s ng m d ngha trong ng ngn

phm vn bn

( ph qun lai lai ba (

) tha kh gi

), n t qun c ph ti y) m khng c nhiu cho nn trong loi

Ting ni c th chia lm hai loi: c m (monosyllable) nh ting Trung quc, Vit Nam v a m (polysyllable) nh ting i Hn, Nht Bn, Anh, Php. Trong ting a m c lc c ting c m (cat, dog, chair, tree, walk, eat, run) nhng phn ln l mt tp hp nhiu m thnh mt ting c ngha (country, conflict, predicament, constitution). Cn trong ting c m, khng tp hp nhiu m c nhng c th c thm ting ghp r ngha. Tuy nhin, khng th v c im ny m xp ting c m vo loi a m. Th d: ni ting thin khng thi th khng on ngha c, phi ni thin h (ngi i), thin nhin, thin ng, thin hn a m, thin bt dung gian, thin lng (lng tm t nhin, sn c t lc mi sinh ra), sch Lun Ng c 20 thin, thin nan, thin hnh vn trng (nhiu hnh, nhiu v), thin chung vn t (thin chung: 1,000 ht thc, vn t: 10,000 c xe t m), thin kinh vn quyn, thin bin vn ha, thin i (yu lch v bn no ), thin (di ), thin thu. Khi vit cc ch thin ny bng ch Hn vung th mi hiu ng ngha v vit khc nhau v c ngha khc nhau. Ting c m cng thng lp i, lp li nghe cho m tai. Th d: ni Thi sn, sng Tin giang. c im lp i, lp li th hin kh nhiu trong ting Hn. Th d: bn sch ny hay lm, anh khn khn

ting c m, s ting ng m d ngha (homonym) nhiu v s k nhng ting ng ngha rt t. Th d: xt li ting thin trn, cng mt m nhng ty theo ting ghp m c ngha khc. So snh vi loi ting a m th tri li: c nhiu ting ng ngha (synonym) nhng him thy ting ng m (bare / bear, pain / pen / paint / pant). Trong thc t ca ngi ngoi quc hc ni ting Anh th cc ting pain, pen, paint, pant u l ting ng m. (ging nh ging min Nam pht m khng phn bit cc m cui, trong khi ging min Bc c phn bit r rng). Tuy nhin, trn quan im gt gao v tuyt i, ti phi sp loi cc ting ng m nh sau: a)pain [pein] au b)pen [pen] cy vit c)paint [peint] sn d)pant [paent : a v e vit dnh vo nhau] th hn hn ng ra, khng c ting no thc s l ng ngha mc d ngha c th rt gn ging nhau. Th d: house / home, women / ladies, men / gentlemen, motherly / maternal, fatherly / paternal, brotherly / fraternal, panther / leo / lion, squash / sodium carbonate / washing soda. Ly mt th d trang 1009, J.J. Rodale, The Synonym Finder, Rodale Press, 1978, lit k cc ting ng ngha vi ting relaxation nh sau: 1.rest, repose, taking it easy, leisure.

2.abatement, subsidence, recession, lessening, diminution, decrement, decrease, lowering, letting down, decline. 3.diversion, avocation, hobby. 4.loosening, untightening, slackening. 5.modulation, moderation, softening, cushioning, reduction, mitigation, alleviation, assuagement, mollification, dulcification, easing up or off, leniency, palliation, extenuation. Ting Vit Nam thuc loi c m v ngy nay c vit theo h thng ch vit k m (phonetic writing system) ngha l ni sao, vit vy, dng cc k hiu a b c c quy c ghi li ting ni. T 23 mu t Latin (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, y, z), h thng ch vit Vit Nam ch bin, sng to v ngy nay c cc bn ph m: , , , , , v cc ph m bin th: ch, gi, gh, kh, ng, ngh, nh, ph, th, tr. Cc ch: f, j, w v z b loi b. Hin nay, ch vit Vit Nam c 29 mu t nh sau: a, , , b, c, d, , e, , g, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, , , p, q, r, s, t, u, , v, x va` y. Mc d hy cn nhiu ch trng ci tin nhng nu so h thng k m hin nay ca Vit Nam vi h thng k m Pinyin (xem cc ch # 1) ca Trung quc Cng Sn th phi khch quan cng nhn rng h thng ca Vit Nam l con cng m Pinyin ch l con g! Ting ni Vit Nam l loi ting bin m, bin ngha (tonal language: ging ln xung hay di ngn cc m cui, m u lm thay i ngha; th d: cc anh, ht ct, n ta, ng ng, tn ngha, tn nc mm, tnh, tnh, tnh, tinh,

