Vn IV v c Vietsciences- Nguyn Th Chn Qunh

26/12/2006

Vietsciences-V Hng Thi 31/12/2006 N MT S KIN THC HA I CNG

I. Cch biu th mt nguyn t bit c cc cu t chnh bn ca mt nguyn t. Nguyn t ng v I.1. Cch biu th nguyn t I.2. Nguyn t ng v II. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t II.1. nh ngha II.2. Qui tc Klechkowski II.3. Qui tc Hund (S phn b in t vo obitan, orbital, vn o) III. Vn tc phn ng IV. Cn bng ha hc IV.1. nh ngha IV.2. Nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng (Nguyn l Le Chtelier) V. Lin kt ion VI. Lin kt cng ha tr VII. S thy phn ca mui VIII. Cc nh ngha v axit, baz VIII.1. nh ngha axit, baz theo Arrhnius VIII.2. nh ngha axit baz theo Bronsted Lowry Cc kin thc ha i cng thuc chng trnh lp 10 ph thng. Chng ta n v cc kin thc ny nh: S ng v; Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t; S phn b in t vo obitan (orbital, vn o); V tr nguyn t trong bng h thng tun hon; Cn bng ha hc; Vn tc phn ng; Lin kt ion; Lin kt cng ha tr; S thy phn ca mui; nh ngha axit, baz (acid, baz, base) theo Arrhenius, theo Bronsted Lowry; Cch tnh pH ca cc dung dch axit, baz mnh yu; Pin in ho hc v n mn kim loi; Nc cng v cch lm mm nc cng; Phn bn ha hc; I. Cch biu th mt nguyn t bit c cc cu t chnh bn ca mt nguyn t. Nguyn t ng v I.1. Cch biu th nguyn t bit c cc ht c bn bn c trong nguyn t (proton, neutron, electron) mt nguyn t, ngi ta dng k hiu nh sau:
A Z

trong

X: k hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t (nh Na, H, Cl, O, Fe) Z: s th t nguyn t (bc s nguyn t, s hiu nguyn t, s in tch dng ht nhn), c Z proton trong nhn, cng c Z electron (in t) ngoi nhn (nu khng phi l ion),

nguyn t X th Z trong bng h thng tun hon S d Z c gi l s th t nguyn t hay bc s nguyn t v ngi sp xp cc nguyn t ha hc trong bng phn loi tun hon theo chiu tng dn tr s Z. Z cn c gi l s hiu nguyn t v cn c vo Z ngi ta bit l nguyn t ca nguyn t no (s nhn hiu, c hiu). Z cn c gi l s in tch dng ht nhn v c Z proton trong nhn v in tch ca mt proton l in dng nh nht c bit hin nay. A: s khi (s khi lng), c tng s A proton v neutron (ntron) trong nhn Do khi lng ca 1 proton, xp x khi lng ca 1 neutron, xp x 1 n v cacbon (vC, n v Cacbon, n v khi lng nguyn t, amu, u, atomic mass unit); khi lng electron khng ng k so vi khi lng ca proton v neutron (khi lng mt electron nh hn khi lng ca mt proton hay neutron khong gn 1 840 ln) v proton, neutron trong nhn nguyn t nn, mt cch gn ng, c th coi khi lng ca nguyn t nh l khi lng ca nhn nguyn t v nguyn t c khi lng nguyn t l A vC (Do c th cn c vo A m c th bit nguyn t ny nng hay nh, nn A c gi l s khi). Cn tng qut, s khi lun lun l mt s nguyn dng trong khi khi lng nguyn t thng khng l s nguyn. 1 vC = 1 n v Cacbon = 1 u = 1amu = 1 n v khi lng nguyn t =

1 khi lng 12

ca nguyn t ng v 12C = 6

1 gam 6,022.1023

Th d: 1 (Z = 1; A = 1): H th 1 trong bng h thng tun hon (BHTTH), c 1 proton, 1 1H electon, c 1 in tch dng ht nhn, khng c neutron (ntron), H c khi lng nguyn t (nguyn t lng, nguyn t khi) l 1 vC.

Na (Z = 11; A = 23): Na th 23 trong BHTTH, Na c 11 proton, c 11 in tch dng ht nhn, c 11 electron. Na c 23 proton v neutron. Na c 23 11 = 12 neutron. Na c khi lng nguyn t l 23 vC.
Cl (Z = 17; A = 35): Cl th 17; 17 proton; 17 in tch dng ht nhn; 17 electron; 35 17 = 18 neutron; khi lng nguyn t ca nguyn t Cl ny l 35 vC.
23 11

23 11

35 17

Na + c 11 proton, c 10 electron, 12 neutron, ion

23 11

Na + c khi lng l 23 vC.

O 2 c 8 proton, c 10 electron, 8 neutron, ion 16 O 2 c khi lng 16 vC. (Do khi lng 8 ca electron khng ng k so vi khi lng ca proton, neutron nn c th coi khi lng ion cng bng khi lng ca nguyn t tng ng).
16 8

I.2. Nguyn t ng v

Nguyn t ng v l cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t ho hc nhng c khi lng khc nhau, cc nguyn t ng v c cng s th t nguyn t Z nhng khc s khi A, ni cch khc cc nguyn t ng v c cng s proton nhng khc s neutron trong nhn. (Cc nguyn t ng v c cng s th t nguyn t Z nn cng sp mt trong BPLTH, do cc nguyn t ny c gi l ng v, cng v tr).

Th d:
1 1

2 1

2 H ( 1 D)

3 1

( 3T ) 1

Z=1 A=1 1 proton, 0 neutron 1 vC

Z=1 A=2 1 proton, 1 neutron 2vC

Z=1 A=3 1 proton, 2 neutron 3vC

Trn y l ba nguyn t ng v ca nguyn t Hiro (Hidrogen) (D: Deuterium, teri; T: Tritium, Triti)
35 17

Cl

37 17

Cl

Z = 17 A = 35 17 proton, 18 neutron 35 vC

Z = 17 A = 37 17 proton, 20 neutron 37 vC

Trn y l hai nguyn t ng v ca nguyn t Clo (Clor)

Nguyn t ho hc l loi nguyn t (th nguyn t) m cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t th c cng s th t nguyn t Z. Cn nguyn t l phn nh nht ca mt nguyn t ha hc m cn gi c tnh cht ca nguyn t . Th d phn t H2SO4 c to bi 3 nguyn t ho hc (3 loi nguyn t l hiro, lu hunh, oxi), 7 nguyn t (2 nguyn t H, 1 nguyn t S, 4 nguyn t O)

C 92 nguyn t ha hc trong t nhin (Z: 1 - 92), v c khong 300 nguyn t ng v trong t nhin. (C khong 1 000 nguyn t ng v nhn to). Nh vy trung bnh mt nguyn t ha hc trong t nhin c khong 3 nguyn t ng v. Khi lng nguyn t c dng tnh ton trong ha hc l khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca cc nguyn t ng v hin din trong t nhin vi t l xc nh. Th d: Clo (Cl) c 2 nguyn t ng v trong t nhin l
37 17
35 17

Cl (chim 75% s nguyn t) v

Cl (chim 25% s nguyn t). Do khi lng nguyn t ca Cl l: 35(75) + 37(25) 35,5 MCl = M cc ng v ca Cl = 100 35 37 (Ly khi lng ca 17 Cl bng 35; khi lng ca 17 Cl bng 37 l ly gn ng, cn khi lng tht ca cc ng
v ny khng l s nguyn)

II.

Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t

II.1. nh ngha Cu hnh electron (Cu hnh in t) ca mt nguyn t l cch sp xp cc electron ca nguyn t ny trong cc lp v phn lp thch hp.

