Cng ngh Lan & Wan

I.Cng ngh Lan v cc giao thc truy cp ng truyn 1.Cng ngh Ethernet vi phng thc truy cp ng truyn CSMA/CD. 1.1)Gii thiu chung v Ethernet. -Ngy nay, Ethernet tr thnh cng ngh mng c s dng rng ri .Sau 30 mi nm ra i, cng ngh Ethernet vn c tip tc pht trin nhng kh nng mi p ng nhng nhu cu mi v tr thnh cng ngh mng ph bin v tin dng. Ngy 22-5-1973, Robert Metcalfe thuc trung tm nguyn cu Palto Alto ca hng Xerox-Parc, bang California, a ra tng h thng kt ni mng my tnh cho php cc my tnh c th trao i d liu cho nhau v vi my in Lazer.Lc ny cc h thng tnh ton ln u c thit k da trn cc my tnh trung tm t tin(mainframe).im khc bit m Ethernet mang li l cc my tnh c th trao i thng tin trc tip vi nhau m khng cn qua my tnh trung tm. M hnh mi ny lm thay i th gii cng ngh truyn thng. -Chun Ethernet 10mbps u tin xut bn 1980 bi s pht trin ca 3 hng :Dec, Intel, Xerox, chun ny c tn l DIX Ethernet -y ban 802.3 ca IEEE ly DIX Ethernet lm nn tn pht trin .Nm 1985 chun 802.3 u tin ra i vi tn IEEE 802.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collition Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method vesus Physical Layer Specification.Mc d khng s dng tn Ethernet nhng hu ht mi ngi iu hiu l chun ca cng ngh Ethernet.Ngy nay chun IEEE 802.3 l chun chnh thc ca Ethernet. IEEE pht trin chun Ethernet trn nhiu cng ngh truyn dn khc nhau v th c nhiu mng Ethernet. 1.2) Cc c tnh chung ca Ethernet 1.2.1) Cu trc khung tin Ethernet Cc chun Ethernet u hot ng tng Data Link trong m hnh 7 lp OSI v th n v d liu m cc trm trao i vi nhau l cc khung (frame). Cu trc khung Ethernet nh sau:

Hnh 2-17: Cu trc khung tin Ethernet Cc trng quan trng trong phn mo u s c m t di y: preamble: trng ny nh du s xut hin ca khung bit, n lun mang gi tr 10101010. T nhm bit ny, pha nhn c th to ra xung ng h 10 Mhz. SFD (start frame delimiter): trng ny mi thc s xc nh s bt u ca 1 khung. N lun mang gi tr 10101011. Cc trng Destination v Source: mang a ch vt l ca cc trm nhn v gi khung, xc nh khung c gi t u v s c gi ti u. LEN: gi tr ca trng ni ln ln ca phn d liu m khung mang theo. FCS mang CRC (cyclic redundancy checksum): pha gi s tnh ton trng ny trc khi truyn khung. Pha nhn tnh ton li CRC ny theo cch tng t. Nu hai kt qu trng nhau, khung c xem l nhn ng, ngc li khung coi nh l li v b loi b.

1.2.2) Cu trc a ch Ethernet Mi giao tip mng Ethernet c nh danh duy nht bi 48 bit a ch (6 octet y l a ch c n nh khi sn xut thit b, gi l a ch MAC ( Med Access Control Address ). a ch MAC c biu din bi cc ch s hexa ( h c s 16 ). V d : 00:60:97:8F:4F:86 hoc 00-60-97-8F-4F-86. Khun dng a ch MAC c chia lm 2 phn: 3 octet u xc nh hng sn xut, chu s qun l ca t chc IEEE. 3 octet sau do nh sn xut n nh. Kt hp ta s c mt a ch MAC duy nht cho mt giao tip mng Ethernet. ch MAC c s dng lm a ch ngun v a ch ch trong khung Ethernet. 1.2.3)Cc loi khung Ethernet Cc khung unicast Gi s trm 1 cn truyn khung ti trm 2 (trn hnh v ...)

Khung Ethernet do trm 1 to ra c a ch: MAC ngun: 00-60-08-93-DB-C1 MAC ch: 00-60-08-93-AB-12 y l khung unicast. Khung ny c truyn ti mt trm xc nh. + Tt c cc trm trong phn on mng trn s u nhn c khung ny nhng: + Ch c trm 2 thy a ch MAC ch ca khung trng vi a ch MAC ca giao tip mng ca mnh nn tip tc x l cc thng tin khc trong khung. 61 + Cc trm khc sau khi so snh a ch s b qua khng tip tc x l khung na. Cc khung broadcast Cc khung broadcast c a ch MAC ch l FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF ( 48 bit 1). Khi nhn c cc khung ny, mc d khng trng vi a ch MAC ca giao tip mng ca mnh nhng cc trm u phi nhn khung v tip tc x l. Giao thc ARP s dng cc khung broadcast ny tm a ch MAC tng ng vi mt a ch IP cho trc. Mt s giao thc nh tuyn cng s dng cc khung broadcast cc router trao i bng nh tuyn. Cc khung multicast Trm ngun gi khung ti mt s trm nht nh ch khng phi l tt c. a ch MAC ch ca khung l a ch c bit m ch cc trm trong cng nhm mi

chp nhn cc khung gi ti a ch ny. Note: a ch MAC ngun ca khung lun l a ch MAC ca giao tip mng to ra khung. Trong khi a ch MAC ch ca khung th ph thuc vo mt trong ba loi khung nu trn. 1.3)Hot ng ca Ethernet Phng thc iu khin truy nhp CSMA/CD quy nh hot ng ca h thng Ethernet. Mt s khi nim c bn lin quan n qu trnh truyn khung Ethernet: Khi tn hiu ang c truyn trn knh truyn, knh truyn lc ny bn v ta gi trng thi ny l c sng mang carrier. Khi ng truyn ri: khng c sng mang absence carrier. Nu hai trm cng truyn khung ng thi th chng s pht hin ra s xung t v phi thc hin li qu trnh truyn khung. Khong thi gian mt giao tip mng khi phc li sau mi ln nhn khung c gi l khong trng lin khung ( interframe gap) k hiu IFG. Gi tr ca IFG bng 96 ln thi gian ca mt bit. Ethernet 10Mb/s: IFG = 9,6 us Ethernet 100Mb/s: IFG = 960 ns Ethernet 1000Mb/s: IFG = 96 ns Cch thc truyn khung v pht hin xung t din ra nh sau: 62 + 1. Khi pht hin ng truyn ri, my trm s i thm mt khong thi gian bng IFG, sau n thc hin ngay vic truyn khung. Nu truyn nhiu khung th gia cc khung phi cch nhau khong IFG. + 2. Trong trng hp ng truyn bn, my trm s tip tc lng nghe ng truyn cho n khi ng truyn ri th thc hin li 1. + 3. Trng hp khi qu trnh truyn khung ang din ra th my trm pht hin thy s xung t, my trm s phi tip tc truyn 32 bit d liu. Nu s xung t c pht hin ngay khi mi bt u truyn khung th my trm s phi truyn ht trng preamble v thm 32 bit na , vic truyn nt cc bit ny (ta xem nh l cc bit bo hiu tc nghn) m bo tn hiu s tn ti trn ng truyn lu cho php cc trm khc ( trong cc trm gy ra xung t) nhn ra c s xung t v x l : Sau khi truyn ht cc bit bo hiu tc nghn, my trm s i trong mt khong thi gian ngu nhin hy vng sau s khng gp xung t v thc hin li vic truyn khung nh bc 1. Trong ln truyn khung tip theo ny m vn gp xung t, my trm buc phi i thm ln na vi khong thi gian ngu nhin nhng di hn. + 4. Khi mt trm truyn thnh cng 512 bit (khng tnh trng preamble), ta xem nh knh truyn b chim. iu ny cng c ngha l khng th c xung t xy ra na. Khong thi gian ng vi thi gian ca 512 bit c gi l slotTime. y l tham s quan trng quyt nh nhiu ti vic thit k. Do bn cht cng chia s knh truyn, ti mt thi im ch c mt trm c php truyn khung. Cng c nhiu trm trong phn on mng th s xung t cng xy ra nhiu, khi tc truyn b gim xung. S xung t l hin tng xy ra bnh thng trong hot ng ca mng Ethernet ( t xung t d gy hiu nhm l mng b s c hay l hot ng sai, hng hc).

