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ISBN: 9605381168
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K E A A I O 3 :

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[1] C.J.Date, An Introduction to Database Systems, Volume I, Fourth
Edition, AddisonWesley, 1986.
22
IMS.
23
IDMS.
[2] Elmasri R. & Navathe S. B., Fundamentals of Database Systems,
AddisonWesley, 1994.
. , 1996. 11
.

. 10
.
3 . 14
[3] Silberschatz A., Korth H., Sudarshan S, Database System Concepts,
Third Edition, McGrawHill, 1986.

.

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[4] Ulman J. D., Principles of Database and Knowledgebase Systems,
Computer Science Press, 1988.

.

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[1] Elmasri R. & Navathe S. B., Fundamentals of Database Systems,
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18.
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.
4 5 7 .
5.2 5.3
.
[3] Silberschatz A., Korth H., Sudarshan S, Database System Concepts, Third
Edition, McGrawHill, 1986.
3 .
14.
[4] C.J.Date, An Introduction to Database Systems, Volume I, Fourth Edition,
AddisonWesley, 1986.
4 9
( DB2).
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Prentice Hall, 1989.
.
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KEAAIO 5: H E SQL

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KEAAIO 5: H E SQL

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KEAAIO 5: H E SQL

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KEAAIO 5: H E SQL

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KEAAIO 5: H E SQL

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KEAAIO 5: H E SQL

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137

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KEAAIO 5: H E SQL

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5.3 O, SQL

139

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KEAAIO 5: H E SQL

140

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DELETE FROM
WHERE

_ > 2000;

2000.
DELETE SQL,
DELETE FROM
WHERE

_ > ALL
(SELECT
_
FROM
_);

, .

UPDATE
SET
WHERE

TMHMA
_=1963
ONOMA= ;

5.3 O, SQL

141

. UPDATE
SQL.
5.1
5.2 20 1978.
SQL .

,
5.2 SQL.

5.3.3

SQL
(
).
CREATE VIEW
AS

_1
SELECT
FROM
WHERE

ONOMA, ,

AM > 19000;

( DROP VIEW
UPDATE).

SQL.
5.1
. 5.2 5.3
SQL

5.15

5.10

142

KEAAIO 5: H E SQL

.
SQL
SQL
(. 9.2).

B
.
SQL
. , , ,
. , SQL ,
SQL
.
[1] Ullman J. D., Principles of Database Systems, Computer Science
Press, 1982.
. SQL 6.
[2] Silberschatz A., Korth H., Sudarshan S, Database System Concepts
Third Edition, McGrawHill, 1986.
SQL 4
.
[3] Elmasri R. & Navathe S. B., Fundamentals of Database Systems,
AddisonWesley, 1994.
. , 1996.

.
[4] C.J.Date, An Introduction to Database Systems, Volume I, Fourth
Edition, AddisonWesley, 1986.
4 4.3 SQL. , 9
embedded SQL SQL
host language SQL.

E QBE

QBE
. , , QBE.

:
QBE
QBE


() QBE
SQL QBE.

(Query Languages)
(Example)
(Query Table)
(Result Table)

QBE.
6.1 QBE

144

KEAAIO 6: E QBE

. 6.2 QBE

6.3 QBE
. , 6.4
QBE.

6.1 QBE

QBE,
SQL. , QBE.

:
QBE
, QBE
QBE,
.
SQL.
SQL,
, QBE
. QBE


.
QBE Query By Example . QBE IBM
DB2.
QBE
, .
QBE

.

KEAAIO 6: E QBE

146

. 5.1
5.2 5,
. QBE.
.
,

OITHTH

, ,

SQL. . QBE

OITHTH

.
.
_. :
OITHTH

6.1 QBE

147

QBE,
P. . :
OITHTH

._

._

._

,
. . QBE
. , check box.

QBE 5.1
5.2. E
.

QBE .
,
.

6.1

6.1

KEAAIO 6: E QBE

148

6.2

QBE. ,
QBE. WHERE SQL.
WHERE
. QBE ,
.
SQL,
20 1976. QBE
:
OITHTH

P.

P.

_
20-08-1978

_, ,
. ,
. ,
.
:
OITHTH
ONOMA

ENYMO

.
AND
. , OR, .

6.2

149

. 1 1978 .
OITHTH

P.

. LIKE B%

_
>1-1-1978

QBE SQL,
>, <, =, >=, <= <>,
LIKE, IS NULL IS NOT NULL.
:
OITHTH
ONOMA

ENYMO

1 1978 . :
OITHTH

P.

P.

_
>1-1-1978

. LIKE B%

OR. :
OITHTH
ONOMA

ENYMO

KEAAIO 6: E QBE

150

QBE .
.
. , .
5.2.6.
.
: ,
,
_
. QBE :
OITHTH

TMHMA
ONOMA

OIT_TMHMA
AM

ONOMA

_AM

AANTHH

._

._

._

._

.
. ,
_

6.2

151

_ .
_ _ . .

