LI GII THIU

Trong nhng nm gn y, x l hnh nh (image processing) t c nhiu

thnh tu v tin b vt bc. Trong , nhn dng v phn loi hnh nh l mt trong
nhng lnh vc c theo ui mt cch tch cc nht. tng ct li ca vic nhn
dng v phn loi hnh nh l phn tch nh t cc d liu thu c bi cc cm bin
hnh nh nh camera, Webcam, Nh cc h thng x l nh, con ngi gim
c khi lng cng vic cng nh tng s chnh xc trong vic a ra cc quyt
nh lin quan n x l hnh nh trn nhiu lnh vc: qun s v quc phng, cc h
thng k ngh ho sinh, gii phu, cc h thng giao thng thng minh, robotics, cc
h thng an ninh
Nhn dng v phn tch nh l mt lnh vc lin ngnh. thc hin tt cng
vic nhn dng v phn tch ny, i hi ngi nghin cu phi am hiu nhiu lnh
vc trong c bit l cc lnh vc lin quan ti cm bin, cc h thng x l nh,
cc gii thut x l hnh nh/tn hiu, VLSI, phn cng v phn mm, cc h thng
tch hp
Mc ch ca lun vn ny l trnh by mt phng php nhn dng vt th da
trn thut ton kth-law ECP-SDF. Theo , ti s ln lt trnh by v c s l thuyt
ca vic x l nh, nhn dng vt th,chng trnh MATLAB vi cc hp cng c v
kho st v x l nh(image acquisition toolbox v image processing toolbox), cc gii
thut lin quan: FFT, Kth-law ECP-SDF v chng trnh m phng nhn dng vt bt
bin theo t l.
Bi thi gian hn hp cng v nhiu hn ch v kin thc trong lnh vc ht sc
mi m ny, ti mong lun vn ny s trnh by mt s hiu bit tng i v x l
nh ni chung v nhn dng vt th ni ring. ng thi, hy vng rng trong mt
tng lai khng xa s c iu kin ng dng nhng nghin cu t c trong lun
vn ny vo thc t.
Trong qu trnh hon thnh lun vn, ti xin c bit cm n ti Ths Nguyn th
Thanh Vn v PGS.TS Trn Quanh Vinh. ng thi ti cng xin cm n tt c cc
thy c gio dy ti trong sut 4 nm hc qua ti trng i hc Cng Ngh, i
hc Quc gia H Ni.
CHNG 1
M U
1.1. Bi ton nhn dng vt th v mc ch ca lun vn
Cho n nay vic s dng cc cm bin hnh nh nh camera, Webcam, tr
nn ht sc ph bin trong i thng cng nh trong lnh vc x l nh. Vic s
dng chng trnh MATLAB nh mt cng c hu ch trong x l hnh nh cng
khng cn xa l i vi nhiu ngi. Tuy vy, nhn dng vt th vn l mt lnh vc
ht sc hp dn v cn nhiu iu cn khm ph.
D cho cc cng ngh v nhn dng v phn loi nh t c nhiu thnh
tu ng ch , lnh vc ny vn phi i mt vi nhiu vn ln v k thut cn
gii quyt. Cc vn ny thng bao gm: s mo ca vt th do mi trng c
nhiu, gc quay t cm bin hnh nh ti vt th. i khi s thay i ca vt th cn
nhn dng khng c biu din mt cch chnh xc do cc gii thut c ng dng
vi tp d liu hn ch. Ngoi ra, cn nhiu vn ny sinh trong thc t lm cho vt
cn nhn dng b mo trong qu trnh x l hnh nh. Trong cc iu kin thc t
kh khn ny, mt h thng nhn dng ng tin cy cn phi thc thi c chc nng
nhn dng v phn loi theo thi gian thc vi t l chun xc cao. Do , vic ci tin
v pht trin cc h thng x l nh cng nh cc gii thut l iu ht sc cn thit
i vi nhn dng v phn loi vt th cn s chnh xc v tc cao.
c nhiu k thut c pht trin v ng dng trong lnh vc nhn dng v
phn loi vt th: nhn dng ng bin, nhn dng qua mu sc vt th, cc thut
ton lc nhiu, tuy nhin phn ln cc k thut ny gp kh khn do vt th b thay
i v hnh dng di cc gc quay khc nhau ca cm bin hnh nh. Lun vn ny
trnh by mt k thut hiu qu gii quyt vn . l k thut nhn dng vt
th da trn thut ton kth-law ECP-SCF. ng thi, trong khun kh lun vn ny ti
cng gii thiu chng trnh nhn dng vt th theo thi gian thc dng thut ton ny
c vit trn MATLAB.
1.2. T chc lun vn
Lun vn c trnh by thnh chng.
Chng 1, tc gi trnh by tm tt v vn cn gii quyt cng nh t chc
ca lun vn.
Chng 2 Tng quan v x l nh Nhn dng vt th, tc gi trnh by v cc
khi nim thng gp v cc giai on trong x l nh ni chung v nhn dng vt th
ni ring.
Chng 3 Nhn dng vt bng x l nh, tc gi gii thiu v cc phng php
chung nht trong nhn dng vt th qua vic s dng cc hm: tng quan tuyn tnh
v tng quan phi tuyn. ng thi trnh by v l thuyt ca bin i Fourier ri
rc(DFT), bin i Fourier nhan (FFT) cng nh thut ton ca b lc tng hp ECP-
SDF bc k.
Chng 4 X l nh vi Matlab, tc gi gii thiu v chng trnh matlab v ng
dng Matlab trong x l nh. ng thi tc gi gii thiu v cc hp cng c x l
nh (image processing toolbox) v thu nhn nh (image acquisition toolbox) cng cc
lnh thng dng.
Chng 5 Thc nghim v kt qu, tc gi trnh by v cc b lc n, b lc
tng hp ECP-SDF bc k v th nghim p dng cc b lc trong nhn dng vt. ng
thi, trong chng ny tc gi cng a ra cc kin nh gi v cc kh khn, gii
php khc phc v cc ng dng c th dng ti b lc tng hp ECP-SDF bc k.
CHNG 2
TNG QUAN V X L NH - NHN DNG VT TH
2.1 X l nh (s) v cc khi nim lin quan:
2.1.1 X l nh (s)
X l nh (s) l mt dng ca x l tn hiu trong u vo l mt hnh nh
(cc bc nh, cc khung hnh) v u ra ca qu trnh x l nh c th l mt hnh nh
khc hoc l mt tp cha cc tnh cht hoc tham s lin quan ti hnh nh . Phn
ln cc k thut x l nh th thng qui v vic x l hnh nh nh l mt tn hiu 2
chiu ri s dng cc k thut x l tn hiu x l n.
2.1.2 Cc khi nm lin quan:
* im nh(Picture Element)
Gc ca nh(nh t nhin) l nh lin tc v khng gian v sng. x l
bng my tnh(s), nh cn phi c s ho. S ho nh l s bin i gn ng mt
nh lin tc thnh mt tp im ph hp vi nh tht v v tr(khng gian) v sng
(mc xm). Khong cch gia im nh c thit lp sao cho mt ngi khng
phn bit c ranh gii gia chng. Mi mt im nh vy gi l im nh (PEL:
Picture Element) hay gi tt l Pixel. Trong khun kh nh hai chiu, mi Pixel ng
vi cp ta (x,y).
Nh vy, im nh (Pixel) l mt phn t ca nh s ti to (x,y) vi xm
hoc mu nht nh. Kch thc v khong cch gia cc im nh c chn thch
hp sao cho mt ngi cm nhn s lin tc v kkhong gian v mc xm (hoc mu)
ca nh s gn nh nh tht. Mi phn t trong ma trn c gi l mt phn t nh.
* phn gii ca nh
Theo nh ngha trn thi mi Pixel gm mt cp to (x,y) v mu. phn
gii ca nh chnh l tch s ca gi tr ln nht ca x vi gi tr ln nht ca y.
VD: Mn hnh my tnh c nhiu loi vi phn giI khc nhau: mn hnh
CGA (Color Graphic Adaptor) c phn giI 320 x 200; mn hnh VGA (Video
Graphic Array) phn giI 1280 x 800;
R rng mn hnh c phn giI cng cao th ta c cm gic n cng mn hn
so vi loi c phn giI thp hn.
* Mc xm (Gray level)
Mc xm l kt qu s m ho tng ng mt cng sng ca mi im nh
vi mt gi tr s kt qu ca qu trnh lng t ho.
Cc thang gi tr mc xm thng thng: 16,32,64,128,256. Trong mc 256
c dng rt ph bin do my tnh dng 1 byte(8 bit) biu din mc xm, m mc
xm li dng 1 byte biu din: 2
8
=256 mc, tc l t mc 0 n mc 255.
nh en trng: l nh c hai mu en, trng (khng cha mu khc ) vi mc
xm cc im nh c th khc nhau.
nh nh phn: nh ch c 2 mc en trng phn bit tc ding 1 bit m t 2
1
mc
khc nhau hay mi im nh nh phn chi c 1 trong 2 gi tr hoc l 1 hoc l 2.
nh mu: vi mi im nh th ngi ta dung 3 byte m t mc mu (do th
gii mu c to nn t 3 mu c bn: (red), lc(blue) v l(green)). Do c 2
8*3
=2
24
=16,7 triu mu.
* Biu din nh
Trong biu din nh, ngi ta thng dng cc phn t c trng ca nh l
pixel. Do ta c th biu din mt nh bi mt hm 2 bin chac thng tin. Cc m
hnh biu din nh cho ta mt m t l gic hay nh lng cc tnh cht ca hm ny.
Cht lng nh hoc tnh hiu qu ca cc k thut x l ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
nh: phn giI, nhiu,...
x l c nh, th nh phI c ly mu (sample) rI lng t ho
(quantization). Tc l u tin chuyn t nh tng t sang nh s sau lu gi tr
ca tng im nh vi mt s hu hn cc mc xm.
* Tng cng v khi phc nh
Tng cng nh (image enhancement):
Khi nh c chuyn t dng ny sang dng khc bi cc qu trnh nh: truyn
nh, qut nh, th nh nhn c thng c cht lng thp hn so vi nh ban u.
gip ngi ta c th quan st bc nh mt cch chnh xc hn th i hi phi c
bin php nng cao cht lng nh. Qa trnh ny c gi l tng cng nh
(image enhancement).
Tng cng nh gip loi b cc suy gim (degradation) gy ra bi h thng x
l hoc knh x l nh. Ngy nay, nhu cu pht trin cc h thng t ng cho vic
x l hnh nh ngy cng pht trin, ko theo n l s cn thit trong vic loi b sai
s cng nh cc yu t nhiu trong qa trnh x l. Do , tng cng nh c th c
coi nh mt tp hp cc k thut nng cao cht lng hnh nh ng thi tp hp
ny cng c ding nng cao chnh xc trong qu trnh tm kim t ng v
chuyn i dng ca bc nh.
Cc k thut tng cng nh c th k n: k thut tng phn (contrast), nh
x (mapping- gn mi mc xm t nh gc vi mt mc xm khc ca nh c
bin dch), Ni chung, cc k thut tng cng nh ny u nhm mc ch t
c kt qa tt nht. Nhng k thut ny thng da trn cc s kt hp gia cc
phng php bin i trn min khng gian v min tn s.
KhI phc nh (image restoration):
KhI phc nh l qu trnh loi b cc suy gim (degradation) trong nh. C
nhiu nguyn nhn dn n s suy gim.
Khi camera khng tp trung tiu c mt cch hp l c th dn n bc nh b
nhe.
Khi chp nh trong iu kin thi tit khng thun li: sng m, qa nng
nng, cng c th lm cho bc nh b nhe.
Chp nh cc vt ang chuyn ng cng c th gy nhe cho bc nh.
Do c nhiu nguyn nhn gy nn suy gim nh v vy, i vi mi loi nguyn
nhn phI c cc cch phc hi khc nhau. KhI phc nh phn ln c thc hin
bng cch tm ra cc giI thut nhm phc hi li cc thng tin b tht lc trong qu
trnh x l nh.
Chng ta cng cn phn bit tng cng nh vi khI phc nh: trong khi tng
cng nh nhm tng cht lng ca bc nh th khI phc nh nhm a li hnh nh
gc ca bc nh b suy gim. Cc k thut tng cng nh khng p dng c vi
khI phc nh.
*. Bin i nh (image transformation)
Thut ng bin i nh thng dng ni ti cc k thut dng bin i nh.
y nh c th c coi nh mt chui cc tn hiu mt chiu c biu din bi
cc hm c s. C nhiu bin i c dng nh: bin i Fourier, cosin, sin,
karhumen loeve,
Trong khun kh lun vn ny, phn sau tI s trnh by v cc bin i
Fourier: DFT, FFT, IDFT, y l cc bin i rt ph dng v c tI thc t
p dng trong qu trnh nghin cu.
* Phn tch nh (image analysis)
Sau cc bc tin x l nh, nh c tng cng hay c khi phc lm
ni cc c trng ch yu. Lc ny n bt u c a vo qu trnh phn tch. Qu
trnh phn tch nh gm cc cng on: trch chn cc c tnh (feature extraction),
phn on nh (segmentation) thnh cc phn t. Tu theo mc ch ca vic x l,
cc giai on tip theo ca qu trnh phn tch nh c th l nhn dng nh (phn thnh
cc lp c miu t) hay l giI thch v miu t nh. Hnh 1. m t tm lc cc bc
ca qu trnh phn tch nh:
Hnh v trang 115
Hnh 1. Cc bc trong phn tch nh
Phn tch nh thng da trn vic phn tch cc c trng ca nh: mt xm,
phn b xc sut, phn b khng gian, bin nh,
2.1.3.Nhn dng v phn loi nh (recognition and classification of image
partterns)
* Nhn dng nh (recognition of image partterns):
Khi mt bc nh c phn on, nhim v tip theo l nhn dng vt th
hoc vng c phn on. Mi mt vt th l mt thnh phn trong nh v cc
nh u ra ca
qu trnh tin XL
Trch chn
c tnh
Phn
on
Phn
loi
GiI thch
gi tr o c l cc c tnh ca thnh phn . Mt tp cc vt th cng c cc c
tnh ging nhau c gi l mt lp vt th(pattern class).
Theo c th nh ngha, nhn dng l qu trnh phn loi cc i tng c
biu din theo mt m hnh no v gn cho chng vo mt lp (gn cho i tng
mt tn gi) da theo nhng quy lut v cc mu chun.
S nhn dng nh thng da trn nhiu tnh cht ca vt v vi mi tnh cht
u c cc k thut nhn dng khc nhau. VD: Mi ch cI trong ting Anh u l mt
tp cc ng thng ng, ngang, cho hoc cong. Trong khi ch A c m t bi
2 ng cho v mt ng nm ngang th ch B c m t bi mt ng thng
ng vi 2 on cong. Mt s tnh cht ca cc vt th 2 hoc 3 chiu l din tch, th
tch, chu vi, b mt, c th o c thng qua vic tnh ton s pixel. Tng t
nh vy, bang ca mt vt c c trng bi ng bin ca n. Mt s tham s
xc nh bang ca mt vt l cac m-ment bt bin (invariant moment), ng trung
bnh (medial axis) ca vt th
Mu ca mt vt cng l c im ht sc quan trng c dng trong nhn
dng. K thut dng pht hin cc c tnh ca vt th gi l k thut trch chn c
tnh (feature extraction). Khi vt th c miu t nh mt tp cc c tnh. S la
chn v tch ly cc tnh cht thch hp c coi nh l vn c bn u tin trong
nhn dng nh.
* Phn loi thnh phn nh (classification of image patterns)
Phn loi l mt cng on quan trng trong qu trnh nhn dng vt. c
nhiu k thut phn loi c s dng trong vic nhn dng thnh phn. Mt s k
thut phn loi c bit nh l nhng k thut l thuyt chnh xc. Vi nhng k
thut l thuyt chnh xc ny, phn loi mt thnh phn cha bit c quyt nh da
trn mt s nguyn tc hoc xc nh hoc c ngha thng k hoc thm ch I
khi cn cha c xc nh r. Hnh 1. th hin qu trnh phn loi
Cc k thut nhn dng vt c mu chun c chia lm 2 loi chnh:
1.Phng php phn loi da trn vic thu nhn c gim st(supervised
learning).
2.Phng php phn loi s dng cc k thut khng cn gim
st(nonsupervised learning).
Cc gii thut phn loi c gim st c th c phn thnh cc loi nh hn:
* Phn loi da vo tham s (Parametric classifiers)
* Phn loi khng cn tham s (Nonparametric classifiers)
i vi phn loi c gim st da trn tham s, thit b phn loi ly mu vi
mt tp gm nhiu mu thnh phn xc nh nhm tnh ton cc thng s thng k ca
mi loi thnh phn nh: trung bnh s hc, cng sai Cc vector c tnh u vo
t c trong thi gian ly mu ca phn loi c gim st c coi nh cc bin
Guass.
Cc gii thut khng cn gim st thng c s dng trong cc b phn loi
theo khong cch nh nht (minimum distance classifer) v b phn loi tng ng
ln nht (maximum likelihood classifier).
Ngc li, mt s thng s khng c quan tm trong phng php phn loi
co gim st khng cn tham s. Mt s k thut ca loi ny l: K im ln cn gn
nht (K-nearest neighbors), ca s Parzen (Parzen window)
i vi cc phng php phn loi khng cn gim st, b phn loi s chia ton
b tp thng tin da trn mt s tiu chun tng ng. iu ny cho kt qu l mt
tp cc thnh phn trong mi thnh phn thuc v mt lp c th no .
Vt cn Kt qu
kim tra phn
loi
Vt mu
Trch chn
c tnh
Trch chn
c tnh
Thu nhn
thng tin
B phn loi
CHNG 3
NHN DNG VT BNG X L NH
3.1.Tng quan tuyn tnh v tng quan phi tuyn
Mt i lng tng quan cho php tnh ta mc ging nhau gia 2 vt. Biu
thc ton hc th hin s tng quan gia 2 hm s s(x,y) v r(x,y) c nh ngha
bi:
( ) ( ) { ( ) } y x r y x TF y x c , , ,
*
^
1

(3.1.1)
Trong biu thc th du hoa th biu din cho tnh lin hp phc v th hin
tng quan cho. Nu nh cc hm s s(x,y) v r(x,y) th hin mt bc nh c phn
tch v mt mu tham chiu th tng quan gia chng chnh l pht o s trng khp
gia cc vt trong bc nh i vi mu tham chiu. Theo , s tng quan c th
c coi nh mt s tnh ton cp ging nhau gia chng.
S tng quan cng c th c biu din bi cc bin i Fourier. Nu nh k
hiu ^ biu din cho bin i Fourier, hm tng quan c biu din bi (3.1.1) c
th c biu din bi phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

d d y x r s y x r y x s y x c , , , , ,
*
(3.1.2)
Trong TF
-1
l bin i Fourier.
Phng trnh (3.1.2) cho thy t l tng quan gia 2 hm s c th tnh ton
c bng cch nhn cc bin i fourier trong min tn s v sau nghch a tch
s ny. Cc h th hin s tng quan c gi l cc hm tng quan. Mi hm
tng quan cho php x l theo thi gian thc mt d lng thng tin ln.
Cc hm tng quan c m t bi phng trnh(3.1.1) c rt nhiu hn ch khi
c thm cc thnh phn nhiu nn. Thm vo , cc hm tng quan ny khng cn
chnh xc khi bc nh b mo do t l thay i, vt b di chuyn hay iu kin nh
sng khng n nh. p dng cc k thut lc trong khng gian khc nhau trc khi
thc hin bin hi Fourier trong min tn s cho php khc phc nhng vn ny. V
d: vic nhn dng cc vt b nh hng bi cc bin i t l cng nh gc quay l
hon ton c th thc hin.
Mt ton t phi tuyn tc ng n cc bin i Fourier ca bc nh v mu
tham chiu c gi l mt hm tng quan phi tuyn. Hm tng quan phi tuyn
thng c s dng do cc c tnh u vit ca n so vi hm tng quan tuyn tnh
trn nhiu kha cnh nh kh nhiu, kh nng phn bit... Vi cc b x l bc k, ton
t phi tuyn c p dng mt cch i xng vi bc nh cng nhuew vi bin i
Fourier tham chiu:
1
]
1

^
exp | | ) sgn( ) (
^ ^ ^
f
k
i f f f g
, k 1 (4.1.3)
Tham s k kim sot kh nng ca hm phi tuyn c p dng. VD: vi k=1
tng ng vi mt k thut lc tuyn tnh; vi k=0 tng ng vi mt k thut phi
tuyn nh phn; cc gi tr khc ca k cho php thay i c tnh ca ton t phi tuyn
) (
^
f g
cng nh thay i tnh cht ca hm tng quan (VD kh nng phn bit hoc
bt bin i vi cng sang). Ch s k chnh xc ch t c khi c mt s biu
din chnh xc ca hm tng quan.
Biu ca mt b x l tng quan phi tuyn
3.2 Cc k thut lc phi tuyn trong nhn dng theo t l
xy dng cc h thng nhn dng vt theo t l th c nhiu cch tip cn
khc nhau. im chung nht gia cc hng tip cn l yu cu ca vic lu tr thong
tin da trn cc iu kin mo khc nhau nh hng ti i tng.
Cch thng dng nht lu gi thng tin ca s mo ca i tng l thit k
mt b lc n gin cho mi loi mo. Khi ta nhc ti vic thit lp mt b lc
thng di. xc nh liu i tng c b mo hay khng trong bc nh cn x l
cn phi tng quan bc nh vi nhiu b lc vi cc di thng khc nhau. Do , k
thut ny thng tn nhiu thi gian. Cc b lc tng hp c a ra nh l mt p
n cho vn ny.
Thng tin trong b lc tng hp thng cha cc cch nhn khc nhau i vi
i tng trong cc iu kin khc nhau (iu kin v gc nhn, t l tng quan,
chi) Vic tng hp tt c nhng thng tin ny trong mt b lc tng hp c thc
hin trong mt iu kin vi cc gii hn nht nh.
u im ln nht ca vic dung cc b lc tng hp so vi cc b lc thng di
l vic tit kim c thi gian trong qu trnh x l. Ch vi mt php tng quan
Bin i
Fourier
Cc k thut
lc phi tuyn
Bin i
Fourier
Cc k thut lc
phi tuyn
Bin i
Fourier
ngc
X
n gin c th so snh bc nh ca i tng vi tt c cc bc nh trong tp nh
tham chiu. Mc d vy, cc b lc tng hp thng thiu tnh chnh xc v kh nng
phn bit trong nhn dng. S lng bc nh mu c dung tham chiu trong b
lc tng hp c gii hn nhm a li kt qu x l tt nht.
Trong khun kh lun vn ny, cc b lc phi tuyn s dng mt phng Fourier
c s dng nh cc b lc phi tuyn tng hp. Cc kt qu th nghim cho thy
cc b lc phi tuyn trn mt phng Fourier c th thc thi tt cng vic ngay c trong
trng hp c nhiu loi nhiu khc nhau. Hm ECP-SDF bc k c s dng v
pht trin trong nhiu ng dng thc t v a li nhng kt qu ng tin cy. V
vy, ti xin php c s dng kt qu ca thut ton ny a vo chng trnh x l
nh ca mch nhm a ra mt gii php cho cng vic x l nh.
3.3 Thut ton Kth_law ECP-SDF (equal-correlation-peak synthetic
discriminant function) tm dch l hm phn bit v tng hp nh tun theo t l
tng quan.
t s
1
(x,y),s
2
(x,y),...,s
N
(x,y) biu din cho N bc nh c chn. t P l
tng s pixel ca mi bc nh. Thay cho mt ma trn biu din mt bc nh ta s
dng mt khi nim vector c trt t lexico*. Mi vector ct gm p phn t i din
cho mi bc nh bng cch ti sp xp cc hng trong ma trn. Cc phn t ca vector
c sp xp t tri qua phi v t trn xung di. Tip n chng ta s xy dng
mt bc nh d liu mu S c vector s
i
l ct th i ca n. Khi S s l mt ma trn
kch thc PxN. Khi , mt b lc tng hp c trt t lexico h(x,y) c biu din
bi cng thc:
( )
*
1
c S S S h

+
(3.3.1)
Trong :
S
+
l ma trn chuyn v phc lin hp ca S
()
-
biu din s nghch o ca ma trn
Vector c cha gi tr tng quan cho mong mun ln nht cho
mi bc nh
C* l vector phc lin hp ca c
Trong min tn s, (1) tr thnh:
*
1
^ ^ ^ ^
c S S S h

+

,
_

(3.3.2)
k hiu ^ biu din cho bin i Fourier. Khi b lc phi tuyn
tng hp h t c bng cch thay
^
S


(3.3.2) bi
^
k
S
. Vi
^
k
S
l mt ma trn phi
tuyn i vi mi phn t. Ton t tuyn tnh biu din cho phn t ca hng th r v
ct th l ca ma trn
^
k
S
c nh ngha bi:
|S
rl
|
k
exp(j
Srl
)
ng thi, b lc bc k tun theo hm ECP-SDF c xc nh bi cng thc:
*
1
^ ^ ^ ^
c S S S h
k k k k

+
1
1
]
1

,
_

(3.3.3)
3.4 BIN I FOURIER RI RC
Vic phn tch tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian trong min tn s thng c
thc hin rt hiu qu v tin li bng b vi x l tn hiu s. B vi x l ny c th l
my tnh c s dng cho cc mc ch chung hoc l mt thit b s chuyn dng.
thc hin vic phn tch ny, tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian {x(n} cn c chuyn
t min thi gian sang min tn s tng ng thng qua bin i Fourier X () ca
dy. Tuy vy, do X () l hm lin tc ca bin tn s nn c th thy vic x l bng
my tnh ca cch biu din ny l khng thun tin.
trnh nhc im nu trn c th a ra mt cch biu din khc ca {x(n}
biu din thng qua vic ly mu ph X () ca tn hiu. Nh vy, t biu din ca
tn hiu trong min tn s lin tc ta a n bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT). Bin
i ny l mt cng c rt hiu qu trong vic phn tch cc tn hiu ri rc theo thi
gian.
3.4.1. Ly mu trong min tn s v bin i Fourier ri rc
Trc khi nghin cu DFT, ta hy xt vic ly mu ca bin i Fourier i vi
dy tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian khng tun hon v qua y c th thit lp c
quan h gia bin i Fourier c ly mu v DFT.
* Ly mu trong min tn s v khi phc li tn hiu ri rc theo thi
gian
Chng ta bit rng mi tn hiu khng tun hon c nng lng hu hn u
c ph lin tc. Hy xt mt tn hiu khng tun hon ri rc theo thi gian x (n) vi
bin i Fourier:
X () =

n j
e n x

) (
(3.4.1)
Gi s tn hiu X () c ly mu tun hon v khong cch gia hai ln ly
mu lin tip l bng nhau v bng radian. Bi v X () l tun hon vi chu k 2
do vy ch cn xt n cc mu c ly trong min tn s c bn. Nu chn khong
tn s c bn l 0 2 v s lng mu c ly trong khong ny l N th
khong cch gia cc ln ly mu s l = 2/N xem hnh 4.1.
Nu nh gi (3.4.1) ti = 2k / N, ta nhn c:

,
_

N n j
e n x k
N
X
/ 2
) (
2

, k = 0, 1, , N-1 (3.4.2)
v y chnh l n mu c ly ca X ()
Ta hy chia tng trong (3.4.2) thnh mt s lng v hn cc tng, trong
mi tng c cha N phn t. Nh vy cng thc (3.4.2) c th c vit thnh:

+ +

,
_

1 1
0
/ 2 / 2
) ( ) ( ...
2
N n
N
n
N kn j N kn j
e n x e n x k
N
X

+ +
1 2 1
/ 2 / 2
) ( ... ) (
N
N n l
N lN
lN n
N kn j N kn j
e n x e n x

Nu ch s n ca tng bn trong c thay i thnh n lN v v tr ca hai
tng c thay i cho nhau ta s nhn c kt qu sau:

1
]
1

,
_

1
0
/ 2
) (
2
N
n
N kn j
l
e lN n x k
N
X

(3.4.3)
vi k = 0, 1, 2, , N-1.
Tn hiu:

) ( ) ( lN n x n x
p
(3.4.4)
l tn hiu nhn c do s xp chng ca v tn hiu x (n) t lch nhau mt chu k
l N. R rng rng x
p
(n) l tn hiu tun hon vi chu k c bn l N v do vy n c
th c khai trin qua chui Fourier bng cng thc sau:

1
0
/ 2
) (
N
k
N kn j
k p
e c n x

, n = 0, 1, , N-1 (3.4.5)
vi cc h s:

1
0
/ 2
) (
1
N
n
N kn j
p k
e n x
N
c

, k = 0, 1, , N-1 (3.4.6)
Bng cch so snh (3.4.3) vi (3.4.6) ta s c:

,
_

k
N
X
N
c
k
2 1
, k = 0, 1, , N-1 (3.4.7)
T u suy ra:

,
_

1
0
/ 2
2 1
) (
N
k
N kn j
p
e k
N
X
N
n x

, n = 0, 1, , N-1 (3.4.8)
Quan h c a ra bi (3.4.8) chnh l cng thc cho php khi phc li tn
hiu tun hon x
p
(n) t cc mu ca ph X (). Quan h ny, tuy vy vn khng m
bo c rng x (n) hoc X () c th c khi phc t cc mu hay khng. m
bo c iu ny cn phi xem xt thm quan h gia x (n) v x
p
(n).
Bi v theo cng thc (3.4.4) x
p
(n) l s m rng mt cch tun hon ca x (n)
do vy x (n) c th c khi phc li t x
p
(n) nu khng c s trm thi gian gia
cc thnh phn ca x
p
(n). iu ny i hi x (n) phi c di hu hn v di L
phi nh hn chu k N ca x
p
(n), Trn hnh 4.2 m t hai trng hp ca tn hiu x
p
(n) ng vi cc trng hp N > L v N < L. y khng lm mt tnh tng qut ta c
th xem x (n) l mt dy c di hu hn vi cc gi tr khc khng trong khong 0
n L-1. C th a ra nhn xt rng khi N L th:
x (n) = x
p
(n), 0 n N-1
v vy x (n) c th c khi phc t x
p
(n) m khng c s sai lch. Mt khc nu N
< L th s khng c kh nng khi phc x (n) t x
p
(n) do c s tm tn hiu trong min
thi gian.
T kt qu thu c trn ta suy ra ph ca tn hiu khng tun hon ri rc
theo thi gian khng tun hon vi di hu hn L c th c khi phc mt cch
chnh xc thng qua cc mu ca n ti cc tn s
k
= 2k/N nu N L. Qu trnh
ny c thc hin trc ht bng vic xc nh x
p
(n), n = 0, 1, 2, , N-1 thng qua
cng thc (3.4.8). Khi N L th x(n) c xc nh thng qua x
p
(n):

'

0
) (
) (
n x
n x
p
0 n N-1 (3.4.9)
vi cc gi tr khc ca n
v do vy:

,
_

1
0
/ 2
2 1
) (
N
k
N kn j
e k
N
X
N
n x

, 0 n N-1 (4.1.10)
Nu s dng cng thc (3.4.1) v thay th x(n) bng (3.4.10) ta nhn c:
1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

1
0
) / 2 (
1
0
1
0
1
0
/ 2
1 2
2 1
) (
N
n
n N k j
N
k
N
n
n j
N
k
N kn j
e
N
k
N
X
e e k
N
X
N
X

(4.1.11)
Tng ca cc phn t nm trong du ngoc vung ca (4.1.11) biu din cng
thc ni suy c dch bi 2k/N theo tn s. Tht vy, ta nh ngha:
2 / ) 1 (
1
0
) 2 / sin(
) 2 / sin(
1
1 1 1
) (

N j
j
N j N
n
n j
e
N
N
e
e
N
e
N
P

(3.4.12)
Th (3.4.11) s tr thnh:
L N k
N
p k
N
X X
N
k

,
_

,
_

,
2 2
) (
1
0

(3.4.13)
Nh vy, c th thy cng ging nh trng hp tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian,
X( ) c th c xc nh thng qua cc mu X(2k/N) ca n thng qua cng thc
ni suy (3.4.12), vi k = 0, 1, 2, , N-1. im khc bit y l ch P( ) khng
c dng ca (sin)/ m thay vo n s ph thuc vo tnh cht t nhin ca X( ).
lch pha trong (3.4.12) phn nh tnh cht ca tn hiu x(n) nhn qu v l dy c
di hu hn N. th sin(N/2)/(Nsin(/2) c th hin trn hnh 4.3. vi N = 5.
C th thy rng hm P() c c tnh:

'

,
_

1 ,..., 2 , 1 , 0
0 , 1
2
N k
k
k
N
P

(3.4.14)
V do vy theo cng thc ni suy (3.4.13) th cc gi tr ca X() s c xc
nh chnh xc bng cc gi tr mu X(2kn/N) vi = 2k/N. ti cc tn s khc,
cng thc ni suy s cho php xc nh X() thng qua t hp tuyn tnh c trng s
ca cc mu ph.
* Bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT)
Phn 4.1.1 xem xt vic ly mu trong min tn s ca tn hiu khng tun
hon x(n) vi nng lng hu hn. Trong trng hp tng qut, cc mu c ly
cch u nhau theo tn s X(2k/N), k = 0, 1, 2, , N-1 s khng cho php khi phc
tn hiu gc x(n) c di v hn. Thay vo cc mu ny s tng ng vi dy
tun hon x
p
(n) vi chu k N. y x
p
(n) l tn hiu xp x ca x(n) v quan h ca
chng c biu din qua cng thc:
x
p
(n) =

l
lN n x ) (
(3.4.15)
Khi dy x(n) c di hu hn L N th x
p
(n) n gin ch l s lp li c chu
k ca x(n) v trong mt chu k n th x
p
(n) s c xc nh bi:

'

1 , 0
1 0 ) (
) (
N n L
L n n x
n x
p
(3.4.16)
Bi v x(n) = x
p
(n) trn mt chu k n (tn hiu x(n) c a thm N-L im
mu khng) do vy tn hiu gc x(n) vi di hu hn s c th nhn c t cc
mu tn s {X(2k/N} thng qua cng thc (3.4.8). iu ny chng t cc mu tn s,
X(2k/N), k = 0, 1, 2, , N-1 s cho php xc nh tn hiu vi di hu hn x(n)
mt cch duy nht.
Mt iu quan trng cn lu l cc gi tr khng c a thm vo s khng
cung cp thm bt k mt thng tin no v ph X() ca dy x(n) v c th khi
phc li X() c th s dng cng thc (3.4.13) vi L mu c ly cch u nhau
ca X(). Tuy vy vic a thm N-L khng vo x(n) v tnh N im DFT s lm cho
th ca bin i Fourier tr nn tt hn.
Ni tm li, dy s x(n) vi di hu hn L (ngha l x(n) = 0 vi n < 0 v n
L) c bin i Fourier:

1
0
2 0 , ) ( ) (
L
n
n j
e n x X

(3.4.17)
Khi vic ly mu ca X() c thc hin cc tn s cch u nhau
k
=
2k/N, k = 0, 1, 2, , N-1 vi N L th cc mu nhn c s l:

,
_

1
0
/ 2
) (
2
) (
L
n
N kn j
e n x
N
k
X k X

1 ..., , 2 , 1 , 0 , ) ( ) (
1
0
/ 2

N k e n x k X
N
n
N kn j
cho thun tin th trong cng thc ny ch s trn ca tng c tng t L -
1 ln N - 1 bi v x(n) = 0 khi n L.
Quan h (3.4.18) chnh l cng thc dng bin i dy {x(n)} vi di L
N thnh dy ca cc mu tn s {X(k)} vi di N. Bi v cc mu tn s nhn c
bng cch nh gi gi tr ca bin i Fourier X() ti N tn s ri rc cch u nhau
do vy quan h (3.4.18) c gi l bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) ca x(n). Ngc li
quan h (3.4.18) s cho php khi phc dy x(n) t cc mu tn s. Biu thc:
1 ,..., 1 , 0 ) (
1
) (
1
0
/ 2

N n e k X
N
n x
N
k
N kn j
c gi l bin i ngc DFT (IDFT). R rng, khi x(n) c di L < N th
IDFT vi N im s c x(n) = 0 vi L n N 1. Nh vy cc cng thc ca DFT
v IDFT s l:
DFT:
1 ..., , 2 , 1 , 0 , ) ( ) (
1
0
/ 2

N k e n x k X
N
n
N kn j
(3.4.18)
IDFT:
1 ,..., 1 , 0 ) (
1
) (
1
0
/ 2

N n e k X
N
n x
N
k
N kn j
(3.4.19)
3.4.2. Bin i Fourier nhanh FFT:
Do vai tr quan trng ca DFT trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nn vic tnh
ton hiu qu ca DFT l mt bi ton c rt nhiu nh ton hc, k s v.v dnh
nhiu thi gian nghin cu. Phn ny s trnh by mt s phng php khc nhau
thc hin vic tnh ton DFT mt cch hiu qu hn.
Nh ta bit, DFT ca dy x(n) vi di hu hn N c xc nh thng
qua cng thc sau:
1 0 , ) ( ) (
1
0

N k W n x k X
N
n
kn
N
(5.1.1)
vi:
N j
N
e W
/ 2

(5.1.2)
Trong trng hp tng qut th d liu ca dy {x(n)}s c gi tr phc.
Php bin i Fourier ri rc ngc (IDFT) ca X(k) l:
1 0 ) (
1
) (
1
0

N n W k X
N
n x
N
k
nk
N
(5.1.3)
Do cc biu thc (5.1.1) v (5.1.3) ch khc nhau du ca s m W v h s
t l 1/N nn mi l lun v cch tnh ca IDFT u ging vi cch tnh DFT.
C th thy trong cng thc tnh DFT, i vi mi gi tr ca k th vic tnh
trc tip X(k) s i hi N php nhn s phc (4N php nhn s thc) v N-1 php
cng s phc (4N-2 php cng s thc). Nh vy tnh N gi tr ca DFT th cn
phi s dng 4N
2
php nhn thc v N(4N-2) php cng thc hay N
2
php nhn phc
v N
2
- N php cng s phc.
Vic tnh ton DFT s hiu qu hn nu ta s dng mt s tnh cht quan trng
ca h s pha W
N
. Cc tnh cht ny bao gm:
Tnh i xng:
k
N
N k
N
W W
+ 2 /
(5.1.4)
Tnh tun hon:
k
N
N k
N
W W
+
(5.1.5)
Hu ht cc thut ton tnh nhanh Fourier u khai thc cc tnh cht quan trng
ny ca h s pha.
CHNG 4
X L NH VI MATLAB
4.1 Gii thiu v MATLAB
MATLAB l ngn ng lp trnh bc cao dng cho k thut. ng thi n l mI
trng tng tc c th thc hin nhiu nhim v: pht trin giI thut, phn tch d
liu, tnh ton cc php tnh s hc v hnh nh ha d liu. So vi cc ngn ng lp
trnh truyn thng nh C, C++ hay Fortran th MATLAB c nhiu u im hn do
c tch hp cc h tr rt mnh.
MATLAB c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc ng dng bao gm: s l tn hiu
v hnh nh, truyn thng, thit k iu khin, kim tra v o lng, phn tch v m
hnh ha cc thng tin ti chnh, tnh ton trong ha sinh Ngoi ra, MATLAB cn
c tch hp cc hp cng c (mi hp gm h thng cc hm c nhng chc nng
c bit ca MATLAB) nhm giI quyt cc lp vn c th trong cc lnh vc ng
dng khc nhau.
MATLAB cung cp nhiu c tnh tin li i vi vic x l v chia s cng
vic. Trong qu trnh lm vic vi MATLAB, cc on m ca n c th c tch
hp vi cc ngn ng v ng dng khc.
4.1.1 Cc c im c bn ca MATLAB:
* L ngn ng bc cao dng cho cc tnh ton k thut.
* L mi trng pht trin qun l d liu.
* Gm nhiu cng c tng tc cho vic khai thc v x l d liu, thit k v
giI quyt vn .
* Cc hm th i vi nh 2 hoc 3 chiu cho php hnh nh ha d liu.
* Cha cc cng c xy dng cc giao din th ca ngi s dng.
* Gm nhiu hm chc nng da trn cc giI thut c s nhm tch hp
MATAB vi cc ng dng v ngn ng lp trnh khc nh: C,C++, Fortran, Java,
Microsoft excel
4.1.2 Pht trin gii thut v ng dng
MATLAB l mt ngn ng bc cao c tch hp cc cng c pht trin gip
ngi s dng pht trin v phn tch cc giI thut v ng dng mt cch nhanh
chng.
Ngn ng lp trnh MATLAB:
Ngn ng lp trnh MATLAB h tr cc php ton i vi ma trn v vec-t c
s cho cc vn k thut v khoa hc.
Vic lp trnh v pht trin giI thut trong MATLAB c tc nhanh hn so
vi cc ngn ng lp trnh truyn thng do MATLAB b qua cc cng vic iu khin
bc thp nh khai bo bin, khai bo mu d liu v xc nh vng nh. Trong nhiu
trng hp, MATLAB cn b qua c s cn thip ca cc vng lp for. Kt qu l,
mt dng lnh c vit trong MATLAB c th tng ng vi nhiu dng lnh
trong C hay C++.
L mt cng c lp trnh mnh, MATLAB vn h tr nhng c tnh ca mt
ngn ng lp trnh truyn thng nh: ton t s hc, cu trc vng, cc cu trc v
dng d liu cng c tnh g ri.
VD: Chng trnh biu din thut ton iu ch tn hiu truyn thng to ra 1024
im, thc hin iu ch, thm nhiu phc Gauss v v li kt qu.
% to mt vector N bit
N = 1024;
bits = rand(N,1)>0.5;
% chuyen sang ky tu
Tx=1-2*bits;
%them vao nhieu Gauss trang
P=0.4
Nz=P*(randn(N,1)+i*randn(N,1));
Rx= Tx + Nz;
%hien thi ket qua
plot(Rx,'.');
axix([-2 2 -2 2]);
axis square, grid;
Hnh 4.1
Trong khi i vi phn ln cc ngn ng lp trnh truyn thng phI trI qua giai
on dch (compilation) v lin kt (linking) th MATLAB cho php ngi s dng c
th thc thi ngay cc lnh hoc nhm lnh cng lc. iu ny lm cho tc x l
trn MATLAB nhanh hn ng k so vi trn cc ngn ng truyn thng.
4.1.3 Phn tch v tip cn d liu:
Trong qu trnh phn tch d liu, MATLAB h tr hu ht cc cng on nh:
thu nhn d liu t thit b ngoi vi, cc phn tch s hc, tin x l, hnh nh ha
Phn tch d liu:
Chng trnh MATLAB cung cp cc cng c tng tc cng nh cc hm iu
khin theo dng cho vic tnh ton trong phn tch d liu bao gm:
* Cc php ni suy
* Trch chn tnh cht
* Chn ngng v lc nhiu
* Tng quan, phn tch Fourier v lc
* Pht hin cc im nh, y v im khng
* Thng k c bn v chun ha cc ng cong
* Phn tch ma trn
4.1.4 Tip cn d liu
Vic tip cn d liu t cc th mc, ng dng, c s d liu v thit b ngoi vi
bi MATLAB l ht sc d dng. MATLAB h tr nhiu loi nh dng file: ASCII,
nh phn, cc file hnh nh v m thanh hay thm ch cc file nh dng HDF.
Trong MATLAB c nhiu hp cng c (toolbox) h tr cho vic tip cn d liu
nh: hp cng c c s d liu (Database Toolbox), hp cng c thu nhn d liu
(Data Acquisition Toolbox) hay hp cng c iu khin thit b (Instrument Control
Toolbox).
4.1.5 Hnh nh ha d liu
Tt c cc c tnh v hnh nh cn thit cho hnh nh ha cc d liu khoa hc
k thut u c tch hp trong MATLAB. Nhng c tnh ny bao gm: cc hm v
nh 2 v 3 chiu, cc hm v th tch 3 chiu, cc cng c tng tc to nh, kh nng
xut kt qu di cc dng file nh thng thng.
VD: v hm y= sin(x) vi -pi < x < pi
M chng trnh:
>>x = -pi:.1:pi;
>>y = sin(x);
>> plot (x, y)
Hnh 4. th hm y = sin(x)
4.1.6 Xut kt qu v trin khai ng dng
MATLAB a ra nhiu c tnh gip bo co v chia s cng vic. Cc on
code vit trn MATLAB c th c tch hp vi cc ngn ng v ng dng khc.
ng thi cng c th trin khai cc thut ton cng nh ng dng ca n nh mt
chng trnh hoc cc khi phn mm ring bit.
Xut kt qu:
Sau khi hon thnh cng vic, ngi s dng cn xut kt qu ra thng l di
dng hnh nh hoc bo co. MATLAB c h tr file hnh nh vi nhiu nh dng
khc do vic xut kt qu di dng th hay file nh l ht sc d dng. Ngoi
ra, nu mun th cng c th chuyn code t MATLAB ra cc dng khc: HTML,
Word, Latex
Kt hp m MATLAB vi cc loi ngn ng v ng dng khc:
MATLAB cung cp sn cc hm cho vic kt hp m ca cc ngn ng lp trnh
khc nh C, C++, Fortran hay Java vi m chng trnh ca n. S dng th vin
cng c(engine library) ca MATLAB, ngi s dng c th gi cc on m t C,
C++ hay Fortran.
Trin khai ng dng:
Cc sn phm sau khi x l bng MATLAB thng l cc on m. Cc on
m ny c th c cung cp cho nhng ngi khc hoc ng dng vo cc sn phm
phn cng hoc phn mm c th.
4.2 X l nh bng MATLAB
4.2.1.nh trong MATLAB
Trong MATLAB, d liu ch yu c lu tr theo cu trc mng (tp c th t
gm cc phn t s thc hoc phc). nh trong Matlab cng c lu tr bi cc
mng phn t vi cc gi tr lu tr c th l mu, cng ca nh.
Hu ht cc nh c MATLAB lu tr di dng cc mng 2 chiu (VD: ma
trn). Trong cc mng 2 chiu ny, mi phn t tng ng vi mt pixel v thng
c biu din bi mt im trn mn hnh my tnh(VD: Mt bc nh c 500 hng v
700 ct gm nhiu im mu khc nhau c lu tr bi mt ma trn c kch thc
500x700). Mt s bc nh, nh nh mu i hi phI c lu tr bi mng ba chiu.
Trong , mt phng th nht trong mng ba chiu ny biu din cho cng
(red) ca phn t, mt phng th hai biu din cho cng mu xanh l cy (green)
v mt phng cn li biu din cho cng mu xanh da tri (blue) ca phn t. Vi
vic lu tr cc nh di dng mng, vic x l nh vi d liu c lu bi dng ma
trn no u c thc hin rt thun tin.
4.2.2.Hp cng c x l nh (image processing toolbox):
