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hJ cg [d;k av;wausmjf zpfomG ;um
Mumvmw,f/
tJ'rD mS wif a'gufwmbarmfu aMu;
rHw
k m0efcu
H kd tvGwo
f abmac:awGUNy;D
xdyw
f ef;0wfvEkH pS af ,muf 0pfvpfpvpfykH
twGuf trIvu
kd af eMu&wmudk ud,
k cf si;f pm
Munfyh guGmvdYk em;cs&muae csucf si;f ajy
vnfomG ;w,f/
zqyveJt
Y wlvu
kd u
f JG
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;wdt
Yk ygt0if jynf
oltoufaygif;rsm;pGm paw;Ny;D ay;xm;wJh
vGwv
f yfa&;udk rxde;f Edik b
f J jyemwpfck
udk aemufjyemwpfcek YJ &Si;f Mu&muae
zqyv ESpjf crf;uG&J w,f/ xH;k wrf;pOfvm
t&qdk trwftrsm;pkaxmufcrH I r&awmh
wJ0h efBu;D csKyf ygvDrefuzkd suo
f rd ;f ? ud,
k w
f ikd f
tdraf pmift
h pd;k &taeeJY a&G;aumufyv
JG yk f
ay;&rSm/
tJ'v
D rkd vkyb
f J yk*Kd vaf &;awG a&SU
wef;wifvmawmh Iyo
f xufyI v
f mNy;D ppf
wyfuvnf;0ifygeJY owif;pmrsm;uvnf;
rxde;f ay; rwnfah y;Edik af wmhbJ eD;pyf&m
buf0ifu&l if; vdu
k u
f MJG u&w,f/ owif;pm
usi0hf wf? odum ? tpOftvmawG trsm;Bu;D
qH;k H;I cJ&h w,f/ tepfemqH;k uawmh jynfol
vlx/k owif;pmvnf;qH;k 'Dru
kd a&pDvnf;
qH;k zdYk vrf;pvdq
Yk Ekd ikd yf gw,f/
owif;pmeJY Edik if aH &;orm;
owif;pmudk olwt
Ykd usKd ;pD;yGm;t
wGuf oH;k r&wJEh ikd if aH &;orm;rsm;u rke;f
avh&MdS uw,f/ owif;pmqdw
k m rrSm;atmif
BuKd ;pm;a&;Mu&Ny;D rSm;oGm;&ifvnf; trSm;
jyifqifcsux
f nfw
h efxnf&h ? awmif;yef
oif&h if awmif;yef&w,f/ taygpm;? tedrhf
pm;? tnHph m; Edik if aH &;orm;awGvkd reuf
bufrmS wpfrsKd ;? aeYvnfrmS wpfrsKd ;? naerSm
wpfrsKd ; ajymvd&Yk wmr[kw/f tJ wu,f
odum &Sw
d hJ Edik if aH &;orm;awGuawmh qdk
cJapNraJ peJrY Ykd vlomaooGm;w,f emrnf
aumif;use&f pfw,f/
owif;pmeJEY ikd if aH &;orm; qufqH
a&;udak vhvmwJt
h cg tJ'u
D mvu Edik if &H UJ
tajctaeay:rSm tajccH&rSmyg/ 1958
ckEpS ?f tdraf pmift
h pd;k &vufxuf[m avh
vmvdt
Yk ifrwefaumif;ygw,f/

Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if; oufwrf;wd;k a&;
uwdcx
H m;wJt
h wdik ;f a&G;aumufyu
JG kd
ajcmufvtwGi;f vkyrf ay;Edik af wmh Adv
k f
csKyBf u;D ae0if; 0efBu;D csKyq
f ufjzpfEikd af &; zGUJ
pnf;tkycf sKyyf t
kH ajccHOya'jyifqifzYkd vTwf
awmfxrJ mS oef&Y iS ;f zqyvOD;Ek tqdw
k if
oGi;f wmudk
wnfNrzJ qyvOD;AaqGu
axmufcw
H ,f/ yrnw ocifcspaf rmifu
uefu
Y u
G af yr,fh twnfjzpfomG ;w,f/tJ'D
vdk aqG;aEG;MuwmawGukd jrefrmhtoHu
wdu
k f u
kd t
f oHviT v
hf Ykd wpfjynfv;kH Mum;vdu
k f
&w,f/
owif;pmawGuvnf; jynfjh ynfph pkH kH
a&;om;Muw,f/ tJ'x
D rJ mS 0efBu;D csKyf quf
jzpfomG ;ol Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;u Edik if aH wmf
zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccHOya'udk Edik if o
H m;
wpfa,muftaeeJaY omfvnf;aumif;? wyf
rawmfom;aumif; wpfa,muftaeeJaY omf
vnf;aumif;? toufay;umuG,f apmifh
a&Smufyghr,fvYkd uwdjyKomG ;wm avvdiI ;f xJ
utoHaysmufomG ;Edik af omfvnf; owif;
pmxJu yHEk ydS pf mvH;k awGuakd wmh tukev
f u
kd f
zsuv
f rYkd &Edik b
f ;l r[kwyf gvm;/
tdraf pmifq
h akd omfvnf;
tdraf pmift
h pd;k &qdak omfvnf; olUouf
wrf;wdak v;twGi;f 0efBu;D csKyAf v
kd cf sKyBf u;D
ae0if;u vkyo
f mG ;wmawGxJ udu
k ;kd uRe;f odYk
Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;eJt
Y wl pma&;q&mrsm;?
owif;pmq&mrsm;tm;zrf;qD;Ny;D ydaYk qmif
jcif;? owif;pmwdu
k w
f csKd Uudck syd yf w
d jf cif;wdYk
vnf;yg0ifw,f/ a&G;aumufyu
J G si;f yay;w,f/
OD;Ek 0efBu;D csKyjf zpfvmwJt
h cg Adv
k f
csKyaf tmifqef;vrf;pOfecYJ ?JG yxp emrnfeYJ

ygwDopfxal xmif? Ak'b

momudk Edik if aH wmf
bmomtjzpf jyXmef;&muae ucsio
f yl ek f
tzGUJ ay:vmw,f? yxptwGi;f tkypf ak wG
uGMJ u pwJt
h ajctaersm;ay: owif;pm
awGa&;wm tm;vH;k bufvu
kd rf u
I if;w,fvYkd
qdzk Ykd cufygw,f/
Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if; z,f&mS ;a&;
0efBu;D csKyOf ;D Ektpd;k & wdik ;f jynfukd udik f
wG,yf rkH Edik rf eif;jzpfaecsed f ppfwyfu aemuf
wpfBurd t
f mPmodr;f r,fo
h wif;rsm; owif;
pmawGu rodroma&;vmMuw,f/ a&G;
aumufyJG H;I edro
hf mG ;olawGxJ t&nftcsi;f
jynfw
h hJ Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;uvnf; ygvDref
udak v;pm;rIavsmeh nf;vm? yxpxJu
vnf; Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;tm;z,f&mS ;um oH
trwftjzpfcefx
Y m;zdYk awmif;qdo
k aH wG
xGu?f OD;Ekuawmh Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;udk
tjynft
h 0,HMk unfaeqJrYkd cyfat;at;ygyJ/
1962 ck?azazmf0g&Dv 24 &ufaeYu
pNy;D jynfe,frsm;udp zJUG pnf;yHjk yifqifa&;
ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f y&modYk yxp? zqyv?
yrnweJY wdik ;f &if;om;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;
wufa&mufaqG;aEG;MuyHk owif;pmawGu
a&;om;Muw,f/ aemufawmh odMuwJh
twdik ;f rwfv 2 &ufaeYrmS ppfwyfu tm
Pmodr;f vku
d w
f ,f/
owif;pmawGZmwford ;f
rif;wke;f rif;vufxufupNy;D b,f
acwfb,ftcgurS rBuKH cw
hJ hJ owif;pmuH
qd;k rd;k arSmifusrBI u;D vnf;pwifvmw,f/
owif;pmawGtydwcf &H ?
yHEk ydS pf ufawG
todr;f cH&? t,f'w
D mawG axmifoiG ;f
tusO;f cscMH u&w,f/ jynfoyl ikd t
f odr;f cH&
wJh owif;pmawG emrnfomuseNf y;D rqv
0g'eJY ppfAv
kd af wG OD;pD;Muw,f/
1963 ck? atmufwb
kd mv 1 &ufaeY
q&mBu;D a&TOa'gif;OD;pD;wJh ppftpd;k &
tmabmf vkyo
f m;jynfoaYl eYpOf xGuv
f m
w,f/
'Dvakd wG;MunfMh u&atmifvm;
owif;orm;rsm;udk zrf;qD;axmifcs
nO;f yef;ESyd pf ufNy;D aoatmifvyk v
f &Ykd r,f?
ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm arG;,lxm;&wJh owif;pm&JU
*kPo
f u
d m (Reputation)udk ao;odraf rS;
rSed af tmif vkyv
f &Ykd csi&f r,f? yHEk ydS pf pfawG
oHwo
kd pH jzpfcsijf zpfomG ;r,f? owif;pm
wdu
k af wG *dak 'gifjzpfcsijf zpfomG ;r,f okYd
aomf---?
rSeu
f efyjD yifwhJ owif;pmuawmh
tajctaeay;vmwmeJY acgif;jyefaxmif
vmvdrrhf ,f? bmjzpfvv
Ykd q
J akd wmh owif;
pm[lonf aod;k r&Sw
d mrdv
Yk Ykd BBC ynm&Sif
rsm;udak jzMum;&if; aqmif;yg;udv
k nf; tJ'D
vdak cgif;pOfwyfvu
kd &f aMumif;yg/ J

[rfbm*g? bJuif? qluD,muDESifU

aumufnif;aygif;

rmef (awmifv;kH jyef)

urmpY ;D yGm;a&;ynm&Sirf sm;\oH;k oyf

csut
f & abusi;f \ pD;yGm;a&;zGUH NzKd ;rI
tvm;tvmonf 2013 ckEpS t
f wGuf tm;
&auseyfp&mraumif;/ abusi;f &dS xdyf
wef;pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;rSm usqif;vm
aom wkwt
f rd Nf caH jr aps;uGurf sm;tay:
tus,w
f 0ifh pOf;pm;oH;k oyfaeMuonf/
,if;umvrSmyif a'owGi;f ESpaf ygif;rsm;
pGm tompD;&xm;aom jrefrmtpd;k &bufrS
'Dru
kd a&pDajcvSr;f oGuv
f monfukd Oayum
rjyKEikd af wmh/ a'otwGi;f Edik if rH sm;xJ
jrefrmEdik if \
H Edik if aH &;tvSnt
hf ajymif;jzpf
pOfwikd ;f onf abusi;f twGuf du
k cf wfrI
tpOftvmruif;/ jrefrmhvyI &f mS ;rIreS o
f rQ
abusi;f tzdYk *kpu
kd rf o
d nfcsn;f yif/ ,cif
umvrsm;u tajymif;tvJrsm;twGuf
abusi;f onf ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm ESpq
f ,f
ausmpf ;D yGm;a&;? Edik if aH &;wdYk tjrwfxu
G cf NhJ y;D
Ny/D jrefrmhEikd if aH &; tusyt
f wnf;umv
twGi;f wkwpf ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sirf sm; ajc
uky&f ,lEikd o
f nf&h v'ftjzpf bDvsaH ygif;rsm;
pGm tusK;d jzpfxeG ;f cJo
h nf/
vwfwavmumvwGif *syefacgif;
aqmifrsm; tiftm;tvH;k t&if;jzifh jrefrm
Edik if t
H wGi;f pD;yGm;a&;aps;uGuf ajcuky&f
,laeaom tm;ay;aeonf/ a'otwGi;f
pD;yGm;a&;aps;uGuf ajcuky&f ,laeaom
abusi;f \ csUJ xGiaf erItay: taemuf
tkypf ek nf;wl *syeftpd;k &yg pd;k &drrf uif;/
yifv,fwiG ;f uRe;f pkjyem\ *,ufu
vnf; *syeftpd;k &tay: zdtm;&daS eqJ/
taemuftyk pf o
k nf tusK;d tjrwfxuf
jrefrmhEikd if aH &; tvSnt
hf ajymif;umv
tenfuscsed u
f akd pmifph m;&if; *syefwYkd xk;d
azmuf0ifa&mufaeonfh &v'ftay: tuJ
cwfaeqJ/ *syefbufuawmh &Si;f onf/
a':pkuvG
J b,fou
Yl rkd rS ,H/k a':pkrsuEf mS
wpfcw
k nf;jzifyh if jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f pD;yGm;
a&;vkyif ef;rsm;azmfaqmif&ef qH;k jzwfcMhJ u
jcif;jzpfonf/ oabmuawmh a':pk vuf
oifrh cHrnfh vkyif ef;rsK;d ? aps;uGu&f mS azGrrI sK;d ?
&if;ES;D jrK yEf rHS rI sK;d vkyv
f rd rhf nfr[kw/f jynf
wGi;f cdek rD sm;ESihf vufw&JG ef raocsm/ jynf
olvx
l k wdu
k f u
kd t
f usK;d &drS nfh &if;ES;D jrK yEf rHS I
rsm;udk yd
k taumiftxnfazmfvrd rhf nf/
taemufbufurm\ [rfbm*g
tkypf rk sm;u tar&duefrv
S
JG abusi;f ESifh
wdu
k f u
kd pf ;D yGm;a&; pdeaf c:rIrsK;d vky&f ef awG
a0aeonfrmS rqef;/ urmt&yf&yfwiG f
wkwjf ynf\aps;uGuf us,jf yefBY u;D rm;rI
ESihf wd;k yGm;vmaom vlvwfwef;pm;rsm;?
Zdrcf t
H odik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;u ypfrw
S jf zpfaeqJ/
xdv
k rl sm;udk [rfbm*gBuKd uaf tmif vky&f

onfu ydv
k ,
G u
f o
l nft
h jyif yd
k vufawGU
usonf/ qGaJ qmifvv
Ydk ,
G o
f nf/ wkwf
jynf&Sd pD;yGm;jzpfxeG ;f vmaom aMu;&wuf
rsm;xHrS taemufurmokx
Yd u
G
f ynmoif
Mum;rnfh rsK;d qufrsm;? tajccsaexdik v
f kd
olrsm; wd;k yGm;vmaeonf/ xdt
k odik ;f
t0dik ;f rsK;d udk qGaJ qmif&onf/ jrefrmEdik if H
wGif pD;yGm;a&;csUJ xGi&f onfxuf ydak ocsm
aeonf/ wkwjf ynfwiG ;f rSmyifvQif [rf
bm*gtavhtx rsK;d aphcs&onfu ouf
aomifo
h ufom&dv
S o
S nf/ taemufwidk ;f yHpk H
ESpo
f ufvmap&ef wd;k 0iftarGay;jcif;u
aocsmaom aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;jzpfaeonf/
wkwv
f rl sK;d wpfO;D csi;f xHrS wpfvvQif
wpfa':vm tjrwf&atmifvyk Ef ikd v
f Qif &dS
aomvlO;D a&ESihf wGuMf unfyh gavOD;/ xdjYk yif
ESppf Of jynfyEdik if rH sm;okYd tvnftywf
xGuaf vh&aSd om wkww
f ;kd &pfrsm;\ ude;f
*Pef;u rufavmufp&m wd;k yGm;aeonf
aum/ wkwNf rKd UBu;D rsm;wGif toH;k jyKaeonfh
aeY pOf aiGtcsKd ;tpm;rsm;u [rfbm*g aps;
uGu0f ifzYkd toifjh zpfaeqJ/
jrefrmEdik if \
H
tem*wfp;D yGm;a&;
tvm;tvmonf [rfbm*gtkyk pf x
k uf
abusi;f ESihf wdu
k sKw
d \
Ykd vGeq
f rJG t
I ay: rl
wnfaeonf/ txl;tm;jzifh taemuf
urmaps;uGuo
f w
Ykd ;kd 0if&ef wmplaeaom
jynfwiG ;f pD;yGm;a&;tkypf rk sm;onf *syefukd
yd
k tm;xm;Muvdrrfh nf/ wkwEf iS fh quf
qH&onfu enf;ynmvnf;r&? aps;uGuf
rSmvnf; rwnfNird /f tEdik u
f sichf &H onfrsm;
vnf; ruif;/ aps;uGurf mS vnf; rwnfNird /f
tEdik u
f sicfh &H onfrsm;vnf; ruif;/ xdjYk yif
*kPo
f u
d m t& bmrS rwd;k wuf/ xdt
k &m

,cifumvrsm;u tajymif;tvJrsm;twGuf abusi;f

onf ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm ESpq
f ,fausmf pD;yGm;a&;? Edik if aH &;wdhk
tjrwfxu
G cf NhJ y;D Ny/D jrefrmUEikd if aH &; tusyt
f wnf;
umvtwGi;f wkwpf ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sirf sm; ajcuky&f
,lEikd o
f nf&U v'ftjzpf bDvsaH ygi;f rsm;pGm tusK;d jzpfxeG ;f
cJo
U nf/

rsm;udk *syefEiS u
hf pk m;Edik rf nf[k ,HMk unfvm xkwu
f ek rf sm;wGif enf;ynma&m aps;uGuf
MuOD;rnf/ ud&k ;D ,m;ESiv
hf nf; ,HMk unfryI
kd
yg ,HMk unfpw
d cf s&onfh *syefxu
G u
f ek f
wd;k jri v
hf m&ef BuKd ;yrf;MuvdrOhf ;D rnf/
ypn;f rsm;
jrefrmjynfwiG v
f yk o
f nf[k
jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;onf tvGezf UHG NzKd ;wd;k wHqyd cf wfEydS v
f Qif [rfbm*gtkypf u
k jiif;
wufvmrnfrmS awmh rSeo
f nf/ od&Yk mwGif qefwm;jrpfrnfr[kw/f jrefrmjynfukd jref
urmaps;uGu0f if zGUH NzKd ;rIjzpf&ef raocsm jrefzUHG NzKd ;apcsio
f nf/ wd;k wufapcsio
f nf/
ao;/ onfum; wpfO;D csi;f 0ifaiGEiS fh 'Dru
kd a&pDpEH eI ;f rsm;yd
k
xGe;f um;apcsif
xGuu
f ek w
f t
Ykd ay: rlwnfaeonf/ qif;&J onf/ onfum; taemuftyk pf \
k
csr;f omuGm[rIEeI ;f u Bu;D vGe;f aeonf/ oabmxm;yif/ jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm; jrefjref
omrefvufvyk v
f ufpm;wpfO;D
\ rdom;pk0ifaiGrmS wpfaeY
jrefrmEdik if \
H tem*wfp;D yGm;a&;
usyo
f ;kH axmif? ol<u,fwpfO;D
tvm;tvmonf [rfbm*g
\ wpfaeY0ifaiGu usyo
f ed ;f csD
aeonf/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS omref
tkyk pf x
k uf abusi;f ESiUf wdu
k sKw
d hkd
rdom;pkwpfpk wpfaeYwmoH;k pGJ
Edik af om0ifaiGEiS hf csr;f om
\ vGeq
f rJG t
I ay: rlwnfaeonf/
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txl;tm;jzifU taemufurm aps;
aiGu tqoH;k axmifausmf
uGm[aeonf/ xdEk eI ;f onf
uGuo
f w
hkd ;kd 0if&ef wmplaeaom
Mumvmav yd
k yd
k wd;k vmNy;D
jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;tkyfpkrsm;onf
qif;&J csr;f om uGm[avav
jzpfomG ;rnf/
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k tm;xm;MuvdrrUf nf/
[rfbm*gtkypf rk sm;onf
t&if;&Sif tajcjyKpepft& vl
wpfO;D csi;f \ 0ifaiGukd wGuo
f nf/ a'o csr;f om<u,f0vmavav &d&S if;pGjJ refrm
xGuu
f ek ?f oH;k pGpJ &dww
f u
Ykd kd xGuo
f nf/ vlrsK;d wd\
Yk taemufurmwGif tajccsonfh
cyfjrefjreftjrwftpGe;f &vmrnfh vkyif ef; tavhtx wd;k yGm;vmavavjzpfrnfukd
rsK;d udk yd
k ESpo
f ufonf/ jrefrmjynf\ ,Hrk mS ;oHo,r&dMS uacs/
vuf&w
Sd pfO;D csi;f 0ifaiGt& [rfbm*g
abusi;f tkypf o
k nf vuf&u
Sd sio
hf ;kH
pGv
J rf;&ef rjzpfEikd af o;/ xdjYk yif jyKjyif aeaome,fpyfp;D yGm;a&;tygt0if atmuf
ajymif;vJaeaom 'Dru
kd a&pDpEH eI ;f rsm; aES; vrf;oH;k usix
hf ;kH rsm; qufvufuikd pf aJG eOD;
auG;rxda&mufrEI iS hf vTwaf wmfuv
k m;xdik f rnfom/ jrefrmEdik if \
H aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;
rsm;ay:wGif rd;k usa&Tu,
kd x
f ikd cf rkH sm;&daS ejcif; ydrk w
kd ;kd wufvmavav abusi;f tpd;k &
tay: oabmrus/ t&if;tES;D rsm;pGm vm twGuf pd;k &drrf uif;jzpf&avav BuKH vm
a&mufjrK yEf &HS ef twm;tqD;jzpfaeonf/ vdrrhf nf/ *syefbufrS 0ifa&mufupk m;ay;
taemuftyk pf v
k v
kd m;onfh 'Dru
kd a&pDusus rnfh jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&; tajccHvyk if ef;rsm;
tkycf sKyEf ikd af om tpd;k &toGipf pfppfrjzpf tay: yd
k rESpNf rKd UaMumif;jyo&if; jynf
ao; &if;ES;D jrK yEf &HS ef wGeq
Yf w
k af eonf/
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