tnh, tnh.) Vit Nam c su ging chnh v hai ging ph, so vi hu ht cc ting khc ch c bn ging. (Xin c bi Lut bin thinh ca Gio S L Ngc Tr trong cun Chnh T Vit Ng, pp. 131-144 bit hai ging ph ny.) Cn loi khng bin m, khng bin ngha, nontonal language: ln xung ging khng lm thay i ngha; th d: energy, inventory, consignment basis. H thng k m ca Vit Nam c th ghi li chnh xc hu ht cc ging bng cch to ra nhiu du v v vy m c quy nh rt cht ch v tinh t qua h thng chnh t. Ngi Vit Nam may mn c trong tay mt vin ngc qu bu v cng v h thng ch vit nhng mt s ngi do thiu hiu bit chu o v ng ngn nn khng coi trng v gi gn. Tuy nhin, mt bt li ca h thng k m ny l khi no gp ting ng m th rt kh xc nh ngha. Trong khi , tuy ting Hn cng l loi c m nhng vn cn vit theo h thng ch vit biu ngha (semantic writing system); v vy, c th nhn vo mt ch m hiu ng ngha. Ting Vit Nam c cu to rt phc tp. Do hon cnh a l v lch s t 2,000 nm nay, ting Vit Nam mn kh nhiu ting Trung quc, Cambodge, Thi, Php v Anh; trong ting Trung quc chim mt khi lng rt ln. Chnh v ting bn x trn ln vi ting mn, cho nn hiu ng ngha mt ting Vit Nam no ngi ta phi truy v ngun gc ca n - gi l phng php t nguyn. (xem cc ch # 2)

Di y l vi th d tiu biu v cc vn ng m d ngha thng gp (xin xem phn chnh vi chi tit qua cc bng thng k c gi tip theo e-mail ny): Ging chun ca chnh t Vit Nam l ging min Bc nn ti cn c vo m lit k th d. i vi ngi min Bc, cc m ph cui cu c pht m chnh xc nhng ging ngi min Nam th khng phn bit c. Trong ngh , ti lit k mt s ting ng m i vi ngi min Nam nhng khng l ng m i vingi min Bc ln vi ting ng m tht s. Xin lit k kiu mu ca vn qua th d ca ch giang, san; cc ch cn li u c cng mt vn nn ti khng mun lp li. 1."giang san d ci, bn tnh nan di": sng ni d bin i nhng bn tnh con ngi th kh thay. *giang (sng): khc ngha vi cc ch : a)Hn Vit: gian c- gian xo- gian nangiang mn b)Vit: ni chuyn dan ca- dan nng- ng dang ra *san (ni) khc ngha vi cc ch : a)Hn Vit: san bn, nguyt san, tun san, qu san- san b, san ci- san h- san san lai tr- sang trng b)Vit: lin san st- sang , sang nmni sang sng- sang at. 2."tng knh nh tn": ch tn c th hiu sai l mi; nguyn gc ch Hn vit ch tn vi ngha l ngi khch. Ngha ng: "knh trng ln nhau nh khi tip i mt ngi khch qu"

3."nam n th th bt thn": cu ny c hai ch th, khng th hiu ngha nu khng truy v gc ch Hn. Ngha: "khi giao v nhn, ngi nam v n khng c gn gi, ng chm" 4."ti gia tng ph, xut gi tng phu, phu t tng t". Cu ny c hai ch t, c th hiu l: "lc cn nh (cha ly chng) th ngi ph n phc tng cha, lc v nh chng th theo chng, lc chng cht th cht theo chng." Ngha ng: "lc cn nh (cha ly chng) th ngi ph n phc tng cha, lc v nh chng th theo chng, lc chng cht th phc tng con." Cc ting Vit xut pht t ting Hn to ra mt h thng ting ni c bit, gi l Hn Vit. Mt s lng rt ln ting Hn Vit ph thng n ni c th xem l ting Vit nhng cng cn kh nhiu ting m ch c ai thc s hc cch dch ch Hn qua Hn Vit mi hiu ngha. Th d: trong cu "bt nhp h huyt yn c h t", a s ngi Vit u hiu ngha cc ch "bt, nhp, h huyt, c, h" nhng s "kt" vi ch "yn, t". Tng t nh vy, cc ch "th, chi" cha ph bin nn s kh hiu cu: "tht bi th thnh cng chi mu" -tht bi l m ca thnh cng. "Tht bi, thnh cng, mu" mn ca ting Hn v dng nhiu nn nay c th gi l ting Vit. "Th, chi" cha ph bin nn s lm ri tr nhng ngi khng hc ting Hn Vit. Mt hin tng thng thng trong vic mn ch l thay i ngha ca ch gc. Th d: ting khn nn, nguyn ngha l s

kh khn nhng trong ting Vit, ngha ch ny tr nn nng n hn. Hoc nh ting biu tnh, nguyn ngha l by t ci tnh bn trong ra nhng trong ting Vit li c ngha l i biu tnh. Mun ni i biu tnh, ngi Trung quc dng ting i th uy ch khng dng ting biu tnh. Ting th uy li c ngha nng n hn trong ting Vit: biu dng sc mnh gy p lc, uy hip ai . Do cng l ting c m, mn nhiu ting Hn, ri i ngha, i trt t ch trong cu vn nn vic dy v hc ting Vit c nhiu kh khn. T ngn xa cho n nay, a s ngi Vit hc vit ch Hn ch khng phi hc ni ting Hn bi v cch hc ca h l khi vit th vit ch Hn nhng c th c theo m Hn Vit, khng c theo m chnh thc Mandarin (tc Quan Thoi, cn gi l ph thng thoi) hoc m kh gn vi ting Vit l ting Qung ng. Nh vy, c th ni rng ngi Vit to ra mt h thng ni ting Hn ring m ngi Hn khng th nghe v hiu c. K ra th hin tng ny rt k qui! Trc nay 50 nm, c l a s tin nhn ca chng ta cng hc nh th. Th d : hc vit ch sch, nhng c l th thay v c ging Quan Thoi l shu ( ).) V cch hc nh vy nn d "thm Nho, Hn rng" n u i na vn c th gy ra li lm nghim trng. Th d : tc gi Phm Tt c vit cun sch c ta l "Vn Php Ch Hn (c Hn Vn)", sch son cng phu nhng rt tic l khi i chiu ci ta bng ch Vit "Vn Php Ch Hn (c Hn Vn)" vi ci ta bng ch Hn "Hn Vn Vn Php" ( )

c in ngay pha di th ngha khng n khp vi nhau. Trong c vn, c dng ch Hn Vn nhng kim vn sa li ch khng chnh ny. Ting ni c i sng ca n. Ting khng hp l s b o thi (c t) thay vo ting mi hay hn. Ngy nay, ngi Trung quc khng ni Hn Vn m h ni Hn T ( Trung Vn ( ) v ch

ang dng l ca chng tc Hn lp ra v ), vn ca Trung quc

bao gm chng tc Hn v cc chng tc khc ca Trung quc. Ngi Trung quc c dng ting Vn Php, Ng Php ( nhng khng ni ting Vn Phm. Ti khng bit v sao ngi Vit li dng ch Vn Phm. Mt s ngi Vit Nam khng hc k ng php ting Hn nhng li rp cc ting Hn Vit li nn i khi h dng ch hoc vit vn rt pas Chinois. Di y l mt th d n gin v vit ng v trt t ch : Vit: Ti lm vic ngn hng. Hn Vit: Ng ti ngn hng cng tc. Hn: )