Khi nim slotTime

Hnh 2-18: Hai trm hai pha xa nht trong mng Ethernet 10Mb/s Trong v d ny, trm 1 v trm 2 c xem nh hai trm hai pha xa nht ca mng. Trm 1 truyn khung ti trm 2, ngay trc khi khung ny ti trm 2, trm 2 cng quyt nh truyn khung ( v n thy ng truyn ri). mng Ethernet hot ng ng, mi my trm phi pht hin v thng bo s xung t ti trm xa nht trong mng trc khi mt trm ngun hon thnh vic truyn khung. Khung Ethernet kch c nh nht l 512 bit (64 octet), do khong thi gian nh nht pht hin v thng bo xung t l 512 ln thi gian mt bit. Ethernet 10Mb/s : slot Time = 51,2 us Ethernet 100Mb/s : slot Time = 5,12 us Ethernet 1000Mb/s : slot Time = 512 ns Trng hp vi phm thi gian slotTime, mng Ethernet s hot ng khng ng na. Mi ln truyn khung, my trm s lu khung cn truyn trong b m cho n khi n truyn thnh cng. Gi s mng khng p ng ng tham s slotTime. Trm 1 truyn 512 bit thnh cng khng h b xung t, lc ny khung c xem l truyn thnh cng v b xo khi b m. Do s pht hin xung t b tr, trm 1 lc ny mun truyn li khung cng khng c na v khung b xo khi b m ri. Mng s khng hot ng ng. Mt mng Ethernet c thit k ng phi tho mn iu kin sau: Thi gian tr tng cng ln nht truyn khung Ethernet t trm ny ti trm khc trn mng phi nh hn mt na slotTime. Thi gian tr tng cng ni ti y bao gm tr qua cc thnh phn truyn khung: tr truyn tn hiu trn cp ni, tr qua b repeater. Thi gian tr ca tng thnh phn ph thuc vo c tnh ring ca chng. Cc nh sn xut thit b ghi 64 r v khi thit k cn la chn v tnh ton tho mn iu kin hot ng ng ca mng Ethernet.

1.4)Cc loi mng Ethernet IEEE pht trin chun Ethernet trn nhiu cng ngh truyn dn khc nhau v th c nhiu loi mng Ethernet. Mi loi mng c m t da theo ba yu t: tc , phng thc tn hiu s dng v c tnh ng truyn vt l. Cc h thng Ethernet 10Mb/s : 10Base5. y l tiu chun Ethernet u tin, da trn cp ng trc loi dy. Tc t c 10 Mb/s, s dng bng tn c s, chiu di cp ti a cho 1 phn on mng l 500m. 10Base2. C tn khc l thin Ethernet , da trn h thng cp ng trc mng vi tc 10 Mb/s, chiu di cp ti a ca phn on l 185 m (IEEE lm trn thnh 200m). 10BaseT. Ch T l vit tt ca twisted: cp xon cp. 10BaseT hot ng tc 10 Mb/s da trn h thng cp xon cp Cat 3 tr ln. 10BaseF. F l vit tt ca Fiber Optic ( si quang). y l chun Ethernet dng cho si quang hot ng tc 10 Mb/s , ra i nm 1993. Cc h thng Ethernet 100 Mb/s Ethernet cao tc ( Fast Ethernet ) 100BaseT. Chun Ethernet hot ng vi tc 100 Mb/s trn c cp xon cp ln cp si quang. 100BaseX. Ch X ni ln c tnh m ha ng truyn ca h thng ny (s dng phng php m ho 4B/5B ca chun FDDI). Bao gm 2 chun 100BaseFX v 100BaseTX 100BaseFX. Tc 100Mb/s, s dng cp si quang a mode. 100BaseTX. Tc 100Mb/s, s dng cp xon cp. 100BaseT2 v 100BaseT4. Cc chun ny s dng 2 cp v 4 cp cp xon cp Cat 3 tr ln tuy nhin hin nay hai chun ny t c s dng. Cc h thng Giga Ethernet 1000BaseX. Ch X ni ln c tnh m ho ng truyn ( chun ny da trn kiu m ho 8B/10B dng trong h thng kt ni tc cao Fibre Channel c pht trin bi ANSI). Chun 1000BaseX gm 3 loi: 1000Base-SX: tc 1000 Mb/s, s dng si quang vi sng ngn. 65 1000Base-LX: tc 1000 Mb/s, s dng si quang vi sng di. 1000Base-CX: tc 1000 Mb/s, s dng cp ng. 1000BaseT. Hot ng tc Giga bit, bng tn c s trn cp xon cp Cat 5 tr ln. S dng kiu m ho ng truyn ring t c tc cao trn loi cp ny. 2.Cng ngh Token Ring v giao thc truy cp ng truyn Token Passing(truyn th bi). 2.1.Gii thiu chung cng mng Token Ring Ngoi Ethernet LAN mt cng ngh LAN ch yu khc ang c dng hin nay l Token Ring. Nguyn tc ca mng Token Ring c nh ngha trong tiu chun IEEE 802.5. Mng Token Ring c th chy tc 4Mbps hoc 16Mbps. Phng php truy cp dng trong mng Token Ring gi l Token passing. 2.2 Token Passing(truyn th bi). Giao thc ny c dng trong cc LAN c cu trc vng s dng k thut chuyn th bi (token) cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn tc l quyn c truyn d liu i. Th bi y l mt n v d liu c bit, c kch thc v ni dung (gm cc thng tin iu khin) c quy nh ring cho mi giao thc. Trong ng cp