Th d: Cu hnh electron ca natri (Na, Z = 11) l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

(11 electron ca Natri c sp vo 3 lp in t, lp 1, lp 2 v lp 3. Lp 1 c 2 in t, lp 2 c 8 in t, lp 3 c 1 in t. C 2 in t phn lp s ca lp 1, c 2 in t phn lp s ca lp 2, c 6 in t phn lp p ca lp 2, c 1 in t phn lp s ca lp th 3) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t nhm mc ch qua c th bit c tnh cht ha hc c bn ca nguyn t, nh kim loi hay phi kim, c tnh kh hay tnh oxi ha, c ha tr bao nhiu, c s oxi ha bao nhiu,.ng thi cn c vo cu hnh electron ca nguyn t c th bit c v tr ca nguyn t ca nguyn t trong bng phn loi tun hon (bng h thng tun hon) Th d: Qua cu hnh electron ca Na trn cho thy Natri c 1 in t ha tr, nn Na l mt kim loi mnh, n c tnh kh mnh. Na d cho in t ha tr ny to ion Na+. Do Na c ha tr I, c s oxi ha bng +1 trong cc hp cht. Natri th 11 trong BPLTH, Natri c 3 lp in t nn Na chu k 3, Na phn nhm chnh nhm I (IA).
II.2. Qui tc Klechkowski

(qui tc ny gip vit cu hnh electron ca mt nguyn t) in t c sp vo phn lp c mc nng lng thp nht trc, khi phn lp c mc nng lng thp nht in t ri m cn d in t th mi sp tip in t vo phn lp c mc nng lng cao hn;
in t c sp xp vo cc phn lp nh th no nguyn t c nng lng thp nht (nn nguyn t s bn nht). Phn lp no c tng tr s s lng t chnh n v s lng t ph l nh hn th s c mc nng lng thp hn. Nu cc phn lp c cng tng tr s (n + l) th phn lp no c s lng t chnh n nh hn s c mc nng lng thp hn. Th d: 1s c (n + l) = (1+ 0) = 1; 2s c (n + l) = (2 + 0) = 2; 2p c (n + l) = (2 + 1) = 3; 3d c (n + l) = (3 + 2) = 5; 4p c (n + l) = (4 + 1) = 5; 5s c (n + l) = (5 + 0) = 5; 4f c (n + l) = (4 + 3) = 7;.S lng t chnh n ch lp (tng). S lng t ph l ch phn lp (ph tng). S lng t ph (l) Tn phn lp (ph tng) 0 s 1 p 2 d 3 f 4 g 5 h 6 i 7 j 8 k

Trong mt phn lp c cha cc obitan (orbital, vn o). S in t ti a trong mt obitan l 2, k hiu l hay . Phn lp s c 1 obitan, phn lp p c 3 obitan, phn lp d c 5 obitan, phn lp f c 7 obitan, phn lp g c 9 obitan, Tng qut lp in t th n s c n phn lp. Th d lp 1 (lp K) ch c 1 phn lp, l phn lp s. Phn lp s c 1 obitan nn phn lp s cha ti a 2 in t; Lp 2 (lp L) c 2 phn lp, l phn lp s v phn lp p. Phn lp p c 3 obitan nn phn lp p cha ti a 6 in t; Lp th 3 (lp M) c 3 phn lp, l cc phn lp: s, p v d. Phn lp d c 5 obitan nn phn lp d cha ti a 10 in t; Lp in t th 4 (lp N) c 4 phn lp, l cc phn lp: s, p, d v f. Phn lp f c 7 obitan nn phn lp f cha ti a 14 in t. Lp in t th 5 (lp O) s c 5 phn lp, l cc phn lp: s, p, d, f v g; Lp in t th 6 (lp P) s c 6 phn lp, l cc phn lp: s, p, d, f, g v h; Lp th 7 (lp Q) s c 7 phn lpTuy nhin trong thc t, s nguyn t c bit khng nhiu, Z khng ln, s in t khng nhiu nn cha in t sp xp vo cc phn lp g, h, i, j m hin ch mi cn cc phn lp s, p, d v f.

Khi vit 1s2 (c l mt s hai) th hiu l c 2 in t phn lp s ca lp th nht (s 1 ch th t ca lp in t, ch s ch phn lp, cn s 2 vit bn trn pha phi ca s cho bit s in t c mt trong phn lp); Khi vit 2p5 (c l hai p nm) hiu l c 5 in t phn lp p ca lp th hai; khi vit 3d8 (c l 3 d 8) hiu l c 8 in t phn lp d ca lp th ba; Khi vit 4f12 (c l bn f mi hai) hiu l c 12 in t phn lp f ca lp 4 Phn lp S obitan trong phn lp S in t ti a trong phn lp s 1 2 p 3 6 d 5 10 f 7 14 g 9 18 h 11 22

S th t lp in t 1 2 3 4 5 n

Tn lp K L M N O

Tn phn lp 1s 2s; 2p 3s; 3p; 3d 4s; 4p; 4d; 4f 5s; 5p; 5d; 5f; 5g

S obitan (orbital) 1 4 9 16 25 n2

S in t 2 8 18 32 50 2n2

Nh vy lp in t th n s c n2 obitan v 2n2 in t. Gin cch nh sau y gip bit th t mc nng lng tng dn ca cc phn lp. 10s . 9s 9p 9d 9f 9g 9h 9i 9j 9k 8s 8p 8d 8f 8g 8h 8i 8j 7s 7p 7d 7f 7g 7h 7i 6s 6p 6d 6f 6g 6h 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g n + l = 9 4s 4p 4d 4f n+l=8 3s 3p 3d n + l = 6 2s 2p n + l = 4 n+l=3 1s
n+l=1

Th t mc nng lng tng dn cc phn lp nh sau: 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p <6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p < 8s < 5g < 6f < 7d < 8p < 9s < 6g < 7f < 8d . Tr mt s trng hp c bit [nh cc nguyn t Cr (Z = 24), Cu (Z = 29), Zn (Z = 30), Mo (Z = 42), Ag (Z = 47), Au (Z = 79), ], hu ht cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t ha hc c vit theo th t tng dn mc nng lng nh gin cch nh trn.

Th d: Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t sau y: H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Xe. Cho bit:
Nguyn t Z Nguyn t Z Nguyn t Z H 1 K 19 Kr 36 He 2 Ca 20 Rb 37 I 53 Li 3 Sc 21 Sr 38 Xe 54 Be 4 Ti 22 Y 39 B 5 V 23 Zr 40 C 6 Cr 24 N 7 Mn 25 Nb 41 O F 8 9 Fe 26 Mo 42 Ne 10 Co 27 Tc 43 Na 11 Ni 28 Ru 44 Mg 12 Cu 29 Rh 45 Al 13 Zn 30 Pd 46 Si 14 Ga 31 Ag 47 P 15 Ge 32 Cd 48 S 16 As 33 In 49 Cl 17 Se 34 Sn 50 Ar 18 Br 35 Sb 51 Te 52

Nguyn t Z

H (Z = 1): 1s1 He (Z = 2): 1s2 Li (Z = 3): 1s2 2s1 Be (Z = 4): 1s2 2s2 B (Z = 5): 1s2 2s2 2p1 C (Z = 6): 1s2 2s2 2p2 N (Z = 7): 1s2 2s2 2p3 O (Z = 8): 1s2 2s2 2p4 F (Z = 9): 1s2 2s2 2p5 Ne (Z = 10): 1s2 2s2 2p6 Na (Z = 11): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 hay [Ne] 3s1 Mg (Z = 12): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Al (Z = 13): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 hay [Ne] 3s2 3p1 Si (Z = 14): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 P (Z = 15): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 S (Z = 16): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 Cl (Z = 17): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 Ar (Z = 18): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 K (Z = 19): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 Ca (Z = 20): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 hay [Ar] 4s2 Sc (Z = 21): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1 hay: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2 Ti (Z = 22): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2 hay: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2 hay [Ar]3d2 4s2 V (Z = 23): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3 Cr (Z = 24): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 (thay v 4s2 3d4. 3d5, d bn bo ha in t, bn, nn cu hnh
electron ca Crom tri vi qui tc Klechkovski. iu ny chng t cu hnh 4s1 3d5 bn hn 4s2 3d4, hay nng lng 4s1 3d5 thp hn 4s2 3d4)

