HO SINH V C - CH 17

"i vi c th sng, cn bng c ngha l cht. Vai tr sinh hc ca cc hp cht v ion v c thng l gn vi s iu khin cc dng ny v to ra cc cu trc khng gian ng".
Nhng vn chnh c cp trong gio trnh ny

1. i tng v phng php ca Ho sinh v c 2. Cc loi phi t trong cc h sinh hc: cc phi t ni sinh, cc phi t ngoi sinh, 3. Cc dng tn ti ca kim loi trong cc h sinh hc: metaloprotein, metaloenzym, cht vn chuyn cha kim loi, kim loi trong cc phiprotein, 4. Cc protein bm v vn ti: c ch hot ng ca cc bm ion, s vn chuyn oxy bng cc metaloprotein. 5. Cc metaloenzym: phn loi cc enzym, cc enzym ca mt vi kim loi sinh hc. 6. Kim loi trong y hc: c hc kim loi, khng sinh cha kim loi, cc cht dng trong chn on y hc.
Nhim v hc tp: 1. c k gio trnh c cung cp: Ho sinh v c (V) v chng 12 Ho v c (bn dch sch ting Anh). 2. Dch: Metal complexes as Drugs and Chemotherapeutic Agents: mi ngi 3 trang. 3. Vit tiu lun thu hoch: mi ngi mt ti. 1- Vai tr sinh hc ca Na v K. 2- Chc nng ca cc kim loi trong qu trnh h hp. 3- Cu trc v vai tr sinh hc ca cc cluster Fe-S. 4- S lin kt ca CO vi cc cht vn chuyn oxy. 5- Enzym cha Cu - cu trc, vai tr, chc nng. 6- Enzym cha Zn- cu trc, vai tr, chc nng. 7- Enzym cha Co - cu trc, vai tr, chc nng. 8- Enzym cha Mn - cu trc, vai tr, chc nng. 9- c tnh ca cc kim loi. 10- Phc cht chng ung th cha platin. 11- Phc cht lm thuc iu tr

1. I TNG V PHNG PHP CA HO SINH V C K/n: Ho sinh v c l mt lnh vc c bit ca ho hc quan tm nghin cu ho hc ca cc phn t cha kim loi trong cc h sinh hc. Lnh vc ny cng quan tm n vn kim sot v s dng ion kim loi trong cc qu trnh ho sinh hc. HSVC l mt ngnh khoa hc v s sng - mt qu trnh cc k phc tp (v thnh phn v quan h gia cc thnh phn). i tng ca n l s tn ti v vn ng ca cc kim loi trong cc h sinh hc v vai tr ca chng i vi cc qu trnh sng. Do , nhng nhim v chnh ca HSVC l nghin cu mc phn t mi tng tc gia cc ion kim loi vi cc phi t sinh hc v mi quan h gia vn vi cc hot ng sng ca c th sinh vt. T nhng hiu bit , HSVC c tim nng ng dng rt to ln trong thc tin. S ra i ca HSVC l s kt hp ca Ho v c hin i vi Sinh hc phn t v phng php lun cng nh phng php nghin cu. Do , nghin cu HSVC phi dng cc phng php hin i, t hp. l cc phng php vt l v ho l, cc phng php m hnh ho, m phng bng cc phn mm thch hp, bng cc l thuyt hin i. Tuy nhin, cc cng c ny cng khng th thay th phn quan trng nht l s suy lun lgic ca ngi nghin cu. iu ny c bit c ngha i vi HSVC.

Bng . Phn loi cc phn t sinh hc cha ion kim loi Phn t sinh hc cha kim loi Protein Enzym Vn ti v d tr kim loi D tr kim loi v duy tr cu trc Feritin (Fe), transferin (Fe) xeruloplasmin Phi protein
Vn ti kim loi v duy tr cu trc Oxy ho kh v quang ho

Sideropho Lin kt O2 Myoglobin Clorophin (Mg) Khung xng (Fe) (Ca, Si) haemoglobin (Fe), hemeritin (Fe), hemoxianin - cacboxypeptidaza, photphataza, aminopeptitdaza, (Cu) - lipaza, proteaza, cabohyraza. + oxygenaza, hydrogenaza, nitrogenaza, oxydaza, reductaza,hydroxylaza + Coenzim B12 (vitamin B12)cha Co tham gia nhiu qu trnh tng hp v ng phn ho.

