omeostasi conservazione della costanza del mezzo interno in risposta ad una perturbazione

allostasi conservazione a pi lungo termine della costanza del mezzo interno per mezzo di un cambiamento

allostasis the process of achieving stability through change in anticipation of physiological requirements
Koolhaas JM (2011) Neurosci Biobheav Rev, 35: 1291-1301

physiological regulation nervous control mechanisms of the entire somatic, autonomic, and endocrine activity (i.e. the behavior) of the organism

body homeostasis

Claude Bernard (1813-1877)

Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945)

slide courtesy of Roberto Amici, Department of human and general physiology, University of Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum

body homeostasis

maintainance of the stability within a normal range of the fundamental variables of the interstitial and cellular compartments, e.g. water volume, osmolality, pH, O2, CO2, temperature, nutrients

as the eventual result of the continuous adjustment of instrumental variables, e.g. heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, blood pressure, ventilation, muscle force

slide courtesy of Roberto Amici, Department of human and general physiology, University of Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum

set point

measured value

the detection of any difference between the actual value and the set point value of a given physiological variable triggers a physiological response that through somatic, autonomic, and endocrine regulatory mechanisms act in order to make this difference as small as possible and, ideally, equal to zero

controller set point

X
somatic autonomic endocrine

feedback

effectors

disturbance

controlled variable

sensors

slide courtesy of Roberto Amici, Department of human and general physiology, University of Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum