Luan Vankhao Sat Ung Dung Cua Tap Tho Trong Lua Chon Va Rut Gon Dac Trung Cho Ba 7x7uc 20121030051447 18338

Lun vn
Kho st ng dng ca tp
th trong la chn v rt
gn c trng cho bi ton
nhn dng
Mc Lc
Danh Sch Cc Hnh......................................................................................................5
Danh Sch Cc Bng......................................................................................................7
K
H
TN
Li M u.....................................................................................................................8
Chng 1 .......................................................................................................................10
L Thuyt Tp Th ......................................................................................................10
1.1. Gii thiu............................................................................................................10
1.2. H thng tin........................................................................................................11
1.3. Quan h bt kh phn bit ...............................................................................13
1.3.1. S d tha thng tin..................................................................................13
1.3.2. Quan h tng ng - Lp tng ng..............................................13

1.3.3. Thut ton xc nh lp tng ng.....................................................15
1.4. Xp x tp hp...................................................................................................16
C
N
TT
1.5. S khng chc chn v hm thuc..................................................................25

1.6. S ph thuc gia cc tp thuc tnh .............................................................27
1.7. Rt gn thuc tnh ............................................................................................28
1.7.1. Khi nim ...................................................................................................28
1.7.2. Ma trn phn bit v hm phn bit .......................................................30
K
H
O
A
1.8. Mt s thut ton hiu qu..............................................................................36

1.8.1. Lp tng ng .......................................................................................36
1.8.2. Xp x trn, xp x di.............................................................................37
1.8.3. Vng dng ................................................................................................38

1.8.4. Rt gn thuc tnh .....................................................................................38
1.8.4.1. Chin lc Johnson.............................................................................39
1.8.4.2. Chin lc ngu nhin........................................................................40
1.8.4.3. Loi b thuc tnh tha trong mt rt gn.......................................41
================================ 1 ================================
Chng 2 .......................................................................................................................42
Bi Ton Nhn Dng Mt Ngi................................................................................42
2.1. Gii thiu...........................................................................................................42
2.2. Cc nghin cu trc y................................................................................45
K
H
TN
2.3. M hnh nhn dng mt ngi tiu biu........................................................48

2.3.1. M hnh.......................................................................................................48
2.3.2. Rt trch c trng ....................................................................................49
2.3.3. Nhn dng mu ..........................................................................................50
2.4. Mt s kh khn trong nhn dng mt ngi ...............................................51
2.5. Phng php nhn dng mt ngi bng mt ring ....................................54

2.5.1. M t phng php ...................................................................................55
2.5.2. Vn tm cc mt ring ..........................................................................57
2.5.3. S dng mt ring nhn dng .............................................................60

2.5.4. Tm tt phng php nhn dng bng mt ring .................................62
C
N
TT
2.6. ng dng cc thut ton lng ho vector trong qu trnh phn lp ........63
2.6.1. Gii thiu ....................................................................................................63
2.6.2. Mt s thut ton lng ho vector .........................................................64
2.6.2.1. Thut ton LVQ1 ................................................................................64
2.6.2.2. Thut ton OLVQ1.............................................................................66
K
H
O
A
2.6.3. Vn khi to vector tham chiu ..........................................................67
Chng 3 .......................................................................................................................70
ng Dng Tp Th Vo ..............................................................................................70
Bi Ton Nhn Dng Mt Ngi................................................................................70

3.1. Gii thiu...........................................................................................................70
3.2.1. Phng php chung...................................................................................71
3.2.2. Kt hp heuristic v l thuyt tp th .....................................................71
3.2.2.1. M t heuristic.....................................................................................71
================================ 2 ================================
3.2.2.2. Thut ton............................................................................................72

3.2.2.3. V d minh ho ....................................................................................73
3.3. M hnh th nghim.........................................................................................77
3.3.1. Tp d liu..................................................................................................77
K
H
TN
3.3.2. M hnh 1....................................................................................................78

3.3.3. M hnh 2....................................................................................................80
3.3.4. Vn la chn s khong ri rc...........................................................84
Chng 4 .......................................................................................................................86
Ci t Chng Trnh.................................................................................................86
V Th Nghim ............................................................................................................86
4.1. Chng trnh ci t ........................................................................................86
4.1.1. Ngn ng v mi trng ...........................................................................86
4.1.2. T chc th mc m ngun ......................................................................86

4.1.3. Mt s lp quan trng ...............................................................................86
Lp bng quyt nh .................................................................................86
2.
Cc lp thc hin rt trch c trng......................................................87
3.
Lp ri rc ho ..........................................................................................88
4.
Lp thut ton tp th ..............................................................................88
5.
Cc lp rt gn thuc tnh ........................................................................88
6.
Lp mng lng ho vector (LVQ) .........................................................90
7.
Lp thut ton phn loi ngi lng ging gn nht .............................90
K
H
O
A
C
N
TT
1.
4.2. T chc d liu th nghim.............................................................................90

4.3. Hng dn v minh ho s dng chng trnh ............................................91
4.3.1. Mn hnh chnh ..........................................................................................91
4.3.2. Nhp tp nh hun luyn ..........................................................................92
4.3.3. Chn thut ton rt gn thuc tnh .........................................................94

4.3.4. Qu trnh hun luyn ................................................................................94
================================ 3 ================================
4.3.5. Qu trnh phn lp ....................................................................................96

4.3.6. Xem thng tin .............................................................................................97
4.4. Mt s kt qu...................................................................................................98
4.4.1. Th mc Face_10_24_20...........................................................................98
K
H
TN
4.4.2. Th mc Face_15_24_20...........................................................................99
4.4.3. Th mc Face_20_24_20.........................................................................100
4.4.4. Th mc Face_25_24_20.........................................................................101
4.5. Nhn xt kt qu.............................................................................................102
Chng 5 .....................................................................................................................104
T nh Gi V Hng Pht ...................................................................................104

Trin Ngh .............................................................................................................104
5.1. T nh gi .....................................................................................................104
5.2. Hng pht trin ngh...............................................................................105
K
H
O
A
C
N
TT
Ti Liu Tham Kho..................................................................................................106
================================ 4 ================================
Danh Sch Cc Hnh

Hnh 1- 1 : Xp x tp i tng trong Bng 1- 2 bng cc thuc tnh iu kin Age v
LEMS. Mi vng c th hin km theo tp cc lp tng ng tng ng. ..19
K
H
TN
Hnh 1- 2 : Ma trn phn bit ca Bng1-7....................................................................31

Hnh 1- 3 : Ma trn phn bit ca h thng tin Bng 1-7 xy........................................32
Hnh 1- 4 : Ma trn phn bit gia cc lp tng ng ca ........................................33
Hnh 1- 5 : Ma trn phn bit tng i ........................................................................33
Hnh 1- 6 : Ma trn phn bit Hnh 1-2 sau khi chn c .................................................34
Hnh 2- 1 : M hnh nhn dng mt ngi tiu biu.....................................................49
Hnh 2- 2 : nh vi nn phc tp vi ...........................................................................51

Hnh 2- 3 : Kt qu ca mt b d tm thng................................................................53
Hnh 2- 4 : Vng ng k nht ca gng mt .........................................................53
C
N
TT
Hnh 2- 5 : Kt qu d tm trn nh c gng mt c ho trang ..............................54

Hnh 2- 6 : Tp nh hun luyn v nh trung bnh .......................................................58
Hnh 2- 7 : Cc mt ring tng ng vi by gi tr ring ln nht .............................60
Hnh 2- 8 : Vector tham chiu c di chuyn gn vi vector d liu hn trng
hp hai vector ny cng lp......................................................................66
K
H
O
A
Hnh 2- 9 : Vector tham chiu c y ra xa vector d liu hn - trng hp hai

vector ny khc lp ...................................................................................66
Hnh 2- 10 : Vector tham chiu OC khi to khng tt nn sau khi cp nht thnh
OC1 th cng xa vector d liu OA hn. ...............................................68
Hnh 3- 1 : Ma trn phn bit tng i ca h thng tin trong Bng 3-1 ...................75
Hnh 3- 2 : Phn chia tp d liu hun luyn v kim tra.............................................78

Hnh 3- 3 : nh ca 10 ngi u tin trong tp d liu ORL .....................................78
================================ 5 ================================
Hnh 3- 4 : Giai on hun luyn to tp vector tham chiu ........................................79

Hnh 3- 5 : Giai on phn lp tp nh kim tra...........................................................80
Hnh 3- 6 : Giai on hun luyn to tp vector tham chiu ........................................84
K
H
O
A
C
N
TT
K
H
TN
Hnh 3- 7 : Giai on phn lp tp nh kim tra...........................................................84
================================ 6 ================================
Danh Sch Cc Bng

Bng 1- 1 : Mt h thng tin n gin ...........................................................................11
Bng 1- 2 : Mt h quyt nh vi C = { Age, LEMS} v D = {Walk} .............................12
K
H
TN
Bng 1- 3 : Mt bng d liu d tha thng tin.............................................................13

Bng 1- 4 : Mt h quyt nh iu tra vn da chy nng.........................................16
Bng 1- 5 : H thng tin v cc thuc tnh ca xe hi ...................................................20
Bng 1- 6 : Bng quyt nh dng minh ho hm thuc th .........................................26
Bng 1- 7 : H thng tin dng minh ho ma trn phn bit.........................................31
Bng 1- 8 : Mt h thng tin ..........................................................................................35
Bng 3- 1 : Bng quyt nh cho v d minh ho ..........................................................74

Bng 3- 2 : Trng thi ban u.......................................................................................75
Bng 3- 3 : Trng thi tip theo khi thm a ..................................................................76
C
N
TT
Bng 3- 4 : Trng thi tip theo khi thm c ..................................................................76

Bng 3- 5 : Trng thi tip theo khi thm d ..................................................................76
Bng 4- 1 : Kt qu hun luyn, kim tra tp Face_10_24_20......................................99
Bng 4- 2 : Kt qu hun luyn, kim tra tp Face_15_24_20....................................100
K
H
O
A
Bng 4- 3 : Kt qu hun luyn, kim tra tp Face_20_24_20....................................101

Bng 4- 4 : K t qu hun luyn, kim tra tp Face_25_24_20...................................102
================================ 7 ================================
Li M u
-----oOo-----
K
H
TN
Trong chuyn ngnh Tr tu nhn to, Nhn dng l mt trong nhng lnh vc pht
trin sm nht v tm c rt nhiu ng dng trong cuc sng, chng hn nh d
bo tim nng khong sn t nh v tinh, nhn din ti phm qua vn tay, hay gn y
ngi ta a ra khi nim ngi nh thng minh vi nhiu chc nng t ng ho hon
ton da vo kh nng nhn bit cc c im ca ch nhn (nh ting ni, dng
ngi,). Chnh v tm quan trng nh vy, lnh vc Nhn dng thu ht c s
quan tm nghin cu ca nhiu nh khoa hc. Rt nhiu thut ton v m hnh c
a ra nhm tng ti a hiu sut ca cc giai on trong mt h thng nhn dng.

Trong s , vn la chn v rt gn c trng lin quan trc tip n chnh xc
v tc ca h thng. y cng l l do ca vic chn ti :
C
N
TT
Kho St ng Dng Ca Tp Th Trong La Chn V

Rt Gn c Trng Cho Bi Ton
Nhn Dng Mt Ngi
Vic la chn l thuyt Tp th trong vn nu trn xut pht t nhng ng dng

rt thnh cng ca n trong thc t nh cc h d bo hay chun on da trn lut.
K
H
O
A
Ngoi ra, tng gn lin i tng vi thng tin cng nh cc khi nim rt gn
thuc tnh c a ra trong l thuyt ny ha hn kh nng thnh cng cho h thng
nhn dng kt hp vi l thuyt Tp th.

Cui cng, i tng nhn dng c th nghim trong lun vn ny l khun mt
bi y l i tng nghin cu kh l th vi nhiu c im phong ph mang hm

lng thng tin cao nh cm xc, tui tc,v cc h thng nhn dng mt ngi
ang ng vai tr quan trng trong bo mt v an ninh.

Vi cch t vn nh trn, lun vn c cu trc thnh 5 chng nh sau :
================================ 8 ================================
Chng 1 : L thuyt Tp th.

Chng 2 : Bi ton nhn dng mt ngi.
Chng 3 : ng dng Tp th vo bi ton nhn dng mt ngi.
Chng 4 : Ci t chng trnh v th nghim.
K
H
O
A
C
N
TT
K
H
TN
Chng 5 : T nh gi v hng pht trin ngh.
================================ 9 ================================
Chng 1 L thuyt Tp th
Chng 1
L Thuyt Tp Th
K
H
TN
-----oOo-----
1.1. Gii thiu
L thuyt tp th (rough set theory) ln u tin c xut bi Z. Pawlak v

nhanh chng c xem nh mt cng c x l cc thng tin m h v khng chc
chn. Phng php ny ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong lnh vc tr tu nhn to
v cc ngnh khoa hc khc lin quan n nhn thc, c bit l lnh vc my hc, thu
nhn tri thc, phn tch quyt nh, pht hin v khm ph tri thc t c s d liu, cc
h chuyn gia, cc h h tr quyt nh, lp lun da trn quy np v nhn dng [5].
L thuyt tp th da trn gi thit rng nh ngha mt tp hp, chng ta cn

phi c thng tin v mi i tng trong tp v tr. V d, nu cc i tng l nhng
C
N
TT
bnh nhn b mt bnh nht nh th cc triu chng ca bnh to thnh thng tin v
bnh nhn. Nh vy tp th c quan im hon ton khc vi quan im truyn thng
ca tp hp, trong mi tp hp u c nh ngha duy nht bi cc phn t ca n
m khng cn bit bt k thng tin no v cc phn t ca tp hp. R rng, c th tn
ti mt s i tng ging nhau mt s thng tin no , v ta ni chng c quan h
K
H
O
A
bt kh phn bit vi nhau. y chnh l quan h mu cht v l im xut pht ca l

thuyt tp th : bin gii ca tp th l khng r rng, v xc nh n chng ta phi
i xp x n bng cc tp hp khc nhm mc ch cui cng l tr li c (tt nhin
cng chnh xc cng tt) rng mt i tng no c thuc tp hp hay khng. L
thuyt tp th vi cch tip cn nh vy c ng dng trong rt nhiu lnh vc ca
i sng x hi.
================================ 10 ================================
Trong chng ny chng ta s nghin cu cc khi nim v ngha c bn ca l
thuyt tp th. y l nhng kin thc quan trng cho vic p dng tp th vo bi
ton la chn v rt gn c trng cho bi ton nhn dng c cp trong chng 3.
1.2. H thng tin
K
H
TN
Mt tp d liu th hin di dng bng, trong mi dng th hin cho mt

trng hp, mt s kin, mt bnh nhn hay n gin l mt i tng. Mi ct ca
bng th hin mt thuc tnh (l mt gi tr, mt quan st, mt c im, ) c o
lng cho tng i tng. Ngoi ra gi tr ca thuc tnh cng c th c cung cp
bi chuyn gia hay bi ngi s dng. Mt bng nh vy c gi l mt h thng tin
(information system) .
Mt cch hnh thc, h thng tin l mt cp A = (U , A) trong U l tp hu hn

khng rng cc i tng v c gi l tp v tr, A l tp hu hn khng rng cc
thuc tnh sao cho a : U Va vi mi a A . Tp Va c gi l tp gi tr ca thuc
C
N
TT
tnh a .
V d 1-1 : Bng d liu trong Bng 1-1di y cho ta hnh nh v mt h thng
K
H
O
A
tin vi 7 i tng v 2 thuc tnh [1].
Age
LEMS
x1
16 30
50
x2
16 30
x3
31 45
1 25
x4
31 45
1 25
x5
46 60
26 49
x6
16 30
26 49
x7
46 60
26 49
Bng 1- 1 : Mt h thng tin n gin
================================ 11 ================================
Ta c th d dng nhn thy rng trong bng trn, cc cp i tng x3 , x 4 v x5 ,
x7 c gi tr bng nhau ti c hai thuc tnh. Khi ta ni rng cc i tng ny
khng phn bit tng i i vi tp thuc tnh { Age, LEMS} .
K
H
TN
Trong nhiu ng dng, tp v tr c phn chia thnh cc tp i tng con bi

mt tp cc thuc tnh phn bit c gi l tp thuc tnh quyt nh. Ni cch khc
tp v tr c phn lp bi thuc tnh quyt nh. H thng tin trong trng hp
ny c gi l mt h quyt nh. Nh vy h quyt nh l mt h thng tin c dng
A = (U , C D) trong A = C D , C v D ln lt c gi l tp thuc tnh iu
kin v tp thuc tnh quyt nh ca h thng tin.
V d 1-2 : Bng 1-2 di y th hin mt h quyt nh, trong tp thuc tnh
iu kin ging nh trong Bng 1-1 v mt thuc tnh quyt nh {Walk} c thm
vo nhn hai gi tr kt xut l Yes v No [1].
Walk
x1
16 30
50
Yes
x2
16 30
No
x3
31 45
1 25
No
x4
31 45
1 25
Yes
x5
46 60
26 49
No
x6
16 30
26 49
Yes
x7
46 60
26 49
No
C
N
TT
K
H
O
A
LEMS
Age
Bng 1- 2 : Mt h quyt nh vi C = { Age, LEMS} v D = {Walk}
Mt ln na ta thy rng, cc cp i tng x3 , x 4 v x5 , x7 vn c gi tr nh
nhau ti hai thuc tnh iu kin, nhng cp th nht {x3 , x 4 } th c gi tr kt xut khc
nhau (tc gi tr ti thuc tnh quyt nh khc nhau), trong khi cp th hai {x5 , x7 }
th bng nhau ti thuc tnh quyt nh.
================================ 12 ================================
1.3. Quan h bt kh phn bit

1.3.1. S d tha thng tin
Mt h quyt nh (hay mt bng quyt nh) th hin tri thc v cc i tng
K
H
TN
trong th gii thc. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp bng ny c th c tinh gim
do tn ti t nht hai kh nng d tha thng tin sau y :
Nhiu i tng ging nhau, hay khng th phn bit vi nhau li c

th hin lp li nhiu ln.
Mt s thuc tnh c th l d tha, theo ngha khi b i cc thuc tnh

ny th thng tin do bng quyt nh cung cp m chng ta quan tm s
khng b mt mt.
V d 1-3 : Trong bng Bng 1-3 di y, nu chng ta ch quan tm ti tp

thuc tnh {a, b, c} ca cc i tng th ta s c nhn xt : c th b i thuc tnh c m
thng tin v cc i tng vn khng i, chng hn nu ta c mt i tng vi hai
K
H
O
A
tnh c l 1 .
C
N
TT
thuc tnh a , b nhn hai gi tr 0 , 1 th c th ni ngay rng gi tr ca n ti thuc
Bng 1- 3 : Mt bng d liu d tha thng tin
1.3.2. Quan h tng ng - Lp tng ng
================================ 13 ================================
Chng ta bt u xem xt vn d tha thng tin ni trn qua khi nim quan h
tng ng. Mt quan h hai ngi R XxX c gi l quan h tng ng khi v
ch khi :
R l quan h phn x : xRx, x X .
R l quan h i xng : xRy yRx, x, y X .
R l quan h bc cu :
K
H
TN
xRy v yRz xRz , x, y , z X .
Mt quan h tng ng R s phn hoch tp i tng thnh cc lp tng

ng, trong lp tng ng ca mt i tng x l tp tt c cc i tng c
quan h R vi x .
tng ng mt quan h tng ng IND A :
Tip theo, xt h thng tin A = (U , A) . Khi mi tp thuc tnh B A u to ra
IND A (B) = {( x, x' ) U 2 | a B, a( x) = a( x' )}
IND A (B) c gi l quan h B -bt kh phn bit. Nu ( x, x' ) IND A (B) th cc
C
N
TT
i tng x v x' l khng th phn bit c vi nhau qua tp thuc tnh B . Vi mi

i tng x U , lp tng ng ca x trong quan h IND A (B) c k hiu bi
[ x] B . Nu khng b nhm ln ta vit IND(B) thay cho IND A (B) . Cui cng, quan h
B -bt kh phn bit phn hoch tp i tng U thnh cc lp tng ng m ta k
hiu l U | IND( B) .
K
H
O
A
V d 1-4 : Tp thuc tnh {a, b, c} trong Bng 1-3 phn tp i tng {1,2,...,9}
thnh tp lp tng ng sau :

U | IND( B) = {{1}, {2,3,4}, {5,6,7}, {8,9}}
Ta thy, chng hn, do i tng 2 v i tng 3 thuc cng mt lp tng
ng nn chng khng phn bit c vi nhau qua tp thuc tnh {a, b, c} .
V d 1-5 : Trong v d ny chng ta s xem xt cc quan h bt kh phn bit c
nh ngha trong Bng 1-2.
================================ 14 ================================
Chng hn, xt ti thuc tnh {LEMS} , cc i tng x3 , x 4 c cng gi tr 1 25
nn thuc cng lp tng ng nh bi quan h IND({LEMS}) , hay chng bt kh
phn bit qua tp thuc tnh {LEMS} . Tng t nh vy l ba i tng x5 , x6 v x7
K
H
TN
cng thuc vo mt lp tng ng nh bi quan h IND({LEMS}) tng ng vi

gi tr thuc tnh LEMS bng 26 49 .
Quan h IND nh ra ba phn hoch sau ca tp cc i tng trong v tr :

IND ({ Age}) = {{x1 , x 2 , x6 }, {x3 , x 4 }, {x5 , x7 }}
IND({LEMS}) = {{x1 }, {x 2 }, {x3 , x 4 }, {x5 , x6 , x7 }}
IND({ Age, LEMS}) = {{x1 }, {x 2 }, {x3 , x 4 }, {x5 , x7 }, {x6 }}
1.3.3. Thut ton xc nh lp tng ng
Vo :
Ra :
C
N
TT
Tp thuc tnh B
Tp i tng O
Tp cc lp tng ng L
Thut ton :
Bc 1: L =
K
H
O
A
Bc 2: Nu O =
Th : Thc hin bc 5.
Ngc li : Thc hin bc 3.
Ht nu
Bc 3: Xt x O
P = {x}
O = O \ {x}
Vi mi phn t y O :
Nu x v y khng th phn bit c qua tp thuc tnh B
================================ 15 ================================
Th : P = P {y}
O = O \ {y}
Ht nu
Ht vi mi
K
H
TN
L = L {P}
Bc 4: Thc hin bc 2.
Bc 5: Kt thc.
1.4. Xp x tp hp
Nh trn ni, mt quan h tng ng cho ta mt s phn hoch cc i tng
ca tp v tr. Cc lp tng ng ny c th c s dng to nn cc tp con
ca tp v tr. Cc tp con ny thng cha cc i tng c cng gi tr ti tp cc

thuc tnh quyt nh. Trong trng hp ny ta ni rng cc khi nim, hay tp cc gi
tr ti tp cc thuc tnh quyt nh, c th c m t mt cch r rng thng qua tp

d di y.
C
N
TT
cc gi tr ti tp cc thuc tnh iu kin. lm r tng quan trng ny ta xem v

V d 1-6 : Xt h quyt nh iu tra vn da chy nng sau y
Trng
Dng
lng
thuc
Nh
Khng chy nng
Nh
Khng chy nng
Nng
Khng
Chy nng
Trung bnh
Khng
Khng chy nng
STT
K
H
O
A
Kt qu
Bng 1- 4 : Mt h quyt nh iu tra vn da chy nng
Trong h quyt nh trn, thuc tnh Kt qu l thuc tnh quyt nh v hai thuc
tnh gia l thuc tnh iu kin. Tp thuc tnh iu kin C = {Trng lng, Dng
thuc} phn hoch tp cc i tng thnh cc lp tng ng :
================================ 16 ================================
U | IND(C ) = {{1,2}, {3}, {4}}
Nhn xt rng tt c cc i tng thuc cng mt lp tng ng u c cng

gi tr ti thuc tnh quyt nh. Do ta c th m t thuc tnh quyt nh nh sau :
trng lng l nh v c dng thuc hoc
K
H
TN
Kt qu s l khng chy nng nu v ch nu

trng lng trung bnh v khng dng thuc.
Kt qu s l chy nng nu v ch nu
trng lng l nng v khng dng thuc.
Ta ni hai khi nim Chy nng v Khng chy nng trong thuc tnh Kt qu c
th c nh ngha r rng qua 2 thuc tnh Trng lng v Dng thuc. Tuy vy
khng phi lc no cng c th nh ngha mt khi nim no mt cch r rng nh
vy. Chng hn vi bng quyt nh trong Bng 1-2, khi nim Walk khng th nh
ngha r rng qua 2 thuc tnh iu kin Age v LEMS : hai i tng x3 v x 4 thuc
cng mt lp tng ng to bi 2 thuc tnh iu kin nhng li c gi tr khc
ti
thuc
tnh
Walk,
vy
C
N
TT
nhau
nu
mt
tng
no
( Age, LEMS ) = (31 45,1 25) th ta vn khng th bit chc chn gi tr ca n ti thuc
tnh Walk ( Yes hay No ?), ni cch khc ta s khng th c mt lut nh sau : Walk l
Yes nu Age l 31 45 v LEMS l 1 25 . V y chnh l ni m khi nim tp th
c s dng! .
K
H
O
A
Mc d khng th m t khi nim Walk mt cch r rng nhng cn c vo tp
thuc tnh { Age, LEMS} ta vn c th ch ra c chc chn mt s i tng c Walk
l Yes , mt s i tng c Walk l No , cn li l cc i tng thuc v bin gii
ca 2 gi tr Yes v No , c th :
Nu i tng no c gi tr ti tp thuc tnh { Age, LEMS} thuc tp
{{16 30, 50}, {16 30, 26 49}} th n c Walk l Yes .
================================ 17 ================================
{{16 30, 0}, {46 60, 26 49}} th n c Walk l No .
{{31 45, 1 25}} th n c Walk l Yes hoc No . Nhng i tng
K
H
TN
ny, nh ni trn thuc v bin gii ca 2 gi tr Yes v No .

Nhng khi nim trn c th hin mt cch hnh thc nh sau.
Cho h thng tin A = (U , A) , tp thuc tnh B A , tp i tng X U . Chng ta

c th xp x tp hp X bng cch ch s dng cc thuc tnh trong B t vic xy
dng cc tp hp B -xp x di v B -xp x trn c nh ngha nh sau :
B -xp x di ca tp X : B X = {x | [ x] B X }
B -xp x trn ca tp X : B X = {x | [ x] B X }
Tp hp B X l tp cc i tng trong U m s dng cc thuc tnh trong B ta c
th bit chc chn c chng l cc phn t ca X .
C
N
TT
Tp hp B X l tp cc i tng trong U m s dng cc thuc tnh trong B ta ch

c th ni rng chng c th l cc phn t ca X .
Tp hp BN B ( X ) = B X \ B X c gi l B -bin ca tp X v cha nhng i
tng m s dng cc thuc tnh ca B ta khng th xc nh c chng c thuc tp
X hay khng.
K
H
O
A
Tp hp U \ B X c gi l B -ngoi ca tp X , gm nhng i tng m s dng
tp thuc tnh B ta bit chc chn chng khng thuc tp X .

Mt tp hp c gi l th nu ng bin ca n l khng rng, ngc li ta ni
tp ny l r. Lu rng do khi nim bin ca mt tp i tng gn lin vi mt tp

thuc tnh no nn khi nim th hay r y cng gn lin vi tp thuc tnh .
Trong a s trng hp, ngi ta lun mun hnh thnh cc nh ngha ca cc lp
quyt nh t cc thuc tnh iu kin.

V d 1-7 :
================================ 18 ================================
Xt Bng 1-2 trn vi tp i tng W = {x | Walk ( x) = Yes} = {x1 , x 4 , x6 } v tp
thuc tnh B = { Age, LEMS} . Khi ta nhn c cc vng xp x sau y ca W
thng qua B :
K
H
TN
BW = {x1 , x6 } , BW = {x1 , x3 , x 4 , x6 }
BN B (W ) = {x3 , x 4 } , U \ BW = {x 2 , x5 , x 7 }
C
N
TT
Hnh 1- 1 : Xp x tp i tng trong Bng 1- 2 bng cc thuc tnh iu kin Age v

LEMS. Mi vng c th hin km theo tp cc lp tng ng tng ng.
Model
Cylinder
Door
Power
Weight
Mileage
USA
High
Medium
Medium
K
H
O
A
V d 1-8 : Ta xt mt v d khc vi bng gi tr v thuc tnh ca xe hi nh sau :

i
tng
1
2
USA
Medium
Medium
Medium
USA
Medium
Medium
Medium
USA
Medium
Medium
Medium
USA
High
Medium
Medium
USA
High
Medium
USA
High
Medium
Medium
USA
High
Light
High
Medium
================================ 19 ================================
Japan
Low
Light
High
10
Japan
Medium
Medium
High
11
Japan
High
Medium
High
12
Japan
Low
Medium
High
13
Japan
Medium
Medium
High
14
USA
Medium
Medium
High
K
H
TN
Bng 1- 5 : H thng tin v cc thuc tnh ca xe hi

Ta
tp
tr
U = {1,2,...,14} .
Gi
chn
tp
thuc
tnh
B = {Cylinder , Power , Weight} v chn thuc tnh quyt nh l D = Mileage . Nh vy

DMedium =" Mileage = Medium"
thuc tnh quyt nh gm 2 khi nim
DHigh =" Mileage = High" .
DMedium = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
C
N
TT
DHigh = {8,9,10,11,12,13,14}
Cc lp tng ng ng vi quan h IND(B) l : E1 = {1,6} , E 2 = {2} ,

E3 = {3,4,10,13,14} , E 4 = {5,7,11} , E5 = {8} , E 6 = {9} v E 7 = {12} .
Xp x trn v xp x di ca D Medium v D High l :

BDMedium = {E1 , E 2 } = {1,6,2}
K
H
O
A
BDMedium = {E1 , E 2 , E3 , E 4 } = {1,6,2,3,4,10,13,14,5,7,11}
BDHigh = {E5 , E 6 , E 7 } = {8,9,12}