lin tc c mt th bi chy quanh trong mng. Phn d liu ca th bi c mt bit biu din trng thi s dng ca n (bn hoc ri). Trong th bi c cha mt a ch ch v c lun chuyn ti cc trm theo mt trt t nh trc. i vi cu hnh mng dng xoay vng th trt t ca s truyn th bi tng ng vi trt t vt l ca cc trm xung quanh vng. Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i n khi nhn c mt th bi ri. Khi trm s i bit trng thi ca th bi thnh bn, nn gi d liu c km theo a ch ni nhn vo th bi v truyn i theo chiu ca vng, th bi lc ny tr thnh khung mang d liu. Trm ch sau khi nhn khung d liu ny, s copy d liu vo b m ri tip tc truyn khung theo vng nhng thm mt thng tin xc nhn. Trm ngun nhn li khung ca mnh (theo vng) c nhn ng, i bit bn thnh bit ri v truyn th bi i. V th bi chy vng quang trong mng kn v ch c mt th nn vic ng d liu khng th xy ra, do vy hiu sut truyn d liu ca mng khng thay i. Trong cc giao thc ny cn gii quyt hai vn c th dn n ph v h thng. Mt l vic mt th bi lm cho trn vng khng cn th bi lu chuyn na. Hai l mt th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng. u im ca giao thc l vn hot ng tt khi lu lng truyn thng ln. Giao thc truyn th bi tun th ng s phn chia ca mi trng mng, hot ng da vo s xoay vng ti cc trm. Vic truyn th bi s khng thc hin c nu vic xoay vng b t on. Giao thc phi cha cc th tc kim tra th bi cho php khi phc li th bi b mt hoc thay th trng thi ca th bi v cung cp cc phng tin sa i logic (thm vo, bt i hoc nh li trt t ca cc trm). -Cu hi t ra y: 1. vic mt th bi lm cho trn vng khng cn th bi lu chuyn na? 2. mt th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng? 3.Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) - Giao din D liu Phn b theo Cp si quang Giao din D liu Phn b theo Cp si quang (FDDI) l mt mng tc cao, s dng cng ngh token-ring (vng th bi) ngc chiu khc phc cc hng hc. Ban u khi nim ny c p dng trn cp si quang a mt, tiu chun ny c pht trin bao trm c cp quang n mt, cp ng i dy xon bc kim v thm ch c dy ng khng bc kim. N c thit k cung cp kt ni a mc tiu, bng thng cao gia cc my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi, bao gm c lin kt cc mng LAN (Hnh 1) v cc mng khc trong phm vi mt to cao c hoc trong mi trng hc vin.

Hnh 1. FDDI c th mang cc khung Ethernet vToken-Ring lm cc khung d liu, cung cp mt mng xng sng a giao thc Hot ng ca FDDI Mt giao thc chuyn th bi (token-passing) nh thi c s dng chuyn cc khung c kch thc ln ti 4500 byte, h tr ti a ti 1000 kt ni trn mt ng cp si quang a mt di nht l 200 km (124 dm). Mi trm trn dc ng truyn u ng vai tr mt phng tin bm st v nhn dng cc thit b trn mng, ti to v lp li cc khung c chuyn ti n. Khng ging nh cc loi mng LAN khc, FDDI cho php c cc thit b khng ng b (khng nhy cm vi thi gian) v cc thit b ng b (nhy cm vi thi gian) cng dng chung mng. Cc dch v ng b (chng hn nh thoi v video...) khng chp nhn cc tr v phi c bo m mt bng thng c nh v mt khe thi gian quy nh. Lu lng ng b do vy c u tin hn so vi lu lng khng ng b, l loi lu lng c th b tr m vn khng b suy gim cht lng. FDDI ch trng n tin cy v kin trc ca n bao gm nhng kh nng qun l, k c vic pht hin s c t ng v ti cu hnh mng. Mi s thay i trng thi mng, chng hn tng cng sut hoc b sung thm cc trm mi, u dn n mt qu trnh yu cu, trong tt c cc trm trn mng u i hi quyn khi to mng. Mi trm u ch th khong bao nhiu lu phi xem xt th bi c h tr dch v ng b ca n khng. Yu cu thp nht tiu biu cho trm l phi xem xt th bi thng xuyn. Yu cu c lu tr nh Thi gian Quay Th bi Mc tiu (TTRT - Target Token Rotation Time). Mi trm u c m bo xem xt th bi trong khong 2 x TTRT giy ca s xut hin cui cng ca n. Qu trnh ny c hon tt khi mt trm thu c th bi yu cu ring ca n. Trm chin thng s cng b th bi khng b chn u tin, ng thi khi to mng theo vng quay u tin. Theo vng quay th hai, cc thit b ng b c th bt u truyn dn. Trn vng quay th ba v cc vng quay tip sau, cc thit b khng ng b c th truyn dn nu c bng thng. Cc sai li c sa t ng qua mt qu trnh bo hiu - v - khi phc (beacon-and-recovery process) trong tng trm ring l s tm cch hiu chnh tnh th. Kin trc ca FDDI

Cc qu trnh trn dc xc nh trong mt b cc tiu chun do Vin Tiu chun Quc gia Hoa K (ANSI) ph chun. Cc tiu chun ny nh ra bn vng chc nng ca kin trc FDDI (Hnh 2). Ph thuc mi trng vt l (PMD) Cc d liu c truyn gia cc trm sau khi bin i cc bt d liu thnh mt dy cc xung quang. Sau cc xung ny c truyn qua dy cp ni gia cc trm khc nhau. Lp con PMD ny m t cc my thu pht quang, c bit l cc mc cng sut v nhy quang ti thiu trn tuyn kt ni d liu quang. Lp ny cng xc nh cc u ni v cc c trng mi trng cho truyn thng im - ni - im gia cc trm trn mng FDDI. Lp con PMD l mt tp con ca Lp Vt l thuc M hnh tham chiu OSI, xc nh tt c cc dch v cn c pht i lung bt t trm ny ti trm khc. N cng quy nh cc yu cu i dy cho h thng cp ph hp vi FDDI, k c jitter v nhng bin i trong suy hao ca h thng cp.

Hnh 2. Cc lp FDDI v mi quan h vi M hnh tham chiu OSI 7 Lp Vt l Giao thc Lp Vt l (PHY) xc nh r nhng phn khng ph thuc mi trng ca Lp Vt l, m t s m ho/gii m d liu, thit lp xung nhp ng b, xc nh chui thit lp chui quan h (handshaking) c s dng gia cc trm k cn nhau

 kim tra tnh nguyn vn ca tuyn. N cng cung cp s ng b ca cc xung nhp bit m n v i cng nh vch ra cc bin gii octet cn thit cho vic truyn dn thng tin t v ti cc lp cao hn. Cc qu trnh ny cho php trm thu ng b xung nhp ca mnh vi trm pht. Lp iu khin Truy nhp Mi trng Lp Kt ni D liu ca FDDI c phn chia thnh hai lp con. Lp con iu khin Truy nhp Mi trng (MAC - Media Acess Control) chi phi vic truy nhp mi trng. N m t nh dng khung, thng dch ni dung khung , to ra v lp li cc khung, pht v thu cc th bi iu khin cc b nh thi, gim st vng th bi v phi ghp vi qun l trm. Lp con iu khin Kt ni Logic (LLC - Logical Link Control) khng nm trong tiu chun FDDI nhng n rt cn cho hot ng vng c chnh xc v l mt phn ca tiu chun IEEE 802.2. Theo m hnh IEEE th MAC ca FDDI hon ton tng thch vi tiu chun LLC ca IEEE 802-2. Nhng ng dng m hin nay ang ghp ni c vi LLC v ang hot ng trn cc mng LAN hin hnh, nh IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD hoc 802-5 Token-Ring, u c th hot ng trn cc mng FDDI. Ging nh MAC Token-Ring nh ngha theo 802.5, MAC FDDI cng c hai loi n v d liu giao thc l khung v th bi. Cc khung c s dng vn chuyn d liu (chng hn nh cc khung LLC), trong khi cc th bi c s dng iu khin trm truy nhp vo mng. Ti lp MAC, d liu c truyn theo cc khi 4 bit gi l cc k hiu 4B/5B. S m ho k t theo kiu 4 bt d liu c bin i sang mt m hnh 5 bt; nh vy tc FDDI 100 Mbit/s cung cp 125 triu tn hiu mt giy. Kiu bo hiu ny c dng duy tr ng b tn hiu trn cp si quang. Hai k t mang mt octet d liu duy nht. Qun l trm Tin ch Qun l trm (STM) cung cp cc dch v qun l h thng cho b giao thc FDDI, chi tit ho cc yu cu iu khin cho hot ng v kh nng tng tc chnh xc ca cc trm trn vng FDDI. N phi hp hot ng vi cc lp PMD, PHY v MAC. Tin ch SMT c s dng qun l cc kt ni, cc cu hnh v cc giao din. N xc nh r nhng dch v nh khi to vng va trm, c lp v phc hi s c, sa sai... STM cng c s dng thu thp cc s liu thng k, qun l a ch v phn on cho vng FDDI. Cu hnh t p ca FDDI FDDI l mt mng vng chuyn th bi. Ging nh mi vng khc, n bao gm mt tp hp cc trm c kt ni vi nhau theo cc tuyn im-ni-im hnh thnh mt vng khp kn. Mi trm thu cc tn hiu trn pha u vo ca n v ti to chng truyn trn pha u ra. V mt l thuyt, c th gn vo mng bao nhiu trm cng c, tuy nhin cc gi tr mc nh trong tiu chun FDDI gi thit khng nhiu hn 1000 trm c gn v mt ng truyn l 200km.

FDDI s dng hai vng ngc chiu nhau, mt vng s cp v mt vng th cp. Lu lng s liu thng i theo vng s cp. Vng th cp hot ng theo hng ngc v c kh nng khc phc s c. Nu c cu hnh hp l, cc trm c th pht ng thi trn c hai vng, do vy bng thng ca mng tng gp i.

Hnh 3. Cu trc topo vng kp ca FDDI vi ba kiu thit b lin kt C ba cp trang thit b c s dng trong mi trng FDDI: cc trm gn n (SAS-Single attached stations), cc trm gn kp (DAS - Dual attached stations) v cc b tp trung (CON- Concentrator). DAS kt ni vt l vi c hai vng, trong khi SAS ch kt ni vi vng s cp qua mt b tp trung. Trong trng hp hng mt tuyn ni, k thut mch bn trong ca DAS c th khi phc hot ng mng bng cch kt hp s dng c hai vng s cp v th cp. Nu mt s c xy ra gia mt b kt ni v mt SAS th SAS ny bt u b c lp khi mng. Ba kiu trang thit b ny c th c b tr theo mt trong ba cu trc topo: vng kp, hnh cy v vng kp ca cc cy (Hnh 3). Theo cu trc topo vng kp, cc DAS to nn mt vng vt l; trong trng hp ny tt c cc trm u c gn kp. Theo cu trc tp hnh cy, cc SAS u xa c kt ni ti mt b tp trung, b tp trung ny li c ni ti mt b tp trung khc trn vng chnh. Bt k DAS no kt ni ti mt b tp trung u ng vai tr mt SAS. Cc b tp trung c th c s dng to ra mt h phn cp mng gi l mt vng kp ca cc cy. Cu trc topo ny cung cp mt thit k h thng linh hot, c phn cp, rt hiu qu kinh t. Cc thit b i hi cc mc truyn thng c tin cy cao u c gn vo vng chnh. Nh vy, cc thit b SAS c th truyn thng vi vng chnh m

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khng cn tng thm chi ph trang b thm cho chng mt giao din vng kp hoc mt kh nng chy sut c vng kn, trong i hi phi bo m tin cy ca vng trong trng hp h hng trm. Khc phc h hng FDDI cung cp mt chuyn mch r nhnh tu chn ti mi nt khc phc h hng bt c ch no trn nt. Trong trng hp hng mt nt th s b qua nt ny v mt quang v tch n ra khi mng. C th b qua ti a ba nt lin tip; cng sut quang vn h tr cc phn hot ng khc ca mng.

Hnh 4. Kh nng t sa ca cu trc topo vng kp Trng hp b t cp, cu trc topo vng kp ngc chiu nhau ny ca FDDI cho php s dng cp d phng x l lu lng 100Mbit/s tiu chun. Nu c hai ng cp s cp v th cp u hng th cc trm ln cn ca ch b hng s t ng vng tr li v chuyn d liu gia hai vng ni trn, do vy to nn mt vng hnh ch C mi trong cc phn cn ang hot ng ca hai vng ban u (Hnh 4). Khi s c c khc phc, mng s t ti cu hnh tr li nh c. Cc b tp trung ca FDDI thng cung cp hai bus tng ng vi hai vng ng trc ca FDDI. Kh nng t khc phc h hng cng c cung cp cho cc trm kt ni ti vng qua mt b tp trung, bi v b tp trung cung cp chc nng u vng cho cc trm c gn. Tm tt Mt phng n m rng ca FDDI, gi l FDDI-2, s dng tng phn bng thng 100Mbit/s vn chuyn thoi v video, ging ht nh cng ngh chuyn mch t bo ca Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b (ATM). Tuy nhin, trong khi FDDI b gii hn v mt c ly th ATM l mt cng ngh ni mng m bng thng c kh nng m rng cao nn n bao trm c hai mi trng LAN v WAN. iu ny chng t rng, cui cng ATM s chi phi ton b cc mng doanh nghip, c bit l vn hnh cc ng dng a phng tin. II.Cng ngh WAN

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1.Cng ngh FrameRelay 1.1.Gii thiu Frame relay c bit n nh l 1 giao thc ca mng WAN, c thc thi trn tng physical v tng data link ca m hnh OSI. Do mt s chc nng ca tng network coi nh c chuyn xung tng ny. Mt s chc nng nh flow-control, Ack cng c loi b gim tr mng. Hn na, Frame relay c u im trong vic kim tra li. Frame relay kim tra li thng qua vic truyn d liu theo 2 cch l end-to-end v point-to-point thng qua mng truyn s liu. Frame relay c thng lng cao vi tr mng thp nhng c kh nng s dng chung cng v ng truyn nhm to ra mng o, ngoi ra cn s dng mt vi k thut nhm h tr vic t chc d liu khi truyn dn s dng trong tnh hung bng n lu lng. Frame relay c trin khai trong cc doanh nghip ISPs v c cc c s kinh doanh nh bi gi c v s linh hot ca n. Tht vy, frame relay trin khai cn t thit b, t phc tp hn v d dng thc thi. Hn th na frame relay cung cp bng thng ln hn, tin cy cao hn v kh nng khc phc li cao hn. Frame relay l giao thc ra i sau X25 nhng c kh nng truyn ti nhanh hn hng chc ln so vi X25 cng tc . Nhng trin khai frame relay th tc truyn dn ca mng phi cao. Frame relay gim tr,gim jitter v tc truyn d liu ln ti 4Mbps, thm ch cn c th cao hn na. 1.2. to 1 mng Frame relay ta cn 1 s thit b nh sau: a) Thit b truy nhp mng (Frame Relay access device - FRAD) c s dng nh 1 DTE, c th l 1 router hoc 1 Lan brigde c cu hnh cung cp Frame relay. FRAD c t CPE v c kt ni vi 1 switch port trn mng ca nh cung cp dch v. + DTE : l nhng thit b chuyn data t mng khch hng qua mng WAN + CPE : l nhng thit b v h thng ng dy trong mng khch hng. b) Thit b mng L cc frame relay switch c bit nh l thit b DCE c kt ni serial vi DTE. Cc switch ny a frame t DTE qua mng v phn phi ti cc DTE khc qua cc DCE. +DCE : thit b t data ln ng local loop. +Local loop : ng ni gia CPE v CO (central office) ca nh cung cp dch v. V d trn hnh local loop l ng ni gia router ca CPE v frame switch ca nh cung cp dch v. c) Cc ng ni gia cc thit b mng v thit b truy nhp mng. local loop - NNI (Network to Network Interface) : c s dng ni gia 2 switches

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Khi hng truyn thng s dng Frame Relay kt ni gia cc VLAN, router trn mi VLAN l thit b DTE. Mt kt ni serial, nh ng lease line T1/E1, kt ni gia router n Frame Relay switch ca hng truyn thng ti im POP gn nht (POP la im ma tai o cac nha cung cp dich vu in thoai ng dai ni vao h thng in thoai ia phng va cuc b). Frame Relay switch l thit b DCE. Mt frame t DTE ny s c cc DCE truyn n DTE khc qua mng Frame Relay switch.

thc hin nhim v truyn s liu, mng Frame Relay s gii quyt vn tt nghn thng tin trn mng, thc cht y l vn ca tng mng trong m hnh 7 tng.Frame Relay lm vic tn lien kt nhng cng phi gii quyt vn ny m bo kh nng lu chuyn thng tin . Hu ht cc mng truyn s liu u s dng k thut iu khin lung (flow-control) gii quyt vn tc nghn. C hai phng php c s dng khi xy ra tc nghn trong mng: thng bo cho ngi dng, router, chuyn mch v s c tc nghn xy ra v thc hin cc cng vic nhm hiu chnh lung thng tin. C hai phng php ny mng Frame-Relay u dng n cc bit BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification) v bit FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification) trong trng iu khin. Bit FECN c thit lp khi c tc nghn thng bo rng th tc x l tc nghn c khi to, v tng ng vi lu lng b nghn t hng ca Frame c bit FECN ti. Ngc li, bit BECN cng c thit lp khi c tc nghn thng bo rng th tc x l nghn c khi to, nhng tng ng vi lu lng b nghn t hng ngc vi Frame c bit BECN ti. Khi cc bit ny c thit lp th mng phi dng n mt knh logic d phng chuyn cc thng tin x l nghn, l knh vi m nhn dng DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) s 1023. Cc knh vi m nhn dng nh hn c dng truyn s liu ca ngi dng.
Kt ni thng qua mng Frame Relay gia cc DTE c gi l mt mch o (Virtual ciucuit - VC). Vi cc VC, Frame Relay s chia s bng thng gia cc ngi dng v bt k 1 site no cng c th truyn thng vi site khc m khng cn s dng nhiu ng vt l dnh ring cho n. C 2 cch thit lp VC: SVC- switched Virtual Circuit, l mt kt ni tm thi ch c s dng khi c yu cu truyn thng gia cc thit b DTE qua mng Frame Relay. Mt phin truyn thng qua SVC bao gm 4 trng thi hot ng: CALL SETUP, DATA TRANSFER, IDLE, CALL TERMINATION.

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PVC, Permanent Virtual Circuit, l kt ni c thit lp c nh, c s dng thng xuyn, v truyn d liu gia cc DTE qua mng Frame Relay. Truyn thng qua PVC khng yu cu CALL SETUP v CALL TERMINATION m c s dng trong SVC. PVC lun lun vn hnh mt trong hai trang thi: truyn d liu hoc Idle.

Trong hnh trn, c mt VC gia node gi v node nhn. VC i theo ng A,B,C,D. Frame Relay to VC bng cch lu tr nh x port vo port ra trong b nh ca mi switch. Nh vy lin kt t mt switch n mt switch khc ch l mt ng lin tc t mt im cui ca mch o n mt im cui khc c xc nh. Mt VC c th chy qua nhiu thit b truyn thng trong mng Frame Relay. Cu hi t ra l : Nhng node v switch c xc nh nh th no?

Cc VC cung cp mt ng truyn thng hai chiu t thit b ny n thit b khc. Cc VC c xc nh bi DLCI. Gi tr DLCI c gn bi nh cung cp dch v Frame Relay. Trong Frame Relay, DLCI ch c ngha cc b, tc l khng phi l gi tr duy nht trn mng Frame Relay Wan. Mt DLCI ch ra mt VC ti thit b im cui. Mt DLCI khng c ngha trn lin kt n l. Hai thit b c kt ni bi mt VC c th s dng gi tr DLCI khc nhau tham chiu n cng mt kt ni.

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Frame Relay gn nhn cho mi VC mt gi tr DLCI. Gi tr ny c lu tr trong trng a ch ca mi frame c truyn i ni cho mng bit frame nn c nh tuyn nh th no. Nh cung cp dch v Frame Relay s lm nhim v gn nhn ny. Thng thng gi tr DLCI t 0 n 15 v t 1008 n 2003 c d phng cho nhng mc ch c th. V vy nh cung cp dch v gn gi tr DLCI t 16 n 1007. Trong hnh minh ha trn, frame s dng DLCI 102. N c truyn t port 0 ca router R1 v VC 102. Ti switch A, frame c y ra port 1 s dng VC 432. Qu trnh nh x VC-port ny c tip tc cho n khi no frame ti c ch ca n ti DLCI 102 nh trn hnh v. DLCI c lu tr trong trng a ch ca mi frame c truyn i. Frame relay ch truyn 1 frame ti mt thi im, nhng c nhiu kt ni logic c th cng tn ti trn mt ng vt l n l. Thit b truy nht Frame Relay (FRAD) hay router c kt ni ti mng Frame Relay c th c nhiu kt ni VC ti cc im cui khc nhau. Nhiu VC trn mt kt ng vt l c phn bit bi v mi VC c mt gi tr DLCI ring ca n. Hy nh rng DLCI ch c ngha cc b v c th l khc nhau ti mi im cui ca VC. Nh trong hnh v sau, c hai VC tn ti trn mt ng truy cp n l, mi VC c mt gi tr DLCI ring ca n c gn trn router R1.

Cch ny s lm gim cc thit b cng nh s phc tp khi phi kt ni nhiu thit b ca mng, dn n hiu qu hn v mt chi ph. Vi cu hnh ny, mi im cui ch cn 1 ng truy cp n l v mt interface.

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Knh o c nh PVC (Permanent Virtual Cuicuit): Mi thit b u cui trn mng din rng WAN phi c mt a ch gi l DNA (Data Network Address) cc thit b u cui khc c th gi c. i vi mi DNA, ta c th to nhiu knh o bng cch s dng cc DLCI. Vi mi cp DNA, ta c th to mt s knh o c nh kt ni chng v khi c cc cuc trao i tin gia chng mng khng cn phi x l cc gi tin thit lp cuc gi. Knh o chuyn mch (Switched Virtual Curcuit): Ngoi knh o c nh, mng Frame-Relay cn c kh nng cung cp knh o chuyn mch SVC. ngha ca n l khi bt u c nhu cu kt ni gia hai thit b u cui, thit b gi s gi yu cu ti mng bng mt gi tin SETUP, mng nhn gi tin ny xem xt cc tham s, nu l hp l th gi tin s c chuyn n u cui b gi. Nu cuc gi c chp nhn, u cui b gi s chuyn gi tin CONNECT ti mng chuyn ti u cui gi. u cui gi sau khi nhn c gi tin s gi gi tin CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE ti mng xc nhn v mng cng gi gi tin ny ti u cui b gi. Khi kt thc giai on thit lp cuc gi, cc u cui chuyn sang giai on trao i tin cho nhau. Knh o ni a im MVC (Multicast Virtual Circuit): Mng Frame-Relay c th cung cp kh nng pht hoc nhn s liu gia mt u cui vi nhiu u cui khc nh k thut MVC. Hin nay k thut ny mi c p dng vi loi knh PVC cn vi SVC vn ang cn trong giai on nghin cu. thc hin nhim v ny, trong mng Frame-Relay c kh nng thit lp chc nng to knh a im MS (Multicast Server), qua to cho u cui gc m nhn dng a im MDLCI u cui ny lm vic mt s cc u cui khc c DLCI bnh thng. Nu xt trn m hnh 7 tng ca ISO th Frame-Relay lm vic ch yu tng Lin kt d liu, do mt s chc nng ca tng Mng coi nh c chuyn xung tng ny. Hn na, mt s chc nng ca tng ny cng c loi b bt nh cc tham s v iu khin lung, ACK, NAK,... nhm lm gim tr trong mng. iu a n khi nim gi l mng khng li (error-free network). l im khc nhau c bn gia Frame-Relay vi X.25. phn bit r ta xt khi nim v kim tra li: Kim tra li khi thc hin truyn s liu t u cui ti thng qua mng truyn s liu c chia lm hai loi, kim tra u cui ti u cui (End to End) v kim tra im ti im (Point to Point). Kim tra im ti im mng ngha l khi ngi dng gi mt gi tin n mng, mng s trao i m bo gi tin l ng v cng m bo chuyn gi tin n ch. Kim tra u cui ti u cui l phng php m khi ngi dng gi gi tin n mng, mng s c gng a gi tin n ch nhng nu trong qu trnh chuyn tin c li th mng khng truyn li m b qua cho thit b u cui ca khch hng thc hin chc nng truyn li . Nh vy vic thc hin kim tra u cui ti u cui s lm gim tr gia cc h thng chuyn mch bn trong mng do khng phi thc hin chc nng truyn li. Tuy nhin, u im ny ch c hiu qu khi cht lng truyn dn bn trong mng

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cao, nu khng vic thit b u cui phi truyn li nhiu ln s dn ti vic chim dng knh truyn dn lu hn. Cng ngh chuyn mch gi X.25 hp dn kh nng s dng chung cng v ng truyn, do n c kh nng s dng trong tnh hung bng n l tnh hung hay gp mng LAN v khi kt ni LAN to LAN. Tuy nhin, trong thc t kh nng ny khng c ngha ln do thng lng ca mng X.25 thp (nh trnh by trn, ngi dng X.25 thng b gii hn tc ti a 128 Kbps) v do tr ln v phi x l nhiu thng tin bn trong mng. Ngc li, cng ngh chuyn mch knh hay tch ghp knh theo thi gian TDM (Time Divion Multiplexer) c thng lng cao v tr trong mng rt thp. V thc cht cng ngh ny to ra cc knh trong sut (transparency channel) tng ng vi tng Vt l trong m hnh 7 tng. Do khng phi tnh ton g bn trong mng nn hu nh khng c tr mm m ch c tr do khong cch v bng tn hn ch. Tuy vy, cng ngh ny to ra cc knh c nh v tc nn khng gii quyt c tnh hung bng n lu lng. Do ch thch hp vi nhng dch v s dng bng tn c nh kiu nh dch v thoi. Kt hp hai u im trn, Frame-Relay c thng lng cao vi tr trong mng thp nhng c kh nng kt ni s dng chung cng v ng truyn nhm to ra mng o, ngoi ra n cn s dng mt vi k thut nhm h tr vic t chc t chc d liu khi truyn dn s dng trong tnh hung bng n lu lng. Ni cch khc dng mng din rng vi cng ngh Frame-Relay thit k mng ring chng ta s c mt s u im:

Thi gian thc hin nhanh. Kh nng dng bng tn rng: t 2Mbps c th ti 34Mbps. Tn dng ti a hiu sut ca bng tn, khi khi lng thng tin cn truyn ln ta mi dng n bng tn rng, cn bnh thng ta ch cn gi mt bng tn nh: 64 Kbps n 256 Kbps l . Vi cng giao din vt l ta c th to nhiu knh logic dng. Tit kim gi thnh ca thit b ni mng din rng.

1.2.Cu trc khung ca Frame Relay

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Frame Relay ly packet t giao thc lp mng nh l IP hay IPX. Sau n bc ln packet ny trng a ch cha gi tr DLCI v checksum. Hai trng flag c b sugn thm vo ch ra bt u v kt thc ca cng mt frame v gi tr ca hai trng ny lun lun ging nhau. hoc l mt gi tr 7E h 16 hoc l mt s nh phn 01111110. Sau khi gi tin c ng gi, Frame Relay s chuyn frame ny xung lp vt l truyn i trn mng.

CPE (Customer Premises Equiment )router ng gi mi gi tin layer 3 vo trong header v trailer ca Frame Relay trc khi truyn n trn VC. Header ca Frame Relay s cha cc thng tin sau: DLCI: 10 bit DLCI l thnh phn ch yu trong header ca Frame Relay. Gi tr ny i din cho mch kt ni gi thit b DTE v switch. Mi mch kt ni c multiplex vo trong mt knh vt l c i din bi mt gi tr DLCI duy nht. Gi tr DLCI ch c ngha cc b, ngha l n l gi tr duy nht trn knh vt l m n c tr. V vy thit b ti im cui pha i din ca kt ni c th s dng gi tr DLCI khc tham chiu n cng mt mch kt ni. C\R: 1 bt theo ngay sau gi tr DLCI trogn trng a ch. Bit ny hin nay cha c nh ngha. Extended Address (EA): nu gi tr ca bit ny l 1 thi byte hin thi c xc nh l octet DLCI cui. Congestion control: bao gm 3 bit (FECN, BECN, and DE ) dng iu khin c ch thng bo tc nghn trong Frame Relay.

2. Cng ngh Chuyn Mch Knh - ISDN 2.1.Tng quan v cng ngh ISDN -Cng ngh ISDN c pht trin t nhng nm cui 1980 cho cc dch v s liu, l kt ni s TDM, nh ngha bi t chc chun quc t v Vin thng ITU-T (CCITT) .Cng ngh ISDN s dng mng chuyn mch knh truyn ti tn hiu tuy nhin cng ngh ISDN thm vo cc thnh phn nh n v cui mng v n v kt cui thit b. -Vi mng ISDN tn hiu c truyn di dng cc bit nh phn, c th truyn nhiu lun bt ca cc tn hiu khc nhau ti cng mt thi im, iu cho php mng cung cp n ngi dng nhiu ng dng m mng truyn Thng PSTN hn ch. -Cng ngh ISDN c hai knh c bn l knh B v D.Trong knh B dng truyn ti d liu bao gm thoi, video, m thanh cht lng cao, truyn hnh tn hi truyn trn mng dois dng s tc cao.Knh D c s dng cho bo hiu v iu khin.

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2.2 S pht trin ca ISDN -S pht trin t in thoi IDN: nh mng ISDN pht trin t mng in thoi ang tn ti c th rt ra kt lun t quan im ny: +Cng ngh IDN c xy dng v pht trin trong phm vi cc mng in thoi s to ra cc nn tng cho cc dch v do ISDN cung cp -Vic chuyn i trong mt hoc mt vi thp k:S pht trin thnh ISDN s l qu trnh chm chp, mi s thay i ca mt ng dng phc tp hoc mt lot cc ng dng t mt c s k thut sang c s k thut mi hn. -Vic s dng cc mng hin c:V d nh ISDN cung cp dch v chuyn mch gi , x25.Cng vi s a vo k thut chuyn mch gi nhanh v iu khin cuc gi tm thng phc tp hn c th s cn mt giao din mi trong tng lai. -Cc sp xp mng ngi dng :u tin, mi quan tm l thiu cc ng thu bao s c th lm chm tr vic a vo s dng cc dch v s, t bit ti cc nc ang pht trin.Vi vic s dng cc modem v cc thit b khc, cc c s analog hin c th cung cp t nht mt vi dch v ISDN. -Cc kt ni cc tc khc 64Kbit/s:Tc d liu 64Kb/s c chn nh l tc c s cho chuyn mch knh.Vi cc tin b trong cng ngh s ha ting ni, tc ny l cao khng cn thit.Nhng tc ny li thp cho cc dch v truyn s liu, nh vy cn phi c mt tc khc. 2.3. Cc thit b kt ni ISDN ISDN Adapter: Kt ni vi my tnh thng qua cc giao tip PCI, RS-232, USB, PCMCIA v cho php my tnh kt ni vi mng WAN thng qua mng a dch v tch hp ISDN vi tc 128Kbps n nh a dch v v 93 cao hn hn so vi cc kt ni tng t truyn thng m tc ti a l thuyt l 56Kbps. ISDN Router: Thit b ny cho php kt ni LAN vo WAN cho mt s lng khng gii hn ngi dng. Thng qua giao tip ISDN BRI, thit b ny cn c th ng vai tr nh mt b chuyn i a ch mng ( Network Address Translation) hoc mt my ch truy nhp t xa. Kh nng thit lp kt ni LAN-to-LAN qua dch v ISDN cho php ni mng gia Vn phng chnh v Chi nhnh ht sc thun tin. Cng kt ni Ethernet tc 10/100Mbps cho php kt ni d dng vi mng LAN. Cc tnh nng Quay s theo yu cu (Dial-on-Demand) v Di thng theo yu cu (Bandwidthon-Demand) t ng ti u ho cc kt ni theo yu cu ca ngi dng trn mng. 2.4. ng dng ca ISDN. -ISDN s dng i dy cp ng ca ng dy in thoi kt ni.C th thc hin nhiu kt ni trn i dy ny trn cng mt thi im vi tc cao.Cc ng dng bao gm Voice, Fax, Data v email ng thi, -Mng ISDN a n cho ngi dng knh tc nh th no? +Knh tc c s +Knh tc s cp -Knh tc c bn:cn gi l knh BRA(Basic Rate Access). +Cung cp 2 knh B.Mi knh c th truyn s liu tc 64Kbit/s.Hai knh ny c th s dng hon ton c lp vi nhau.

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+ h thng kt ni n thu bao hot ng khng b li, BRA cn c knh D bo hiu vi tc 16kbit/s. +Nh vy kt ni ti a 144kbit/s, tc ny c chn cho cc cng ty in thoi lp t. -Knh tc s cp:cn gi l knh PRA(Primary Rate Access), trng hp cc thu bao.C th s dng ng thi: + 30 knh khc nhau(Chun Chu u) + 23 knh(Chun Bc M, Nht Bn..). +Do yu cu bo hiu c yu cu cao hn nn knh bo hiu D c tc 64kbit/s. +Do tc Tc ti a 2048Kbps (E1: 30B + D) vi chun Chu u v 1536Kbps vi chun Bc M v Nht bn. +Knh ny thng c ci t cho cc ng tc cao n thit b trc khch hng 2.5Dch v ca ISDN. -ISDN a ra mt lot cc dch v chia lm 2 loi: +Dch v mng +Dch v chuyn ti *Dch v mng thc hin chuyn giao gia ngi dng v mng +V d: thit lp cuc gi v kt thc cuc gi +Dch v mng nh ngha cch m ngi dng v mng tng tc qua li nhm mc ch qun l cc kt ni +Ngi dng c th s dng cc dch v mng yu cu mng thc hin cc chc nng nh thit lp v xo cuc gi, chuyn giao cuc gi n ngi dng khc v mt s cc chc nng khc. +Chc nng ny c xem nh bo hiu *Dch v chuyn ti:dch v ny thng chuyn d liu gia hai ngi dng v d: +Truyn Fax +Teletex:dch v ny cho php cc u cui thu bao th t vi nhau. +Videotex:dch v tm kim thng tin tng h Dch v chuyn ti thc hin cc chc nng cuc gi m ngi dng ang thc hin Ni rng hn c hai loi hnh dch v chuyn ti : +D liu c cu trc (Structured Data): thng tin truyn trn dch v ny c qun l d dng bi mng, tn hiu thoi l mt v d ca dng ny. Do mng nhn bit c kt ni, do vy n c th chuyn d liu sang tn hiu tng t trong trng hp cuc gi c kt ni n mt my thoi tng t + D liu khng c cu trc (Unstructured Data): dng ca d liu khng c nhn bit qua mng, nhng c nhn bit qua hai ngi dng ti cc im u cui ca dch v

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2.6.Gii Thiu Knh B V D c im Ca Knh B V D -Mt knh ISDN c u cui, knh B nh gii hn ti mt ngi dng, nh vy mt knh B kt ni ch 2 u cui, khng th vn hnh vi m hnh dng Y- shaped, c th m t knh B l end to end -Knh D khng l end - to - end: -Lu knh D khng qua mng, mi mt ngi dng ch c mt knh D v n khng kt ni vi knh D ca ngi dng khc. -Knh B truyn trc tip qua mng -Knh B & D trong BRI chia s ng nh th no: 2 knh B v mt knh D to ln mt ng c s BRI , s kt hp ny s dng cng ngh ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian TDM. Knh B & D trong PRI chia s ng nh th no: -Vi giao din knh s cp chun Chu u 30 knh B v mt knh D, 23 knh B v mt knh D chun Bc M. -Knh B hot ng tc 64Kbps -Knh B hot ng tc 64Kbps trong giao din knh s cp, y l s khc nhau gia knh BRI v PRI, trong knh BRI knh D ch c tc l 16Kbps. -Giao din knh s cp s dng cn bng thi gian truyn s liu cho mi knh B v cho knh D tt c chng hot ng cng tc . -Lu : c mt khe thi gian khng mang chc nng knh. Khe ny dnh rinh cho mng m nh cung cp s dng cho mc ch chn on. Knh xut hin gia knh B s 15 v knh B s 16 Chc Nng Ca Knh B V D Knh B -Knh B thc hin cc dch v ISDN qua mng v truyn tin tc (thoi v phi thoi) gia cc ngi dng. -Knh B l knh truyn c lp cho cc Bits v truyn ti tc 64Kbps -Knh B khng cn bit cc thng tin dng bit truyn qua n. Nhim v ca mng l tip nhn cc bits c cung cp bi mt ngi dng ti mt u cui ca knh B v gi chng n ngi dng bn kia knh. -Trong mt giao din, knh B c nh s. Trong giao din c s chng c nh s l 1 & 2; trong giao din s cp, chng c nh s t 1 n 30 (hoc 1 n 23). Khi hai ngi dng kt ni, khng c s lin quan gia cc knh ti cc u cui. Ngi dng c th kt ni knh B s 17 vi knh B s 2. ISDN chu trch nhim qun l s lin quan ny. -Lu rng knh s 17 ch tn ti vi knh PRI, trong khi knh 2 c th tn ti trn c knh PRI v BRI. Mng ISDN khng hn ch cc kt ni cc knh B gia 2 loi giao din BRI & PRI. Knh D -Knh D thc hin dch v ISDN gia ngi dng v mng. N gim st s lin quan gia ngi dng v mng, bao gm:

