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EE-606: Solid State Devices

Lecture 3: Elements of Quantum Mechanics
Muhammad Ashraful Alam alam@purdue.edu

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Outline

1) Why do we need quantum physics 2) Quantum concepts 3) Formulation of quantum mechanics 4) Conclusions

Reference: Vol. 6, Ch. 1 (pages 23-32)

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Do I really need Quantum Mechanics ?

Original Problem Periodic Structure

Electrons in periodic potential: Problem we want to solve

If it were large objects, like a skier skiing past a set of obstacles, Newtons mechanics would work fine, but in a micro-world
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Carrier Density

Carrier number = Number of states x filling factor Chapters 2-3 Chapter 4

Total number of occupants = Number of apartments X The fraction occupied

Alam ECE-606 S09

Outline

1) Why do we need quantum physics 2) Quantum concepts 3) Formulation of quantum mechanics 4) Conclusions

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Four Quantum Concepts ..

Blackbody Radiation

Photoelectric Effect Bohr Atom Wave Particle Duality

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(1) black-body radiation

2000 K

1000 K

300 K

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2000 K

Rayleigh-Jeans Formula

(u)

u ( , T ) k BT / 4
log(u ) = 4 log( ) + log(T )
Weins Formula

e / T

Planks fitting formula

1 1 u ( , T ) 5 / T 1 e
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Interpretation of Planks Formula

d 1 1 d u ( f , T ) = u ( , T ) ~ 5 / T df e 1 df
1 ~ f hf hf / kT 1 e
2

c = f

nos. of modes

Energy of mode

Occupation Probability

EM emission occurs in discrete quanta of

E = hf

n=1,2, .. N
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Recent Example: COBE Data

J.C. Mather, Astrophysics J., 1990.

Show that the cosmic background temperature is approximately 3K. Can you see this radiation?
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(2) Photoelectric Effect

E = (hf-W)
Electrons

Light (hf)

qVR 1
cathode

( 2)

m0 2 = hf W

-W

hf

VR

VR

hf
11

Absorption occurs in quanta as well, consistent with photons having E=hf

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Origin of Quantization

frequency

E m ,n

1 1 = const 2 2 n m
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(3) Bohr Atom ..

Assume that angular momentum is quantized:

= n / m0 rn

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(3) Bohr Atom (continued)

E m ,n
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1 1 = const 2 2 n m
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(4) Wave-Particle Duality

Photons act both as wave and particle, what about electrons ?

E = m0 c + p c
2 4

2 2

hf = pc

m0=0 (photon rest mass)

p = hf / c = h / (because c = f ) = k (because k = 2 / )
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Outline

1) Why do we need quantum physics 2) Quantum concepts 3) Formulation of Schrodinger Equation 4) Conclusions

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Schrodinger Equation for electrons

E = m0 2 c 4 + p 2 c 2 m0 c 2 1 + p 2 c 2 / 2m0 2 c 4 + ...

E m0c

= V + (p / 2m0 )
2
2 2

hf = = V + ( k / 2m0 )

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Schrodinger Equation (continued)

= ( k / 2m0 ) + V
2 2

Assume,

( x, t ) = A exp(i (t kx))
2 2 2

d / dt = i and d / dx = k
2 2 d d = +V i 2 dt 2m0 dx
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Conclusions
1. Given chemical composition and atomic arrangements, we can compute electron density by using quantum mechanics. 2. We discussed the origin of quantum mechanics experiments were inconsistent with the classical theory. 3. We saw how Schrodinger equation can arise as a consequence of quantization and relativity, but this is not a derivation. 4. We will solve some toy problems in the next class to get a feeling of how to use quantum mechanics.

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