Tnh trng nhim mi trng nc ti Vit Nam

Hin nay Vit Nam, mc d cc cp, cc ngnh c nhiu c gng trong vic thc hin chnh sch v php lut v bo v mi trng, nhng tnh trng nhim nc l vn rt ng lo ngi. Tc cng nghip ho v th ho kh nhanh v s gia tng dn s gy p lc ngy cng nng n di vi ti nguyn nc trong vng lnh th. Mi trng nc nhiu th, khu cng nghip v lng ngh ngy cng b nhim bi nc thi, kh thi v cht thi rn. cc thnh ph ln, hng trm c s sn xut cng nghip ang gy nhim mi trng nc do khng c cng trnh v thit b x l cht thi. nhim nc do sn xut cng nghip l rt nng. V d: ngnh cng nghip dt may, ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy, nc thi thng c pH trung bnh t 9-11; ch s nhu cu xy sinh ho (BOD), nhu cu xy ho hc (COD) c th ln n 700mg/1 v 2.500mg/1; hm lng cht rn l lng... cao gp nhiu ln gii hn cho php. Hm lng nc thi ca cc ngnh ny c cha xyanua (CN-) vt n 84 ln, H2S vt 4,2 ln, hm lng NH3 vt 84 ln tiu chun cho php nn gy nhim nng n cc ngun nc mt trong vng dn c. Mc nhim nc cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, cm cng nghip tp trung l rt ln. Ti cm cng nghip Tham Lng, thnh ph H Ch Minh, ngun nc b nhim bn bi nc thi cng nghip vi tng lng nc thi c tnh 500.000 m3/ngy t cc nh my giy, bt git, nhum, dt. thnh ph Thi Nguyn, nc thi cng nghip thi ra t cc c s sn xut giy, luyn gang thp, luyn kim mu, khai thc than; v ma cn tng lng nc thi khu vc thnh ph Thi Nguyn chim khong 15% lu lng sng Cu; nc thi t sn xut giy c pH t 8,4-9 v hm lng NH4 l 4mg/1, hm lng cht hu c cao, nc thi c mu nu, mi kh chu Kho st mt s lng ngh st thp, c ng, nhm, ch, giy, dt nhum Bc Ninh cho thy c lng nc thi hng ngn m3/ ngy khng qua x l, gy nhim ngun nc v mi trng trong khu vc. Tnh trng nhim nc cc th thy r nht l thnh ph H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. cc thnh ph ny, nc thi sinh hot khng c h thng x l tp trung m trc tip x ra ngun tip nhn (sng, h, knh, mng). Mt khc, cn rt nhiu c s sn xut khng x l nc thi, phn ln cc bnh vin v c s y t ln cha c h thng x l nc thi; mt lng rc thi rn ln trong thnh ph khng thu gom ht c l nhng ngun quan trng gy ra nhim nc. Hin nay, mc nhim trong cc knh, sng, h cc thnh ph ln l rt nng. thnh ph H Ni, tng lng nc thi ca thnh ph ln ti 300.000 - 400.000 m3/ngy; hin mi ch c 5/31 bnh vin c h thng x l nc thi, chim 25% lng nc thi bnh vin; 36/400 c s sn xut c x l nc thi; lng rc thi sinh hoi cha c thu gom khong 1.200m3/ngy ang x vo cc khu t ven cc h, knh,