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-Cc yu cu v tr li c s dng khi ngi dng thit lp hoc nhn mt cuc gi -Thng bo tin trnh cuc -Thng bo ngi dng, nhm cuc gi -Thng bo li khi khng thit lp c -Knh D hot ng ti tc 16Kbps vi knh BRI v 64Kbps vi gi b ngt cuc gi knh PRI

2.7.Hn ch ca ISDN ISDN ra i t lu v rt thng dng nhiu ni. ISDN khng bi gii hn bi khong cch. Nu bn co ng dy in thoai n nh l ban c th ng k x dng ISDN . D vy, ISDN mc tin hn m li chm hn xDSL Cng ngh ISDN lm cho cu trc mng truyn dn phc tp Tc truyn dn khi s dng cng ngh ISDN ch t ti a 2Mbps dn n vic kh khn khi m rng mng li truyn dn. Chi ph thng tin khi s dng ISDN cao v cng ngh ISDN dng cc knh thoi truyn dn tn hiu. Do cc hn ch m cng ngh ISDN hin nay khng cn c ng dng cho cc ng dng Multimedia trong c dch v truyn hnh. 3.Cng ngh xDSL

Kt ni quay s dial-up tr nn qu chm chp, vi tc l thuyt l 56 kps nhng thc t th thp hn rt nhiu. Hin nay, vi cng ngh ADSL, cc qun Net mc ln nh nm phc v cho cc nhu cu tm kim thng tin... c bit l cc nhu cu giao tip v gii tr ca gii tr. Khng nhng th, cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) a ra cc gi dch vu ADSL gi r phc v mi nhu cu khc nhau ca ngi dn. Vy, ADSL l g? ADSL c phi l mt nhnh trong cng ngh xDSL? Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi vo nm 1875, t in thoi tr thnh mt vt dng khng th thiu trong i sng ca con ngi. S pht trin khng ngng ca mng in thoi thc y cc nh pht trin vin thng tham vng l lm sao cho ng dy in thoi khng ch dng truyn tn hiu thoi m cn c th c dng truyn nhiu dch v khc na, phc v nhu cu ngy cng ln ca con ngi nh TV, hi ngh truyn hnh, truy cp Internet .. Trc y, ng dy in thoi ch c th truyn 1 knh thoi bng tn 3,4 kHz. Nh p dng cc cng ngh x l s, b suy hao, gim nhiu m cng ngh xDSL c th 22

truyn 100 knh thoi s hay 1 knh video cht lng cao trn 1 ng dy in thoi. DSL (digital subscriber line ) l mt cng ngh s dng cc phng php iu bin phc tp, chuyn cc d liu thnh cc gi truyn ti trn dy in thoi. Modem s DSL theo mt cch khc s truyn ti d liu gia hai im u cui ca ng cp ng. Tn hiu s khng i qua h thng chuyn mch in thoi, v do khng gy nhiu n tn hiu thoi. Trn thc t, bng tn thoi trn cp ng ch l 0 - 4 kHz, trong khi cng ngh DSL thng dng tn s trn 100 kHz. u im ln ca cng ngh xDSL khi ra i chnh l kh nng truyn ti c nhiu ng dng khc nhau m trc y cha thc hin c, ng thi li tn dng c mng in thoi sn c v rng khp. Mt cng ngh mi ra i c coi l hiu qu khi tn dng c cc ti nguyn, v c s h tng sn c. xDSL c phn loi nh sau: ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network (Mng s tch hp a dch v) ISDN c coi s m u ca xDSL. ISDN ra i vo nm 1976 vi tham vng thng nht cho truyn d liu v thoi. Trong ISDN, tc giao tip c s (BRIBasic Rate Interface) cung cp 2 knh 64kbps (knh B) dnh cho thoi hoc d liu v mt knh 16kbps (knh D) dnh cho cc thng tin bo hiu iu khin. Nhc im ca cng ngh l ch truyn dch v thoi v chuyn mch gi tc thp. N khng thch hp cho chuyn mch gi tc cao v thi gian chim gi lu di. Chnh iu ny l c im ca mng Internet hin nay. Do , ISDN khng c p dng rng ri m ch p dng cho cc gia nh hoc doanh nghip nh. Tuy nhin, vi nhng ngi s dng ISDN ti M (qu hng ca ISDN) th cng kh qun c cc li ch m ISDN em li khi ma ISDN l cng ngh m u cho tt c cc loi dch v tch hp. IDSL - ISDN digital subscriber line l mt cng ngh xDSL da trn nn tng l ISDN, c m bo tc 144Kbps trn c knh B v D. HDSL - high-bit-rate digital subscriber line HDSL ra i trong phng th nghim vo nm 1986. Thc cht cc thit b thu pht HSDL l s k tha ca ISDN nhng mc phc tp hn. HDSL ra i da trn chun T1/E1 ca M/chu u. HDSL1 cho php truyn 1,544Mbps hoc 2,048Mbps trn 2 hay 3 i dy. HDSL2 ra i sau cho php dng 1 i dy truyn 1,544Mbps i xng. HDSL2 ra i mang nhiu tng ca ADSL. u th ca HDSL l loi cng ngh khng cn cc trm lp, tc l c suy hao thp hn cc loi khc trn ng truyn. Do vy HDSL c th truyn xa hn m vn m bo c cht lng tn hiu. HDSL c a dng do c cc c tnh chun on nhiu (o SNR) v t gy nhiu xuyn m. HDSL c dng bi cc nh khai thc ni ht (cc cng ty in thoi) hay cung cp cc ng tc cao gia nhiu ta nh hay cc khu cng s vi nhau VDSL - very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line VDSL l mt cng ngh xDSL cung cp ng truyn i xng trn mt i dy ng. Dng bit ti xung ca VDSL l cao nht trong tt c cc cng ngh ca xDSL, 23

t ti 52Mbps, dng ti ln c th t 2.3 Mbps. VDSL thng ch hot ng tt trong cc mng mch vng ngn. VDSL dng cp quang truyn dn l ch yu, v ch dng cp ng pha u cui. ADSL - Asymmetrical DSL ADSL chnh l mt nhnh ca cng ngh xDSL. ADSL cung cp mt bng thng khng i xng trn mt i dy. Thut ng khng i xng y ch s khng cn bng trong dng d liu ti xung (download) v ti ln (upload). Dng d liu ti xung c bng thng ln hn bng thng dng d liu ti ln. ADSL ra i vo nm 1989 trong phng th nghim. ADSL1 cung cp 1,5 Mbps cho ng d liu ti xung v 16 kbps cho ng ng d ti ln, h tr chun MPEG-1. ADSL2 c th cung cp bng thng ti 3 Mbps cho ng xung v 16 kbps cho ng ln, h tr 2 dng MPEG-1. ADSL 3 c th cung cp 6 Mbps cho ng xung v t nht 64 kbps cho ng ln, h tr chun MPEG-2. Dch v ADSL m chng ta hay s dng hin nay theo l thuyt c th cung cp cung cp 8 Mbps cho ng xung v 2 Mbps cho ng ln, tuy nhin v nhiu l do t pha cc ISP nn cht lng dch v s dng ADSL ti cc u cui ca chng ta thng khng t c nh s qung co ban u. RADSL (rate-adaptive digital subscriber line) RADSL l mt phin bn ca ADSL m cc modem c th kim tra ng truyn khi khi ng v p ng lc hot ng theo tc nhanh nht m ng truyn c th cung cp. RADSL cn c gi l ADSL c tc bin i.

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