hiu l ROC (Region of Convergence ). Ta s thy c th c nhng tn hiu khc nhau nhng c bin i Z trng nhau. im khc bit y chnh l min hi t. Ta cn lu n hai khi nim lin quan n bin i Z- l im khng (zero) v im cc (pole). im khng l im m ti X(z) = 0 v im cc l im m ti X(z) = . Do ROC l tp cc z m X(z) tn ti nn ROC khng bao gi cha im cc.
V d:

Tm bin i Z, v ROC v biu din im cc-khng:

x1[n] = a nu[n] and

x2 [n] = (a n )u[ n 1]

Ta thy hai tn hiu khc nhau trn c bin i Z trng nhau nhng ROC khc nhau.
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3.1.2 Min hi t ca php bin i Z 1. x[n] lch phi x[n] = 0, n < n0

X ( z) =

n = n0

x[n]z

X ( z) =

n = n0

1 x[n] z

Khi n , cn (1/z ) n 0 tng hi t. Nh vy, iu kin hi t s tha vi cc gi tr ca z nm ngoi ng trn i qua im cc xa gc nht, ngha l | z |> rmax .

2. x[n] lch tri x[n] = 0, n > n0

X ( z) =
n

n =

x[n]z

n0

Khi n , cn (1/z ) 0 hay z 0 tng hi t. Vy ROC l min nm trong ng trn i qua im cc gn gc nht, ngha l | z |< rmin

Lu trong trng hp tn hiu x[n] = 0 vi n > n0 > 0 nhng x[n0 ] 0 , ROC khng cha im 0. Chng hn nh vi x[n] = u[n + 1] th X ( z) =

n =

z n = z 1 + z n
n=0

khng hi t z = 0 nn z = 0 khng nm trong ROC.

3. Tn hiu x[n] lch hai pha

ROC c dng:
r1 < z < r2 (hnh vnh khn hoc rng)

4. Tn hiu x[n] di hu hn

ROC l ton b mt phng z ngoi tr z = 0 v/hoc z = - 52 -

Chng III

[n 1] z ,| z |> 0
1

[n + 1] z,| z |<
V d:

Tm bin i Z v ROC ca: x[n] = a|n| where | a |< 1 .

V d:

Tm bin i Z v ROC ca: x[n] = 3n u[n 1] + 4n u[n 1].

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V d:

Tm bin i Z v ROC ca:

1 2

[n 1] + 3 [n + 1]

V d:

Tm bin i Z ca: h[n] = (.5) n u[n 1] + 3n u[ n 1]. H biu din bng p ng xung nh trn c n nh BIBO khng?

V d: Tm bin i Z ca: x[n] = r n sin(bn)u[n]

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2.2 PHP BIN I Z NGC IZT 2.2.1 Biu thc tnh IZT

Biu thc tnh IZT c xy dng da trn nh l tch phn Cauchy. nh l nh sau:
1, n = 0 1 n 1 z dz = 0, n 0 2j C vi C l ng cong kn bao quanh gc ta theo chiu dng v nm trong mt phng z. Nhn 2 v ca biu thc tnh ZT vi
z l1 ri ly tch phn theo ng cong C, ta c: 2j

1 1 1 X(z)z l1dz = x[n ]z n +l1dz = x[n ] z n +l1dz n 2j C 2j C = 2j n = C

p dng nh l tch phn Cauchy ta rt ra c:

1 X(z)z l1dz = x[l] 2j C

Thay l = n, ta c biu thc tnh IZT nh sau:

x[n ] = 1 n 1 X(z)z dz 2j C

T y ta thy c th tnh IZT trc tip t cng thc va tm c. Cch tnh l da vo nh l v gi tr thng d (xem sch). Tuy nhin, cch tnh ny kh phc tp nn khng c s dng trong thc t. Sau y ta xt hai phng php tnh IZT c dng trong thc t:
2.2.2 Phng php khai trin chui ly tha (Power Series Expansion)

