Chng 3: K thut OFDM

CHNG 3: K THUT OFDM

3.1 Gii thiu chng
Trong h thng tin v tuyn cn thit phi c sng mang cao tn truyn
thng tin. Cc k thut iu ch cho php b tr d liu trn sng mang. Cc h
thng thng tin mt tn s hn ch tc d liu v hn ch v dung lng.
gim nhiu th cc phng php pht tn hiu tng t trc y nh AM, FM cn
thit phi tng cng sut my pht, bng tn rng hiu qu s dng bng tn thp.
a phn chia chia s rng bng tn vi nhiu knh d liu c lp khc nhau.
Nm 1980 trung tm nghin cu ca Php (tp on Telecom) CCETT (Centre
Commun d'tude en Ddiufftion t Tlcommunication), a ra phng php mi
truyn tn hiu s m vn tit kim c bng tn l OFDM. OFDM l k
thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao, chia ton b bng tn ra thnh
nhiu sng mang nhnh m cc sng mang ny phi trc giao.
Ngy nay, k thut OFDM c ng dng trong cc h thng truyn dn bng
rng ADSL/HDSL/VDSL, cc h thng pht thanh v truyn hnh s qung b
DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) v DVBT (Digital Video Boadcasting
Terrestrial). OFDM cn l gii php k thut c c cho cc chun LAN khng
dy (Wireless Local Area Network).
Do vy, trong chng ny chng ta s i su vo tm hiu tng c im ca
OFDM: Nguyn tc c bn ca OFDM, tnh cht trc giao trong OFDM, nhiu ISI
v ICI, thut ton FFT/IFFT, cc vn k thut v xy dng m hnh h thng
OFDM.
3.2 Nguyn tc c bn ca OFDM
Trong OFDM chui d liu u vo ni tip c tc cao (R) c chia thnh
N chui con song song (t chui d liu 1 n chui d liu N) c tc thp hn
(R/N). N chui con ny c iu ch bi N sng mang ph trc giao, sau cc
sng mang ny c cng vi nhau v c pht ln knh truyn ng thi, c
m t nh hnh 3.1. pha qu trnh thu tin th ngc li.
Trang: 27
Chng 3: K thut OFDM
Bn cht trc giao ca cc sng mang ph OFDM cho php ph ca cc chui
con sau iu ch chng ln ln nhau m vn m bo vic tch ring bit tng thnh
phn ti pha thu. Nh vy m hiu qu s dng bng tn tng ng k v trnh
c nhiu gia cc sng mang ln cn ICI (Inter-carrier Interference). Ta c th
thy c iu ny qua ph ca tn hiu OFDM v tn hiu FDM trn hnh 3.2
Hnh 3.2: Ph ca tn hiu FDM v OFDM
Mt khc, do chui d liu ni tip tc cao c chia thnh cc chui con
c tc thp nn tc k hiu ca cc chui con nh hn rt nhiu so vi tc
ca chui ban u, v vy cc nh hng ca nhiu lin k t ISI, ca hiu ng tr
tri u c gim bt. Nh vy c th gim phc tp ca cc b cn bng
pha thu.
Trang: 28
D liu
Tc
R
D liu 1
D liu N
D liu 2
D liu
tng
B

u

c
h

B
p h n
c h u y
n i
n i
t i p /
s o n g
s o n g

C
h

n

c
h
u

i

b

o

v

Tin
Tc
R/N
Hnh 3.1: S qu trnh pht tin
Chng 3: K thut OFDM
Hnh 3.3: a.Tc ng ca nhiu i vi h thng n sng mang
b.Tc ng ca nhiu n h thng a sng mang
Mt u im na ca k thut OFDM l kh nng chng li fading chn lc
tn s v nhiu bng hp. h thng n sng mang, ch mt tc ng nh ca
nhiu cng c th gy nh hng ln n ton b tn hiu (Hnh 3.3a). Nhng i
vi h thng a sng mang, khi c nhiu th ch mt phn trm nh ca nhng sng
mang con b nh hng (Hnh 3.3b), v v vy ta c th khc phc bng cc phng
php m ho sa sai.
3.3 Tnh trc giao
Cc tn hiu l trc giao nhau nu chng c lp vi nhau. Tnh trc giao l
mt tnh cht cho php nhiu tn hiu thng tin c truyn v thu tt trn mt knh
truyn chung v khng c xuyn nhiu gia cc tn hiu ny. Mt i tnh trc giao
s lm cho cc tn hiu thng tin ny b xuyn nhiu ln nhau v u thu kh khi
phc li c hon ton thng tin ban u. Trong OFDM, cc sng mang con c
chng lp vi nhau nhng tn hiu vn c th c khi phc m khng c xuyn
nhiu gia cc sng mang k cn bi v gia cc sng mang con c tnh trc giao.
Mt tp cc tn hiu c gi l trc giao tng i mt khi hai tn hiu bt k trong
tp tha iu kin.

'

S
T
j i 0
j i K
(t)dt
*
j
(t).S
i
S
(3.1)
vi S
*
(t) l k hiu ca lin hp phc S(t). T
s
l chu k k hiu. K l hng s.Tp N
sng mang ph trong k thut OFDM c biu thc:
Trang: 29

Chng 3: K thut OFDM

'

) , 0 ( 0
0 )
T
k
sin(2
(t) f
S k
S
S
T t
T t t
(3.2)
vi k = 0, 1, , N-1
Cc sng mang ny c tn s cch u nhau mt khong
S
S
T
F
1

v trc giao tng

i mt do tha iu kin (3.1).
Ta xt hai sng mang

,
_

t
S
1
T
k
2 Sin
v

,
_

t
S
2
T
k
2 Sin
( ) ( ) 0 dt
T
t
k k cos2
T
t
k k cos2
2
1
dt t
T
k
2 .Sin t
T
k
2 Sin
S S
T
0 S
2 1
S
2 1
S
2
T
0 S
1

1
]
1

,
_

,
_

(3.3)
Hnh 3.4: Ph ca cc sng mang trc giao
Nh vy, cc sng mang thuc tp (3.2) l trc giao tng i mt hay cn gi
l c lp tuyn tnh. Trong min tn s, ph ca mi sng mang ph c dng hm
sincx do mi k hiu trong min thi gian c gii hn bng mt xung ch nht.
Mi sng mang ph c mt nh tn s trung tm v cc v tr null ti cc im
cch tn s trung tm mt khong bng bi s ca F
S
. V vy, v tr nh ca sng
mang ny s l v tr null ca cc sng mang cn li (Hnh 3.4). V do cc sng
mang khng gy nhiu cho nhau.
3.4 S dng FFT/IFFT trong OFDM
Nh bit, OFDM l mt k thut iu ch a sng mang, trong d liu
c truyn song song nh v s sng mang ph mang cc bit thng tin. Bng cch
Trang: 30

Chng 3: K thut OFDM
ny ta c th tn dng bng thng tn hiu, chng li nhiu gia cc k t,....Tuy
nhin, iu bt li l mt s sng mang cn c mt my pht sng sin, mt b iu
ch v gii iu ch ca ring n, iu ny l khng th chp nhn c khi s sng
mang ph rt ln i vi vic thi cng h thng. Nhm gii quyt vn ny, thut
ton IDFT/DFT c vai tr ging nh hng lot cc b iu ch v gii iu ch.
Gi s tn hiu x(n) c chiu di l N (n = 0,1, 2, , N-1). Cng thc ca php
bin i DFT l[10]

1
0
2
) ( ) (
N
n
j
N
kn
e n x k X

, k = 0, 1, , N-1 (3.4)

- Cng thc ca php bin i IDFT l

1
0
1
2
) ( ) (
N
k
j
N
N
kn
e k X n x

, k = 0, 1, , N-1 (3.5)
- Chuyn i Fourier nhanh (FFT) l thut ton gip cho vic tnh ton DFT
nhanh v gn hn.T cng thc (3.4), (3.5) ta thy thi gian tnh DFT bao gm:
Thi gian thc hin php nhn phc.
Thi gian thc hin php cng phc.
Thi gian c cc h s
N
j
e
2