BDHigh = {E3 , E 4 , E5 , E 6 , E 7 } = {3,4,10,13,14,5,7,11,8,9,12}
Mt s tnh cht ca cc tp hp xp x
1. B ( X ) X B( X )
2. B () = B() = , B (U ) = B(U ) = U
================================ 20 ================================
3. B ( X Y ) = B( X ) B(Y )
4. B ( X Y ) = B( X ) B(Y )
5. Nu X Y th B( X ) B(Y ), B( X ) B(Y )
K
H
TN
6. B ( X Y ) B( X ) B(Y )
7. B ( X Y ) B( X ) B(Y )
8. B (U \ X ) = U \ B( X )
9. B (U \ X ) = U \ B( X )
11. B ( B( X )) = B( B( X )) = B( X )
Ta chng minh mt s nh l in hnh.
10. B ( B( X )) = B( B( X )) = B( X )
3. T nh ngha xp x trn ta c:
o B( X Y ) P U | IND( B) : (o P, P ( X Y ) )
C
N
TT
Mt khc : P ( X Y ) P X hoc P Y .
Do :
o B( X Y ) (o P, P X ) hoc (o P, P Y )
(o B ( X )) hoc (o B (Y ))
o B ( X ) B (Y )
K
H
O
A
(pcm)
4. Chng minh tng t 3.

5. Chng minh : ( X Y ) ( B ( X ) B (Y ))
Gi s : X Y
Xt o B ( X ) . Khi : P, P U | IND( B) : o P, P X .
M X Y
nn P Y . Nhng theo nh ngha tp xp x di :
B (Y ) = {x | x P, P U | IND( B), P Y }
Nn : P B (Y ) , t : o B (Y )
================================ 21 ================================
Vy : B ( X ) B (Y ) . Tng t ta chng minh c B ( X ) B (Y )
6. Xt o B ( X ) B (Y ) P, P U | IND( B), o P, ( P X P Y )
P X Y . Mt khc theo nh ngha tp xp x di :
Vy : P B ( X Y ) , t o B ( X Y )
pcm.
7. Chng minh tng t 6
8. Ta c : B (U \ X ) = {
K
H
TN
B ( X Y ) = {x | x P, P U | IND( B), P X Y }
U P | P U | IND( B), P U \ X }
= U \ {U P | P U | IND( B ),P X }
= U \ B ( X ) (pcm).
10. T nh ngha ca tp xp x di :
9. Chng minh tng t hoc c th suy ra t 8.
B ( B( X )) = {x U | [ x] B B( X )}
= {x U | [ x] B X } , v B( X ) X
C
N
TT
= B( X )
Tng t : B ( B ( X )) = B ( X ) . Vy ta c pcm.
11. Chng minh tng t 10.
Da vo ngha ca cc xp x trn v xp x di, ngi ta nh ngha bn lp c

bn ca cc tp th, hay bn hnh thc ca s m h (vagueness) :
K
H
O
A
(a) X c gi l B -nh ngha c mt cch th (roughly B -definable) nu
v ch nu B( X ) v B ( X ) U .
(b) X c gi l B -khng nh ngha c mt cch ni vi (internally B undefinable) nu v ch nu B ( X ) = v B ( X ) U .
(c) X c gi l B -khng nh ngha c mt cch ngoi vi (externally B undefinable) nu v ch nu B ( X ) v B( X ) = U .
================================ 22 ================================
(d) X c gi l B -khng nh ngha c mt cch hon ton (totally B undefinable) nu v ch nu B ( X ) = v B( X ) = U .
Cc khi nim trn c th din t nh sau :
X l B -nh ngha c mt cch th ngha l : vi s gip ca tp
mt s i tng ca U thuc v U \ X .
K
H
TN
thuc tnh B ta c th ch ra mt s i tng ca U thuc v tp X v

X l B -khng nh ngha c mt cch ni vi ngha l : s dng tp
thuc tnh B ta c th ch ra mt s i tng ca U thuc v U \ X ,

nhng li khng th ch ra c cc i tng thuc v X .
X l B -khng nh ngha c mt cch ngoi vi ngha l : s dng tp
thuc tnh B ta c th ch ra mt s i tng ca U thuc v X , nhng

khng ch ra c cc i tng thuc v U \ X .
X l B -khng nh ngha c mt cch hon ton ngha l : s dng
C
N
TT
tp thuc tnh B ta khng th ch ra bt k i tng no ca U thuc v

X hay thuc v U \ X .
Cui cng, mt tp th c th c nh lng bi h s :

B (X ) =
| B( X ) |
| B( X ) |
c gi l chnh xc ca xp x, trong | X | ch s phn t ca tp X . R
K
H
O
A
rng 0 < B ( X ) < 1 . Nu B ( X ) = 1 th X l r ( chnh xc) i vi tp thuc tnh B .
Ngc li, nu B ( X ) < 1 th X l th (m h) i vi tp thuc tnh B .

Chng ta kt thc mc ny vi thut ton xc nh cc xp x trn v xp x di
ca mt tp i tng theo mt tp thuc tnh cho trc.

Thut ton xc nh xp x di
Vo :
Tp cc i tng X
================================ 23 ================================
Tp cc thuc tnh B
Ra :
Tp cc i tng B X
Bc 1 : Khi to B X = .
K
H
TN
Thut ton :
Xc nh tp cc phn hoch P ca tp v tr U to bi B.
Bc 2 : U1 = U
Nu U1
Th : Thc hin bc 3.
Ngc li : Thc hin bc 5

Ht nu
Bc 3 : Xt x U1
C
N
TT
Nu Pi X
Tm phn hoch Pi P sao cho : x Pi .