Mang electron Xitocrom (Fe, Cu, Mo)

Hirolaz a Enzym
Oxidoreductaza Isomeraza, synthaza

2. PHN LOI V PH BIN CA CC NGUYN T TRONG C TH SNG Khng phi tt c cc nguyn t u cn thit cho tt c cc c th sng. S cn thit ca mt nguyn t th hin nhng du hiu: + Xut hin s suy gim chc nng sinh l hc khi nguyn t b loi khi ch n. + S suy gim gim i khi nguyn t ny c b sung cho c th. + Nguyn t ny lin quan n chc nng sinh ho nht nh. S p ng ca c th vi mt nguyn t khng phi l bt bin, m n bin i theo liu lng ca nguyn t a vo c th. S sau cho mt cch hnh dung tng qut v quan h ny.

iu rt th v l ph bin ca cc nguyn t trong cc c th ngi gn ging nh trong nc bin. Pasteur tng lm mt th nghim l thay th n 90% lng mu ca mt ch ch, nhng n vn sng thm c gn 1 thng! Cc nguyn t vi lng ln thng c th tn ti di dng tan trong nc. Cn cc nguyn t vt v siu vt thng c tan km hn. Nu lp bng cc nguyn t c mt trong cc c th sinh hc th chng ta thy c rt nhiu nguyn t gp mt vi ph bin khc nhau. C th phn chia thnh 4 nhm theo ph bin [Rossette M. Roat - Malone]: + Cc nguyn t a lng: H, C, O, N, P, S + Cc khong a lng v cc ion: Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, PO43-, SO42-. + Cc nguyn t lng vt: Fe, Zn, Cu + Cc nguyn t siu vt: gm cc phi kim: F, I, Se, Si, As, B v cc kim loi: Mn, Mo, Co, Cr, V, Ni, Cd, Sn, Pb, Li. Tuy nhin, vai tr ca chng khng nh nhau. Mt nguyn t c hm lng b khng c ngha l km quan trng, v thng thy l nhng nguyn t ch lng vt nhng li ng vai tr thit yu trong vic duy tr trng thi bt cn bng ca c th sng.

Cc nguyn t nhm th nht, gm O, C, H, N, P v S to nn c s ca s sng trn Tri t (v rt c th trong v tr) v chng to nn cc protit, cc axit nucleic. im c bit ca chng l chng c b cc s oxy ho bn v ph bin nht tri t 1 n 6, mt s c mc oxy ho bn c nh, cn mt s khc c mc oxy ho thay i. 12 nguyn t c vai tr rt quan trng vi a s cc sinh vt bao gm 2 phi kim loi l Cl v I, v 10 nguyn t kim loi gm Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo - c gi l nhng kim loi ca s sng hay kim loi sinh hc. Ho sinh v c tp trung nghin cu s tn ti v vai tr ca chng trong cc c th sng. Nhng nguyn t cn li ang c ho sinh v c hin i tip tc nghin cu v chc chn trong tng lai khng xa khi vai tr v chc nng ca chng trong cc c th sng c sng t, chng cng s c xp vo s cc kim loi sinh hc. Mt cch phn chia cc kim loi sinh hc theo quan im ho hc l da vo v tr ca chng trong bng HTTH cc NTHH. + Cc kim loi khng chuyn tip: gm Na, K, Mg, Ca v Zn. + Cc kim loi chuyn tip: Cu, Mo, Fe, Co, Mn. Cch phn chia ny c thun li khi xem xt cc chc nng sinh hc trong mi quan h vi cc c im ho hc v lp th ca chng. 3. KIM LOI TRONG CC H SINH HC S tn ti v vai tr ca cc kim loi trong cc h sinh hc l vn trng tm ca ho sinh v c. tm hiu vn ny, trc tin chng ta quan tm n vn phn loi cc kim loi trong cc h sinh hc. 3.1. Phn loi cc kim loi sinh hc: C th phn cc kim loi trong cc h sinh hc thnh 2 nhm sau: + Nhm cc kim loi a lng: Na, K, Mg, Ca. + Nhm cc kim loi vi lng: Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo, Co, Mn, V. Cch phn chia ny ch mang tnh cht hnh thc da vo ph bin ca chng trong c th.

Cch phn chia khc l da vo vai tr ca cc kim loi trong c th sng, c th chia thnh 3 nhm: + Cc kim loi cu trc: ng vai tr to nn cu trc khung ca c th: Ca to nn khung xng. + Cc kim loi mang in tch: ch yu l Na+, K+, mt phn Ca2+. Chng cng l cht to nn tn hiu t bo. + Cc kim loi xc tc: cc kim loi cn li: Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, Mo, V, Quan h gia hai cch phn loi trn c th c tng hp trong bng sau. Bulk Metals Trace metals Na, K, Mg and Ca (catalytic metals) V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo Na+ and K+ are charge carriers and V used in nitrogen fixation and are involved in maintaining the found in some oxidases and osmotic peroxidases. balance in the cell. Mo - involved in N2 fixation + Mg2+ - forms complexes oxygen atom transfer. with ATP and DNA and is Mn - photosynthesis water found in some enzymes ~ splitting enzyme also found in e.g. isomerases, hydrolases etc. some oxidases. Ca2+ - is involved in: cell signalling; Fe involved in electron transfer, O2 structures e.g. bone, and as a transport, storage and charge carrier. activation, also important for N2 fixation. Co - found in vitamin B12 involved in alkyl transfer. Ni - found in hydrogenase 2H+ + 2e H2 Cu - involved in electron transfer, also O2 transport and activation Zn acts as a Lewis acid catalyses hydrolysis reactions in biology. Sometimes just has a simple role in stabilising protein structure.

Nhng c im cu to ca cc nguyn t quyt nh nhng tnh cht ca chng trong cc h sinh hc. Cc kim loi nhm 1 v 2 thng ng chc nng mang in tch v to cu trc cng nh duy tr mt tnh cht thm thu nht nh cc t bo trong cc h sinh hc. Chng l nhng kim loi ch c mt s oxy ho, v electron y.

Cc kim loi chuyn tip c mc oxy ho c nh, chng hn nh Zn(II), ng vai tr l nguyn t cu trc nh trong superoxit dismutase v trong zinc fingers, hoc ng vai tr nh mt ion kim loi nhm 2 mang in tch 2+, hoc mt trigger i vi tnh hot ng ca protein - ging nh Ca2+ trong calmodulin hoc troponin C. Lp v y electron ca n khng ging ca cc nguyn t phn nhm chnh nhm 1 v 2. Cc kim loi chuyn tip c nhiu s oxy ho thng ng vai tr cht chuyn electron nh kh nng thay i s oxy ho. Tm li, c th lit k nhng tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v ion sau y c vai tr quan trng i vi chc nng sinh hc ca cc nguyn t: + S oxy ho v kiu v electron. + in tch, bn knh, s phi tr. + Tnh cht nhit ng v ng hc (v d nhit hirat ho, hng s tc trao i phi t nc, ). + Tnh cht axit - baz Lewis. S sau y m t s tn ti ca cc kim loi trong cc h sinh hc theo chc nng sinh hc. Cc kim loi

Cht mang

Cht cu trc,

Cht vn chuyn

Cht xc tc

Cht chuyn

c trng cu phi tr v cc loi phi t sinh hc a thch ca cc kim loi c tp hp trong cc bng sau.

Mt cch phn loi n gin khc l phn chia cc kim loi theo mi trng sinh hc khc nhau. a - Trong dch ngoi t bo v trn mt ngoi ca mng t bo. b - Bn trong t bo, bt u t mt trong ca mng t bo trong pha nc, thng gi l dch t bo cht. c - Trong cc bo quan - nhng phn t bn trong t bo, gm c nhn v ty lp th. Cch phn loi theo mi trng tn ti ny rt quan trng hiu vai tr sinh hc ca cc nguyn t v n lin quan n thnh phn ho hc v mi trng to phc cng nh th oxy ho kh. Bng . S phn b ca cc nguyn t trong t bo sinh vt. Ngoi t bo Bo quan T bo cht Na, Ca, K, Mg K, Mg Cu (Mo) Fe, Co, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn Co, Zn Cl, Si P (S) P (S) Al Se Se Gia cc mi trng t bo c c ch c bit vn chuyn ion cung cp cho cc nhu cu ca chng (bm ion). V d in hnh c nghin cu kh k cng l bm Na+ K+ to ra mt dng trao i cc ion ny gia bn trong v ngoi t bo qua mng t bo. 3.2. Ho hc cc hp cht c kim sinh hc Quy tc 18 e v 16 e i vi cc phc cht c kim c th c ng dng trong cc h sinh hc. Trong cc h ny, cc e ho tr ca kim loi chuyn tip c in vo cc b AO 4s, 3d v 4p hoc 5s, 4d v 5p. Cc cu hnh bn nht c xc nh l 18e s2d10p6, khc vi cc nguyn t nhm chnh 10 e trn AO d. Cc phc cht hoc hp cht tun theo quy tc 18 e bi cc e ho tr ca kim loi v cc e ca phi t. Nhiu phc cht ca kim loi bn cu hnh 16e (quy tc 16e), c bit l cc phc cht vung phng v cc phc cht lin kt vi cc vng thm qua h e pi. Chng hn metallocen lin kt vi DNA v l cc cht chng ung th. Cht chng ung th cisplatin, cis-icloroiamin platin(II) cng tun theo quy tc 16e. Mt s trng hp minh ho c nu sau y.

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Nhiu phc cht chm (cluster) cha cc lin kt M-M, chng c tnh 1e cho mi kim loi trong lin kt. Mt s phc cht lm v d n gin minh ho trong hnh 1.9. Cc cluster Fe-S khng th s dng quy tc 18e v 16e, m c mt s m hnh khc thch hp hn.

One method treats the number of metal atoms and the metalmetal bonds in a cluster according to the following formula11: XValence electrons no: of cluster Me atoms _18_no: of metal--metal bonds_2 Applying this formula to the cubane [(Fe(II))4(Z5-C5H5)4(m3 S)4] shown in Figure 1.10A results in the following electron count: X Valence electrons 4_18_6_2 60 electrons the so-called magic number for four metal atoms in a cluster. If one applies the same procedure to Figure 1.10B, an ironsulfur cluster often used as a model for those in biological systems, the same magic number of 60 would be obtained. Cluster magic numbers would occur as 48 e for a triangular clusters, 60 e for tetrahedral, 72 e for trigonal bipyramidal, 74 e for square pyramidal, 86 e for octahedral, 90 e for trigonal prisms, and 120 e for cubic structures. For biological systems such as ferredoxins, problems arise when counting electrons by the valence electron method. This system assumes six FeFe bonds

11

within the tetrahedral ironsulfur clusters, but FeFe bond distances within biological iron sulfur clusters as found by X-ray crystallography do not often indicate FeFe bonds. As discussed in reference 11, it is known that for the Fe4S4 cubane found in biological systems, oxidations are accompanied by increasing distortion of the cubane frame. Also, 57Fe Mossbauer spectra indicate that the four iron atoms remain equivalent, suggesting delocalization within the FeS framework. Nitrogenase ironsulfur clusters (discussed in Chapter 6) deviate substantially from the rules for [Fe4S4] clusters discussed here.

Mt phng php x l s nguyn t M v s lin kt M-M tnh s e ho tr nh sau

p dng cng thc ny i vi lp phng 1.10 nh sau:

trong hnh

c gi l con s k o i vi 4 nguyn t trong cluster. Nu p dng nh trn i vi cho hnh 1.10B, mt cluster Fe-S thng c s dng nh mt m hnh cho cc h sinh hc, th cng thu c con s k o 60 e. Cc s k o i vi cc h cluster l 48e vi cc cluster tam gic, 60 i vi t din, 74 i vi chp vung, 86 i vi bt din, 90 i vi lng tr tam gic v 120 i vi lp phng. Vi cc h sinh hc nh ferredoxins, c nhng vn xut hin khi tnh s e ho tr theo cch trn. H ny c 6 lin kt Fe-Fe trong mt cluster t din, nhng cc khong cch Fe-Fe xc nh c bng X-ray khng xc nhn s tn ti lin kt Fe-Fe. Ngi ta bit rng vi cc cu trc lp phng Fe4S4trong cc h sinh hc, s oxy ho thng km theo tng s bin dng ca khung lp phng. Ph Mosbauer cng ch ra rng bn nguyn t Fe vn tng ng, chng t c s bt nh x trong cu trc khung Fe-S. Cluster Fe-S ca nitrogenase l dn xut th t cc quy tc di vi Fe4S4 y. 3.3. S chuyn electron

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Nhiu phn ng c xc tc bng cc metalloemzym c s chuyn e. Mt trng hp n gin nht l cc phn ng chuyn e c thc hin khi c s lng nh nhau cht oxy ho v cht kh v s cc kim loi chuyn electron nh nhau nh trong phng tnh phn ng sau:

Noncomplementary reactions, as shown in equation 1.26, involve unequal numbers of oxidants and reductants because the number of electrons gained or lost by each metal differs.6 Noncomplementary reactions, especially for large biomolecules, must proceed by a number of bimolecular steps because the possibility of termolecular or higher-order collisions is very small. Mn7 5Fe2 ! Mn2 5Fe3 1:26 Two types of electron transfer mechanisms are defined for transition metal species. Outer-sphere electron transfer occurs when the outer, or solvent, coordination spheres of the metal centers is involved in transferring electrons. No reorganization of the inner coordination sphere of either reactant takes place during electron transfer. A reaction example is depicted in equation 1.27: [Fe(CN)6] 4_ + RhCl2_ 6 ! FeIIICN3_ 6 RhIIICl3_ 6 1:27 Inner-sphere electron transfers involve the inner coordination sphere of the metal complexes and usually take place through a bridging ligand. The classic example, typical of those studied and explained by H. Taube,12 is illustrated by Figure 1.11s

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2. Cc loi phi t trong cc h sinh hc: cc cch phn loi v c im ca cc loi phi t sinh hc. 1. Cc phi t ni sinh v phi t ngoi sinh: C s: da vo ngun gc sinh hc/phi sinh hc ca cc phi t. * Cc phi t ni sinh: nhng phi t c to thnh trong c th sng, chng hn cc protein, lipit, ng, vitamin, * Cc phi t ngoi sinh l nhng phi t m c th tip nhn t bn ngoi, chng hn nh H2O, OH-, O2, CO, NO, 2. Cc phi t baz cng v phi t baz mm C s: phn loi theo tnh cht cng - mm ca chng, s dng quan im axit - baz Lewis v khi nim cng - mm ca Pearson. ? Nhc li cc khi nim axit - baz Lewis, tnh cng/ mm ca cc axit - baz v c s nhn bit cc axit hay baz cng hay mm. Trong cc h sinh hc thng gp cc nguyn t cho O, N, S. Cc phi t c nguyn t cho O v N thuc loi phi t baz cng. Tnh cng ca phi t cha N c th gim i khi n nm trong cc phn t c cc orbital trng, chng hn cc h d vng thm cha N. Cc phi t c nguyn t cho S thuc loi baz mm. * Trong s cc phi t ngoi sinh, CO, NO, S2-, H2S hay HS- thuc loi baz mm, H2O, OH-, O2-, O2-, O22-, PO43-, Cl- thuc loi cng, nhng Cl- tng i mm hn do vn cn AO 3d trng. * Mt s phi t ni sinh thng gp c th phn loi nh sau: Nguyn t cho N: Histidine (His, H) has imidazole as a side-chain (note that either nitrogen of the imidazole ring can bind to a metal ion - tautomeric equilibrium). Aspartic acid (Asp, D) and Glutamic acid (Glu, E) c mch nhnh carboxylate, baz cng.

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His, H

- Cc phi t vng ln: tetrapyrrole

Loi phi t ny thng lin kt cng ho tr vi protein thnh nhm tr enzym cng vi mt kim loi. Nguyn t cho O: -Cacboxylat: aspactat Asp, D; glutamat Glu, E; baz cng.

Asp, D Glu, E - Phenolat: tyrosine (Tyr, Y) c mch nhnh phenolic.

Tyr, Y Nguyn t cho S: - Thioete v thiolat: methionine (Met, M) c nhm thioete, cystein c nhm thiolat mch bn, baz mm.

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Met, M

Cys, C Other ligands can be provided by prosthetic groups e.g. porphyrin (as in myoglobin) /corrin (as in vitamin B12) / chlorophyll etc. 3. Cc phi t polime sinh hc S tn ti cc polime sinh hc t cc loi phn t n gin trong c th l nt c trng nht ca cc h sinh hc. C 3 loi polime sinh hc quan trng nht: polisacarit, protit v axit nucleic. Chng ta xem xt thnh phn, cu trc v kh nng lin kt vi cc kim loi trong c th ca chng. 3.1. Polisacarit n v cu trc ca cc polisacarit l cc ng n. Ph bin nht l tinh bt, glucogen v xenluloz - u gm cc n v l Dglucoz.

Polime ca dng to thnh tinh bt v glucogen, ca dng to ra xenluloz. Cc polime ny c th to thnh cc phc cht vi nhiu ion kim loi nh c cc nhm chc OH trong phn t. 3.2. Protit

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Protit l dng polime sinh hc quan trng nht ca sinh vt. Chng c to thnh t 21 aminoaxit khc nhau c cng thc dng chung l H2N-CHR-COOH. S polime ho cc aminoaxit xy ra bng cch ngng t to thnh cc mi lin kt peptit -CO - NHc trng cu trc ca cc protit: + Cu trc bc 1: l trt t cc aminoaxit trong mch polipeptit. + Cu trc bc 2: cu trc xon hay cu trc song song/i song , Cu trc xon ca mch polipeptit l dng xon phi, to bi cc lin kt hiro gia N-H vi C=O ca cc aminoaxit cch nhau 4 mt peptit. Kch thc vng xon c 5,4 A. Mi aminoaxit tng ng vi s quay 1000 v ko di mch 1,5A, ngha l mi vng xon c khong 3,5 aminoaxit. Cu trc dui khng xon. + Cu trc bc 3: l cu trc cun gp khc ca chui protein. Cu trc ny c to thnh nh cc on tip xc ca mch polipeptit to thnh cc lin kt vi nhau gia cc mch cu trc bc 2 nh cc tng tc yu nh tng tc k nc (khi gia cc nhm th ca vng thm), s to thnh cc cu isulfua, cc lin kt hiro hay lin kt ion. + Cu trc bc 4 c to thnh t mt s n v cu trc bc 3 bi cc tng tc phi ho tr. V mt ho hc, tt c cc aminoaxit, cc peptit v protit u c th tc dng vi cc ion kim loi to thnh cc phc cht nh s c mt cc nguyn t cho N, O v mt s aminoaxit cn c nguyn t cho S. Chng thuc cc nhm chc amin, cacboxilic, thioete, thiol, phenol, (xem phn trn). c bit l mt s protit cha trong thnh phn ca n nhng nhm cu trc vng ln tetrapyrol - nhm ny thng to thnh phc cht vi ion kim loi. Cc nhm ny c th l porphin, porphirin, chlorin hay corin (xem hnh trn). Khi to phc cc nguyn t H trong vng nhm NH c th b th bi ion kim loi. Cu trc phc to thnh bi ion kim loi nm trong ca s ca vng tetrapyrol tn ti trong nhiu phn t sinh hc quan trng, chng hn phc cht st vi porphirin 18

trong hemoglobin, mioglobin, catalaza, peoxidaza, cytochrom, phc cht cha magie vi porphirin trong clorophil, ion ng to phc vi porphirin trong protit turaxin 3.3. Cc axit nucleic Cc axit nucleic cng l mt loi polime sinh hc quan trng to nn t cc nucleotit. Mi nucleotit bao gm 3 thnh phn: + Mt baz d vng B cha nit. + Mt gc ng pentose. + Mt hoc vi nhm photphat.

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Thng gp nht B thuc loi purin hoc pyrimidin + Purin l cc baz c cu trc gm mt d vng pyrimidin gn vi mt d vng imidazol. + Pyrimidin l cc hp cht hu c thm d vng ging benzen v pyridin, cha 2 nguyn t N v tr 1 v 3 trong vng 6. Gc ng thng l ng vng 5 (pentose), thuc 2 dng: ribose v deoxyribose. Do ngi ta phn loi cc axit nucleic theo s khc nhau v gc ng thnh DNA v RNA. Cn ch : thymin ch c trong DNA, cn uracil ch c trong RNA.

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Adenosin monophotphat Adenosin iphotphat Adenosin triphotphat Cc axit nucleic c to thnh t s ln cc nucleotit lin kt vi nhau theo mch thng to nn bi vic dng chung cc nguyn t O ca gc photphat vi gc ng C3v C5. Cc phn t DNA thng tn ti dng mch xon kp to bi cc lin kt hiro nh s nh hng vo bn trong ca cc baz nit, cn cc gc photphat th hng ra ngoi vng xon kp. Cc nhm chc photphat cng nh OH hay N baz u c kh nng to phc kh tt vi nhiu ion kim loi. 3.4. Lipit Lipit l mt trong 4 loi polime sinh hc c bn. Chng l este ca glixerin vi cc axit bo v gc photphat c gn vi mt baz hay ru. Tu thuc vo bn cht gc axit, ngi ta phn loi thnh photpholipit, sunfolipit, glicolipit. Cc phn t lipit c th kt hp vi nhau to thnh cc ht mixen c cu trc hng phn c cc ra ngoi nn d tng tc vi cc thnh phn ca nc.

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Cc phn t lipit tham gia vo to thnh cc mng t bo (photpholipit) v mt s polime quan trng khc. 3.5. Mt s phi t khc Trong c th cng tn ti mt vi loi phn t khc. Chng hn cc tr enzym, vitamin,

Coenzym A.

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S di chuyn ca cp electron trong qu trnh deproton ho axit ascorbic.

Cn bng tautome ho gia dng enol v dng 1,3 - ixeton ca axit ascorbic.
HO

HO

OH

O HN S NH O OH

Pyridoxin- vitamin B6.

Biotin - vitamin H (B7)

Mc du sinh hc ch c s bin thin hn ch v cc phi t, nhng n vn c th to ra nhng cu trc khng gian phi tr rt phong ph, khng c v n gin nh trong cc h v c. Cc khng gian ny c th b p t vo kim loi bi nng lng "cun gp ca protein. iu ny cho php cc metaloprotein to thnh nhng v tr duy nht.

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3. Mt s loi phi t thng gp: 3. 1. Cc protein v axit amin

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4. Cc protein bm v vn ti: c ch hot ng ca cc bm ion, s vn chuyn oxy bng cc metaloprotein. 4.1. Bm natri - kali (C ch bm Na+ v K+ qua mng t bo ngc vi gradien nng )

4.2. Cht vn chuyn oxy cha st (Cu trc v tnh cht mang oxy ca myoglobin v haemoglobin).

5. Cc metaloenzym

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6. Ho y dc v c

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