Thc ra, ng php trong ting Quan Thoi kh kh, nht l i vi ngi Vit v trt t ch ca ting ch thi gian v ni chn o ngc, d b li ngi ngoi quc vit ting Hn. Trong th d va nu, mt ngi no c th vit sai: Ng cng tc ti ngn hng. Ti c dng ch ngy nay ng ngn thay v ngn ng vn rt quen thuc vi ngi Vit. L do l v ti mun dng ng nh trt t ca nguyn ng mn. Khng bit v l do no m ngi Vit lc th o

trt t ch, lc th khng o nn gy ra rt nhiu vn ln xn trong ting Vit! Th d: gi nguyn trt t ch trong ting cm tng, thi dng, khi phc, bch m, hc vin, ngoi ng nhng li o trt t ch gc trong ngn ng, hc vin ngoi ng. Tm li, ch Hn (xem cc ch # 3) khng th rp vn c, c cu to ng php khc hn ting Vit, rt kh hc vit v rt kh nh. Th d: nhp ( ( ( ), i ( ), phu ( ) v thin ( ). ), thi ( ), nhn ), khuyn

ngn. Khng hc ni ting Quan Thoi, tc cch pht m, th kh nhn ra mi tng quan gia ting Hn v ting Vit: ch no l ch mn nguyn m, nguyn ngha (Hn), ch no mn ngha nhng c lch m (Hn Vit) v ch no l trng m nhng ngha trong ting Hn khc vi ngha trong ting Vit thun ty? Chnh v vy m ti ngh rng cch hc ch Hn m khng hc ni s lm ung mt phn ln cng hc ch v ting Hn. Khng c g sai vi khuynh hng dng ting Vit thun ty thay ting Hn Vit kh hiu nhng khng nn qu cc oan, min cng thay ting Hn nu nh ting Hn c Vit ha v tr nn ph thng ri. Thiu ting nn mn ting Hn v bin thnh ting Vit Nam t nhin n ni khng cn hc ting Hn m vn hiu ting Hn l hin tng thng thng. Nhn chung lch s ng ngn, y l hin tng ph bin, khng c g c bit. Cc ch # 1: Pinyin nguyn ngha l mt h thng nh vn, ting Hn Vit gi l bnh m. Bnh m chnh l h thng ch vit dng mu t a b c k m v nh vn ting Quan Thoi (Mandarin, hay Ph thng thoi) a)Theo Rich Harbaugh, Trung Vn T Ph, , Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, 1998, trang 149, ch s 50/22 ghi: pin: pinfa: spell spelling (method)

Ti cng khng bit v sao m ngi Vit, khi hc ting Hn, khng hc cch ni v hc cc ting thng dng trong i sng hng ngy. Tri li, h c ging dy bng ting Hn Vit v ch trng hc ting Hn ... c qua cc sch kinh in (T th, ng kinh, 300 bi ng thi, v.v...). iu ny ging y nh hc vit ting Anh v c tri ra thnh h thng ting Anh Vit, bt cn hc ni. Th d: vit ch cowboy, c l cao bi. Cch hc nh vy th Vit ni Vit nghe, Anh ni Anh nghe, tri vi mc tiu ct yu ca vic hc ngai ng l ni chuyn vi nhau. Cng may l chng ta cha to ra h thng ting Anh Vit, Php Vit; bng khng th chc khi hc ting Vit v qu rc ri v v l. Trong thc t, khng ai hc ngai ng bng cch to ra mt h thng trong c lc mn nguyn m, nguyn ngha, c lc mn ngha nhng c lch m to thnh mt h thng ting ring, khc hn ting ni theo hc. Ting Hn Vit l mt th d v c l l th d duy nht trong lch s ng

pinyin:

phoneticize, spell: the

chn. Ngi s dng nhn v chn cho ng ch Hn mun trch. Cc ch # 2: Nhn vit v vic mn ting, ti mun ghi y vi nhn xt v cc khuynh hng v nhn thc rt sai lm ca mt s kh ng ngi Vit Nam. Trong ng ngn, ch co vi ng t, sau sinh ra con chu khp ni. Tt c cc dn tc u ty theo hon cnh lch s v a l m vay mn ting ni ln nhau thng t; c ting cho mn v ting mn khng c ting no l v vang hay nhc nh. Trong ng ngn, khng c ranh gii quc gia, khng c ci gi l t i dn tc, ting nc ti giu mnh, phong ph hn ting nc anh m ch c mt s la chn t nhin ca i chng. Th d: di s cng bc hc vit gin th t ca Trung quc Cng Sn trong khang 50 nm nay, c t ngi Trung quc khng c dp chnh thc hc ch phn th t. Nhng thc t gn y, ngay trong lc a, ngi Trung quc bt u la chn phn th t v bng hiu qung co. L do l v gin th t trng ngy ng, t nt lm mt i ci hay ca tnh cht biu ngha, tng hnh v tng thanh, khng rng bay phng ma nh phn th t. Phm khi thiu ch th tt nhin phi mn, cng nh ch no nghe hay, ngha chnh th c mi ngi s dng, v ngc li th b o thi. Khi xt s pht trin ca ting Anh, trang XV, The New

transliteration system used in mainland China. b)Theo Thiu Chu, Hn Vit T in, , bn in li NXB T/P HCM, 1999, trang 231 ghi: bnh: tu hp, nh bnh m vn Trung quc Cng Sn ban hnh mt h thng Pinyin ngy 21 thng 2, 1958, gm c 37 mu t: a)16 nguyn m: a, o, e, , ai, ei, ao, ou, an, en, ang, eng, er, i, u, u (u co hai du chm bn trn) b)21 ph m: b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, h, j, q, x, zh, ch, sh, r, z, c, s. Xin lu : 37 mu t Pinyin c cch pht m rt khc so vi cch pht m trong ting Vit, Anh v Php. Phi hc mi c c. Th d: g c l ga, k c l ka, q c l chi, c c l xa, c l d, v.v H thng Pinyin cn rt nhiu nhc im v phng din k m, l mt h thng th s, dng ch a b c t m dn dn b h thng ch vung v gin th t, ch yu dng dy ting Hn cho ngi ngoi quc, vit cc programs ch Hn kh hu hiu qua vic s dng keyboard a b c ngy nay nh thnh loi ch Hn vung. Cc ch Hn lit k trong bi ny do s dng software Nam Cc Tinh (NJ Star), nh ch Pinyin, ri v ng m v cch k m cha c tinh vi nn software NJ Star cho khong t 9 n 36 ch nh

Lexicon Webster s Dictionary of the Englsh Language, Lexicon Publications, Inc., 1988, vit: Ting Anh mn n rt nhiu. Trong bt c t in no, khong 80% l ch mn. a s mn t Latin, v trong s c ti hn 50% ting Php. Mt s lng ng k xut pht hoc trc tip hoc gin tip t ting Greek. Mt s ln xut pht t cc th ting Scandinavian, v mt t t Portuguese, Italian, Spanish v Dutch. Con s ng vng gia tng t 50,000 60,000 ch trong thi k Old English (ch thm: t nm 449 n 1066) ln n 650,000 750,000 ch trong t in ton tp ngy nay. Tuy nhin, cc dn tc ni ting Anh vn dng ch m l chnh; chn ch hay dng l: and, be, have, it, of, the, to, will v you. Mc d vay mn nhng cc ch mn cc k hu ch trong vic lm giu ng vng v khin ng ngn tr nn uyn chuyn v xoay s c. (Borrowing from Other Languages. The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed. The majority are likely to come from Latin, and of those more than half will come through French. A considerable number will derive directly or indirectly from Greek. A substantial contribution will come from Scandinavian languages, and a small percentage from Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, and Dutch. The vocabulary has grown from the 50,000 to 60,000 words in Old English to the tremendous number of entries 650,000 to 750,000- in an unabridged dictionary of today. The bulk of the words spoken and written by English-speaking people, however, are

native words, the nine most frequently used being and, be, have, it, of, the, to, will and you. Borrowed words are nevertheless immensely useful in enriching the vocabulary and making the language flexible and resourceful.) Cc ch # 3: Ch Hn (phn / phin th t) theo kiu ch Khi l loi ch c t cui i nh Hn, khong nm 180 sau Ty lch, nhng vn cn dng cho n ngy nay. Ch Khi l loi ch ngang bng s thng, cn gi l ch Chn; nu vit nhanh gi l ch Hnh, vit bay bm gi l ch Tho. Ngi Vit a s ch hc vit. Cn v phn ni th thy dy cch ni tri ting Hn ch khng dy c theo ging Quan Thoi. Ai t m th phi tm cch ring hc ni ting Quan Thoi. Mun p dng kin thc Hn hc vo vic tm hiu ting Vit th bt buc phi thng tho t nht l hai h thng ting ni : Hn Vit v Quan Thoi.