Th : B X = B X Pi
Ht nu
U 1 = U1 \ Pi .
Bc 4 : Thc hin bc 2.
K
H
O
A
Bc 5 : Kt thc
Thut ton xc nh xp x trn
Vo :
Tp cc i tng X
Tp cc thuc tnh B
Ra :
Tp cc i tng B X
Thut ton :
================================ 24 ================================
Bc 1 : Khi to B X = .
Xc nh tp cc phn hoch P ca tp v tr U to bi B.
Bc 2 : X1 = X
Th : Thc hin bc 3.
Ngc li : Thc hin bc 5
Ht nu
Bc 3 : Xt x X1 .
Tm phn hoch Pi P sao cho : x Pi .
B X = B X Pi
Vi mi p Pi X1
C
N
TT
X1 = X1 \ {p}
Ht vi mi
K
H
TN
Nu X1
Bc 5 : Kt thc.
1.5. S khng chc chn v hm thuc

Chng ta bit BN B ( X ) l tp cc i tng trong tp v tr U m bng cch s
dng tp thuc tnh B ta khng th xc nh c chc chn chng c thuc tp i
K
H
O
A
tng X hay khng. Do , s khng chc chn trong ng cnh ny gn vi mt cu
hi v thuc (membership) ca cc phn t vo mt tp hp.

Trong l thuyt tp hp c in, mt phn t hoc l thuc vo tp hp hoc khng.
Nh vy hm thuc tng ng l mt hm c trng cho tp hp, ngha l hm s nhn

gi tr 0 v 1 tng ng.
Trong l thuyt tp th, hm thuc th XB l khi nim dng o mc thuc
ca i tng x trong tp v tr U vo tp cc i tng X U , v c tnh bi
================================ 25 ================================
mc giao nhau gia tp X v lp tng ng [ x] B m i tng x thuc v. Mt
cch hnh thc, ta c :
[0,1]
[ x] B X
[ x] B
Mt s tnh cht ca hm thuc th

1. XB ( x) = 1 x B X
2. XB ( x) = 0 x U B X
3. 0 < XB ( x) < 1 x BN B ( X )
5. UB X ( x) = 1 XB ( x), x U
4. XB ( x) = XB ( y ) nu ( x, y ) IND( B)
K
H
TN
XB : U
6. XB Y ( x) = max( XB ( x), YB ( x)), x U
C
N
TT
7. XB Y ( x) = min( XB ( x), YB ( x)), x U

V d 1-9 : Xt bng quyt nh di y
A1
A2
A3
A4
x0
34
Black
x1
23
Blue
x2
32
White
x3
12
Black
x4
32
Blue
x5
12
Black
K
H
O
A
A0
Bng 1- 6 : Bng quyt nh dng minh ho hm thuc th
================================ 26 ================================
Xt tp thuc tnh B = { A0 , A1 } v tp i tng X = {x0 , x1 , x3 } . Lp tng ng
tng ng vi quan h IND(B) l : E1 = {x0 } , E 2 = {x1 } , E3 = {x 2 } , E 4 = {x3 , x5 } ,
E 5 = {x 4 } .
XB ( x0 ) =
XB ( x 0 ) =
{x0 }
{x0 }
= 1 .0
{x3 }
{x3 , x5 }
= 0 .5
K
H
TN
p dng nh ngha hm thuc th, ta thu c :
T nh ngha hm thuc th, hai khi nim xp x trn v xp x di c th c

1
2
xy dng mt cch tng qut tng ng vi mt r bt k ( ,1] nh sau :
B ( X ) = {x | XB ( x) }
B ( X ) = {x | XB ( x) > 1 }
C
N
TT
Lu rng hai khi nim xp x trn v xp x di m ta xy dng trong phn

1.4 tng ng vi trng hp r = 1.0 .
1.6. S ph thuc gia cc tp thuc tnh

Mt vn quan trng trong phn tch d liu l khm ph s ph thuc gia cc
thuc tnh. Mt cch trc gic, mt tp thuc tnh D c cho l ph thuc hon ton
K
H
O
A
vo tp thuc tnh C , k hiu C D , nu tt c cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh trong D

c th c xc nh duy nht bi cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh trong C . Ni cch
khc, D ph thuc hon ton vo C nu tn ti mt nh x t cc gi tr ca tp C ti

cc gi tr ca tp D . Khi nim ph thuc thuc tnh c th hin di dng hnh
thc nh sau.
Cho C v D l cc tp con ca tp thuc tnh A . Ta ni D ph thuc C vi
ph thuc k (0 k 1) , k hiu C k D nu :
================================ 27 ================================
k = (C , D) =
| POS C ( D) |
|U |
trong
POS C ( D) =
UC( X )
K
H
TN
X U | IND ( D )
c gi l C -vng dng ca D . y l tp cc i tng ca U m bng cch s

dng tp thuc tnh C ta c th phn chng mt cch duy nht vo cc phn hoch ca
U theo tp thuc tnh D .
D dng thy rng :
X U | IND ( D )
CX
U
(C , D) =
Nu k = 1 th ta ni D ph thuc hon ton vo C , ngc li nu k < 1 th ta ni D

ph thuc mt phn vo C vi ph thuc k .
C th nhn thy rng nu D ph thuc hon ton vo C th IND(C ) IND( D) .
C
N
TT
iu ny c ngha l cc phn hoch to ra bi tp thuc tnh C mn hn cc phn

hoch to ra bi D .
1.7. Rt gn thuc tnh

1.7.1. Khi nim
Trong phn 1.3 chng cp n hai kh nng d tha trong mt h thng tin,
K
H
O
A
l :
Cc i tng ging nhau theo mt tp thuc tnh ang quan tm c lp

li nhiu ln.
Mt s thuc tnh c th c b i m thng tin chng ta ang quan tm do

bng quyt nh cung cp vn khng b mt mt.
Vi trng hp th nht, khi nim lp tng ng hin nhin cho ta mt tip cn
t nhin trong vic tinh gim thng tin cn lu tr trong mt h thng tin : ch cn s
dng mt i tng i din cho mi lp tng ng. Trong phn ny chng ta
================================ 28 ================================
nghin cu tip cn cho loi d tha thng tin th hai, l ch gi li nhng thuc
tnh bo ton quan h bt kh phn bit, v do bo ton kh nng xp x tp hp
trong mt h thng tin.
Xt h thng tin A = (U , A) v hai tp thuc tnh P, Q A . Thuc tnh a P c
K
H
TN
gi l c th b c (dispensible) trong P nu IND( P) = IND( P {a}) , ngc li ta

ni a l khng th b c (indispensible) trong P . R rng thuc tnh c th b c
khng lm tng / gim kh nng phn loi khi c / khng c mt thuc tnh trong
P . Tp tt c cc thuc tnh khng th b c trong P c gi l li (core) ca P ,
k hiu CORE (P) . Lu rng li c th l tp rng, v khi mi tp con ca P vi
lc lng bng card ( P) 1 u gi nguyn kh nng phn loi ca P .
Khi loi ra khi P mt s thuc tnh c th b c th ta c mt tp rt gn ca