Mn (Z = 25): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5 Fe (Z = 26): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 Co (Z = 27): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7 Ni (Z = 28): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8

Cu (Z = 29): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 (thay v: 4s2 3d9. 3d10, d bo ha in t, bn, nn cu hnh in t

Zn (Z = 30): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 Ga (Z = 31): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1 hay: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p1 Ge (Z = 32): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2 As (Z = 33): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3 Se (Z = 34): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4 Br (Z = 35): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5 Kr (Z = 36)): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 Rb (Z = 37): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 hay [Kr] 5s1 Sr (Z = 38): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 hay [Kr] 5s2 Y (Z = 39): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d1 hay [Kr]4d1 5s2 Zr (Z = 40): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d2 Nb (Z = 41): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d3 Mo (Z = 42): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d5 (thay v: 5s2 4d4, do d5 bn bo ha, bn) Tc (Z = 43): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d5 Ru (Z = 44): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d6 Rh (Z = 45): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d7 Pd (Z = 46): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d8 Ag (Z = 47): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d10 (thay v: 5s2 4d9) Cd (Z = 48): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 In (Z = 49): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p1 Sn (Z = 50): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p2 Sb (Z = 51): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p3 Te (Z = 52): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p4 I (Z = 53): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5 Xe (Z = 54): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
II.3. Qui tc Hund (S phn b in t vo obitan, orbital, vn o)

ca Cu khng theo ng qui tc Klechkovski)

in t c phn b vo obitan nh th no c tng s spin cao nht (Tt c cc obitan ca cng mt phn lp cha mt in t c mi tn hng ln ri m cn d in t, th in t th nh mi c sp vo cng mt obitan vi mi tn hng xung) Ch l phn lp s ch c 1 obitan; Phn lp p c 3 obitan; Phn lp d cha c 5 obitan; phn lp f c 7 obitan. Mi obitan cha ti 2 in t vi spin ngc chiu nhau (hai mi tn ngc chiu nhau trong mt vung hay mt vng trn, hay ) Th d: Hy cho bit s phn b in t vo obitan nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau y: C, N, O, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br. Cho bit :
Nt Z C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 K 19 Ca 20 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Cu 29 Zn 30 Br 35

Ta vit cu hnh electron theo qui tc Klechkovski trc ri da vo cu hnh electron v qui tc Hund phn b in t vo cc obitan sau.

C : 1s2 2s2 2p2 S phn b in t vo obitan: 1s N : 1s2 2s2 2p3 S phn b in t vo obitan: 1s O : 1s2 2s2 2p4 S phn b in t vo obitan: 1s F : 1s2 2s2 2p5 S phn b in t vo obitan: 1s

2s 2s 2s 2s

2p 2p 2p 2p 2p 2p 3s

Ne : 1s2 2s2 2p6 S phn b in t vo obitan: 1s 2s Na : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 S phn b in t vo obitan: 1s 2s Cr: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 S phn b in t vo obitan:
1s Ch 2s 2p 3s 3p

3d

4s

C.1. Khi vit cu hnh electron ca mt ion (nht l ion dng) th ta nn vit cu hnh in t ca nguyn t tng ng trc, sau mi vit cu hnh electron ca ion, ch l s mt in t to ion dng ng vi s mt in t lp ngoi cng (lp ha tr, lp c tr s ln nht trong cu hnh electron)

Th d: Vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion sau y: Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Cu+, Zn2+. Fe (Z = 26): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 Fe2+ (24 in t): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 (mt 2 e lp ngoi cng, lp c tr s ln nht trong cu Fe (23 e ): 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d Nu vit trc tip cu hnh electron ca Fe3+ (23 e) thng vit l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3 (cu hnh electron ny sai) Mn (Z = 25) (25 e): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5 Mn2+ (23 e): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 Cu (Z = 29): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 Cu2+ (27 in t): 1s22s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9
3+ 2 2 6 2 6 5

hnh electron, lp 4, 4s2, ch khng phi lp 3, 3d6)

S (Z = 16): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 S2 (18 electron): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
C.2. S th t nguyn t Z (S hiu nguyn t, S in tch ht nhn, Bc s nguyn t) ca mt nguyn t cho bit c Z proton c trong nhn nguyn t, n cng bng s in t ngoi nhn (nu khng l ion), cho bit nguyn t ha hc th Z trong bng h thng tun hon (bng phn loi tun hon).

Th d: Na (Natri, Z = 11) nh vy Na th 11 trong bng h thng tun hon; Fe (St, Z = 26) nh vy Fe th 26 trong bng h thng tun hon.
C.3. Tr s lp ln nht trong cu hnh electron ca mt nguyn t cho bit chu k ca nguyn t ny trong bng h thng tun hon. Th t ca chu k bng tr s lp in t ln nht trong cu hnh electron.

Th d: Fe (Z = 26) c cu hnh electron l 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 nh vy Fe th 26, chu k 4. Cl (Z = 17) c cu hnh electron l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 nh vy Cl th 17, chu k 3.
C.4. Nguyn t thuc phn nhm chnh (ct A) l cc nguyn t m cu hnh electron ca chng khng c in t d, f hoc nu c d, f th d, f bo ha in t, d10, f14 (tr cc nguyn t thuc phn nhm ph IB, IIB). Vi nguyn t thuc phn nhm chnh, s in t lp ngoi cng cho bit th t ca phn nhm chnh. Th t ca phn nhm chnh bng tng s in t lp in t ngoi cng (lp c tr s ln nht trong cu hnh electron)

ns1: IA (n: lp ngoi cng, lp c tr s ln nht trong cu hnh electron) ns2: IIA ns2 np1: IIIA ns2 np2: IVA ns2 np3: VA ns2 np4: VIA ns2 np5: VIIA ns2 np6: VIIIA (Nhm kh him, kh tr, cn gi l nhm 0, cui mi chu k) Th d: Cl (Clor, Clo, Z = 17) c cu hnh electron l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 nh vy Cl th 17, chu k 3, phn nhm chnh nhm VII (hay VIIA). Ge (Germanium, Gemani, Z = 32) c cu hnh electron l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2 nh vy Ge th 32, chu k 4, phn nhm chnh nhm IV (IVA). I (Iod, Iot, Z = 53) c cu hnh electron l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5 nh vy I th 53, chu k 5, phn nhm chnh nhm VII hay VIIA.
C.5. Nguyn t thuc phn nhm ph (hay ct B) l cc nguyn t m cu hnh electron ca chng c cha in t d hay f cha (d1 9, f1 13 ), tr cc nguyn t thuc phn nhm ph nhm I v II (IB, IIB). Vi nguyn t thuc phn nhm ph (ct B), thng cn c vo tng s in t phn lp s ngoi cng vi s in t phn lp d k bn trong, xc

nh phn nhm ph. Th t phn nhm ph thng bng tng s in t s ngoi cng v in t d lp k bn trong. IB (n: lp ln nht trong cu hnh electron) (n 1)d10 ns1: 10 2 IIB (n 1)d ns : IIIB (n 1)d1 ns2: 2 2 IVB (n 1)d ns : VB (n 1)d3 ns2: VIB (n 1)d4 ns2 hoc (n 1)d5 ns1: 5 2 VIIB (n 1)d ns : VIIIB ( phn nhm (n 1)d6 ns2; (n 1)d7 ns2; (n 1)d8 ns2:
ph nhm VIII c b ba nguyn t)

Th d: Fe (Z = 26) c CH e l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 nh vy Fe th 26, chu k 4, phn nhm ph nhm VIII (hay VIIIB). V (Vanadium, Vanai, Z = 23) c CH e l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3 nh vy V th 23, chu k 4, phn nhm ph nhm V (VB). Cu (ng, Z = 29) c CH e l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 nh vy Cu th 29, chu k 4, phn nhm ph nhm I (IB). Zn (Km, Z = 30) c CH e l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 nh vy Zn th 30, chu k 4, phn nhm ph nhm II (IIB). Pd (Paladium, Palai, Z = 46) c CH e l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d8 nh vy Pd th 46, chu k 5, phn nhm ph nhm VIII (VIIIB).
C.6. Cc nguyn t m c s in t lp ngoi cng (lp c tr s ln nht trong cu hnh electron, lp ha tr) 1, 2 hay 3 in t, th l cc kim loi (tr H, He). Do tt c cc nguyn t thuc phn nhm ph (ct B, c 1, 2 in t ngoi cng) u l cc kim loi. Kim loi c tnh kh, chng d cho 1, 2 hay 3 in t ngoi cng to cc ion dng tng ng. S in t c cho nh th no ion dng thu c c cu hnh in t bn, thng gp l cu hnh 8 in t ngoi cng, ging kh tr (kh him) gn n trong BPLTH.

Th d: Na (Natri, Natrium, Z = 11), CH e ca Na l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1. Nh vy Natri th 11, chu k 3, phn nhm chnh nhm I (IA) trong BPLTH. Na c 1 in t lp in t ngoi cng nn Na l mt kim loi. Na d cho in t ha tr ny to ion Na+ (Ion Na+ c 8 in t ngoi cng, ging cu hnh in t ca kh tr Ne gn n trong BPLTH). Do Na l mt kim loi mnh, n c tnh kh mnh, n c ha tr I v s oxi ha +1 trong cc hp cht. Ca (Canxi, Calcium, Z = 20) c CH e l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2. Nh vy Ca th 20, chu k 4, phn nhm chnh nhm II (IIA) trong BPLTH. Ca c 2 in t ngoi cng nn Ca l mt kim loi, Ca c tnh kh mnh, n d cho 2 in t ha tr ny to ion Ca2+. Ion Ca2+ c 8 in t ngoi cng, ging cu hnh in t ca kh tr Ar (Argon, Z = 18) gn n trong BPLTH. Do Ca c ha tr II, c s oxi ha +2 trong cc hp cht.

Mn (Mangan, Z = 25) c CH e l:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5. Mn th 25, chu k 4, phn nhm ph nhm VII (VIIB) trong BPLTH. Mn c 2 in t lp in t ngoi cng (4s2) nn Mn l mt kim loi, n c tnh kh. Mn d cho 2 in t ny to ion Mn2+ (Mn2+ c cu hnh in t d bn bo ha, 3d5, nn Mn2+ kh bn, cc hp cht c ha tr cao ca Mn nh Mn (VII), Mn (VI), Mn (IV) nh KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO2 c tnh oxi ha, trong mi trng axit (H+), chng d b kh to hp cht ca Mn c ha tr II (mui Mn2+)).
C.7. Cc nguyn t c s in t ngoi cng l 7, 6, 5 hay 4 thng l cc phi kim (khng kim loi). y l cc nguyn t cc chu k u ca cc phn nhm chnh nhm VIIA, VIA, VA, IVA (gm F, Cl, Br, I, O, S, N, P, C, Si). Cc phi kim c tnh oxi ha, chng d nhn thm 1, 2, 3 in t to cc ion m tng ng. S in t nhn thm vo nh th no ion m thu c c cu hnh in t bn, thng l 8 in t ngoi cng, ging cu hnh in t kh tr gn n trong BPLTH.

Th d: O (Oxi, Oxigen, Z = 8) c CH e l: 1s2 2s2 2p4. Nh vy O th 8, chu k 2, phn nhm chnh nhm VI (VIA). O c 6 in t ngoi cng nn O l mt phi kim. O d nhn 2 in t to ion O2 (ion ny c 8 in t ngoi cng, ging kh tr Ne gn n trong BPLTH). Do O c tnh oxi ha, n c ha tr II, c s oxi ha thng gp l 2 trong cc hp cht Cl (Clo, Clor, Z = 17) c CH e l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5. Nh vy Cl th 17, chu k 3, phn nhm chnh nhm VII (VIIA). Cl c 7 in t ngoi cng nn Cl l mt phi kim. Cl d nhn thm 1 in t to ion Cl (ion ny c 8 in t ngoi cng, ging kh tr Ar gn n trong BPLTH). Do Cl l mt phi kim mnh, n c tnh oxi ha mnh, n c ha tr I, c s oxi ha 1 thng gp trong cc hp cht.
C.8. H (hidrogen, Hiro, Z = 1) tuy c 1 in t ha tr nhng n l mt phi kim. Cc nguyn t p cui v cui ca cc phn nhm chnh VIA, VA, IVA (nh Po, Sb, Bi, Sn, Pb) tuy c 6, 5, 4 in t ngoi cng nhng l cc kim loi (Do p cui v cui phn nhm, bn knh nguyn t ln, xa nhn, kh nhn thm in t vo, ngc li, do xa nhn nn in t ngoi cng t c nhn gi cht ch, nn d b mt, th hin tnh kim loi).

III. Vn tc phn ng Vn tc phn ng l mt i lng cho bit s nhanh hay chm ca mt phn ng. C nhng phn ng xy ra rt nhanh nh s trung ha gia mt axit (acid) v baz (baz, base) mnh, s n ca thuc sng, nhng cng c nhng phn ng xy ra rt chm nh phn este ha gia mt axit hu c v ru, s n mn ha hc ca mt ming kim loi st khi ngoi kh quyn. Vn tc phn ng c cn c vo lng mt i ca tc cht hay lng thu c ca sn phm trong mt n v thi gian. Vi phn ng xy ra trong dung dch (lng) hay gia cc cht kh, vn tc phn ng thng c cn c vo gim nng tc cht (mol/lt) hay tng nng ca sn phm trong mt n v thi gian. Th d vi phn ng: mA(dd) + nB(dd) pC(dd) + qD(dd) th vn tc phn ng theo l thuyt l:

v=

1 d [ A] 1 d [ B] 1 d [C ] 1 d [ D] = = = m dt n dt p dt q dt

Vn tc phn ng bng tr o hm ca nng tc cht theo thi gian hay bng o hm ca nng sn phm theo thi gian. Thm du tr () vn tc phn ng c tr s dng; Chia cho cc h s tng ng vn tc phn ng tnh theo bt k cht no (sn phm cng nh tc cht) u ging nhau.

V phng din thc nghim, biu thc vn tc phn ng c thit lp da vo thc nghim. Vi phn ng: A + B Sn phm Biu thc ca vn tc phn ng l: v = k[A]m[B]n

Trong : v: l vn tc (tc ) phn ng k: l hng s vn tc phn ng (hng s tc phn ng), k ph thuc vo bn cht phn ng v nhit , k khng ph thc vo nng cc cht. m, n l cc s thc, c suy ra t thc nghim. Ngi ta ni phn ng ny c bc m (bc ring phn m) theo tc cht A; bc n (bc ring phn n) theo tc cht B, v phn ng c bc tng qut (bc ton phn) l (m + n). Ch l cc bc phn ng m, n trn c xc nh da vo thc nghim, ch khng phi da vo h s ng trc mi tc cht. Ch khi no phn ng cho l phn ng n gin, ngha l ch xy ra mt giai on, th bc ring phn mi tc cht bng h s nguyn ti gin ng trc mi tc cht. Th d: Vi phn ng trn, nu ta gi nng cht B khng i, ta tng nng cht A ln 2 ln th thy vn tc tng ln 2 ln, hay khi lm gim nng mt na th vn tc phn ng gim mt na. Nh vy phn ng c bc 1 theo tc cht A. Cn nu gi nng B ln 2 ln th thy vn tc phn ng tng 4 ln hay nu lm gim nng B 3 ln th thy vn tc phn gim 9 ln. Nh vy phn ng c bc

2 theo tc cht B. Do biu thc vn tc phn ng s l: v = k[A][B]2. Phn ng c bc ton phn l 1 + 2 = 3. Qua th d ny cho thy bc phn ng c xc nh t thc nghim. T biu thc v = k[A]m[B]n cng cho bit khi nhit T thc hin phn ng tng th hng s vn tc k phn ng tng, nn vn tc v phn ng tng; Nhit thc hin phn ng gim th k gim nn vn tc v phn ng gim. Do mun lm tng vn tc phn ng th thc hin phn ng nhit cao (nh un nng trn ngn la), cn mun gim vn tc phn ng th thc hin phn ng nhit thp (nh lm lnh phn ng trong chu nc ). iu ny gii thch thuyt va chm ca phn ng ha hc. Khi nhit tng th lm gia tng chuyn ng ca cc phn t tc cht trong h phn ng nn d c s va chm (ng chm) cc phn t tc cht v do khin phn ng xy ra nhanh hn. Khi h nhit phn ng th cc phn t chuyn ng chm v do t c s va chm gia cc phn t tc cht nn phn ng xy ra chm. Cng nh khi nng tc cht cao th s va chm gia cc phn t tc cht xy ra vi xc sut cao hn v do phn ng xy ra nhanh; cn khi lm gim nng tc cht th xc sut va chm gia cc phn t tc cht nh nn vn tc phn ng nh (phn ng chm). Ch khi no phn ng xy ra mt giai an duy nht (phn ng n gin) th bc phn ng mi bng cc h s nguyn ti gin ng trc mi tc cht. Khi theo di phn ng (c ch phn ng), th mi giai on l mt phn ng n gin. n gin, trong sch ha hc ph thng, coi cc phn ng nh l cc phn ng n gin, mt giai on, do ngi ta thng da vo cc h s nguyn nh nht ny vit biu thc vn tc phn ng. Th d: Sau y l biu thc vn tc phn ng ca mt s phn ng sau (gi s cc phn ng ny u l cc phn ng n gin, xy ra mt giai on): a) 2SO2 + O2 b) N2 + 3H2 2SO3 2NH3 v = k[SO2]2[O2] v = k[N2][H2]3 v = k[H2][I2]

c) H2(k) + I2(h) 2HI(k)

IV. Cn bng ha hc IV.1. nh ngha Cn bng ha hc l s cn bng gia tc cht vi sn phm trong mt phn ng cn bng (phn ng thun nghch). Mt phn ng ha hc cn bng hay phn ng thun nghch l mt phn ng xy ra c theo hai chiu ngc nhau trong cng mt iu kin. Th d: phn ng este ha gia axit axetic vi ru etylic to etyl axetat v nc l mt phn ng thun nghch hay cn bng: CH3COOH
Axit axetic

CH3CH2OH
Ru etylic

H2SO4(); t

CH3COOCH2CH3
Etyl axetat

Nc

H2O

Phn ng cn bng xy ra khng hon ton v sau khi phn ng khng nhng thu c sn phm m cn hin din c cc tc cht. Th d vi phn este ha trn nu em trn 1 mol axit axetic vi 1 mol ru etylic th sau khi phn ng xong (lc t trng thi cn bng), ngi ta thu c 2/3 mol etyl axetat, 2/3 mol nc v 1/3 mol axit axetic, 1/3 mol ru etylic. Mt phn ng cn bng c gi l t trng thi cn bng (coi nh phn ng xong) khi lng cc cht trong phn ng (tc cht ln sn phm) khng thay i theo thi gian. Lc ny vn tc phn ng thun v vn tc phn ng nghch bng nhau. Lc by gi, trong cng mt n v thi gian, nu c bao nhiu lng tc cht b mt i do xy ra phn ng thun th cng c by nhiu lng tc cht ny c to tr li do xy ra phn ng nghch. Nh vy khi phn ng t trng thi cn bng (coi nh phn ng xong) vn c phn ng thun v phn ng nghch xy ra, nhng do vn tc ca hai phn ng thun v nghch bng nhau nn lng cc cht trong phn ng khng i. Do cn bng ha hc c coi l cn bng ng. IV.2. Nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng (Nguyn l Le Chtelier) Cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu chng li yu t lm xo trn cn bng. C th: - Khi lm tng nng ca mt cht trong phn ng (nh thm cht ny vo h phn ng) th cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu lm h nng cht ny xung, tc l chiu cht ny tham gia phn ng; Cn khi lm h nng ca mt cht trong phn ng (nh ly cht ny ra khi mi trng phn ng) th cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu lm tng nng cht ny ln, tc l thin v chiu to ra cht ny. Nh vy khi thm mt cht ca phn ng vo mi trng phn ng th cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu cht ny tham gia phn ng. Cn khi ly mt cht ca phn ng ra khi mi trng phn ng th phn ng s dch chuyn theo chiu to ra thm cht ny. - Khi tng p sut th cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu lm h p sut xung, tc l thin v chiu to ra t s mol kh hn; Cn khi lm h p sut th cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu lm tng p sut ln, tc l chiu to ra nhiu s mol kh hn.

Khi tng nhit (nh t nng phn ng) th cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu lm h nhit xung, tc l thin v thu nhit (phn ng thu nhit c nhit gim); Cn khi h nhit thc hin phn ng th phn ng s thin v chiu lm tng nhit ln (tc phn ng thin v chiu ta nhit).

Th d: Phn ng 2NO(k) + O2(k) 2NO2(k) l mt phn ng thun nghch, chiu thun, chiu to kh NO2 c mu nu, ta nhit v c h s mol kh t hn (2 mol kh); Cn chiu nghch, chiu to kh khng mu NO, l chiu thu nhit v c tng h s mol kh nhiu hn (3 mol kh). Do khi lm tng p sut th cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu lm gim s mol kh (thin v chiu thun, chiu to kh mu nu NO2); khi lm h p sut th cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu lm tng s mol kh (chiu to kh NO khng mu). Khi lm nng phn ng (nh ngm bnh phn ng trong chu nc si) th cn bng s dch chuyn thu nhit (chiu to kh NO khng mu; Cn khi lm lnh phn ng (nh ngm bnh phn ng trong chu nc ) th phn ng s thin v chiu ta nhit (chiu to kh NO2 c mu nu)

VII. S thy phn ca mui Mui c coi l sn phm do axit tc dng vi baz to ra. Mui no phn ng c vi nc, d rt t, to tr li axit v baz to nn n th mui ny c gi l b thy phn. Cn mui no khng phn ng vi nc th c gi l mui khng b thy phn. V phng din s thy phn, cn c vo mnh ca axit v baz to nn mui, ngi ta chia ra bn loi mui nh sau: (1) Loi mui c to bi axit mnh v baz mnh Nh NaCl (c to bi axit mnh HCl v baz mnh NaOH) KNO3 (c to bi axit mnh HNO3 v baz mnh KOH) BaBr2 (c to bi axit mnh HBr v baz mnh Ba(OH)2) Na2SO4 (c to bi axit mnh H2SO4 v baz mnh NaOH) Loi mui ny khng b thy phn, dung dch trung tnh, pH dung dch bng 7. Dung dch loi mui ny khng lm i mu qu tm. Nguyn nhn l khi ha tan trong nc to dung dch c s phn ly hon ton ti ion. C ion dng, xut pht t baz mnh, v ion m, xut pht t axit mnh, u khng c khuynh hng tc dng vi nc (ion dng xut pht t baz mnh, ion m xut pht t axit mnh l cc cht trung tnh, khng l axit, cng khng phi l baz). Nn loi mui ny khng b thy phn v dung dch trung tnh. Th d: NaCl Na+ + H2O Cl + H2O NaCl + H2O Na+ + Cl NaOH + H+ HCl + OH