Matlab c th x l cng nh lu tr cc bc nh di nhiu nh dng khc
nhau: BMP, HDF, JPEG, TIFF D vy tt c cc nh dng ny u c quy chun
v 4 dng c bn: nh phn (Binary), c gn ch s (Indexed), mc xm (Grayscale),
RGB (RGB hay truecolor). Cc nh dng nh ny s qui nh cch m Matlab bin
dch cc phn t ca ma trn d liu (VD: cc gi tr cng phn t).
* nh dng mc xm (gray scale image):
nh loi ny c biu din bi mt ma trn m mi phn t ca n u biu
din mt gi tr sng/ti ca im nh v tr tng ng. C 2 cch biu din gi tr
th hin mc xm ca mt pixel: dng double v dng uint8. Dng double gn
cho mi pixel mt gi tr ng thuc khong (0,1): gi tr 0 ng vi mu en cn 1 ng
vi mu trng. Dng uint8 gn cho mi pixel mt gi tr t 0 n 255 th hin sng
(brightness): gi tr 0 tng ng vi mu en cn 255 ng vi mu trng. Mi bc
nh lu tr di dng uint8 ch chim 1/8 khng gian nh so vi lu tr di dng
double. Mc d vy, I khi thut ton hoc cc ng dng ch c th giI quyt vi
dng double.
* nh kiu nh phn:
Mi bc nh dng ny c lu tr bi mt ma trn trong mi phn t ca ma
trn ch c th c gi tr hoc 0 (en) hoc 1 (trng).
* nh c gn ch s:
y l mt cch thng dng biu din cc bc nh mu. Mt bc nh c
gn ch s c lu tr bi 2 ma trn. Ma trn th nht c cng kch c vi bc nh v
cha gi tr th nht ca mi pixel. Ma trn cn li c gi l ma trn mu (color
map) v c kch c c th khc so vi kch c ca bc nh. Cc ch s ma trn thc
nht cho ta bit s no s c biu din bi ma trn mu.
* nh dng RGB:
Cc nh RGB c Matlab lu tr bi 3 ma trn cha cc kch c ng vi nh
dng ca bc nh. Mi ma trn tng ng vi mt trong cc mu: (Red), xanh l
cy (Green), xanh da tri (Blue). ng thi gi tr mi phn t ca ma trn s th hin
cng tng loi mu ti mi pixel.
Image acquisition Toolbox
* Cc lnh chuyn i trong Hp cng c x l nh:
Lnh dither() : chuyn cc nh dng khc sang dng nh phn.
Lnh Gray2ind(): chuyn t dng Gray sang indexed.
Lnh ind2gray(): chuyn t dng indexed sang Gray.
Lnh ind2rgb(): chuyn t dng indexed sang RGB.
Lnh mat2gray(): chuyn mt ma trn thng thng dng gray bi hm t l.
Lnh rgb2gray(): chuyn dng RGB sang dng Gray.
Lnh rgb2ind(): chuyn dng RGB sang dng Indexed.
* c file nh trong Matlat
Matlab khng x l trc tip bc nh m lm vic thng qua vic chuyn i nh
v dng (cc) ma trn cha cc thng s ca n. Thc cht vic x l nh trong Matlab
chnh l x l cc thng s ca ma trn. Cc lnh c bn nht ca x l nh trong
Matlab chnh l cc lnh c ghi.
Lnh imread() nhp mt bc nh vo trong workspace (khng gian lm vic) ca
Matlab. Lc ny x l bc nh tng ng vi vic x l bin c gn cho n.
VD: image=imread(picture.jpg); % gn nh c tn picture nh dang jpg cho
bin image, bin image c lu trong workspace.
Lnh imwrite() chuyn i mt bin c gn cho nh thnh file nh v ghi
nh file nh .
VD: imwrite(image,image.jpg); % lu bin image di nh dng file nh jpg
vo th mc lm vic hin thi
4.2.3.Hp cng c thu nhn nh (image acquisition toolbox):
Hp cng c thu nhn nh c dng thc hin chc nng thu nhn nh qua
cc thit b c kt ni vi my tnh. S dng cc hm chc nng ca hp cng c
ny c th to ra mt i tng th hin s kt ni gia Matlab v cc thit b thu hnh
nh c th. S dng cc tnh cht ca i tng gip kim sot nhiu bc trong qu
trnh thu nhn nh nh dung lng d liu video mun ghi li.
Hp cng c s dng cc thnh phn c gi l cc b thch ng dng lin
kt vi cc thit b thng qua cc trnh iu khin.
Image acquisition Toolbox
Vi hp cng c thu nhn hnh nh, ta c th ni trc tip phn cng trong
thanh cng c v c th thit lp cc tham s thu nhn ng thi xem v yu cu d
liu nh. Ngoi ra, ta c th tip cn d liu ca Matlab di mt vi nh dng ng
thi to ra mt file AVI.
Matlab thng qua hp cng c thu nhn hnh nh h tr kt ni vi nhiu loi
thit b thu nhn nh bao gm: cc thit b camera k thut s chuyn bit da trn kt
ni 1394 (DCAM), cc thit b h tr kt ni USB (WEB camera, my quay k thut
s, cc chuyn i TV)
Hnh 4. Thnh phn hp cng c thu nhn nh
4.2.4.Mt s v d v x l nh vi Matlab:
VD1:c v hin th mt bc nh
>> I=imread('C:\Documents and Settings\Hoang Anh Nguyen The\My
Documents\My Pictures\me\xe_dien1.jpg');%doc file anh tu dong dan
>> imshow(I);%hien thi anh
MATLAB
Image acquisition Toolbox
M-file Functions
Hardware driver
Adaptor
USB
PCI
IEEE 1394
USB
source
Frame
grabber Firewire
source
VD2: Chuyn mt nh RGB sang Gray
>> I_trans=rgb2gray(I);% chuyen tu dinh dang RGB sang Gray
>> imshow(I_trans);%hien thi anh dinh dang Gray
>>imwrite(I_trans,xe_dien_trans.bmp); %luu anh vao thu muc lam viec cua
Workspace
VD3: Bt nh t thit b v hin th theo thi gian thc
function getsnapnimshow
video=videoinput('winvideo',1);
for i=1:100
set(video,'timeout',100);
frame1=getsnapshot(video);
hold on;
imshow(frame1);
end
end
Khi s dng on m ny ta ch vic gi tn hm.
>> getsnapnimshow;
CHNG 5
THC NGHIM V KT QU
5.1 Nhc li bi ton nhn dng t ra chng 1:
Cho mt tp nh mu dng so snh v nhn dng vt, xc nh v tr ca
mu cn nhn dng trong mt bc nh cha mu . Vit chng trnh trn
Matlab s dng b lc ECP-SDF bc k gii quyt bi ton.
5.2 Thut ton:
Trong qu trnh x l v nhn dng nh, mo l nguyn nhn gy ra nhiu
kh khn. Trong vic phn tch cc dng mo, nhng thao tc thng c
tin hnh l: chp li mt s bc nh trong iu kin mi trng thc t, ly mt
mu nh lm nh tham chiu dng cho vic nhn dng. Sau cc thao tc ny,
nhng bc nh c cha mu tham chiu c chia lm 3 nhm: nhm th nht
gm cc bc nh cha mu tham chiu chun, nhm cc bc nh cha mu
tham chiu (nhng khng ging ht v cha c a v lm d liu nhn dng)
v nhm cui cng gm cc nh khng h cha mu tham chiu. Hnh a,b,c th
hin cc mu vt c lu, cha c lu v hon ton sai khc vi mu cn
nhn dng. Vic lc phi tuyn trong x l nh c bt u bng vic gn mu
tha chiu vo trung tm ca mt bc nh c nn en hon ton (cc pixel ca
nn bc nh c gi tr 0). Hnh . th hin mt v d v mu tham chiu c
dng lp nn cc b lc phi tuyn.
Mi bc nh c mt kch c khc nhau. Sau chng c chun ha v
h xm v c chn cc gi tr 0 tr thnh cc nh c cng kch thc. Cc
bc nh chun ha c tip tc bin i Fuorier v bin i phi tuyn bc k.
Cc kt qu tng quan phi tuyn t c bng vic bin i Fourier ngc
ca tch gia ph phi tuyn c bin i ca tn hiu u vo vi mu tham
chiu. Lc ny cc mu tham chiu c xem nh cc du hiu tham chiu ring
bit tng hp mt b lc phi tuyn n. Mt b lc phi tuyn n t c
bng cch bin i Fourier ton t phi tuyn ca phng trnh (4.1.3) vi cc
thng s ly t mu tham chiu. Hnh . di y m t cc bc tin hnh tng
hp mt b lc phi tuyn tng hp. B lc phi tuyn tng hp ny t c
bng cch p dng phng trnh (4.1.8) vi h s k ty thuc mc bin i
theo t l ca vt. Trong chng trnh, ta s dng k=0.1 bi thc nghim
chng t gi tr ny ca k cho kt qu tng quan theo nt, kh nng phn
bit v s bt bin theo sng l tt nht.
5.3 Chng trnh nhn dng vt bt bin theo t l:
VD1: Nhn dng ch E bng b lc phi tuyn n
Mu tham chiu:
Cc tnh ton phi tuyn
Bin i Fourier
Tng hp cc b lc
Bin i Fourier ngc
nh cha i tng cn nhn dng:
Kt qu thu c vi b lc phi tuyn n:
VD2: Nhn dng vi b lc phi tuyn tng hp
Mu tham chiu:
nh cha i tng cn nhn dng:
5.4. nh gi kt qu thu c:
Qua cc v d minh ha phn trc ti trnh by kt qu t c ca
phng php nhn dng vt vi b lc phi tuyn: n v tng hp. Vi b lc phi
tuyn n mi ln ch cho php nhp mt mu tham chiu v vic nhn dng ch l
nhn dng ring mu tham chiu . Trong khi , bng vic s dng b lc ECP-SDF
bc k thay v mi ln ch nhp c mt mu tham chiu ta c th nhp c nhiu
mu tham chiu. V mt tng, iu ny c v l khng kh thc hin tuy nhin
cc b lc phi tuyn tng hp thng thng thng phi i mt vi vn thi gian
x l do khi lng cc php tnh ton thng l rt ln. Vi b lc phi tuyn ECP-
SDF bc k, ta gii quyt c phn no vn v thi gian x l. ng thi b lc
cng nu ln mt gii php kh thi i vi vic nhn dng vt th khi n c t
cc v tr khc nhau (vi iu kin c mu tham chiu). i vi nhn dng nhiu
vt th trong cng mt bc nh, khi c mu tham chiu ta cng quy v ging nh
vic gii quyt vn nhn dng vt dc dt cc v tr khc nhau. Thm vo , b
lc ECP-SDF bc k cng gii quyt c kh hiu qu vn nhn dng vt khi c
cc thnh phn tc ng dn ti hin tng mo mu vt nh: vt trong bc nh b
thay i v gc nhn iu kin phn x khong ph hp.
Trong qu trnh thc hin cc th nghim v chy chng trnh, do nhiu yu t
khch quan cng nh ch quan tc ng nn kt qu thu c cha phi l l tng.
Cc yu t ny bao gm:
* Cht lng ca camera dng tin hnh th nghim khng phi l cao. Do
khi ta thc hin bt nh thng b nhiu v cht lng hnh nh khng tt.
* iu kin tin hnh th nghim khng l tng: iu kin v sng, chi,
gc quay
* Cc bc tin x l ang cn n gin do cha h tr tt cho qu trnh x
l nh.
* Thut ton gii quyt vn cha phi l l tng (do khng c i snh) dn
n vic x l cha t c ti u.
Cc bin php khc phc:
* Dng camera c cht lng tt hn
* Thc hin cc k thut tin x l: tch ng bao, tng sc nt, lc nhiu
bng cc loi b lc c hiu qu cao
* Ti u ha gii thut v chng trnh
5.5 Cc ng dng c th p dng:
X l nh l mt lnh vc cn mi m v ang trong qu trnh pht trin mnh
m. Cc ng dng ca x l nh l ht sc thit thc v cn thit trong nhiu lnh vc.
p dng b lc ECP-SDF bc k c th gip ta gii quyt nhiu bi ton trn nhiu lnh
vc nh:
* Nhn dng cc bin bo giao thng thng bo li cho nhng ngi tham
gia iu khin giao thng.
* Nhn dng sn phm trong dy chuyn sn xut t ng
* Nhn dng bin s xe v ghi s t ng
Mc lc
LI GII THIU..................................................................................................1
CHNG 1...........................................................................................................2
M U...............................................................................................................2
1.1. Bi ton nhn dng vt th v mc ch ca lun vn................................2
1.2. T chc lun vn........................................................................................2
CHNG 2...........................................................................................................4
TNG QUAN V X L NH - NHN DNG VT TH............................4
2.1 X l nh (s) v cc khi nim lin quan:.................................................4
2.1.1 X l nh (s).......................................................................................4
2.1.2 Cc khi nm lin quan: .....................................................................4
2.1.3.Nhn dng v phn loi nh (recognition and classification of image
partterns)........................................................................................................7
1.Phng php phn loi da trn vic thu nhn c gim st(supervised
learning).....................................................................................................9
2.Phng php phn loi s dng cc k thut khng cn gim
st(nonsupervised learning).......................................................................9
CHNG 3.........................................................................................................10
NHN DNG VT BNG X L NH.......................................................10
3.1.Tng quan tuyn tnh v tng quan phi tuyn.......................................10
3.2 Cc k thut lc phi tuyn trong nhn dng theo t l...............................11
3.3 Thut ton Kth_law ECP-SDF (equal-correlation-peak synthetic
discriminant function) tm dch l hm phn bit v tng hp nh tun theo t
l tng quan...................................................................................................12
3.4 BIN I FOURIER RI RC..............................................................13
3.4.1. Ly mu trong min tn s v bin i Fourier ri rc.....................13
3.4.2. Bin i Fourier nhanh FFT:.............................................................19
CHNG 4.........................................................................................................19
X L NH VI MATLAB.............................................................................20
4.1 Gii thiu v MATLAB............................................................................20
4.1.1 Cc c im c bn ca MATLAB:.................................................20
4.1.2 Pht trin gii thut v ng dng........................................................20
4.1.3 Phn tch v tip cn d liu:.............................................................22
4.1.4 Tip cn d liu..................................................................................22
4.1.5 Hnh nh ha d liu..........................................................................23
4.1.6 Xut kt qu v trin khai ng dng..................................................23
4.2 X l nh bng MATLAB........................................................................24
4.2.1.nh trong MATLAB..........................................................................24
4.2.2.Hp cng c x l nh (image processing toolbox):..........................25
4.2.3.Hp cng c thu nhn nh (image acquisition toolbox):....................26
4.2.4.Mt s v d v x l nh vi Matlab:...............................................27
CHNG 5 .......................................................................................................30
THC NGHIM V KT QU .......................................................................30
5.1 Nhc li bi ton nhn dng t ra chng 1: ......................................30
5.2 Thut ton:................................................................................................30
5.3 Chng trnh nhn dng vt bt bin theo t l:......................................31
5.4. nh gi kt qu thu c:......................................................................35
5.5 Cc ng dng c th p dng:...................................................................36