Halogenoalkanes:

A haloalkane is a compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane has been replaced by halogen atoms and has only single bonds in the molecule.

Primary Haloalkanes have no more than 1 carbon atom directly attached to the carbon in the C-halogen group. Secondary haloalkane has 2 carbon atoms(hence, only 1 H atom), directly attached to the caron in the C-halogen group for example, 2 Chloropropane Tertiary haloalkanes have 3 carbon atoms(hence no h atoms) directly attached to the carbon in the C-Halogen group. For e.g 2-chloro-2-methylpropane.

Properties: Chloromethane, Bromo methane and Chloroethane are all gases at room temp. Iodomethane & higher memeber of the series are liquids Are insoluble in water even though they are all polar molecules. This is because the molecules do not contain delta + (S+) hydrogen atoms, so hydrogen bonding with water cant occur. All undergo substitution reactions, most are nucleophilic substitution.

Reactions With Water: Primary haloalkanes do not react with water Secondary haloalkanes react slowly to form a secondary alcohol Tertiary haloalkanes react rapidly to form tertiary alcohols The carbon-halogen bond has been broken by water, so the reaction is called hydrolysis. The rate of hydrolysis increases as the C-X bond weakens. Other Reactions -Alkaline Hydrolysis with NaOH/H2O, heat under reflux: R-X + OH- R-OH + X

-Acidification with dilute nitric acid. This removes excess NaOH which would other otherwise form a percipitate which the silver nitrat in the next stage, prevent detection of any silver halides. -Addition of AgNO3(aq) shows the presence of aqueous halide ions. Haloalkanes + NH3(in alcoholic conditions such as ethanolic), heated under reflux, gives an Amine (an alkane replaced with a NH2 on one of the carbons instead of a hydrogen) + HBr NOTE: HBr then reacts further NH3 + HBrNH4Br Haloalkanes + CN-(Alcoholic conditions such as ethanolic), heated under reflux give a Nitrile(Alkane with a CN instead of a hydrogen) + BrOther reactions: