October 30, 2012

1
Lecture 10: Cold War, Korean War
1. Korean identity (while
living abroad)
2. Korean American
identity
This lecture will be on the final exam,
not the midterm.
SHIFT -
2
Introduction
post-45 struggle
for American
rights on
American soil
pre-45: Korean
communities in US
fought for Korean
independence
(from Japan)
WARS OVER KOREA
1876 Treaty of Ganghwa
open Korean ports to Japan,
extraterritoriality
1894 Donghak Peasant
Revolution against Joseon
Dynasty involve Qing,
Japanese troops
1894-95 First Sino-Japanese
War. Treaty of
Shimonoseki (1895)
1. China recognizes Korea as
independent but under
Japanese protection
2. Japan supposed to get
Liaotung Peninsula and
Port Arthur, but Russia
suggest Japan not take
Port Arthur
3. 1896 Russia negotiate with
China for control of
Liaotung Peninsula
3
1. Korean identity
4
Map 1900-1905
Manchuria, Port Arthur
location (look there)
1. Korean identity
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
The Chinese Cake (French cartoon)
Italy, France, Russia, Japan, US, England
Source: Portsmouth Athenaeum collection
1. Korean identity
6
1. Korean identity
7
1. Korean identity
Russia and Japan supposed to share spheres
of influence in Korea, but negotiations failed
rivalries evolve into war when Japanese
launch successful surprise attack on Russian
fleet at Port Arthur.
TERMS OF RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR TREATY
(1905)
Russia recognize
Japanese paramount
rights to Korea
Russia cede Port
Arthur, Liaotung
Peninsula
Russia cede southern
of Sakhalin
Manchuria goes back
to China
8
1. Korean identity
9
Treaty of
Portsmouth
(NH) (also
known as Treaty
of Washington)
Source: Harpers
Weekly
Taft-Katsura
agreement:
Japan wouldnt
question US
rights in
Philippines; US
shouldnt
challenge
Japanese in
Korea or
Manchuria.
1. Korean identity
10
Source:
Harpers
Weekly
1905
1. Korean identity
11
Ito Hirobumi, first resident-general in Korea, sets up protectorate
King Gojong and son Sunjong
Key players
1. Korean identity
12
Ito Hirobumi, first resident-general
Protectorate Treaty
Ito disband Korean
army
Korean forces retreat,
become uibyong
(guerrillas) in
countryside
Others flee abroad
1. Korean identity
13
Terauchi Masatake, second resident-general
Treaty of Annexation
(1910)
Japanese resident-
general form terms of
Treaty of Annexation
with Prime Minister
Yi Wan-yong
Emperor Sunjong
yields throne
Korea becomes a
colony of Japan
August 29, 1910
1. Korean identity
ICLICKERS BLANK ON TED
A. Treaty of Shimonoseki Treaty of Ganghwa Treaty of
Portsmouth Treaty of Annexation
B. Ganghwa Portsmouth Annexation Shimonoseki
C. Ganghwa Shimonoseki Portsmouth Annexation
D. Annexation Shimonoseki Ganghwa Portsmouth
E. Portsmouth Shimonoseki Ganghwa Annexation
14
1. Put in order, from earliest to latest.
JAPANESE EMPIRE
Substituting Japanese ruling elite for Korean
yangban scholar-officials
Japanese education instead of Confucian classics;
Japanese capital- Seoul becomes Keijo
Korean language for Japanese language.
15
Many Koreans leave Korea to
make money to support family and
support homeland. Ultimate
objective was to return home.
1. Korean identity
16
1. Korean identity
17
1. Korean identity
ARIRANG (FOLK MELODY)
9, 9, 9...9 \(.
, ! '` \,j ' \.
Arirang, Arirang, Arariyo,
Arirang Pass is the long road you go.
Becomes an unofficial anthem of independence.
18
1. Korean identity
KOREAN EXPATS IN US:
some 7K already gone to Hawaii to work in sugarcane
fields; they become Japanese legally, but actually
vociferously protesting from Hawaii the actions of Teddy
Roosevelt.
Over half of Chinese and Japanese Hawaiian workers had
gone back and forth, but anti-Japanese sentiment is on the
rise in the US Koreans barred from transmigration to
mainland from HI.
Koreans organize Korean National Association (Kookmin-
hoe) banding together all Koreans on mainland and in
Korea.
Census, certificates of membership, duty collection
(money)
Korean women come to US as picture brides
Korean newspapers proliferate
19
1. Korean identity
DIFFERENCE OF OPINION ABOUT HOW TO
PROCEED:
AHN CHANG-HO: believe in independence
through cultural renewal. Chinmok-hoe
PARK YONG-MAN, soldier and writer, believe
military means is the way.
RHEE SYNGMAN believe diplomacy is the
correct path to achieve independence. Tongji-
hoe (Comrade Society)
Film clip: Arirang, 13:30-21:05
20
1. Korean identity
ICLICKERS BLANK ON TED
A. Engage in chinmokhoe, or cultural renewal.
B. Use military force to become independent.
C. Use diplomatic techniques to become independent.
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
21
2. Park Yong-man believed that Koreans should:
MORE PUSH FACTORS FOR KOREAN
IMMIGRATION AFTER 1919:
WWI and Wilsons 14 Points include recognition of
sovereignty Korea ignored b/c Japan part of Triple
Entente w/UK, France, Russia.
Samil Movement (3/1/1919): Korean students declare
independence.
Great Depression of 1930s and heavy
industrialization move Koreans into new factories,
mines across Japanese territories in Manchuria,
Japan, Korea. (beg. of zainichi population)
By 1944, 11.6% of all Koreans residing outside Korea.
In particular, most Koreans coming from most
populous southern provinces: Kyongsangdo (east) and
Chollado (west).
22
1. Korean identity
MORE PUSH FACTORS FOR KOREAN
IMMIGRATION AFTER 1919:
Kyongsangdo
and Chollado
23
1. Korean identity
MORE PUSH FACTORS FOR KOREAN
IMMIGRATION AFTER 1919:
WWI and Wilsons 14 Points
Samil Movement (3/1/1919)
Great Depression of 1930s and heavy
industrialization
By 1944, 11.6% of all Koreans residing outside Korea.
In particular, most Koreans coming from most
populous provinces (southern part of Korea:
Kyongsangdo and Chollado).
Rice shortages during WWII (325 (US cups) cups of
rice per person in 1929 as opposed to 837 cups in
Japan)
Forced labor during WWII both male and female.
10,000 Koreans taken to Hiroshima, Nagasaki alone.
Mainland, Sakhalin. Total: about 5.4 million
conscripted laborers by 1944. zainichi. Comfort
women.
24
1. Korean identity
MORE PUSH FACTORS FOR KOREAN
IMMIGRATION AFTER 1919:
Koreans in Japan
25
1. Korean identity
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKooooooooooooooooooooooooooooorrrrrrrreeeeaaaaaaaaaaaaaannnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaappppaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaannnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
26
1. Korean identity
During, after WWII:
American troops rush into Korean peninsula. Japanese army
dismantled, sent home. Aug 15, 1945 autonomy for Korea.
Koreans return home from the US (Rhee Syngman), from
servitude abroad in Japan, comfort women return home. Kim
Il Sung rising as communist leader in the north.
Increasing polarization the south, led by Rhee and backed
by Americans, and Kim in North, backed by USSR.
Rhee elected President of South July 1948, and American
army withdraws by August.
27
1. Korean identity
Korean War:
Summer 1950 north attacks
south.
War devastates Korea massive
movement of people again.
Northerners to south, people
vanish fighting on both sides.
Eventually, armistice, DMZ set up
at 38
th
parallel. 1953.
After the end of Korean War Rhee
continues increasingly dictatorial,
repressive regime.
More Koreans flee until Rhees
regime ends with his own ousting
in 1960. Die in Hawaii.
Image from National Archives
22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222227777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
Im IIIm Im Im Im IImmmmm Im IIIm Im IIm Im IIIIIIm IIIImmmmmmm Immmm Imm Imm Immmmmmmmmmmm Im Imm Immmmmmaag ag aag aggg aag aaaaa e eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee fr from om mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm N NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNN NNNN NNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNat at at aaaaaaaaaaaat at aaaat aaaaaaaaaaaa iiio io io ooo io ioona na na na na na na na na na na na na na a na na na a na na aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaallll llllllllllllllllllll llllllllllll lllll llllllllllllll AAAr AAAAAAAAAAAr AAAAAAAr AAAAAAAAAAAAAAr Arr AAr Ar hhhhhhhhh ch h ch hh ch hhhhhhhhhh ch h ch hhhhhhh ch hhhiiiiv iiiiiiiiiiv iv iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiives
28
1. Korean identity
29
1. Korean identity
30
North Korean prisoners of war under guard by US soldiers, south of Chonui, July 10, 1950.
Photo: U.S. Army.
Source: National Archives Central Plains Region.
1. Korean identity
31
1. Korean identity
32
1. Korean identity
33
1. Korean identity
333333333333333333333333333333333
34
Pyeongyang
refugees, 1950
333333333333333333333333444444444444444444
1. Korean identity
UN troops in South Korea, 1950
1. Korean identity
36
Refugees moving south in the P'ohang sector after receiving evacuation orders
from the South Korean army, August 12, 1950. Photo: U.S. Army. Source: Truman
Library.
1. Korean identity
37
US bombing near Hanchon, N. Korea, 1951
1. Korean identity
38
Mortar shell casings, 1953
1. Korean identity
UN troops in South Korea, 1950
1. Korean identity
40 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1. Korean identity
38
th
Parallel
1. Korean identity
Lasting divide as seen in Korean film industry
1. Korean identity
JSA
Shiri
THE SHIFT IN ATTENTION TO AMERICAN
RIGHTS:
Cold War motivates
new attitude toward
citizenship on part
of US govmt
1952: Koreans can
become naturalized
citizens in US and
they begin to do so.
more mixed Korean
populations
GI wives
Adoptions
43
Daniel Henney, of X-Men, Hawaii 5-0, or Kim Sam Soon fame
2. Korean-American identity
STRUGGLE TO ARTICULATE ASIAN
AMERICAN IDENTITY:
Attention to identity as Koreans in the US
Korean Americans esp. by second generation.
And the first step to that fight for rights began
actually by a struggle to articulate Asian
American identity.
Two examples:
Seoul brothers (early 1990s)
Honk (59:18-two mins)
44
2. Korean-American identity
STRUGGLE TO ARTICULATE ASIAN
AMERICAN IDENTITY:
All American girl
45
2. Korean-American identity
STRUGGLE TO ARTICULATE ASIAN
AMERICAN IDENTITY:
Two
examples:
1. Seoul
brothers
(early
1990s)
2. Margaret
Cho
46
2. Korean-American identity
CONCLUSION
1. Korean American identity can only
be understood in international
context.
2. Citizenship and even national
identity comes after cultural
identity, in some cases!
47