mng trong ni thnh; ch s BOD, oxy ho tan, cc cht NH4, NO2, NO3 cc sng, h, mng ni thnh u vt qu quy nh cho php thnh ph H Ch Minh th lng rc thi ln ti gn 4.000 tn/ngy; ch c 24/142 c s y t ln l c x l nc thi; khong 3.000 c s sn xut gy nhim thuc din phi di di. Khng ch H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh m cc th khc nh Hi Phng, Hu, Nng, Nam nh, Hi Dng nc thi sinh hot cng khng c x l nhim ngun nc ni tip nhn nc thi u vt qu tiu chun cho php (TCCP), cc thng s cht l lng (SS), BOD; COD; xy ho tan (DO) u vt t 5-10 ln, thm ch 20 ln TCCP. V tnh trng nhim nc nng thn v khu vc sn xut nng nghip, hin nay Vit Nam c gn 76% dn s ang sinh sng nng thn l ni c s h tng cn lc hu, phn ln cc cht thi ca con ngi v gia sc khng c x l nn thm xung t hoc b ra tri, lm cho tnh trng nhim ngun nc v mt hu c v vi sinh vt ngy cng cao. Theo bo co ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, s vi khun Feca coliform trung bnh bin i t 1.500-3.500MNP/100ml cc vng ven sng Tin v sng Hu, tng ln ti 3800-12.500MNP/100ML cc knh ti tiu. Trong sn xut nng nghip, do lm dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt, cc ngun nc sng, h, knh, mng b nhim, nh hng ln n mi trng nc v sc kho nhn dn. Theo thng k ca B Thu sn, tng din tch mt nc s dng cho nui trng thu sn n nm 2001 ca c nc l 751.999 ha. Do nui trng thu sn t, thiu quy hoch, khng tun theo quy trnh k thut nn gy nhiu tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng nc. Cng vi vic s dng nhiu v khng ng cch cc loi ho cht trong nui trng thu sn, th cc thc n d lng xung y ao, h, lng sng lm cho mi trng nc b nhim cc cht hu c, lm pht trin mt s loi sinh vt gy bnh v xut hin mt s to c; thm ch c du hiu xut hin thu triu mt s vng ven bin Vit Nam. C nhiu nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan dn n tnh trng nhim mi trng nc, nh s gia tng dn s, mt tri ca qu trnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho, c s h tng yu km, lc hu: nhn thc ca ngi dn v vn mi trng cn cha cao ng ch l s bt cp trong hot ng qun l, bo v mi trng. Nhn thc ca nhiu cp chnh quyn, c quan qun l, t chc v c nhn c trch nhim v nhim v bo v mi trng nc cha su sc v y ; cha thy r nhim mi trng nc l loi nhim gy nguy him trc tip, hng ngy v kh khc phc i vi i sng con ngi cng nh s pht trin bn vng ca t nc. Cc quy nh v qun l v bo v mi trng nc cn thiu (chng hn nh cha c cc quy nh v quy trnh k thut phc v cho cng tc qun l v bo v ngun nc). C ch phn cng v phi hp gia cc c quan, cc ngnh v a phng cha ng b, cn chng cho, cha quy nh trch nhim r rng. Cha c chin lc, quy hoch khai thc, s dng v bo v ti nguyn nc theo lu vc v cc vng lnh th ln. Cha c cc quy nh hp l trong vic ng gp ti chnh qun l v bo v mi trng nc, gy nn tnh trng thiu ht ti chnh, thu khng chi cho bo v mi trng nc.

Ngn sch u t cho bo v mi trng nc cn rt thp (mt s nc ASEAN u t ngn sch cho bo v mi trng l 1% GDP, cn Vit Nam mi ch t 0,1%). Cc chng trnh gio dc cng ng v mi trng ni chung v mi trng nc ni ring cn qu t. i ng cn b qun l mi trng nc cn thiu v s lng, yu v cht lng (Hin nay Vit Nam trung bnh c khong 3 cn b qun l mi trng/1 triu dn, trong khi mt s nc ASEAN trung bnh l 70 ngi/1 triu dn)...

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Khoa hc 24h Cng ngh Th gii quanh ta Quan im a phng tin B n Khoa hc

VO Khoa hc - Cng ngh Khoa hc 24h Khng kh Vit Nam nhim nht th gii? Cp nht lc :2:32 AM, 04/05/2012 Theo Ch s hiu sut mi trng (EPI) 2012 do cc t chc quc t va cng b, ch s hiu qu hot ng mi trng chung ca Vit Nam nm 2012 xp v tr 79/132 quc gia. D khng qu ch vo vic xp hng, song nhng con s khng nh cht lng mi trng th ca Vit Nam thuc nhm 10 nc t hi nht trn ton cu cng khin cc nh qun l mi trng ng suy ngh.

PGS.TS Bi Cch Tuyn, Th trng B TN-MT thng thn nhn nhn: Khng nn bi quan m phi da vo nhng thng tin tm cch ci thin tnh trng nhim khng kh hin nay. Theo Bo co mi trng c tn gi l The Environmental Performance Index - gi tt l EPI 2012 do Trung tm nghin cu thuc i hc Yale v i hc Columbia ca Hoa K cng vi Lin hip Chu u thc hin, ch s mi trng tng qut, Vit Nam hin ng th 79 trong tng s 132 nc c kho st. Ch s mi trng khng kh, Vit Nam hin ng th 123 trn 132 nc c xp hng, v theo d bo, s tip tc rt hng trong thi gian ti.