(2) Loi mui c to bi axit yu v baz mnh Nh CH3COONa (c to bi axit yu CH3COOH v baz mnh NaOH) K2CO3 (c to bi axit yu H2CO3 v baz mnh KOH) CaS (c to bi axit yu H2S v baz mnh Ca(OH)2 NaAlO2 (c to bi axit yu HalO2.H2O v baz mnh NaOH) Loi mui ny b thy phn, to dung dch c tnh baz, pH dung dch loi mui ny ln hn 7, c th lm i mu qu tm ho xanh. Nguyn nhn l khi ha tan loi mui ny trong nc to dung dch th c s phn ly thnh ion. Ion dng xut pht t baz mnh, khng c khuynh hng tc dng vi nc, nhng cc ion m xut pht t axit yu c khuynh hng tc dng mt phn vi nc to axit yu t phn ly, ng thi phng thch ion OH ra dung dch. (Ion dng xut pht t baz mnh trung tnh, cn ion m xut pht t axit yu l baz, v n nhn c H+, ca H2O, ng thi phng thch ion OH ra dung dch). Do loi mui ny b thy phn v dung dch c baz. Th d: CH3COONa CH3OO + Na+ + + H2O Na CH3COO + H2O CH3COOH + OH CH3COONa
Natri axetat

H2O

Axit axetic Xt Axit yu, t phn ly Baz mnh, phn ly hon ton to ion, nn ion OH nhiu hn ion H+, v do dd c tnh baz

CH3COOH

NaOH

(3) Loi mui c to bi axit mnh v baz yu

Nh NH4Cl (c to bi axit mnh HCl v baz yu NH3) Al2(SO4)3 (c to bi axit mnh H2SO4 v baz yu Al(OH)3) Cu(NO3)2 (c to bi axit mnh HNO3 v baz yu Cu(OH)2) MgBr2 (c to bi axit mnh HBr v baz yu Mg(OH)2) Loi mui ny b thy phn, to dung dch c tnh axit, pH dung dch loi mui ny nh hn 7. Nguyn nhn l khi ha tan loi mui ny trong nc, to dung dch, th c s phn ly thnh ion. Ion m xut pht t axit mnh khng c khuynh hng tc dng vi nc, nhng ion dng xut pht t baz yu c khuynh hng tc dng mt phn vi nc to tr li baz yu t phn ly, ng thi phng thch ion H+ ra dung dch (H+ trong nc nm dng H3O+). (Ion m, xut pht t baz mnh, trung tnh; cn ion dng, xut pht t baz yu, l axit, n nhn ion OH, ca H2O, ng thi phng thch ion H+ ra dung dch). Do loi mui ny b thy phn v dung dch c tnh axit. Th d: NH4Cl NH4+ + Cl Cl + H2O + NH4 + H2O NH3 + H3O+ NH4Cl + H2O
Amoniac baz yu t phn ly

NH3

Axit mnh phn ly hon ton

H3O+Cl

Hoc: NH4Cl NH4+ + Cl Cl + H2O + NH4 + H2O NH4OH NH4Cl + H2O

Amoniac baz yu t phn ly

H+ + H+Cl
Axit mnh phn ly hon ton

NH4OH

Vng t phn c cha nhiu mui Al2(SO4)3, Fe2(SO4)3. y l cc mui c to bi baz yu (Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3) v axit mnh (H2SO4). Cc mui ny b thy phn, to dung dch c tnh axit. pH ca t phn c th xung n 2. Ch c mt s cy sng c trong t phn, nh cy c nng, cy khm (da, thm)... Nc vng t phn thng c mu , l mu ca mui st (III) trong nc. ci to t phn, ngi trung ha bng cch ri vi hay o mng ln lip t nc ma ra tri bt phn.

(4) Loi mui c to bi axit yu v baz yu Nh CH3COONH4 (c to bi axit yu CH3COOH, baz yu NH3) (NH4)2CO3 (c to bi axit yu H2CO3, baz yu NH3) HCOO H3N-CH3 (c to bi axit yu HCOOH, baz yu CH3NH2) (NH4)2S (c to bi axit yu H2S, baz yu NH3) Loi mui ny b thy phn, ty trng hp (ty mui) m dung dch loi mui ny trung tnh (pH = 7), c tnh axit (pH < 7) hoc c tnh baz (pH > 7). Nguyn nhn l khi ha tan loi mui ny vo nc to dung dch th c s phn ly thnh ion (mui no tan c trong nc to dung dch th cng u phn ly hon ton to ion). C ion dng xut pht t baz yu, ln ion m xut pht t axit yu, u c khuynh hng tc dng mt phn vi nc to thnh baz yu hay axit yu t phn ly, ng thi phng thch ion H+ ln ion OH ra dung dch. (Ion dng, xut pht t baz yu, l mt axit, n nhn ion OH ca H2O, ng thi phng thch ion H+ ra dung dch; Ion m, xut pht t axit yu, l mt baz,

n nhn ion H+ ca H2O, ng thi phng thch ion OH ra dung dch. Ty theo s ion H+, s ion OH phng thch ra, m dung dch thu c hoc trung tnh, hoc c tnh axit hoc c tnh baz). Do loi mui ny b thy phn v ty trng hp m dung dch loi mui ny trung tnh (nu s ion H+ phng thch bng s ion OH phng thch), hoc c tnh axit (nu s ion H+ phng thch ra dung dch nhiu hn s ion OH ), hoc c tnh baz (nu s ion OH phng thch ra dung dch nhiu hn ion H+). Nu hng s phn ly ion Ka ca axit bng vi hng s phn ly ion Kb ca baz th dung dch loi mui ny trung tnh (pH = 7) Nu hng s Ka ca axit > hng s Kb ca baz th dung dch loi mui ny c tnh axit (pH < 7) Nu hng s Kb ca baz > hng s Ka ca axit th dung dch loi mui ny c tnh baz (pH > 7) Th d:
CH3COONH4 + CH3COO NH4 + H2O + H2O
H2O

CH3COO NH3 +

+ NH4 H3O NH3

CH3COOH + OH

CH3COONH4 +

CH3COOH +

Bit 250C, tr s Ka, Kb ca mt s axit v baz nh sau: Axit Ka Baz Kb Cl-CH2COOH 1,4.103 CH3-NH-CH3 5,4.104 HCOOH 1,8.104 CH3-NH2 4,6.104 CH3COOH 1,8.105 (CH3)3N 6,5.105 CH3CH2COOH 1,3.105 NH3 1,8.105

T tr s Ka, Kb ca cc axit, baz trn ta c th d on pH ca cc dung dch mui nh sau: dd CH3COONH4 c pH = 7 (Ka = Kb) dd Cl-CH2COONH4 c pH < 7 (Ka > Kb) dd CH3CH2COO H3N-CH3 c pH > 7 (Kb > Ka) dd HCOO HN(CH3)3 c pH < 7 (Ka > Kb) dd CH3COO H2N(CH3)2 c pH > 7 (Kb > Ka) d nh, khi Ka = Kb th hiu l axit v baz c mc yu bng nhau nn s ion OH phng thch bng s ion H+ phng thch, nn dd trung tnh. Khi Ka > Kb coi nh axit mnh hn, nn dd c tnh axit (Baz yu hn nn cation ca baz d b thy phn hn, phng thch s ion H+ nhiu hn, nn dd c pH < 7. Baz cng yu th cation l axit lin hp cng mnh nn cho H+ nhiu hn) Khi Kb > Ka coi nh baz mnh hn, nn dd c tnh baz (pH > 7) (Axit yu hn nn anion l baz lin hp mnh, n d nhn H+, phng OH nhiu hn) iu kin mt mui b thy phn l: - Mui ny phi ha tan c trong nc to thnh dung dch - Mui ny phi c to t axit yu hay baz yu

Mui no c to bi axit cng yu hay baz cng yu th mui ny cng d b thy phn.

d theo di, chng ta ni mui no tc dng c vi nc to tr li axit v baz to nn n th mui ny b thy phn, thc ra cch ni ny ch ng cho cc mui m axit v baz ca n l n chc (1 nguyn t H axit, 1 nhm OH trong phn t baz, nh cc mui c to t cc axit baz yu nh CH3COOH, HCOOH, AgOH, NH3, CH3NH2,). Thc ra mui no ch cn mt ion ca mui, dng hoc m, phn ng c mt phn vi nc, v vi cc ion mang nhiu in tch (nh CO32, SO32, Fe3+, Cu 2+, Al3+ ,) ch phn ng vi 1 phn t H2O u tin l ng k, s phn ng tip vi phn t H2O th hai tr i khng ng k (Tng t chc axit th nht phn ly ion ng k, s phn ly cc chc sau khng ng k, c th b qua). Th d ta xt s thy phn ca mui st (III) trong dung dch: Fe3+ + H2O Fe(OH)2+ + H2O Fe(OH)2+ + H2O Fe(OH)2+ + H+ (1) Fe(OH)2+ + H+ (2) Fe(OH)3 + H+ (3)

S thy phn Fe 3+ tri qua 3 giai on nh trn, tuy nhin ch s thy phn (1) l ng k, s thy cc ln sau khng ng k, c th b qua. Th d khc, s thy phn mui cacbonat (CO32) trong dung dch: CO32 + H2O HCO32 + H2O HCO32 + OH H2CO3 + OH (1) (2)

Tng t nh trn, chng ta c th b qua s thy phn (2). V nu coi c c qu trnh (2), th s khng c kh CO2 thot ra, v lng H2CO3 to ra rt khng ng k. Ch khi no c yu t no lm cho s thy phn ng k th mi c kh CO2 thot ra. Tng t vi s thy phn Fe3+, khi ha tan mui st (III) vo nc ta khng thy xut hin kt ta Fe(OH)3, v nu s thy phn nu c to ra Fe(OH)3 th lng ny rt t, cha t dung dch bo ha Fe(OH)3, nn khng thy Fe(OH)3 kt ta. Ch khi no h tr s thy phn Fe3+ rt nhiu, c s to Fe(OH)3 ng k, th by gi mi c th to Fe(OH)3 kt ta.

Bi tp Mui no trong cc mui sau y b thy phn? Dung dch mui trung tnh, c mi trng axit hay mi trng kim? pH dung dch bng 7, nh hn 7 hay ln hn 7? Dung dch mui ny c lm i mu qu tm khng? Qu tm trong dung mui ny c mu g? Vit phn ng thy phn, nu c, ch vit qu trnh thy phn ng vi phn t nc u tin: KBr, MgCl2, Cu(NO3)2, Na2CO3, KAlO2, AgCl, CH3COONa, Fe2(SO4)3, Al(NO3)3, C6H5ONa (Natri phenolat), BaSO4, KHSO4, BaCl2, K2ZnO2, CH3COONH4, HCOONH4, Mg(NO3)2, CuS, CuBr2, CH3ONa, ZnSO4, CH3COOH3CH3, C6H5NH3Cl (Phenylamoni clorua), CaCl2, ClCH2COONa, ClCH2COONH4, K2S, Na2SO3, AgNO3, NH4Cl, KCN, KI, ZnBr2. Ch : - Tuy mui KHSO4 c to bi baz mnh KOH, axit mnh H2SO4, mui ny khng b thy phn, nhng do HSO4 l mui axit ca axit mnh nn n c mnh trung bnh, trong dung dch n phn ly mt phn to ion H+. Do dung dch KHSO4 c mi trng axit, pH < 7, c th lm i mu qu tm ha . Vi cc mui khng tan (rt t b ha tan) nh AgCl, BaSO4, CaCO3 coi nh khng to dung dch, c th coi cc mui ny khng b thy phn.

VIII. Cc nh ngha v axit, baz

VIII.1. nh ngha axit, baz theo Arrhnius Axit l cht trong nc phn ly to ion H+ Th d: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, CH3COOH l cc axit theo nh ngha Arrhnius. V cc cht ny khi ha tan trong nc to dung dch th c s phn ly to ion H+.
2O HCl H H+ + Cl 2O H2SO4 H H+ + HSO4 CH3COOH H2O CH3COO

H+

Baz l cht trong nc phn ly to ion OH. Th d: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 l cc baz theo nh ngha Arrhnius.
2O NaOH H Na+ + OH 2O Ca(OH)2 H Ca2+ + 2OH

VIII.2. nh ngha axit baz theo Bronsted Lowry Axit l cht cho c ion H+ (proton)
Ion H+ cn c gi l proton v H c 1 in t ngoi nhn, 1 prton trong nhn, khi H mt 1 in t duy nht ngoi nhn, th H ch cn 1 proton duy nht, chnh l ion H+.

Th d: Cc axit ng theo nh ngha Arrhnius th cng l cc axit theo nh ngha Bronsted Lowry; ngoi ra, cc ion dng xut pht t baz yu nh NH4+, Ag+, CH3NH3+, C6H5-NH3+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Cr2+, Ni2+, Hg2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Cr3+l axit theo nh ngha Bronsted Lowry. NH4+
(Cho H to NH3)
+

+ + H2O +

NaOH

NH3

NH3 +

H2O

Na+

(Cho H axit)

NH4+
+

H3O+ Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+

Al3+

(Cho c H+ trong dd axit)

3NH3

+ 3H2O

Hay: Ion Al3+ trong dung dch nc dng Al(H2O)3+ nn qu trnh trn nh sau: Al(H2O)33+ + 3NH3 Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+
(Cho c H+ axit)

(To c H trong dd axit)

Al3+ + H2O
+

Al(OH)2+ + H+ (Al3+ trong nc b thy phn, to dd c tnh axit)

Hay:
(Cho c H+ trong dd axit)

Al(H2O)3+

Al(OH)2+ + H+

Baz l cht nhn c H+ (proton) Th d: Cc baz theo ng ngha Arrhnius nh NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, OHcng l cc baz theo ng nh ngha Bronsted Lowry, v cc cht ny nhn c ion H+. Ngoi ra cc cc cht nh amoniac (NH3), cc amin nh: CH3NH2 (Metylamin), CH3-NH-CH3 (imetylamin), (CH3)3N (Trimetylamin), CH3CH2NH2 (Etylamin), C6H5NH2 (anilin), C6H5NHC6H5 (iphenylamin); Cc ion m xut pht t axit yu, nh: CH3O (Metylat), CH3CH2O (Etylat), C6H5O (Phenolat), HCOO (Fomiat, Formiat), CH3COO (Axetat, Acetat), AlO2 (Aluminat), ZnO22 (Zincat), CO32 (Cacbonat, Carbonat), SO32 (Sunfit, Sulfit), S2 (Sunfua, Sulfur), NO2 (Nitrit), H (Hirua, Hidrur), NH2 (Amiua, Amidur), ClO (Hipoclorit), ClO2 (Clorit), OOC-COO (C2O42) (Oxalat), CN (Xianua, Cianur).cng l cc baz theo ng nh ngha Bronsted Lowry. V cc cht ny c th nhn c proton (H+). OH
+

(Nhn H ) Baz

(Cho H+) Axit

H+

H2O

NH3

(Nhn H ) Baz

HCl

(Cho H ) Axit

NH4Cl

(NH4+ Cl)

(Nhn H ) Baz

NH3

(Cho H ) Axit

H2O

NH4+

OH

CH3O
(Nhn H ) Baz
+

H2O

(Cho H ) Axit

CH3OH

OH

2CH3COO
(Nhn H ) Baz
+

H2SO4
(Cho H ) Axit
+

2CH3COOH + SO42

CH3COO
(Nhn H+) Baz

H2O
(Cho H+) Axit

CH3COOH + OH (Mui axetat b thy phn,

to dd c tnh baz)

CO32 CO
2

2HCl

H2CO3 CO 2 + H2O HCO3 +

+ 2Cl OH (Mui cacbonat b thy phn, to dd c

tnh baz)

+ H2O

Cc cht trung tnh (cht trung ha) l cc cht khng phi l axit, cng khng phi l baz, cc cht trung tnh khng cho H+, cng khng nhn c ion H+. Th d: Cc ion dng xut pht t baz mnh (nh ion ca kim loi kim, kim th: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+); Cc ion m xut pht t axit mnh (nh: NO3, SO42, Cl, Br, I, ClO3, ClO4,) l cc cht trung tnh v cc ion ny khng , cng khng nhn ion H+. Cc cht lng tnh l cc cht va l axit va l baz, cc cht lng tnh va cho c ion H+ va nhn c ion H+. Th d: ngoi cc cht lng tnh bit nh Al2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO, BeO, SnO, PbO, SnO2, PbO2, Al(OH)3, Cr(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Be(OH)2, Sn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2, Sn(OH)4, Pb(OH)4, th H2O, NH3, cc ion m l mui axit ca cc axit yu nh: HCO3, HSO3, HS, HSiO3, H2PO4 , HPO42,.cng l cc cht lng tnh, v cc cht ny va cho c ion H+, va nhn c ion H+.
Nhn H Baz

H2O + H2O
+

Cho H Axit

H3O+ + OH

Amoniac Nhn H+ Baz

NH3

Amoniac Cho H+ Axit

NH3

Amonium

NH4+

Amidur

NH2

Al(OH)3
Nhn H+ Baz

+ 3HCl

Cho H+ Axit

AlCl3

+ 3H2O

Al(OH)3 + (HAlO2.H2O)
Cho H+ Axit

NaOH
Nhn H+ Baz

NaAlO2

+ 2H2O

HCO3

HCl

Nhn H+ Axit

H2CO3 + CO2 + H2O CO32

Cl

Cho H Baz

HCO3
+

NaOH

+ Na+ +

H2O

Nh vy HCO3 va l axit, va l baz nn HCO3 l mt cht lng tnh. Ghi ch Ion dng xut pht t baz mnh (thng gp l ion ca kim loi kim, kim th, gm: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Fr+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ra2+) ; Cc ion m xut pht t axit

mnh (nh Cl, Br, I, NO3, SO42, ClO3, ClO4, MnO, CrO42, Cr2O72) l cc cht trung tnh (trung ha). V cc ion ny khng cho ion H+, cng khng nhn ion H+. Ion dng xut pht t baz yu (ion ca cc kim loi khc kim loi kim, kim th, nh Ag+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Hg2+, Al3+,.Ion dng ca amoniac, ca cc amin, nh NH4+, CH3NH3+, C6H5NH3+, (CH3)2NH2+,.l axit. V cc ion ny cho c ion H+. Ion m xut pht t axit yu, nh CO32, SO32, S2, CH3COO, CN, C6H5O, C2H5O, AlO2, ZnO22, F, .Cc ion ny l baz, v chng c th nhn ion H+. Ion m gc axit ca cc mui axit ca cc axit yu, nh HCO3, HSO3, HS, H2PO4, HPO42, l cc cht lng tnh. V cc ion ny va cho c ion H+, va nhn c ion H+. Ion m l gc axit ca mui axit ca axit mnh, m thng gp l HSO4, l mt axit, v n th phn ly tip to H+ ra dung dch. nh ngha axit, baz theo Bronsted Lowry v s thy phn ca mui h tr nhau, hu ht c th dng kin thc ny tr li cho kin thc kia v ngc lai. Nhng cng c mt s trng hp m ch gii quyt c khi dng mt trong hai kin thc. Nh dd KHSO4 coi nh khng thy phn v c to t baz mnh, axit mnh, ri t kt lun dung dch ny trung tnh, pH dung dch bng 7 l sai. V HSO4 l mt axit theo Bronsted Lowry, cn K+ trung tnh, nn dd KHSO4 c tnh axit, pH dd < 7; Cn dd NaHCO3 nu xt theo nh ngha axit, baz theo Bronsted Lowry th Na+ trung tnh, HCO3 lng tnh, ri kt lun dd mui ny trung tnh, pH dd = 7 l sai. Trng hp ny ta xt s thy phn ca mui. Mui NaHCO3 c to bi baz mnh (NaOH) v axit yu (H2CO3) nn dd ny b thy phn v to dd c tnh baz, pH dd > 7, dd ny c th lm i mu qu tm ha xanh. Axit Bronsted AH sau khi cho H+ to ion A, A c th nhn ion H+ to tr li AH, nh vy A l mt baz theo nh ngha Bronsted. A c gi l baz lin hp ca axit AH. Ngc li AH l axit lin hp ca baz A. Nh vy baz lin hp ca mt axit l cht c to ra do axit ny mt bt ion H+; cn axit lin hp ca mt baz l cht c to ra khi baz ny nhn thm ion H+. CH3COOH
Axit

Baz

NH3

CH3COO
Baz

NH4+
Axit

CH3COO l baz lin hp ca axit CH3COOH, NH4+ l axit lin hp ca baz NH3 v ngc li, CH3COOH l axit lin hp ca baz CH3COO, NH3 l baz lin hp ca axit NH4+.

mnh ca axit v baz lin hp tng ng ngc nhau, ngha l nu axit rt mnh th baz lin hp s rt yu. Hoc nu baz rt mnh th axit lin hp s rt yu. iu ny cng d hiu v nu AH l axit rt mnh, tc phn ly H+ rt d to baz lin hp A th baz A s rt kh nhn H+ to tr li axit AH, nn A s l baz rt yu.

Bi tp 1) Hy cho bit cht no l axit, baz, lng tnh hay trung tnh: Na+, Mg2+, Li+, NH4+, Ag+, Ca2+, Hg2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Al3+, NH4+, CH3NH3+, Fe2+ , Ba2+, Cl, CH3COO, SO42, SH, CO32, C6H5O, NO3, NO2, AlO2, HCOO, ZnO22, SO 32, CN, S2, HCO3, HSO3, HSO4 , C2H5O, Al(OH)3, NH3, H2O, ZnO. 2) Hy cho bit cc dung dch sau y c pH = 7, <7, > 7, c lm i mu qu tm khng? NaCl, MgCl2, CH3COONa, KHSO4, (NH4)2SO4, K2CO3, Cu(NO3)2, KAlO2, Ba(HCOO)2, BaCl2, Na2SO3, CH3COONH4, CH3NH3Cl, Fe2(SO4)3, KCl. y kin thc ha hc trong chng trnh trung hc ph thng, c th gp trong k thi tuyn sinh i hc, ngi hc cn coi thm cc phn sau: IX. Pin in ha hc v n mn kim loi X. Cc phng php iu ch kim loi XI. Nc cng, phn loi nc cng v cch lm mm nc XII. pH v cch tnh pH ca dung dch axit, baz mnh, yu XIII. Phn bn ha hc XIV. Nguyn tc luyn gang, luyn thp, cc phn ng lin quan XV. n tp mt s kim loi: Kim, Kim th, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cr, Mn; Mt s phi kim: H2, Halogen X2 (Cl2, Br2, I2), O2, S, C, Si, N2, P.