Ta c th tnh IZT bng cch khai trin X(z) thnh chui ly tha:
X ( z ) = x[k ]z k = x[0] + x[1]z 1 + x[2]z 2 + L
k =0

x[n] = x[k ] [n k ] = x[0] [n] + x[1] [ n 1] + x[2] [n 2] + L

k =0

Ta c:

[n k ] z k
Sau ng nht cc h s ca chui lu tha vi x[n].
V d:

Tm IZT ca:

X ( z ) = 1 + 2 z 1 + 3z 2

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V d:

Tm IZT ca:

X(z) =

1 , ROC : z > a 1 az 1

V d:

Tm IZT bit: X ( z) =

8 z 19 , | z |> 3 z 5z + 6
2

Cch khai trin X(z) thnh chui ly tha nh trn c im khng thun tin l kh/khng th biu din c x[n] dng tng minh.
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2.2.3 Phng php khai trin ring phn (Partial Fraction Expansion)

Phng php ny tng t nh tnh bin i Laplace ngc bit. Gi s cn tnh IZT{X(z)}. Ta khai trin X(z) thnh dng sau: X(z) = X p (z) + X i (z)
i

Trong Xp (z) c dng a thc, Xi(z) c dng phn thc vi bc ca t s nh hn bc ca mu s. Tu im cc m Xi(z) c th c cc dng nh sau: 1. Nu pi l im cc n: X i (z) = ri vi z pi
s

ri = (z p i )X(z)

z = pi

2. Nu pi l im cc bi bc s: X i (z) = vi ck =

ck k k =1 ( z p i )

1 d sk s k (z p i ) s X(z) (s k )! dz

z = pi

Sau khi khai trin X(z) ta s dng bng 3.1 suy ra IZT. ( n ) 1 ( n m ) z m z a n u[n ] za az na n u[n ] (z a ) 2 az(z + a ) n 2 a n u[n ] (z a ) 3 z(z a cos ) a n cos(n )u[n ] 2 z 2z cos + a 2 az sin a n sin(n )u[n ] 2 z 2z cos + a 2 Kz K *z 2 | K | a n cos(n + )u[n ] + , p = ae j & K =| K | e j z p z p*
Bng 3.1 Cc cp x[n] X(z) thng dng V d:
2 z 2 5z ,| z |> 3 ( z 2)( z 3)

Tm IZT ca: X ( z ) = Ta khai trin

X ( z) 2z 5 = z ( z 2)( z 3) - 57 -

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V d:

Tm IZT ca: X(z) = 2z , (z 2)(z 1) 2 z >2

V d:

Tm IZT ca: X ( z) = z z 0.5z + 0.25

2

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2.3 CC TNH CHT CA PHP BIN I Z

Trong phn ny, ta xt nhng tnh cht quan trng nht ca php bin i Z.
2.3.1 Tuyn tnh
Z

ax[n] + by[n] aX ( z ) + bY ( z )

Min hi t mi ph thuc vo min hi t ca c X ( z ) v Y(z) , l giao ca hai min hi t R x R y . Tuy nhin, nu t hp aX(z) + bY(z) lm kh i mt s im cc ca X(z)
hoc Y(z) th min hi t s m rng ra, nn:
R Rx Ry

2.3.2 Dch chuyn thi gian

x[n n0 ] z n0 X ( z )
Z

y min hi t mi ging min hi t Rx , c th thm vo hoc bt i im gc hay im v cng ty n0 dng hay m

V d:

Tm w[n] bit:
W ( z) = z 4 ,| z |> 3 z2 2z 3

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Chng III Tnh cht tuyn tnh v dch thi gian rt hiu qu i vi cc h thng m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng.
2.3.3 Tng chp
Z

y[n] = x[n] h[n] X ( z ) H ( z )

y min hi t mi l Ry Rx Rh Tnh cht tng chp ca bin i Z gip ta tnh ton tng chp tuyn tnh ri rc mt cch n gin hn. Tnh cht ny s c s dng rt nhiu.
Chng minh:
Z

y[n] = x[n] h[n] Thay i th t ly tng, ta c: y[n] = t m = (n k ) , ta c: y[n] = =

n = k =

[ x[k ]h[n k ]]z

k =

x[k ] h[n k ]z n
n =

k =

x[k ][ h[m]z ( m + k ) ]
m =
k m

k =

x[k ]z h[m]z
m =

= X ( z)H ( z) Min hi t mi ph thuc vo min hi t ca c X ( z ) v H ( z ) , l giao ca hai min hi t Rx Rh . Tuy nhin, nu mt tha s X(z) hoc H(z) c im khng, im khng ny
kh im cc ca tha s kia th min hi t s m rng ra, nn Ry Rx Rh

V d:

Cho h[n] = a n u[n] , ( | a |< 1 ) v x[n] = u[n] . Tm y[n] = x[n] h[n]. Nu x[n] = u[n 2] th y[n] thay i nh th no?

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V d:

Tm u ra y[n] vi u vo x[n] = u[n] v h LTI c p ng xung: h[n] = 3n u[ n 1].

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2.3.4 nh l gi tr u v gi tr cui

nh l gi tr u v gi tr cui thng lin quan n bin i Z mt pha, nhng chng cng ng vi bin i Z hai pha nu tn hiu x[n] = 0 vi n < 0.
1. nh l gi tr u(initial value theorem)

Biu din: F ( z ) = f [n]z n = f [0] + f [1]z 1 + f [2]z 2 + ,

n=0

Ly gii hn lim F ( z ) , ta s c gi tr u ca f[n]- chnh l f[0]

z

2. nh l gi tr cui(final value theorem)

Nu gi tr cui ca f[n] tn ti th: lim f [n] = f [] = lim( z 1) F ( z )

n z 1

V d:

Tm gi tr u v gi tr cui ca tn hiu f [n] , bit rng: F ( z) = z z .6

2.4 PHN TCH H RI RC LTI

Ta bit trong min thi gian, c th biu din h ri rc LTI bng s , tng chp, p ng xung, p ng bc v phng trnh sai phn . Sau y ta s xt mt cch khc - rt hiu qu biu din h thng ri rc LTI. l biu din bng hm truyn t (transfer function) hay cn gi l hm h thng (system function)
2.4.1 nh ngha hm truyn t

T tnh cht tng chp ca ZT v t quan h gia tn hiu vo x[n], tn hiu ra y[n] vi p ng xung h[n], ta c: Y(z) = X(z).H(z) y X(z) l bin i Z ca x[n], Y(z) l bin i Z ca y[n] v H(z) l bin i Z ca p ng xung h[n]. Da vo p ng xung h[n], ta bit c cc c tnh ca h thng, vy r rng l da vo H(z) ta cng s bit c cc c tnh ca h thng. Ni cch khc, H(z) l biu din ca h thng trong min z. Ta gi H(z) l hm truyn t hay hm h thng. Ta c th xc nh H(z) rt n gin da vo phng trnh sai phn: - 62 -

Chng III

a
k =0

y[n k ] = b r x[n r ]
r =0

Ly bin i Z hai v, s dng tnh cht tuyn tnh v dch thi gian, ta c:

a k z k Y ( z) = b r z r X (z)
k =0 r =0

Suy ra hm truyn t nh sau: Y(z) H ( z) = = X(z)

b z a
k =0 r =0 N r k

z k

Da vo hm truyn t, ta bit c cc c tnh ca h thng, gm tnh nh, tnh kh o, tnh nhn qu, tnh n nh BIBO.
2.4.2 Tnh nh

H khng nh phi c p ng xung c dng:

h[n] = K [n].
H(z) = K Vy h c nh c hm truyn t l mt hng s.
2.4.3 Tnh kh o

h[n] hi [n] = [n] H ( z ) H i ( z ) = 1 y:

hi [n] H i ( z ) l o ca h[n] H ( z ) .
z z

V d:

Tm h o hi [n] ca h: h[n] = a nu[n]. Kim tra kt qu bng cch tnh tng chp ca h[n] vi hi [n] .

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V d:

Tm h o ca h h[n] nhn qu bit: H ( z) = za . z b

2.4.4 Tnh nhn qu

h[n] = 0, n < 0
ROC: | z |> rmax H nhn qu c min hi t ca H(z) nm ngoi ng trn i ngang qua im cc xa gc nht.
2.4.5 Tnh n nh BIBO

k =

h[k ] <

H(z) =

n =

h[n]z n | H(z) |

n =

| h[n]z n | = | h[n] || z n |
n =

Khi ta tnh trn ng trn n v (tc l |z| = 1) th: | H (z) |

n =

| h[n] |

Nh vy, nu h thng n nh BIBO th ng trn n v nm trong ROC. iu ngc li cng ng. Kt hp vi tnh nhn qu va xt trong 2.4.4 ta c kt lun: H nhn qu s n nh BIBO nu v ch nu tt c cc im cc ca H(z) nm bn trong ng trn n v trong mt phng z:
| p k |< 1, k

V d:

H c p ng xung l u[n] c nhn qu khng? C n nh BIBO khng?

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V d:

Xt tnh nhn qu v n nh ca h c p ng xung l: h[n ] = (.9) n u[n ]

V d:

Xt tnh nhn qu v n nh BIBO ca h c hm truyn t l: H ( z) = 2z2 5 z 1 2 , <| z |< 2. z2 5 z +1 2 2

2.5 PHNG TRNH SAI PHN TUYN TNH H S HNG

Bin i Z hai pha c dng cho tn hiu tn ti trong khong < n < . Nh vy bin i Z hai pha khng ph hp vi loi h c iu kin u khc 0- l loi h c nhiu trong thc t. Tn hiu vo c kch vo h thng ti thi im n0 nn c tn hiu vo v ra u c tnh vi n n 0 , nhng khng c ngha l bng 0 vi n < n 0 .
Sau y ta s tp trung xem xt php bin i Z mt pha v ng dng ca n vo vic gii phng trnh sai phn vi iu kin u khc 0.
2.5.1 Php bin i Z mt pha v tnh cht dch thi gian

Nhc li nh ngha php bin i Z mt pha: X(z) = x[n ]z n

n =0

Bin i Z mt pha khc bin i Z hai pha gii hn di ca tng. Do la chn ny m bin i Z mt pha c cc c im sau y:
1. Khng cha thng tin v tn hiu vi gi tr thi gian m. 2. Bin i Z mt pha v bin i Z hai pha ca tn hiu nhn qu trng nhau. 3. Khi ni n bin i Z mt pha, ta khng cn quan tm n min hi t, v min hi t lun lun l min ngoi ca mt ng trn. 4. Tnh cht dch thi gian ca bin i Z mt pha khc bin i Z hai pha. C th nh sau:

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Chng III x[n ] X(z) x[n m] z m X(z) + z m

Z i= m Z

x[i]z

Ta s ng dng tnh cht dch thi gian ny rt nhiu gii phng trnh sai phn trong trng hp iu kin u khc 0.
2.5.2 Gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng

Phng trnh sai phn:

a
k =0

y[n k ] = b r x[n r ]
r =0

Ly bin i Z mt pha cho c hai v ca phng trnh, p dng tnh cht tuyn tnh v dch thi gian, ta c:
1 1 M a k z k Y(z) + z k y[i]z i = b r z m X(z) + z m x[i]z i k =0 i = k i = m r =0
N

y x[i] v y[i] chnh l cc gi tr ban u. T y ta c th tm c Y(z), tnh bin i Z ngc ta s c c y[n]

V d:

Tm y[n ], n 0 cho bit y[n] l tn hiu ra ca h thng:

y[n ] = 3y[n 1] 2 y[n 2] + x[n ]

4 y x[n ] = 3n 2 u[n ], y[2] = , 9 y[1] = 1 3

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