Tng vn chuyn

7.1.2 Cc hm dch v c s
Cc hm dch v c s lp vn chuyn c chia thnh hai nhm theo phng thc hot ng: c ni kt v khng ni kt.

7.1.3 Cc hm dch v hng ni kt

Hm
LISTEN CONNECT SEND RECEIVE DISCONNECT

Gi tin gi i
Khng c Yu cu kt ni (Connection Request) D liu (Data) Khng c Yu cu hy kt ni (Disconnection Request)

ngha
Nghn cho n khi tin trnh no ni kt ti Ch ng yu cu thit lp ni kt n tin trnh khc Gi thng tin i Nghn cho n khi mt gi tin n v nhn n Mun hy kt ni vi bn i tc

7.1.4 Cc hm dch v dng khng ni kt

Hm
SEND RECEIVE

Gi tin gi i
D liu (Data) Khng c

ngha
Gi thng tin i Nghn cho n khi mt gi tin n v nhn n

7.2 Cc yu t cu thnh giao thc vn chuyn

Cng ging nh giao thc tng lin kt d liu, giao thc vn chuyn phi i ph vi cc vn v iu khin li, nh s th t gi tin v iu khin lung d liu. Tuy nhin, giao thc trn hai tng c nhiu im khc bit quan trng. Nhng khc bit ny xut pht t s khc bit ca mi trng hot ng ca chng (nh c ch ra trong hnh H7.2).

H7.2. (a) Mi trng ca lp lin kt d liu. (b) Mi trng ca lp vn chuyn

Ti lp lin kt d liu, hai router giao tip vi nhau qua mt knh truyn vt l, trong khi ti lp vn chuyn, knh truyn ny c thay bng c mt mng con. S khc nhau ny s dn n nhiu h ly m nhng ngi thit k giao thc vn chuyn phi au u gii quyt: nh a ch cc tin trnh trn cc host khc nhau n h th no, x l nh th no i vi nhng trng hp mt gi tin trong qu trnh trao i hoc gi tin i chm dn n mn k v gi thm mt gi tin b trng lp, ng b ha hai tin trnh ang trao i d liu nh th no khi m chng ang rt xa nhau.

7.2.1 nh a ch
Khi mt tin trnh mong mun thit lp ni kt vi mt tin trnh khc t xa, n phi ch ra rng n mun kt ni vi tin trnh no. (Vn chuyn hng khng ni kt cng gp vn tng t: thng ip s gi n ai?). Mt phng php nh a ch tng vn chuyn ca Internet l dng s hiu cng (port), cn trong mng ATM l AAL-SAP. Chng ta s dng t chung nht nh 1

Tng vn chuyn a ch tin trnh l TSAP (Transport Service Access Point). Tng t, a ch trong tng mng c gi l NSAP. Hnh H7.3 m phng mi quan h gia NSAP, TSAP v kt ni vn chuyn. Cc tin trnh ng dng, c client v server u phi gn vo mt TSAP v thit lp ni kt n TSAP khc. V kt ni ny chy qua c hai TSAP. Mc tiu ca vic s dng cc TSAP l v trong mt s mng, mi my tnh ch c mt NSAP, do cn phi c cch phn bi t nhiu im cui mc vn chuyn khi chng ang chia s mt NSAP. V d, dn cnh mt cuc kt ni mc vn chuyn c th din ra nh sau: 1. Mt server phc v thng tin v thi gian trn host 2 gn n vo TSAP 1522 ch mt cuc gi n. 2. Mt tin trnh ng dng chy trn host 1 mun bit gi hin ti, v th n a ra mt yu cu ni kt ch ra TSAP 1208 l cng ngun v TSAP 1522 l cng ch. Hnh ng ny dn n mt kt ni vn chuyn c thit lp gia hai tin trnh client v server trn hai host 1 v 2.

H 6.3. TSAP, NSAP v kt ni vn chuyn

3. Tin trnh client gi mt yu cu n server hi v thi gian. 4. Server tr li thi gian hin ti cho client. 5. Kt ni vn chuyn cui cng c gii phng.

7.2.2 Thit lp ni kt
Vic thit lp ni kt nghe c v d dng, nhng khi thc hin c th s gp nhiu rc ri. Thot nhn, mt phin thit lp ni kt s din ra nh sau: mt bn s gi TPDU yu cu ni kt (Connection Request CR) n bn kia, bn kia s gi mt TPDU tr li chp nhn ni kt (Connection Accepted CA). Vn pht sinh khi mng lm mt, tn tr qu lu hay lm trng lp cc gi tin do hai thc th vn chuyn trao i qua li vi nhau. V d mt tnh hung nh sau: tin trnh 1 gi yu cu kt ni n tin trnh 2, yu cu ny b cc mng con trung gian tr hon do tc nghn. Mn k, tin trnh 1 gi li yu cu ni kt, va lc yu cu ni kt b tr hon cng n tin trnh 2. Gii thut thit lp ni kt ph bin nht l gii thut bt tay 3 chiu (three-way hand-shake). Xin xem cc tnh hung c m phng trong Hnh H7.4. Gi s yu cu ni kt pht sinh host 1. Host 1 chn mt s th t l x v nh km s trong TPDU CR ( CR (seq=x) ) gi n host 2. Host 2 bo nhn ACK ( ACK (seq = y, ACK = x) ) v thng bo s th t khi u ca n l y. Cui cng host 1 bo nhn cho host 2 n bit s th t khi u ca host 2 l y bng TPDU d liu u tin gi n host 2 ( DATA (seq=x, ACK=y) ). By gi xt n tnh hung TPDU CR b trng lp. Khi TPDU CR th hai n host 2, host 2 lin tr li ACK v tng rng host 1 mun thit lp ni kt khc. Khi host 1 t chi c gng thit lp ni kt ca host 2, host 2 hiu rng n b la bi CR b trng lp v s t b ni kt . 2

Tng vn chuyn Trng hp xu nht l c hai TPDU CR v ACK ca host 1 u b trng lp. Nh trong v d (b), host 2 nhn c mt CR tr v tr li cho yu cu vi s th t khi u y. Gi s, khng may trong tr li cho yu cu CR trc , host 2 thng bo s th t khi u ca n l z. Bo nhn chiu th ba ca host 1 li b tr. Khi host 1 nhn c bo nhn ACK (seq=y, ACK=x), n nhn ra rng thng bo DATA (seq=x, ACK=z) b tr, do n t b ni kt ny.

