Chng IV THIT B XAY XT V NH BNG HT 4.1.

Nhim v, yu cu k thut a) Nhim v My xay xt v nh bng c nhim v loi b tt c cc loi v bao quanh ht. Phn ln cc loi ht c bao bc v bo v bi hai lp v : v qu lp ngoi cng v lp v ht bn trong bm cht vo nhn. Qu trnh tch v qu ra khi ht gi l xay hay bc v, tch v qu cn st v v ht gi l xt, tch phn cn st ca v ht v lm nhn b mt gi l nh bng. - Qu trnh xay c thc hin i vi hu ht cc loi ht trc khi ch bin nhm nng cao cht lng sn phm v loi b c phn v c gi tr dinh dng thp v to iu kin cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo nh tng tinh khit ca sn phm khi trong cng nghip ch bin tinh bt gao, tng t l thu hi v gim t l gy v trong cng nghip ch bin go, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh nghin p ht du, nng cao hiu sut p v gim chi ph nng lng cho vic nghin nh trong cng nghip ch bin du thc phm,... Sn phm sau khi xay l hn hp bao gm nhn, v v ht cha c bc v. Cn phi loi b v v phn ly ly nhn. Ht cha c bc v c a tr li my xay tip tc xay li ln hai hoc ln ba. - Qu trnh xt c thc hin ch yu i vi go, c ph,... nhm loi lp v cm (v la) dng lm lng thc cho ngi. Vic tch v cm cn lm tng kh nng thm nhp ca nc vo ni nh tng kh nng ht nc v gim thi gian nu chn. Ngoi ra n cn loi c phi ra khi ht go nh trnh c hin tng i kht trong qu trnh bo qun. ch bin go ngi ta thng dng hai phng php : phng php mt giai on : xay v xt thc hin ng thi; phng php hai giai on : giai on 1 bc v, giai on 2 xt trng. Phng php hai giai on c u im l t l go nguyn cao, ht t b nng nn c p dng ph bin trong sn xut. - Qu trnh nh bng ch yu dng cho go, tng, c ph. Vic
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nh bng c tc dng lm p b mt nhm nng cao gi tr cm quan, kch thch th hiu ngi tiu dng, ngha l ht sau khi nh bng d bn hn v bn c vi gi cao hn. Mt khc qu trnh nh bng loi b c cc phn t bm dnh nh bt cm, nm mc,... chng khng ln vo sn phm trong qu trnh ch bin, hn ch s ht m, tng thi gian bo qun. Vic nh bng thng c thc hin trc khi chuyn giao cho ngi tiu dng hoc trc khi xut khu. Nu thc hin qu sm ht li b bin mu lm gim gi tr cm quan. b) Yu cu k thut - m bo c cht lng sn phm tu theo tng qu trnh gia cng: i vi qu trnh xay phi t c hiu sut bc v cao, yu cu bc v ln 1 phi t hiu sut bc v 80 - 90%. i vi qu trnh xt v nh bng phi t c trng v bng theo yu cu s dng. - T l gy v, dp nt thp v t l thu hi cao - Nhit sn phm thp, v khi nhit cao d lm phn hu cc cht dinh dng c trong ht, c bit l cc sinh t. Yu cu nhit sn phm phi nh hn 40 oC. 4.2. Phn loi - Theo nguyn l lm vic my xay xt lm vic theo nguyn l va p, ma st v dch trt hoc phi hp cc nguyn l trn. - Theo cu to ca b phn lm vic : my xay xt hay nh bng kiu cnh p, kiu ru l, kiu li dao,... - Theo loi vt liu ch to b phn xay xt hay nh bng : vt liu bng thin nhin hay nhn to, bng cao su hay m, bng gang hay thp. - Theo v tr ca b phn lm vic : my c b phn lm vic t thng ng, my c b phn lm vic t nm ngang. 4.3. Nguyn l lm vic v nguyn l cu to 4.3.1. Cc phng php bc v Cc my xay thng lm vic theo nguyn l tc ng lc c hc vo vt liu. Di tc dng ring r hoc ng thi ca cc lc va p, ma st
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v dch trt m lc lin kt gia v qu v nhn b ph hu, v tch ra khi nhn. V kt cu my xay gm c hai b phn chnh : b phn xay v b phn phn ly v. a) B phn xay Cn c theo nguyn l tc dng ca lc, b phn xay c cc dng trn hnh 4.1

Hnh 4.1. S nguyn l cu to b phn xay a) Va p; b) Ma st; c) Dch trt - Theo nguyn l va p (H. 4.1a), lc bc v c sinh ra do ht chuyn ng va p nhiu ln ln b mt cng (my xay kiu a vng ly tm) hoc b phn lm vic ca my chuyn ng va p nhiu ln vo ht (my xay kiu cnh p), nh v ht b nt v v tch ra khi nhn. Loi my xay ny thng c nng sut cao nhng d lm gy v ht, c s dng ph bin bc v nhng loi ht c v khng bm chc vo nhn nh : lc, hng dng,... - Theo nguyn l ma st (H. 4.1b), lc bc v l lc ma st c sinh ra do p lc nn p gia b phn lm vic vi ht hoc gia ht vi ht. Nguyn l ny c p dng trong cc my xay kiu hai a chuyn ng vi vn tc vng khc nhau hoc my xay kiu ru l kt hp vi mng ch t c nh. Ht i vo khe h gia hai b mt lm vic, trong mt mt chuyn ng cn mt kia c nh. Khi b mt ht tip xc vi b mt nhm
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ca my s hnh thnh lc hm chuyn ng lm cho v trc khi nhn. Loi my ny c hiu sut bc v cao nhng nng sut thp, t l gy v cao, d lm nng ht v c s dng bc v mt s loi ht c v bm chc vo nhn nh : vng, k, lanh, gai,... - Theo nguyn l dch trt (H. 4.1c), lc bc v c to ra do s np p v dch trt. Nguyn l ny c p dng cho cc my xay kiu ru l. Khi ht ri vo khe h gia cp ru l c b mt bc bng cao su, quay ngc chiu nhau vi vn tc vng khc nhau, ht b nn v dch trt lm cho v ht nt v tch ra khi nhn. Loi my ny c hiu sut bc v cao, ht t b gy nn c s dng nhiu trong cc nh my bc v ht thc. Da theo nguyn l ny, trong mt s my, ngi ta s dng dng kh vi tc cc nhanh cun ht vo trong ng c tit din nh v thi vo bnh xicln. Do ma st gia cc ht vi thnh ng v bnh to ra s chnh lch tc gia ht v dng kh. Nh vy, trn v ht xut hin mt ngu lc tip tuyn v kt qu l mi lin h gia v v nhn b ph v, v tch ra khi nhn. b) B phn phn ly v B phn phn ly v c lp sau b phn xay c nhim v loi b v ra khi hn hp xay. phn ly v, ngi ta thng dung qut, trong mt s trng hp c th dng phi hp qut vi sng.

Hnh 4.2. Cc b phn phn ly v tru

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a)Phn ly bng qut; b) Phn ly phi hp bng qut v sng 1- phu cp liu; 2- qut; 3, 4, 5-vt xon; 6- sng l to; 7- sng l nh; 8- van l; 9- tm dn hng; 10- ng iu chnh; 11- ca ra nhn; 12- ca ra ht lng. Trn hnh 4.2a l s b phn phn ly v tru v ht lng theo chu trnh kn. Hn hp c cung cp vo b phn phn ly qua phu, sau trt trn mt tm nghing v ri xung to thnh mt mng ht. Mt lung gi mnh c to nn bi qut ht lp trong my, i qua mng ht v phn ly tru ra khi hn hp. Do kt cu ca v my phn ly c dng gn ging nh mt xicln nn nh vn tc dng kh v nh hng ca lc ly tm m tru c lng ng xung y thng hnh ch V v c a ra ngoi nh vt xon cn khng kh khng mang theo v c quay vng tr li thnh mt chu trnh khp kn. Cc ht lng v hn hp v vi nhn ri vo cc ngn ring v c a ra ngoi nh vt xon. Trn hnh 4.2b l s b phn phn ly phi hp qut v sng nhm thu hi ht v v phn cm b bong ra trong qu trnh xay thc trc khi qua b phn ht tru, c s dng trong cc nh my xay c ln. Phn sng gm hai tm c l khc nhau, tm l nh dng phn ly cm v bi, tm l to hn dng phn ly ht v. Sau khi phn ly cm v tm, hn hp thc, go lt v tru c cung cp sang b phn phn ly bng qut. Dng hn hp c phn phi thnh mt lp mng trn ton b chiu rng ca my ht nh mt ng iu chnh v tm dn hng. Khng kh c ht qua khi ht s cun v tru v cc ht lng i vo qut ht. Tru theo ng dn ra ngoi, cn ht lng v go lt c thu hi qua cc ca ring. 4.3.2. My xt v nh bng Cc my xt v nh bng lm vic da theo nguyn l tc dng ng thi ca ma st, va p v dch trt. Cn c vo mc tc ng ca cc nguyn l trn m ngi ta c th phn bit gia xt v nh bng. Xt thng dng p lc ln bc v cm v c nhng v tru cn st li

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khi xay, trong tc dng ca ma st, va p v dch trt xy ra ng thi v mnh lit. nh bng thng dng p lc nh lm sch vi m b mt ht, ch yu l lau sch nhng ht cm cn bm dnh, c bc i mt lp rt mng trn b mt ht, trong tc dng ca ma st l ch yu. My xt v nh bng c cu to gm : b phn cung cp, b phn xt hay nh bng, b phn thu hi sn phm. Ngoi ra, tu theo kt cu ca tng loi my m c th c cc b phn ph tr nh my nn kh hoc qut, vi phun nc to m, bnh xicln thu cm v tch bi,... a) B phn cung cp i vi nhng my xt hay nh bng t thng ng, b phn cung cp l thng ng ht dng phu. Ht t cung cp vo trong my nh trng lng bn thn.

Hnh 4.3. S cu to b phn cung cp a) Dng ru l; b) Dng vt xon i vi nhng my xt hay nh bng t nm ngang, b phn cung cp thng dng l ru l hoc vt xon, c bng gang hoc thp v c lp ngay di y phu cp liu. Ru l cung cp (H. 7.3a) c dng hnh tr, trn b mt thng c 3 ng gn xon ni phn b u theo chu vi. Cc ng gn ny c tc dng xc tin vic np liu v y ht di chuyn theo chiu dc trc. Gc nghing ca ng gn xon thng bng 30o. Vt xon cung cp (H. 7.3b) thng c 5 7 bc xon, gc nghing ca ng xon thng 40 45 o, v th khi dng vt xon th kh nng cung cp nguyn liu vo my tt hn v ti c phn b u hn. b) B phn xt v nh bng B phn xt v nh bng c cu to c bn l ging nhau, gm c : ru l xt, dao v sng.
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Ru l xt Trn hnh 4.4 l s cu to mt s ru l xt c dng ph bin trong sn xut. Ru l xt thng c dng hnh tr hoc hnh cn, c l gia lp ghp vi trc xt v quay cng trc xt. Tu theo kt cu ca tng loi my m ru l c th t nm ngang hay thng ng v vt liu ch to ru l c th l t nhin hay nhn to, cao su hay da, gang hay thp. - Ru l bng c dng hnh tr hoc hnh cn (H. 4.4a,b), c dng ch yu trong cc my xt go. Chng c th c ch to bi nhn to c lin thnh khi hoc do nhiu a bng ghp li, b mt lm vic c dng nhm. Loi ny thng to ra lc ma st ln, hiu qu lm trng cao nhng d lm gy v v nng ht. - Ru l bng da hay cao su dng hnh tr hoc hnh cn (H. 4.4c,d), c dng ch yu trong cc my nh bng ht. Kt cu bn trong l ct thp hoc gang c, ngoi bc lp da hay cao su l lp chu mi mn. Loi ru l ny c u im l t l gy v thp, nng sut cao nhng lp cao su hoc da nhanh b mn thng xuyn phi thay th.

Hnh 4.4. Ru l ca b phn xt v nh bng a,b) Ru l bng ; c,d) Ru l ph cao su hay da; e,f) Ru l bng gang hay thp - Ru l bng gang hay thp c thng ch kt cu dng hnh tr, c hai loi: Loi thng (H. 4.4e), trn b mt ru l c mt s ng gn li lm

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tng cng kh nng xo trn, quay vng, nh ht c mi mn ng u trn ton b b mt. Cc ng gn ny c th nghing gc hoc song song vi ng sinh. Loi c lung kh thi (H. 4.4f), trn b mt ru l c hai ng gn ni, c lng vo on trc rng ca my xt. Pha sau hai ng gn c x hai rnh a gi vo trong bung xt nhm thc y nhanh qu trnh thot cm v lm ngui ht. Kt cu b phn xt kiu ny c nhiu u im : t l go nguyn v t l thu hi cao, go t b nng nn khng lm h ho protin, khng lm phn hu sinh t trong qu trnh gia cng. Da theo nguyn l kt cu trn, ngi ta ci tin cc my nh bng go bng cch phun nc vo lung kh thi, nh p lc ca dng kh, nc c lm ti di dng sng m, ho trn vi lung kh v cng i vo vng ht ang c ch xt, v th nng cao c bng v gim gy ht. Dao xt Trong cc my thc hin c hai khu xay v xt ng thi, ngi ta thng lp c nh mt hoc hai dao v bung xt, dc theo ru l xt (H. 4.5a). Dao xt l mt tm thp, dy 5 - 7mm, rng 50 - 60mm, chiu di tng ng vi chiu di ca ru l xt. Khi lp ghp vo my, cnh dao nh ra khi mt trong ca bung xt, to ra khe h nht nh vi ng gn ca ru l xt theo hng ng knh nhm xc tin qu trnh o trn, bc v v lm trng. Khe h ny cng l mt yu t c nh hng ln n hiu qu xay xt, c bit l nh hng n gy v ht. V vy trong qu trnh xay xt cn phi iu chnh khe h cho thch hp vi kch thc ca tng loi ht. i vi nhng my ch thc hin bc v cm, ngha l sau khi xay phn ly loi b v tru, dao c thay bng cc ng gn thp t dc theo chu vi ca sng. c) Sng Sng c lp bao quanh mt na hoc c chu vi ca ru l xt, to thnh bung xt cha nguyn liu v phn ly cm, tm nh ra khi hn hp (H. 4.5b).

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Hnh 4.5. S cu to dao xt v sng a) Dao xt; b) Sng Sng c to bi thp tm c dy 0,8 - 1,5mm, c un theo hnh bn nguyt hoc na hnh lc lng. Trn mt sng c dp nhiu l hnh ch nht, yu cu b rng ca l phi nh hn kch thc ht. L sng c nh hng ti hiu sut xt. L sng to d thot cm nhng ng thi li d lt ht hoc mc go vo l v b ru l p gy. L sng nh kh thot cm, d b tc nht l khi xt thc c m cao. Hin nay sng c ch to theo phng php t hoc dp, vi kch thc l thng dng 1,11 - 12,7mm. i vi nhng my xt t nm ngang, sng c lp bao na chu vi pha di, cm sau khi lt qua sng, t ri vo mng hng nh trng lng bn thn, i vi nhng my xt t thng ng hoc nm ngang nhng c s dng lung kh thi, sng c lp bao ton b chu vi bung xt, do hai na ghp li. Cm c thot ra khi bung xt nh trng lng bn thn kt hp vi p lc ca dng kh. Hiu qu ca qu trnh xt v nh bng c c trng bi h s K, xc nh bng t s gia din tch ca ra go v ca vo thc. Gi tr ti a Kmax = 0,75. H s K thay i ph thuc vo c im ca tng loi go v k thut ch bin. Khi cn xt k th gim din tch ca ra lm tng p lc trong bung xt, tng mc bc cm, go c xt trng hn. Khi khng cn xt k th lm ngc li. nng cao cht lng xay xt hin nay ngi ta thc hin xt go theo hai giai on: bc v v xt trng trn hai my ring r, trong vic
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bc v c thc hin trn cc my xay c cp ru l bc cao su, vic xt trng c thc hin trn cc my xt ru l t nm ngang c lung kh thi. 4.4.. Cu to mt s my xay xt v nh bng 4.4.1. My xay kiu ly tm. My xay kiu ly tm lm vic da trn nguyn tc va p mt s ln ca ht ln vnh trong ca thn my, c s dng bc v ht hng dng (H. 4.6). Ht t phu cp liu 1 qua b phn phn phi c ri u ln mm 2. Khi a 2 quay do lc ly tm ht trn mm xoy o vng ra p ln vnh thn my, v ht c trc ra. Hn hp xay ri xung bung thu 4 v thot qua ca 6 ra ngoi. Trong my, ht v hn hp xay khng xy ra chuyn ng xo trn nhiu ln, trnh c hin tng xt li v, loi tr c s bt du v to ra nhiu tm nh my bc v cnh ba. Mt khc, chi ph in nng ring gim, nng sut my cao, c th t ti 150 200tn/ngy.

Hnh 4.6. My xay kiu ly tm 1- phu cp liu; 2- a ly tm 3- vnh thn my; 4- bung thu hn hp; 5- b phn truyn ng; 6- ca thot hn hp. 4.4.2. My xay kiu ru l Loi my ny thc hin qu trnh bc v nh lc nn v dch trt
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c s dng bc v ht thc (H. 4.7). V cu to, b phn bc v gm cp trc 3 v 4 bng cao su c cng ng knh, quay ngc chiu nhau vi vn tc vng khc nhau. Trc 4 quay nhanh, trc 3 quay chm. C cu 5 lm nhim v dch chuyn trc quay chm thay i khong cch khe h gia hai trc.

Hnh 4.7. My xay kiu ru l 1. phu cp liu; 2- van iu chnh lng cung cp; 3, 4- trc bc v; 6mng nghing 5- c cu iu chnh khe h cp trc bc v; ; 7- ca thot; 8- rnh ht; 9thn my. Ht t phu cp liu 1 chy vo khe h gia hai trc. Do ma st gia ht vi b mt trc m ht c cun vo khe h. y do s nn p, ma st kt hp vi s dch trt nh s chnh lch v tc quay ca hai trc m v ht c bong ra. Hn hp chy xung mng nghing 6, n cui mng nghing v ht c ht vo rnh 8 v i vo xicln. Nhn, ht v, ht cha bc v c thot ra qua ca 7. Cht lng bc v ph thuc ch yu vo tnh cht c l ca vt liu cao su, khe h lm vic gia hai trc. Cao su cn c cng ng u, va tch v ht nhng khng lm gy v nhn, cn c do dai to ra lc ma st cn thit nhng li lu mn v mn u trn sut chiu di trc. Hin tng mn khng u l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm gim hiu sut bc v v tng gy v. Khe h gia hai trc cng cn c iu chnh cho thch hp vi tng loi ht. Vi ht thc
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khe h cn c khng ch t 0,4 0,75m.m. Khe h ln hiu sut bc v km, khe h nh d gy gy v ht v gim nng sut my. Loi my ny c u im l hiu sut bc v cao, t l gy v thp, nng sut cao, s dng thch hp vi thc, k. Nhc im l trc cao su nhanh b mn, thng xuyn phi thay th. 4.4.3. My xt go kiu cn trc ng y l loi my thc hin lm trng go t ht go lt, c ch to chu u (H. 4.8). Cu to my gm ru l dng cn 4, t thng ng quay trong sng bao 5. Trn b mt cn c gn cc tm cao su l lp chu mi mn. Li no cm 6 c gn trn mt vnh rng, nhn chuyn ng quay t trc lp bnh rng 7. chuyn ng quay ca trc bnh rng 7 c ly t trc 8 thng qua ai truyn. dch c gi v trc 8 ln hoc xung.

Hnh 4.8. My xt go kiu cn trc ng 1- phu cp liu; 2- van l; 3- v my; 4- ru l xt; 5- sng; 6- li no; 7- bnh rang chuyn ng cho li no; 8- trc lp ru l xt; 9- ca ra
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go; 10- ca ra cm; 11- ca ht gi. Ht go lt t phu cp liu 1 chy vo mt trn ca ru l. Do lc ly tm ht c vng ra v lt vo khe h gia ru l v sng. Nh ma st gia cc tm cao su v sng lm bc i lp v cm trn b mt ht. Cm v tm nh lt qua sng ng xung y v my, c li no 7 gt vo ca thu cm 10 v ra ngoi. Go trng s thot ra khi khe h gia ru l xt v sng ri vo mng nghing v t chy ra ngoi qua ca thu go 9. Vic iu chnh khe h gia ru l xt v sng c thc hin bng cch nng My c u im : nng sut cao, m bo c trng vi mc bc cm thp nht, t l gy ht thp. Nhc im : cc tm cao su nhanh b mn, thng xuyn phi thay th, cu to my phc tp. 4.4.4. My nh bng go kiu tr trc ngang My ny c thit k v ch to ti Nht Bn (hnh 4. 9 ). B phn lm vic l ru l 2 bng thp c dng hnh tr trn c bt mt s ln cc tm da 4 bng bu lng. Ru l t nm ngang, c quay trong mt bung hnh tr c sng 3 t l di bao quanh. Qu trnh nh bng c thc hin nh ma st gia cc tm da vi ht v gia ht vi ht. Go sau khi nh bng c thot ra ngoi qua ca 6, cm lt qua sng ri vo b phn gom ch V v a ra ngoi nh vt xon 5. My c u im : t lm gy v ht, chi ph in nng ring thp nhng c nhc im l bng ht khng cao, kh iu chnh c bng theo yu cu ch bin, cc tm da rt nhanh mn thng xuyn phi thay th.

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Hnh 4.9 My nh bng go kiu tr trc ngang 1. Phu cp liu; 2. Ru l; 4. Sng; 4. Cc tm da; 5. Vt xon chuyn ti cm; 6. Ca thot go. 4.5. Mt s tnh ton my xay xt v nh bng 4.5.1 Tnh ton cng ngh a) My xay * Hiu sut bc v :
bv =
n1 n 2 n1

, (%)

Trong : n1 - t l ht cha bc v trc khi a vo my, %; n2 - t l ht cha bc v sau khi cho i qua my, %. Trng hp cho mt phn hay ton b ht xay quay tr li hn hp vi ht cha xay xay li, hiu sut bc v c xc nh theo cng thc :
bv =
C+M +m , n1 + c

(%)

Trong : C - t l ht c bc v do kt qu gia cng, %; M - t l nhn b v, %; m - t l cm, %; c - t l ht bc v c ln trong hn hp a quay tr li my xay, %. * H s nhn nguyn vn :
Kn = N , N +m+m

(%)

N - t l nhn nguyn vn, %. b) My xt v nh bng * gy v :

=
m 100% M

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Trong : m - khi lng ht gy, g; tch, g. * T l thu hi :

=
g 100% G

M - khi lng mu phn

Trong : g - khi lng go xt ra, kg; G - khi lng thc c xt, kg. 4.5.2. Nng sut my a) Nng sut l thuyt my bc v kiu ru l Qlt = 3,6lv, (tn/h) Trong : l - chiu di trc, m; v - vn tc trung bnh ca lp ht trong vng xay, m; - gi tr khe h trung bnh gia cc trc trong vng xay, m; - khi lng th tch ca sn phm trc khi xay, tn/m3; - h s np y th tch vng xay, = 0,28 0,30. b) Nng sut my xt Qlt = 3600Fv, (tn/h) F - din tch mt ct ngang ca bung xt, m2;
F=

(D 2 d 2 )
4

Trong : D - ng knh bung xt, m; d - ng knh ru l, m. v - vn tc trung bnh ca sn phm trong bung xt, m/s;
v= L

L - chiu di bung xt, m; - hi gian ht di chuyn trong bung xt, s; - h s np y; - khi lng th tch, tn/m4 .

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