.
Thi gian truyn s liu.
Trong ch yu l thi gian thc hin php nhn phc. V vy, mun gim
thi gian tnh ton DFT th ngi ta tp trung ch yu vo vic gim thi gian thc
hin php nhn phc. M thi gian thc hin php nhn phc t l vi s php nhn.
Do gim thi gian tnh DFT th ngi ta phi gim c s lng php tnh
nhanh bng cch s dng thut ton FFT. tnh trc tip cn
2
N php nhn. Khi
tnh bng FFT s php nhn ch cn
N
N
2
log
2
. V vy tc tnh bng FFT nhanh
hn tnh trc tip l
N
N
2
log
2
.
Trang: 31
Hnh 3.6: Ph ca bn sng mang khng trc giao
Chng 3: K thut OFDM
Ngoi ra FFT cn c u im gip tit kim b nh bng cch tnh ti ch.
3.5 Nhiu giao thoa k t v nhiu giao thoa sng mang
3.5.1 Khi nim
Trong mi trng a ng, k t pht n u vo my thu vi cc khong
thi gian khc nhau thng qua nhiu ng khc nhau. S m rng ca chu k k
t gy ra s chng ln gia k t hin thi vi k t trc v kt qu l c nhiu
lin k t (ISI). Trong OFDM, ISI thng cp n nhiu ca mt k t OFDM
vi k t trc .
Trong OFDM, ph ca cc sng mang chng ln nhng vn trc giao vi
sng mang khc. iu ny c ngha l ti tn s cc i ca ph mi sng mang th
ph ca cc sng mang khc bng zero. My thu ly mu cc k t data trn cc
sng mang ring l ti im cc i v iu ch chng trnh nhiu t cc sng
mang khc. Nhiu gy ra bi k t trn sng mang k cn c xem l nhiu xuyn
knh (ICI).
Trang: 32
Hnh 3.6: Ph ca bn sng mang khng trc giao
Hnh 3.5: Ph ca bn sng mang trc giao
Chng 3: K thut OFDM
Tnh cht trc giao ca sng mang c th c nhn thy trn gin trong
min thi gian hoc trong min tn s. T gin min thi gian, mi sng mang
c dng sin vi s nguyn ln lp vi khong FFT. T gin min tn s, iu ny
tng ng vi mi sng mang c gi tr cc i tn s trung tm ca chnh n v
bng khng ti tn s trung tm ca sng mang khc. Hnh 3.5 biu din ph ca
bn sng mang trong min tn s cho trng hp trc giao.
Tnh trc giao ca mt sng mang vi sng mang khc b mt nu gi tr ca
sng mang khng bng khng ti tn s trung tm ca sng mang khc. T gin
min thi gian, tng ng hnh sin khng di hn s nguyn ln lp khong FFT.
Hnh 3.6 biu din ph ca bn sng mang khng trc giao.

ICI xy ra khi knh a ng khc nhau trn thi gian k t OFDM. Dch
Doppler trn mi thnh phn a ng gy ra b tn s trn mi sng mang, kt qu
l mt tnh trc giao gia chng. ICI cng xy ra khi mt k t OFDM tri qua ISI.
S b tn s sng mang ca my pht v my thu cng gy ra ICI n mt k t
OFDM.
Trang: 33
B
i