nhim khng kh TP.HCM (nh: Nguyn Hu) Trc cng b ny, Th trng Bi Cch Tuyn a ra quan im ca B TN-MT rng bng xp hng mi trng ny c nhiu ch s khng chnh xc, nhng xt trn bnh din tng quan, phi tha nhn l cht lng khng kh ca Vit Nam khng tt. GS-TSKH Phm Ngc ng, Ch tch Hi Mi trng th Vit Nam cng thng thn, s liu quan trc mi trng nhiu nm qua chng t rng, thc t mi trng khng kh cc th Vit nam b nhim rt nng ch yu v bi. Th nhng, GS-TSKH ng cng cho rng, xt v kh nhim c hi nh SO2, NO2, CO th mi trng khng kh Vit Nam cha b nhim, cn tt hn so vi nhiu th trn th gii v trong khu vc, nh l Bc Kinh, New Deli, Bangkok... Thm na, nhim bi nng n nc ta ch yu cc thnh ph ln, c bit l H Ni, TP HCM v cc thnh ph loi 1, loi 2, nh l Hi Phng, Nam nh, Vit Tr, Cn Th, Bun Ma Thut..., tr TP Nng (nm 2011 TP Nng c Ban Th K ASEAN cng nhn l 1 trong 10 thnh ph c khng kh sch trong ASEAN), cht lng mi trng khng kh nhiu th loi va v loi nh ca nc ta cn rt tt.

L mt nh khoa hc nghin cu v mi trng nhiu nm, PGS-.TS Nguyn nh He, Khoa Mi trng, i hc Khoa hc t nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni t ra khng c g ng ngc nhin. PGS-TS He ni: Bi l ng ri. Chng c th no nh H Ni hay TP.HCM li sut ngy o bi nh mt cng trng xy dng nh vy. D tn trng kin ca t chc khoa hc cng b, song PGS-TS He cho rng, h c th nghin cu theo tiu chun v c s thc nghim ring, khng nn ch vo thang tiu chun nht, nh, ba. Tuy nhin, PGS-TS He nhn xt, ng l cch qun l th ca Vit Nam c vn mi xy ra tnh trng bi khng khip nh th. i u cng thy bi v ngt ngt v cng, TS He ni. GS-TSKH Phm Ngc ng cng ch ra ngun gy nhim khng kh chnh cc th chnh l hot ng xy dng, giao thng Do vy, cn khc phc v gim thiu trit nhim khng kh trong cc lnh vc hot ng ny. Ngoi ra, c quan qun l mi trng phi tng cng cng tc thanh tra, kim tra vic thc thi php lut v bo v mi trng (BVMT), x l mt cch nghim minh, cng bng, cng khai, minh bch v x pht kinh t mt cch sc rn e i vi cc hnh vi vi phm lut php v BVMT. GSTSKH ng cng kin ngh cn ban hnh Lut Khng kh sch. Hin rt nhiu nc trn th gii c lut Khng kh sch t lu, GS-TSKH ng ni. Cht lng Mc tng hp Ch Xp hng s (trn tng s 132 quc gia) Ch s cht lng mi trng 50,6 79 Sc khe mi trng 51,6 91 Khng kh (nh hng ti 31 123 sc khe con ngi) Gnh nng ly bnh t mi 66,4 77 trng Nc (nh hng ti sc 42,5 80 khe) Sc sng h sinh thi 50,2 62 (Ngun: http://epi.yale.edu/) Cc ch s mi trng ca Vit Nam EPI xp hng cc nc da trn ch s nh gi vic thc hin cc chnh sch lin quan n mi sinh-y t v cht lng h sinh thi. Cc ch s ny l mt trong cc thc o nh gi cp quc gia, xem mi quc gia tin gn n mc tiu t ra v mi trng hay cha. nh gi xu hng thay i Ch s Xp hng

4,2 20,4 -12,1 24,2 45,2 -9,0

73 31 125 36 5 112

Theo , ch s hiu qu hot ng mi trng chung ca Vit Nam nm 2012 xp v tr 79/132 quc gia. Ch s cht lng khng kh gy nh hng ti sc khe Vit Nam xp th 123/132 quc gia. ng lo ngi hn, ch s ny c nguy c ri xung trong khi cc ch s mi trng khc cng thuc hng bo ng. Ch s gnh nng ly bnh t mi trng ca Vit Nam xp hng 77, cn cht lng nc xp th 80.