Question 1 (a) A space capsule with a shape very similar to a Prolate ellipsoid is designed to carry goods from space

station to earth. It is designed to enter the atmosphere so that the drag force on capsule is minimal. Estimate the drag force on the capsule when it is entering the atmosphere at the speed of 100m/s. The diameter of the capsule is 4.5m. The density and kinematic viscosity of air may be assumed to be 0.03kg/m3 and 500 10 6 m 2 s , respectively. Refer to the equation sheet and attachments for additional information needed for calculations. (Weighting 50%)

(b)

For precise estimation of drag force, designers decided to use a physical model test. For this, a 4.5cm diameter object with a similar shape is used. The object is tested for drag force in a flume with flowing water, see Figure Q4. The density and the kinematic viscosity of water used is 1000kg/m3 and 1 10 6 m 2 s respectively. The measured drag force on the object was 31N. (i) Calculate the velocity of the flume water in order to achieve Reynolds similarity with the situation described in Part (a). Estimate the drag force on the prototype capsule. (Weighting 50%)

(ii)

Flow

4.5cm

Question 2

(a)

A series pipe network, as shown below, is installed to gravity feed reservoir A from reservoir B. Pipe diameters, lengths and relative roughness of pipe segments AC and BC are as shown. If flow through pipe network is 90litres/s, calculate the elevation difference between free surfaces of two reservoirs. The kinematic viscosity of water may be taken as 1 10 6 m 2 s . Refer to the equation sheet and attachments for additional information needed for calculations. (Weighting 70%)

(b)

Assume a pump is installed at C to pump water from A to B using the same pipe network. If the flow rate in the pipe network is 90litres/s, calculate the power required to run the pump if its efficiency is 90%. (Weighting 30%)

B
h=?

D = 300mm e/D = 0.001 L = 1800m

C
D = 200mm e/D = 0.0004 L = 40m

Question 3 (a) Water flows by gravity from reservoir A to reservoir B through two series pipes, as shown below. Each pipe contains two 900 elbows with a loss coefficient as shown, the characteristics of each pipe are also shown. The connection of the two pipes at X is a sudden enlargement and the entrance to the pipe network at reservoir A is square edged. Calculate the volume flowrate from A to B. All minor losses must be considered. (Weighting 70%)

(b)

Using the results obtained in Part (a) calculate the Mannings roughness coefficient for pipe segment AX. (Weighting 30%)

h = 12m
k = 0.6

k = 0.5

A
D = 200mm f = 0.03 L = 18m

X
D = 400mm f = 0.02 L = 12m

k = 0.5

k = 0.6

Question 4 A water network consists of two reservoirs, A and B, connected by a pipe system as shown in the figure below. The pipe system consists of 500mm and 300mm diameter pipes and two 900 medium roughness mitre bends. The entrance to the pipe system is flush. Other properties of the pipes are given in Figure Q4. Assuming that the density and kinematic viscosity of water are 1000kg/m3 and 1.1 x 10-6 m2/s, respectively:

(a)

Calculate the head delivered by the pump to achieve 150l/s discharge. (50% Weighting) Draw total energy line indicating both frictional head loss and minor losses. (30% Weighting) If the efficiencies of the pump and electric motor used are 75% and 90%, respectively, calculate the electric power required to drive the motor. (20% Weighting)

(b)

(c)

All relevant minor losses are to be considered in your calculations. Refer to the attachments for additional information.

B
Pipe 2
L = 35m D = 300mm k = 0.3mm

h = 20m

A
P Pipe 1
L = 6m D = 500mm k = 0.15mm

Question 5 A citys water network consists of three reservoirs; A, B and C, as shown in the figure below. Reservoir A is large enough to be considered an unlimited pool of water, and both B and C are small supply reservoirs which require a continuous supply from A. The free surface levels of each reservoir are shown in Figure Q5 with respect to the Australia Height Datum (AHD). The water demands from reservoirs B and C are 180l/s and 100l/s, respectively. Pipe AB contains a pump P, and pipe BC contains a valve X. Other details of the network are as shown in Figure Q5. (a) Calculate the discharge through pipe AC. (30% Weighting) (b) Calculate the maximum flow through pipe BC. Comment on the position of the valve X (open, closed, partially open) such that pipe BC supplies the remainder of the demand in reservoir C. (30% Weighting) What should be the minimum head supplied by the pump P to satisfy the demands of reservoirs B and C. (40% Weighting)

(c)

Minor losses may be neglected. Take the density and kinematic viscosity of water to be 1000kg/m3 and 1.1 x 10-6 m2/s, respectively. Refer to the attachments for additional information.

AHD 47m

Pipe AB
L = 24km D = 0.8m k = 0.8

Q(B) = 180l/s

P AHD 34m

Pipe BC
L = 17km D = 0.3m f = 0.03

Valve X AHD 26m

Pipe AC
L = 31km D = 0.5m f = 0.015

C
Q(C) = 100l/s

Question 6 The figure below shows a test arrangement used to measure the lateral force that creates reverse-swing on a cricket ball. A geometrically similar model cricket ball, with dimensions twice that of the actual one, is used for the test. The model cricket ball has a diameter of 450mm and is fixed at the centre of a water flume using the lever arrangement shown. The lever is hinged at the flume bed. Appropriate measuring devices are placed to measure longitudinal and lateral forces (F and L) at the end of the lever arrangement. It may be assumed that the model cricket ball is adequately submerged to eliminate free surface effects and the flow in the flume has uniform velocity profile.

(a)

If the laboratory test is to replicate a cricket ball travelling at 140km/h through the air, calculate the corresponding flow velocity at the flume. Densities and kinematic viscosities of air and water are a = 1.2kg/m3, a = 15 x 10-6 m2/s, w = 998kg/m3 and w = 1.2 x 10-6 m2/s, respectively. (30% Weighting) Estimate the longitudinal force F that restrains the longitudinal movement of the model cricket ball during the test. The lever is a 30mm diameter cylindrical rod with lengths as shown in Figure Q6. The drag coefficients CD for a sphere and cylindrical rod are 0.6 and 1.2 respectively. (40% Weighting) During the model test, the lateral force L is measured as 3N. Estimate the lateral force on the actual cricket ball that generates reverse swing. (30% Weighting)

(b)

(c)

Flow

450mm 800mm

400mm

L
Side Elevation

Front Elevation

Question 7 A pump, suction pipe, discharge pipe and nozzle are joined together to form a single unit, as shown below. Calculate the horizontal component of the force exerted by the water jet on the pump unit when the pump is developing a head of 22.5m. Frictional losses in the suction pipe and outlet pipe due to friction are described by h = 3v 2 2 g , frictional losses in the nozzle may be considered negligible. (Weighting 100%)

outlet pipe 600mm 200

nozzle 300mm

pump

1.2m

1.8m WATER LEVEL suction pipe 750mm 1.5m

Question 8 As water rises on the left hand side of the rectangular L shaped gate, shown below, it will open automatically. Neglecting the mass of the gate, determine at what depth H above the hinge this will occur assuming that the width of the gate, into the paper, is 1m. (Weighting 100%) free surface H gate L=1.5m

hinge water

Question 9 A siphon, shown below, has a uniform circular bore of 75mm in diameter and consists of a bent pipe with its crest 2m above water level discharging into atmosphere at a level 4m below water level. Neglecting losses due to friction, find:
(a) (b) (c)

The velocity of flow. The volume discharge.

(Weighting 40%) (Weighting 30%)

The absolute pressure at the crest level, point B, if the atmospheric pressure is equivalent to 10m of water. (Weighting 30%) B 2m Free Surface Siphon Tank 4m

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Question 10 A shallow circular dish has a sharp edged orifice at its centre, as illustrated in below. A water jet, with velocity V = 5m/s, strikes the dish concentrically. Determine the external restraining force required to hold the dish in place if the jet issuing from the orifice and dish also have velocities V = 5m/s and there are no frictional losses as the water flows over the surface of the dish. The diameters of the water jet are D = 100mm and d = 20mm, respectively. (Weighting 100%) V D spherical dish V water jet d V

= 450

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Question 11 An orifice plate is to be used to measure the volume flow rate of air flow through a duct 2.0m in diameter, see below. The mean velocity of air in the duct is not to exceed 0.2m/s and a water tube manometer, having a maximum difference between water levels of h = 160mm, is to be used to measure pressure drop. Assuming the coefficient of discharge for the orifice plate to be 0.64, determine the orifice diameter d to make full use of the manometer range. Take the density of air to be 1.2kg/m3. (Weighting 100%) orifice plate

v = 0.2m/s d air duct h = 160mm

2m

water

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Question 12 The gate AB in the figure below is 5m long, 2.4m wide ( into the paper ) and 25mm thick, made from steel with a relative density of 7.85; it is hinged at B and rests against a stop at A. If the density of water is 990kg/m3 and a viscosity of 0.001Pa s, determine the water level h that would cause gate to start falling. (Weighting 100%) frictionless pulley

stop A

4tonne

water 5m 600 B hinge

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