tn s
Hnh 3.6: Ph ca bn sng mang khng trc giao
Chng 3: K thut OFDM
3.5.2 Phng php chng nhiu lin k hiu
Hnh 3.7: nh hng ca ISI
Hnh 3.7 cho ta thy mt k hiu v phin bn tr ca n. Chnh thnh phn tr
ny gy ra nhiu nh hng n phn u ca k hiu tip theo. y chnh l nhiu
lin k hiu ISI.
Hnh 3.8: Chn khong bo v l khong trng
loi b s nh hng ca ISI, chng ta di k hiu th i ra xa k hiu trc
(k hiu i 1) mt khong bng khong tr tri (
max
). Mt khong rng do s
c chn vo gia hai k hiu (Hnh 3.8), nhng nh vy tn hiu s b thay i
t ngt v mt tnh lin tc. V vy, trong thc t ngi ta chn khong bo v G
c copy t phn cui ca k hiu v dn vo phn u k hiu nh hnh 3.9.
Khong bo v ny c gi l cyclic prefix. Chiu di ca khong bo v cn c
hn ch m bo hiu sut s dng bng tn, nhng n vn phi di hn khong
tr tri ca knh truyn nhm loi b c nhiu ISI.
my thu, khong bo v ny c loi b trc khi thc hin gii iu ch
Trang: 34
Chng 3: K thut OFDM
Hnh 3.9: Chn khong bo v Cyclic prefix
3.6 Cc vn k thut trong OFDM
- OFDM l gii php k thut rt thch hp cho truyn dn v tuyn tc cao.
Tuy nhin, c th em p dng vo cc h thng, c ba vn cn phi gii
quyt khi thc hin h thng s dng OFDM:
+ c lng tham s knh.
+ ng b sng mang
+ Gim t s cng sut tng i cc i PAPR(Peak to Average Power Ratio)
- Vn th nht lin quan trc tip n ch tiu cht lng h thng OFDM nu
dng phng php gii iu ch lin kt, cn hai vn sau lin quan n vic x
l cc nhc im ca OFDM. Ngoi ra, nng cao ch tiu cht lng h thng,
ngi ta s dng m ha tn hiu OFDM.
3.6.1 c lng tham s knh
c lng knh (Channel estimation) trong h thng OFDM l xc nh hm
truyn t ca cc knh con v thi gian thc hin gii iu ch bn thu khi bn
pht s dng kiu iu ch kt hp (coherent modulation). c lng knh,
phng php ph bin hin nay l dng tn hiu dn ng (PSAM-Pilot signal
assisted Modulation). Trong phng php ny, tn hiu pilot bn pht s dng l tn
hiu c bn thu bit trc v pha v bin . Ti bn thu, so snh tn hiu thu
c vi tn hiu pilot nguyn thy s cho bit nh hng ca cc knh truyn dn
Trang: 35
Chng 3: K thut OFDM
n tn hiu pht. c lng knh c th c phn tch trong min thi gian v
trong min tn s. Trong min thi gian th cc p ng xung h(n) ca cc knh con
c c lng. Trong min tn s th cc p ng tn s H(k) ca cc knh con
c c lng. C hai vn chnh c quan tm khi s dng PSAM :
Vn th nht l la chn tn hiu pilot : Phi m bo yu cu
chng nhiu, hn ch tn hao v nng lng v bng thng khi s dng tn
hiu ny. Vi h thng OFDM, vic la chn tn hiu pilot c th c thc
hin trn gin thi gian-tn s, v vy k thut OFDM cho kh nng la
chn cao hn so vi h thng n sng mang. Vic la chn tn hiu pilot
nh hng rt ln n cc ch tiu h thng.
Vn th hai l vic thit k b c lng knh: Phi gim c
phc tp ca thit b trong khi vn m bo c chnh xc yu cu. Yu
cu v tc thng tin cao (tc l thi gian x l gim) v cc ch tiu h
thng l hai yu cu ngc nhau. V vy, khi thit k cn phi dung ha hai
yu cu trn.
3.6.2 ng b trong OFDM
ng b l mt trong nhng vn ang rt c quan tm trong k thut
OFDM bi n c ngha quyt nh n kh nng ci thin cc nhc im ca
OFDM. Chng hn, nu khng m bo s ng b v tn s sng mang th s dn
n nguy c mt tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang nhnh, khin h thng OFDM
mt i cc u im c trng nh s trc giao ny. Trong h thng OFDM, ngi ta
xt n ba loi ng b khc nhau l : ng b k t (symbol synchronization),
ng b tn s sng mang (carrier frequency synchronization), v ng b tn s
ly mu (sampling frequency synchronization).
3.6.2.1 ng b k t
ng b k t nhm xc nh chnh xc thi im bt u mt k t OFDM.
Hin nay, vi k thut s dng tin t lp (CP) th ng b k t c thc hin
mt cch d dng hn. Hai yu t cn c ch khi thc hin ng b k t l li