.
:
OIT

ONOMA TMH

ETO_IPYH

1961

1961

1968

1994

1994

1968

,
, .

1 1960,
5.1 5.2. QBE .

5.1
5.2. QBE
.

6.2

6.3

KEAAIO 6: E QBE

152

6.4

6.5

6.2

QBE ,

5.1 5.2. E
.

QBE
,


5.1 5.2. E .

QBE . , .

6.3 QBE

QBE
.
QBE. QBE Microsoft Access.
, ,

, :

6 . 3 Q B E

153

OITHTH
ONOMA
ENYMO

OIT_TMHMA

TMHMA

ATPNYMO

AM

ONOMA

AM

ONOMA

ETO_IPYH

HM_EN
,
. ,
.
,
. . ,
.
_
. , _
.

;. ,
.
QBE
QBE. ,
.
.

( )
. ,
.

KEAAIO 6: E QBE

154

Field:

Table:

Sort:
Show:

Ascending

Criteria:
Or:


_ . , .

AND ( ) OR
( ). , QBE,
.

.

6.6

6.7

QBE 6.4. ,
6.4.

QBE 6.5
19400.
,
( ,
, , ,
, ).

6 . 3 Q B E

Microsoft Access, ,
QBE .
SQL,

QBE . , QBE, (
QBE) .

QBE.
6.1 QBE , 6.2
QBE , , 6.3 QBE . QBE QBE (. 9.2).

155

6.3

156

KEAAIO 6: E QBE

B
.
QBE
. , ,
. , QBE
, QBE
.
[1] Ullman J. D., Principles of Database Systems, Computer Science
Press, 1982.
. QBE 6
6.5, domain
calculus language.
[2] Silberschatz A., Korth H., Sudarshan S, Database System Concepts,
Third Edition, McGrawHill, 1986.
QBE 5
, , SQL
.
[3] C.J.Date, An Introduction to Database Systems, Volume I, Fourth
Edition, AddisonWesley, 1986.
14 14.6 QBE.
[4] Elmasri R. & Navathe S. B., Fundamentals of Database Systems,
AddisonWesley, 1994.
. , 1996.
QBE,
QBE.
.

.

. , , , .

:

(Structured Programming)
(Object)
(Object Oriented)
(Class)
(Method)
(Host Language)
(Data Definition Language)
(Inheritance)

.

158

K E A A I O 7 : B

, . 7.1
, 7.2 OQL, , SQL3,
SQL . ,
7.3 7.
,
.
,
( ), .
,
B .

7.1

.

:



, (structured
programming) (objectoriented
programming). , C++, Object
PASCAL Java ( ),
.
.
.

, ,
-

160

K E A A I O 7 : B

.
. (class)
(methods), .
, .

.
,
. , , ( ),
. .
, ,
, ,
. ,
.

,
.
(
,
integer, char ),

.

ODL (
Object Definition Language, ). H ODL () IDL ( Interface Description Language,
). IDL
CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture),
.

7 . 1

( )
.

( )
ODL
.

7.2 OQL
SQL3

OQL, ,
SQL3, SQL
.

:
OQL
OQL
SQL3

.
, SQL QBE
. SQL, SQL3,

161

7.1

7.2

K E A A I O 7 : B

162

. SQL3, OQL
.
OQL Object Query Language, . OQL
(host language)
.
OQL, SQL .
OQL .
, SQL3, , ,
OQL
,
.
OQL
SELECT
FROM
WHERE

.
AS
. =

SQL, 5.
SQL3
Abstract Data Types ( ), .
:
CREATE

TYPE [ ] (
[ ]
[ EQUALS LESS THAN]
[ ]

);
EQUALS LESS THAN ,
.
:

7 . 2 O Q L S Q L 3

CREATE

TYPE (

VARCHAR (30),

VARCHAR (30),

VARCHAR (30),
AM
INTEGER,
HM_
DATE,
EQUALS
DEFAULT,
LESS THAN
NONE,
FUNCTION _
(:1 )
RETURNS CHAR(90);
BEGIN
RETURN
(:1. AND AND :1.
AND AND :1.);
END;
);


. ,
,
, < . ,

.

( )
OQL .

( )
SQL3 . ,
5.1 5 SQL3.

7.3

7.4

163

K E A A I O 7 : B

164

OQL. , 7.1 , 7.2 OQL SQL3. OQL

SQL3 .

.
B
[1] Ullman J. D., Widom J., A First Course in Database Systems, Prentice Hall, 1997.
,
. 1 1.3 (
) , 8 ODL. , 2
.
.
[2] Silberschatz A., Korth H., Sudarshan S, Database System Concepts, Third Edition,
McGrawHill, 1986.
. 8 Object Oriented Databases persistent Ctt . 9 Object Relational Databases.

, , .
[3] Elmasri R. & Navathe S. B., Fundamentals of Database Systems, AddisonWesley,
1994.
. , 1996.
22 (2 ).
o .
25,
.

.

:





. ,
, , . ,

.
.
,
.

. , , , .
,
( )
, -

KEAAIO 1: EIAH

166

.
.

, ,

deadlock livelock.
.
SQL.

SQL.
, SQL, QBE. QBE
, .
QBE ,
QBE .
, ( )
. ODL,
SQL3
OQL.

, .


,
.

BAEI EOMENN

,
.

. ,

. , .
( ) .
, (SQL QBE)
, .
9.2,
. , ,
, .
, .
.

167

E

.

.

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.
M X

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A / KE. 1

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A / KE. 2

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A / KE. 2

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2) 143 blocks.
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( 20 ). block 7 (180 Bytes

177

A / KE. 2

178

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1 block .
2.5
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2000 block 20 , 2000/20=100
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100 100/20=5 blocks. 100 blocks
105 blocks 5%.
2) 11%.
2000 block 10 , 2000/10=200
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A / KE. 3

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i.

106. .

ii. 11, 13, 17, 621, 21, 24 35. .

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179

A / KE. 3

180

3.3
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3.1 3.2 .
1) , 2 .
3.1 .
2) , . 1 6, 7 8. (1,2), (2,5), (5,3), (3,4) (4,8).
3) , .
1 5, 6, 7 8.
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A / KE. 4

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181

A / KE. 4

182

4.1
:
1. :
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5
2
7
3

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, .
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4
4
3
3
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2. (
):

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A / KE. 4

183

3. :

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A / KE. 4

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A / KE. 4

185

4.4

4.4

1.
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4.6
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A / KE. 4

186

2. , :

3.
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4.7
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A / KE. 4 & 5

:
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2 .
3) {x | A(x) B(x)}
x .
4) {x | A(x) B(x)}
x .
5) {x(a+b) | ($ y(a)) ($z(b)) (A (y) B (z) x [1] = y [1] x [a] = y [a] x [a + 1] = z [1]
x [a + b] = z [b])}
x arity arity ,
.

5.1
:
1) SQL

Structured Query Language

2) SEQUEL

Structured English Query Language

3) QBE

Query by Example

5.2
SQL
SELECT
ONOMA
FROM

WHERE
<1100;

SELECT
.ONOMA
FROM

WHERE
.<1100;

187

A / KE. 5

188

. ,
SQL, .
:
ONOMA

M
, . ,
.
5.3
SQL ( ,
, , )
SELECT
ONOMA,
FROM

WHERE
_>1/1/1960;

ONOMA

ENYMO

, . ,
.
5.4
SQL
SELECT
.ONOMA, .
FROM
,
WHERE
(._= ) AND
(._<1980);
,
( ).

A / KE. 5

189

ONOMA MA

ONOMA TMH

, . ,
.
5.5
1. SQL
SELECT
.ONOMA
FROM

WHERE
.<1100
ORDER BY .;

ONOMA MA

, . , .
2. SQL
SELECT
ONOMA,
FROM

WHERE
_>1/1/1960
ORDER BY DESC, DESC;

ONOMA

ENYMO

A / KE. 5

190

, . , .
3. SQL
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
ORDER BY

.ONOMA, .
,
(._= ) AND
(._<1980)
. DESC, . ASC;

ONOMA MA

ONOMA TMH

, . ,
.
5.6
SQL
SELECT
FROM
WHERE

ONOMA,

LIKE M%;

, , .
, ONOMA= .
ONOMA

ENYMO

, . ,
.

A / KE. 5

5.7
SQL :
SELECT
FROM
WHERE

ONOMA

_ IS NULL;

, . ,
. ,
.
5.8
SQL
SELECT
FROM
ORDER BY

DISTINCT

DESC;

.
.
ENYMO
X
X
B
B
, . , .
5.9
SQL
SELECT
FROM
WHERE

., .

._

(SELECT
_
FROM
);

191

A / KE. 5

192

, SQL ANY
SELECT
FROM
WHERE

., .

._
= ANY
(SELECT
_
FROM
);

.
, . , 5.1 5.2, .
ONOMA

ENYMO

, . . , .
5.10
SQL
SELECT
FROM
WHERE

.ONOMA, .

._ <= ALL
(SELECT
._
FROM
);

, <= ALL < ALL

,
.
:
ONOMA

ENYMO

,
. , ,

A / KE. 5

193

ANY ALL .
, .
5.11
SQL
SELECT

., .
., .
FROM
(
INNER JOIN
_
.=_.)
INNER JOIN

ON _.=.
ORDER BY ., .;

, .
( , SQL .

Marketing

, .
. , ,
.

A / KE. 5

194

5.12
SQL
SELECT

FROM

., .AM,
., .ONOMA,
.
(_
INNER JOIN (( INNER JOIN _
ON .AM=_.AM)
INNER JOIN
ON _.=.)
ON _.=.)
INNER JOIN
ON (_.=.)
AND (_.ONOMA=.ONOMA);

19071

1089

19071

1239

19072

1089

19109

1045

19409

1045

19409

1667

19345

1134

19345

1891

19345

1992

19344

1134

19344

1998

19344

1892

, , . , , .

A / KE. 5

195

5.13
SQL :
SELECT
FROM
GROUP BY
HAVING

_.ONOMA, COUNT (*)

_
_.ONOMA
COUNT (*) <=1;

. , ,
. , ,
.
5.14
SQL :
SELECT
FROM
GROUP BY
HAVING

_.ONOMA, _., COUNT (*)

_
_., _.ONOMA
COUNT(*)>2;

GROUP BY .
ONOMA

ENYMO

, , .
, , .
5.15
SQL
DELETE FROM
WHERE
_ = 20081978;
,

A / KE. 5 & 6

196

OITHTH

19071

22-03-1980

19109

03-01-1977

19344

19-07-1976

19409

10-10-1977

, . ,
,
INSERT, DELETE UPDATE.

6.1
:
KAHHTH

.. ._ _ .
KAHHTH

, .
, , , 1 .

A / KE. 6

197

6.2
QBE :
OITHTH

P.

P.

_
> 111960

, . ,
.
6.3
QBE :
KAHHTH

P.

P.

BAMIA

LIKE %
, SQL, , .
, .

. ,
.

A / KE. 6

198

6.4
QBE ,
. :
OITHTH

AM

OIT_MA

MAHMA

AM

KIKO

KIKO

_K

_K

_ONMA

ETO_IAK

AANTHH

ONOMA MAHMATO

._

._

._

._

_ _
.

AANTHH

ONOMA MAHMATO

Marketing

A / KE. 6

199

, ,
. , ,
QBE.
6.5
QBE :
OITHTH

_K

MAHMA

ETO_IAK

ENYMO

KIKO

_ONK

_EK

_K

KIKO
_K
KA_

KAHHTH

_K

_EK

BAMIA

AANTHH

AM OIT

KIKO M

ONOMA K

ENYMO K

._

._

._

._

._

_, _, _
_ .

A / KE. 6

200

AANTHH

AM OIT

KIKO M

ONOMA K

ENYMO K

19071

1089

19071

1239

19072

1089

19109

1045

19409

1045

19409

1667

19345

1134

19345

1891

19345

1992

19344

1134

19344

1998

19344

1892

, , . , ,
QBE.
6.6

OITHTH
ONOMA
ENYMO

OIT_TMHMA

MAHMA

ATPNYMO

AM

KIKO

AM

KIKO

ONOMA

HM_EN

ETO_IAK

.
.

A / KE. 6

201

Field:

ATPNYMO

Table:

MAHMA

Sort:

Ascending

Ascending

Show:
Criteria:
Or:

,

. , .
, .
.
6.7

OITHTH
ONOMA
ENYMO

OIT_TMHMA

MAHMA

ATPNYMO

AM

KIKO

AM

KIKO

ONOMA
ETO_IAK

HM_EN

KA_MA

KAHHTH

KIKO

ONOMA

ONOMA

ENYMO

ENYMO

ATPNYMO
BAMIA
HM_EN

_, -

A / KE. 6

202

_ ,
_ ,
_ .

Field:

AM

KIKO

Table:

MAHMA

MAHMA KAH.

ENYMO
KAH.

Sort:

Show:
Criteria:

< 19400

Or:
,
. ,

<19400 . , .

OITHTH

AM
OITHTH

KIKO
MAHMATO

ONOMA
MAHMAT.

ONOMA
KAHHTH

ENYMO
KAHHTH

19071

1089

19071

1239

19072

1089

19109

1045

19345

1134

19345
19345
19344

1891
1992
1134

A / KE. 6

203

19344

1998

Marketing

19344

1892

, , ,
. .

O
1.1
.


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.
1.2
.


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, . , 1.2.
1.3
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.)
1.4
1.1
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( ) , .
1.5
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O / K E . 1 & 2

206

,
( ) .
1.1 1.3 . ( ) 1.1, 1.3 1.5.

2.1
2.2 2.3
2 . 2.2
. 2.3 .
2.2
3
. 10 : (101, 17/3/1998, 23), (105, , 67), (882, 11/8/97, 23), (171, , 3), (999, , 88), (192, 23/12/1997, 11), (185,
, 7), (22, 11/1/1994, 3), (1271, , 7), (8939, 18/1/91, 8).
2.3
, .
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