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Radio Transmission Aspects of UMTS
Radio Transmission Aspects of UMTS
Sergio BARBERIS
sergio.barberis@tilab.com Tel +39 011 228 7309 Wireless Techniques and Methodologies
Principles of spread spectrum communications (DS-CDMA, hybrid TD-CDMA) UTRA physical layer specification System aspects (power control, soft handover, capacity)
Transmission systems where the bandwidth of the transmitted signal >> bandwidth of the information signal The bandwidth spreading is performed exploiting the properties of PN sequences (codes) that must be known at the receiving side
AWGN bandlimited channel C=B log2 (1 + S/N) How to obtain a desired bit rate R
[C]=bit/s [B]=Hz S/N=signal to noise ratio
Robustness against jammers and fading Low interception probability Multiple access capability
DS-CDMA
Users sharing the same band are transmitted simultaneously on the same carrier Users are distinguished each other by means of a code and, the mutual interference is reduced during the decoding process In the DS-CDMA technique, the spreading is obtained multiplying the user signal by the signal associated to a code (a PN sequence or an orthogonal sequence)
DS-CDMA
b(t) c(t) BPSK MOD. fo b(t): information signal (Rate Rb) c(t): PN sequence (Rate Rc) Rc>>Rb The bandwidth spreading is obtained multiplying the information signal by the PN sequence x(t) j(t) BPSK z(t) DEMOD. c(t)
~ ~
DS-CDMA (II)
b(t) 1 -1 c(t) 1 -1 c(t)b(t) 1 -1 t f
1/Tc
Gb(f) t f
1/Tb
Gc(f) t f
1/Tc
Gc*Gb
DS-CDMA (III)
The spread signal b(t)c(t) is then modulated, transmitted, interfered by a narrowband signal j(t) and demodulated at the receiveng end obtaining: z(t)= b(t)c(t) + ~ j(t) The information signal b(t) is recovered multiplying z(t) by c(t): ~ 2(t) + ~ z(t)c(t)= b(t)c j(t)c(t) = b(t) + j(t)c(t)
Spread interferer
DS-CDMA (IV)
Gz(f)
jammer Information signal
f Spectrum of z(t)c(t)
Information signal Spread interferer
f After the low pass filtering, we detect only a fraction of the original interfering power (reduction factor=Rc/Rb) f
CDMA system
f0
f0
DATA
WIDEBAND SPECTRUM
CORRELATOR
DIGITAL FILTER DEINTERLEAVING & DECODING DATA
DATA
PN SOURCE
PN SOURCE
CARRIER
CARRIER
f0
f0
f0
f0
BACKGROUND NOISE
EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE
Short codes: they allow a better interference control but, a code management could be necessary Long codes: no code management is required but, the mutual interference cannot easily be controlled.
Pseudo-Noise sequences
out
They are obtained by means of linear shift registers (with feedback defined by a characteristic polynomial) A N-cell LSR can provide a PN sequence with period 2N-1 PN sequences are suitable for multiple access because their autocorrelation function decrease sharply after time shifts of few chips (i.e., equal to zero everywhere but the origin)
H2 =
1 1
1 -1
1
Tc
Walsh functions
-1
Tc
Walsh functions are perfectly orthogonal (i.e., no mutual interference); actually, after transmission over a multipath channel, orthogonality is lost
Tc
Tb
1 -1
-1 1
1 3 4
-1 1
1 -1
-1 -4
-3
Tb
d1=[1, -1, 1]
t=t0
t=t1
t=t1+11
t=t1+12
t=t0+a
t=t2
t=t2+21
t=t0+b
t=t3
t=t3+31
t=t3+32
f t
1ej1
despreading
i e j
ne j
X
Propagation channel
despreading
Spreading sequence
receiver
Energy
Codes
WB-TDMA/CDMA
Fr e
1 2 3 . . . 14 15
ch ip /s
3.
84
Time
qu en
cy
Resource allocation
In the TD-CDMA component a physical channel is identified by a combination of carrier, time slot and code. Resources are allocated to cells by means of slow DCA:
slot clustering each slot can be used in both uplink and downlink transmission, according to the needs
Joint detection
It reduces (ideally cancels completely) the mutual interference among signals The receiver exploits the knowledge of all the spreading sequences used by the other users on the same slot/carrier and perform the simultaneous demodulation of all signals. The output is a vector of information sequences (one for each user)
Mobile 1
CDMA code 1
Midamble channel 1
Base station
Midambles channels 1 - K
X
Traffic channel 1 input data
Radio channels
Mobile K
CDMA code K
Midamble channel K
X
Traffic channel K input data
CDMA codes 1 - K
Joint Detection
If e = (d c)*h + n is the received vector We have to estimate the transmitted vector d by means of the following equation: d = M e The matrix M has to be calculated so as to maximize performance and minimize complexity
Technical Reports
TR 25.833: Physical layer items not for inclusion in Release 99. TR 25.944: Channel coding and multiplexing examples It is a document strongly supported by NTT DoCoMo containing several examples of channel coding and multiplexing for some typical transport channels. A technical report is being produced for each Work Item to be included in Release 4 and 5. When the Work Item is completed the text from the TR is moved in the relevant TS by a CR procedure.
Release 4
Same document structure as release 99 (the first digit of the version is 4) Main new features with respect to release 99:
1.28 Mchip/s TDD option DSCH power control improvement in soft handover TDD Node B synchronisation UE positioning
Main parameters
UTRA/FDD Access technique Chip rate Carrier spacing Frame duration N. slot per frame BTS synchronization Modulation Coherent receiver Multi-rate Not required WCDMA UTRA/TDD Hybrid WCDMA+TDMA
3.84 Mcps (SF FDD:4-256, TDD 1-16) 4.4-5 MHz (200 kHz carrier raster) 10 ms 15 Not required (advisable) DL: QPSK DL: QPSK UL: Dual-channel QPSK UL: QPSK Uplink e downlink Variabile SF + Multi-code + Multi-slot (TDD only)
10 ms 15
DL: Not required (advisable) UL: not required
QPSK QPSK 8 PSK optional Uplink e downlink Variabile SF + Multi-code + Multi-slot Strongly advised Optional
Physical channels UL
Physical channels:
DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel): it is used to carry dedicated data generated at OSI layer 2 and above (user data or associated signalling). DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel): it is used to carry control information generated at OSI layer 1; the information include pilot bits for channel estimation, Transmit Power Control bits (TPC), bits to indicate the bit rate (TFCI) and, in the UL only, Feedback Information bits required for transmission diversity (FBI) DPDCH and DPCCH are transmitted on the I and Q branch respectively of a QPSK modulator; they are distinguished by means of different codes. PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel): it is used to carry the RACH, the transport channel used by the mobile to access the system PCPCH (Physical Common Packet Channel): it is used to carry the CPCH, the transport channel for packet transmission (contention access)
Tslot = 2560 chips , 10x2 bits (k=0..6) DPDCH Data Ndata bits
DPCCH
Frame duration: 10 ms each frame is split into 15 slot (0.667 ms) corresponding to one power control period. Spreading factor SF: 4 SF 256 DPDCH and DPCCH can be characterised by different values of SF
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
cC DPCCH Q
cD, cC : channelization codes c scramb: scrambling code (short or long) p(t): pulse-shaping filter (root raised cosine, roll-off 0.22)
DPDCH and DPCCH are separate by means of different codes. During a call (circuit switched), at least the DPCCH is always active A same code can be reused on the I and Q branch. The scrambling codes are complex sequences QPSK modulation is used
DPCCH and DPDCH are defined as the UL but, they are time multiplexed 4 SF 512
Slot #0 Slot #1
Slot #i
Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
p(t)
DPDCH/DPCCH
P
Q
cch
c scramb
sin(t)
p(t)
A same channelisation codes is used on the I and Q branch. The scrambling code is a real sequence that is used on both the I and Q branch. QPSK modulation
Spreading codes
Two kind of codes are used: -Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes are used as channelisation codes; OVSF are defined by means of a binary tree -scrambling codes are used so as to guarantee good autocorrelation properties and in order to distinguish different cells (in the downlink) and to distinguish mobile users (in the uplink)
C4,1 = (1,1,1,1) C2,1 = (1,1) C4,2 = (1,1,-1,-1) C1,1 = (1) C4,3 = (1,-1,1,-1) C2,2 = (1,-1) C4,4 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
1-rate
Variable rate
R=1
R = 1/2
R=0
R=0
R = 1/2
TrCH
Add CRC per Tr. block
TrCH
Add CRC per Tr. block
Channel coding
Channel coding
1st Interleaving
1st Interleaving
Rate-Matching
Multiplexing
2nd Interleaving
Packet Access
Arbitrary time
Access request
User packet
No link maintenance when no packet to transmit Limited to small packets and medium data rates No fast power control No soft handover
Scheduled and non-scheduled packet access Closed-loop power control and soft handover Link released after time-out period has expired
The DSCH is a downlink channel,shared in time among all users (orthogonal code shared between users) DSCH is used in parallel with a low bit rate dedicated channel Closed loop power control allowed; no soft handover