thi gian (timing error) v nhiu pha sng mang (carrier phase noise).
Trang: 36
Chng 3: K thut OFDM
Li thi gian
Li thi gian gy ra s sai lch thi im bt u mt k t OFDM. Nu li
thi gian nh sao cho p ng xung ca knh vn cn nm trong chiu di
khong tin t lp (CP) th h thng vn m bo s trc giao gia cc sng mang.
Trong trng hp ny th thi gian tr ca mt k t c xem nh l dch pha
ca knh truyn v dch pha ny c xc nh nh k thut c lng knh.
Trong trng hp ngc li, nu chiu di ca CP nh hn li thi gian th h thng
s xut hin li ISI. C hai phng php thc hin ng b thi gian, l:
ng b thi gian da vo tn hiu pilot v ng b thi gian da vo tin t lp.
Phng php ng b thi gian da vo tn hiu pilot c p dng cho cc h
thng OFDM m tn hiu c truyn i bng k thut iu tn. Trong phng
php ny, bn pht s m ha mt s tn hiu bit trc thng tin v pha v bin
trn mt s sng mang ph. Phng php ny sau c iu chnh s
dng cho c h thng OFDM m tn hiu truyn i c truyn theo k thut iu
bin. Thut ton ng b thi gian s dng tn hiu pilot gm 3 bc l : nhn bit
cng sut (power detection), ng b th (coarse synchronization)v ng b tinh
(fine synchronization).
Nhiu pha sng mang
Nhiu pha sng mang l hin tng khng n nh v pha ca cc sng mang do
s khng n nh ca b to dao ng bn pht v bn thu.
3.6.2.2 ng b tn s sng mang
Trong ng b tn s sng mang, hai vn chnh c quan tm n l : Li
tn s (frequency error) v thc hin c lng tn s.
Li tn s
Li tn s c to ra do s khc bit v tn s gia hai b tao dao ng bn
pht v bn thu, do dch tn Doppler, hoc do nhiu pha xut hin khi knh
truyn khng tuyn tnh. Hai nh hng do li tn s gy ra l : suy gim bin
tn hiu thu c (v tn hiu khng c ly mu ti nh ca mi sng mang hnh
sin) v to ra nhiu xuyn knh ICI (v cc sng mang b mt tnh trc giao).
Trang: 37
Chng 3: K thut OFDM
c lng tn s
Tng t nh k thut ng b k t, thc hin ng b tn s, c th s
dng tn hiu pilot hoc s dng tin t lp. Trong k thut s dng tn hiu pilot,
mt s sng mang c s dng truyn nhng tn hiu pilot (thng l cc chui
gi nhiu). S dng nhng k t bit trc v pha v bin s gip ta c
lng c quay pha do li tn s gy ra. tng chnh xc cho b c
lng, ngi ta s dng thm cc vng kha pha (Phase Lock Loop-PLL).
Nhn xt : Mt vn cn c quan tm n l mi quan h gia ng b k t
v ng b tn s sng mang. gim nh hng ca s mt ng b tn s sng
mang th c th gim s lng sng mang, tng khong cch gia hai sng mang
cnh nhau. Nhng khi gim s sng mang th phi gim chu k ca mi k t trn
mi sng mang, dn n vic ng b k t rt kh khn v phi cht ch hn. iu
chng t hai vn ng b trn c quan h cht ch ln nhau, cn phi c s
dung ha hp l h thng t c cc ch tiu k thut ra.
3.6.2.3 ng b tn s ly mu
Ti bn thu, tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian thu c ly mu theo ng h bn
thu, v vy s xut hin s bt ng b gia ng h bn pht v bn thu. Ngi ta
a ra hai phng php khc phc s bt ng b ny. Phng php th nht l
s dng b dao ng iu khin bng in p (Voltage Controlled Oscillator-VCO).
Phng php th hai c gi l : Ly mu khng ng b. Trong phng php
ny, cc tn s ly mu vn c gi nguyn nhng tn hiu c x l s sau khi
ly mu m bo s ng b.
3.6.3 Gim PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio)
- T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh l mt trong nhng hn ch c
bn ca tn hiu OFDM. Khi t s ny cao, vic s dng b khuych i cng sut
s khng t hiu sut cao v phi dnh d tr cng sut trnh nhiu phi tuyn.
Nh vy, gim PAPR l yu cu quan trng ca h thng s dng OFDM.
- PAPR ca mt k t OFDM l t s gia gi tr ln nht ca bnh phng mt
mu n l trn min thi gian vi gi tr trung bnh bnh phng ca mu ny:
Trang: 38
Chng 3: K thut OFDM
2
2
1 ,... 1 , 0
max
PAPR
m
m
N m
X
X

(3.6)
- PAPR biu din di bin ca cc mu to ra bn my pht tn hiu OFDM.
Ni cch khc, PAPR biu din khong cch n gc ca k t trong khng gian tn
hiu
- H thng iu ch pha M mc (M-PSK) : Do cc k t trong khng gian tn
hiu ch khc nhau v pha trong khi ln bng nhau nn PAPR=1.
H thng dng 16QAM PAPR=1.8
- C hai phng php gim PAPR chnh :
a thm mt s thng tin h tr (data, m) vo k t OFDM.
S dng cc x l khng gian tn hiu (QAM, DPSK) sao cho tn hiu
min thi gian sau b IDFT c PAPR thp.
3.7 H thng OFDM
Hnh 3.10 S mt h thng OFDM
Trang: 39
Nhiu
Chng 3: K thut OFDM
S h thng OFDM c cho nh hnh 3.10. my pht, chui d liu ni
tip qua b S/P c bin i thnh N chui con song song, mi chui ny qua mt
b iu ch. ng ra cc b iu ch, ta thu c mt chui s phc D
0
, D
1
, ,
D
N-1
, trong D
k
= A
k
+ jB
k
. Chui s phc ny i vo b IFFT:
[ ] [ ] [ ]

1
0
1
0
2
.
1
2
.
1
N
k
N
k
n
t
k
f j
e k D
N
n
N
k
j
e k D
N
n d

(3.7)
(do
n k s k
s
k
t f nT f n
f
f
n
N
k

vi Ts l chu k k hiu, f
k
l tn s cc sng mang)
Ng ra b IFFT l cc mu ri rc ca k hiu OFDM trong min thi gian.
} ) f sin2 f cos2 ).( ( { Re
N
1
{d[n]} Re ) (
k k
1
0
n n k k
N
k
t j t jB A n y + +

1
0
k k
) f sin2 f 2 cos (
1
N
k
n k n k
t B t A
N

(3.8)
Cc mu y(n) ny c chn thm khong bo v, cho qua b bin i D/A
tr thnh tn hiu lin tc y(t), c khuch i, a ln tn s cao ri pht ln knh
truyn.

+
1
0
k k
) f sin2 f cos2 (
N
1
) (
N
k
k k
t B t A t y
(3.9)
Trong qu trnh truyn, trn cc knh s c cc ngun nhiu gy nh hng
nh nhiu Gausian trng cng AWGN.
my thu, ta lm qu trnh ngc li: Tn hiu OFDM c i tn xung,
bin i A/D, loi b khong bo v, ri c a vo b FFT. Sau gii iu
ch, bin i t song song sang ni tip thu li chui d liu ban u.
[ ] [ ]
n
N
k
j
N
n
e n d k D
2
1
0
.

(3.10)
3.8 u im v khuyt im ca OFDM
3.8.1 u im
+ Tng hiu qu s dng bng thng.
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Chng 3: K thut OFDM
+ Bn vng vi fading chn lc tn s do cc k hiu c bng thng hp nn mi
sng mang ph ch chu fading phng.
+ Chng c nhiu lin k hiu ISI do chu k k hiu di hn cng vi vic chn
thm khong bo v cho mi k hiu OFDM.
+ S phc tp ca my pht v my thu gim ng k nh s dng FFT v IFFT.
+ C th truyn d liu tc cao.
3.8.2 Khuyt im
+ Nhy vi offset tn s
- Ch cn mt sai lch nh cng c th lm mt tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang
ph. V vy OFDM rt nhy vi hiu ng dch tn Dopler.
- Cc sng mang ph ch tht s trc giao khi my pht v my thu s dng cng
tp tn s. V vy, my thu phi c lng v hiu chnh offset tn s sng mang
ca tn hiu thu c.
+ Ti my thu, s rt kh khn trong vic quyt nh v tr nh thi ti u gim
nh hng ca ICI v ISI.
+ T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh PAPR (Peak to Average Power
Ratio) l ln v tn hiu OFDM l tng ca N thnh phn c iu ch bi cc tn
s khc nhau. Khi cc thnh phn ny ng pha, chng to ra ng ra mt tn hiu
c bin rt ln. Ngc li, khi chng ngc pha, chng li trit tiu nhau lm
ng ra bng 0. Chnh v vy, PAPR trong h thng OFDM l rt ln.
3.9 Tng kt chng
Trong chng ny trnh by kh chi tit v k thut OFDM, ng thi cng
phn tch cc vn k thut nh hng n ch tiu cht lng h thng s dng
OFDM. Do h thng MC-CDMA da trn s kt hp k thut CDMA v OFDM
nn cc kin thc c bn trn v chng trc gip chng ta hiu r hn khi tm
hiu k thut MC-CDMA.
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