H7.4 Khung cnh vic bt tay 3 chiu. (a) Hot ng bnh thng. (b) Bn CR b trng lp. (c) C CR v ACK u b trng lp

7.2.3 Gii phng ni kt

Vic gii phng ni kt n gin hn thit lp ni kt. Tuy nhin, ngi ta s cn gp nhiu kh khn khng ng ti. By gi chng ta s ngh hai k iu gii phng ni kt: d b v ng b. Kiu d b hot ng nh sau: khi mt bn ct ni kt, kt ni s b hy b (ging nh trong h thng in thoi). Kiu ng b lm vic theo phng thc ngc li: khi c hai ng hy b ni kt, ni kt mi thc s c hy. Gii phng ni kt kiu d b l th l v c th dn n mt d liu. V d tnh hung trong Hnh H7.5. Sau khi ni kt thnh cng, host 1 gi mt gi d liu n ng host 2. Sau host 1 gi tip mt gi d liu khc. Khng may, host 2 gi i mt yu cu ct ni kt (DISCONNECT) trc khi gi d liu th hai n. Kt qu l kt ni c gii phng v d liu b mt.

Tng vn chuyn

H7.5 S ct kt ni mt cch th l s dn n mt d liu

R rng, chng ta cn mt gii php hu hiu hn trnh mt d liu. Mt gii php l s dng vic gii phng ni kt ng b, trong , mi host u c trch nhim trong vic gii phng ni kt. Mt nt phi tip tc nhn d liu sau khi gi i yu cu gii phng ni kt (DISCONNECT REQUEST CR) n bn i tc, cho n khi nhn c chp thun hy b ni kt ca bn i tc . Ngi ta c th hnh dung giao thc nh sau: u tin host 1 ni: Ti xong ri, anh xong cha?. Nu host 2 tr li: Ti cng xong, tm bit th kt ni coi nh c gii phng an ton. Tuy nhin, gii php trn khng phi lc no cng chy ng. C mt bi ton ni ting dng m t vn , c gi l bi ton hai s qun (Two army problem).

H7.6 Bi ton hai s qun

C hai s qun ang dn trn nh nhau. Qun trng dn qun di thung lng, qun xanh chia thnh hai cnh qun chim lnh hai nh i ng ng hai bn thung lng . Ch huy ca hai cnh qun xanh mun thng bo v nht tr vi nhau v thi im cng tn cng qun trng. Do qun s hai cnh qun xanh cng li mi sc thng qun trng, mt cnh qun xanh tn cng ring l s b qun trng tiu dit. Hai cnh qun xanh mun ng b ha cuc tn cng ca h bng cnh gi cc thng ip qua li. Nhng nhng thng ip phi chy ngang qua thung l ng v c kh nng b qun trng ph hng. Cu hi y l c giao thc no m bo s thng li ca qun xanh hay khng? Gi s ch huy cnh qun xanh s 1 gi thng ip n ch huy cnh qun xanh s 2: Ti d nh tn cng vo lc hong hn ngy 14 thng 12 nm 2004, c c khng?. May mn thay, ch huy cnh qun xanh s 2 nhn c thng ip v tr li ng . Vy cuc tn cng c chc xy ra khng? Khng chc, bi v ch huy cnh qun xanh s 2 khng chc cu tr li ca anh ta n c ch huy ca cnh qun s 1. By gi ta ci tin giao thc thm mt bc: cho n tr thnh giao thc ba chiu: Bn cnh qun s 1 gi bn hip ng tn cng cho bn cnh qun s 2, bn cnh qun s 2 tr li ng , bn cnh qun 1 thng bo cho bn 2 n bit c s ng ca bn 2. Th nhng nu thng bo cui cng ca bn 1 b mt th sao? Bn 2 cng s khng tn cng! Nu ta c ci tin thnh giao thc n chiu i na th vic hip ng vn tht bi nu thng bo cui cng b mt. 4

Tng vn chuyn Ta c th thy mi tng ng gia bi ton hai s qun v gii php gii phng ni kt. Thay v hp ng tn cng, hai bn hp ng hy ni kt! Gii php cui cng l hai bn s dng phng php hy ni kt ba chiu cng vi b nh thi: Bn pht ng vic hy ni kt s bt b nh thi cho mi yu cu gii phng ni kt ca n, nu yu cu gii phng ni kt b mn k m cha nhn c tr li ca bn i tc, n s gi li yu cu mt ln na. Nu yu cu hy ni kt b mn k lin tc N ln, bn pht ng s t hy b ni kt . Bn i tc khi nhn c yu cu hy ni kt t pha pht ng, s tr li chp thun v cng bt b nh thi. Nu mn k m tr li chp thun ca n khng c bo tr t pha pht ng, bn i tc s t hy ni kt.

(c) Tr li b mt

(d) Tr li mt v cc gi tin DR theo sau c ng b mt

H7.7 Mt s tnh hung hy ni kt theo phng php 3 chiu