P . Ni cch khc, rt gn ca mt tp thuc tnh P l tp thuc tnh B P gi
nguyn kh nng phn loi ca P , hay IND( B) = IND( P) . D dng thy rng, v li ca
C
N
TT
P l tp cc thuc tnh khng th b c ca P nn tt c cc rt gn ca P u
cha tp thuc tnh li.
Mt rt gn B ca tp thuc tnh P c gi l rt gn hon ton nu vi mi tp

thuc tnh B ' B , B ' khng l rt gn ca P . Nh vy rt gn hon ton l tp thuc
tnh nh nht trong tt c cc rt gn c th c ca P v c k hiu l RED(P) .
K
H
O
A
Tnh cht : Tp thuc tnh li ca P l giao ca tt c cc rt gn hon ton ca P ,

tc l :
CORE ( P) = I RED( P)
minh ho cho nhng khi nim trn, ta xt v d sau.

V d 1-10 : Xt Bng 1-3 vi tp thuc tnh P = {a, b, c} . Ta c :
U | IND( P) = {{1}, {2,3,4}, {5,6}, {7,8,9}}
U | IND({a}) = {{1,2,3,4}, {5,6,7,8,9}}
U | IND({b}) = {{1,5,6}, {2,3,4,7,8,9}}

U | IND({c}) = {{1,2,3,4}, {5,6,7,8,9}}
================================ 29 ================================
U | IND({a, b}) = {{1}, {2,3,4}, {5,6}, {7,8,9}}
U | IND({b, c}) = {{1}, {2,3,4}, {5,6}, {7,8,9}}
U | IND({c, a}) = {{1,2,3,4}, {5,6,7,8,9}}
V {a, b} v {b, c} l hai tp thuc tnh con nh nht ca P v gi nguyn kh nng
l hai rt gn hon ton ca P . Li ca P l {b} .
K
H
TN
phn loi tp U ca P , tc l : U | IND({a, b}) = U | IND({b, c}) = U | IND( P) nn chng
Thuc tnh a c gi l Q - c th b c (Q dispensible) trong P nu

POS P (Q) = POS P {a} (Q) , ngc li l Q - khng th b c (Q-indispensible). Tp tt
c cc thuc tnh Q - khng th b c trong P c gi l Q - li tng i (Q
relative core) ca P hay Q - li (Q core) ca P v c k hiu l COREQ (P) .
Tp thuc tnh B P c gi l Q - rt gn (Q reduct) ca P khi v ch khi
POS B (Q) = POS P (Q) . Mt tp Q - rt gn B ca P l Q - rt gn hon ton nu vi
C
N
TT
mi tp thuc tnh B ' B , B ' khng l Q - rt gn ca P . Nh vy, Q - rt gn hon

ton ca P l tp thuc tnh nh nht trong tt c cc Q - rt gn ca P v c k
hiu l REDQ (P) .
Tnh cht : Tp thuc tnh Q - li ca P l giao ca tt c cc tp thuc tnh Q rt gn tng i ca P , tc l : COREQ ( P) = I REDQ ( P) .
K
H
O
A
V d 1-11 : Xt h thng tin trong Bng 16 vi tp thuc tnh P = { A0 , A1 , A2 } v
Q = { A4 } . Khi : COREQ (P) = v REDQ ( P) = {{ A0 }, { A1 , A1 }} .
1.7.2. Ma trn phn bit v hm phn bit

Phn trn cung cp cc khi nim v rt gn thuc tnh trong mt h thng tin, tuy
nhin chng cha tht s r nt v trc quan. Trong phn ny chng ta s thy c
bn cht ca mt rt gn ca tp thuc tnh, v y l c s hiu c cc thut ton

tm tp rt gn trong mt h thng tin.
================================ 30 ================================
Xt h thng tin A = (U , A) c n i tng. Ma trn phn bit ca A l ma trn i
xng kch thc nxn c cc phn t cij c cho nh sau :
cij = {a A | a( xi ) a( x j )} vi i, j = 1,2,..., n
K
H
TN
Nh vy mi phn t cij ca ma trn phn bit l tp hp cc thuc tnh phn

bit hai i tng xi v x j .
V d 1-12 : Xt mt h thng tin n gin trong Bng 1-7 vi 3 thuc tnh v 4

i tng. Phn t ti dng 1 ct 3 cng nh phn t ti dng 3 ct 1 l tp thuc tnh
{a, c} ni ln rng hai i tng x1 v x3 nhn gi tr khc nhau ti hai thuc tnh a v
x2
C
N
TT
x1
c.
x3
x4
Bng 1- 7 : H thng tin dng minh ho ma trn phn bit

H thng tin trn s c ma trn phn bit kch thc 4 x 4 nh sau :
x2
x3
x4
x1
{}
{b, c}
{a, c}
{}
x2
{b, c}
{}
{a, b}
{b, c}
x3
{a, c}
{a, b}
{}
{a, c}
x4
{}
{b, c}
{a, c}
{}
K
H
O
A
x1
Hnh 1- 2 : Ma trn phn bit ca Bng1-7
================================ 31 ================================
Ma trn phn bit khng ch c nh ngha trn tp tt c cc thuc tnh ca h
thng tin m cn c th c xy dng trn mt tp thuc tnh B A bt k. Trong
trng hp , phn t cij l tp cc thuc tnh trong B phn bit hai i tng xi , x j .
Chng hn vi h thng tin trong Bng 1-7, ma trn phn bit xy dng trn tp thuc
K
H
TN
tnh {a, b} c th hin trong Hnh 1-3.
Xt ma trn phn bit c xy dng trn tp thuc tnh B A . Gi s tp thuc

tnh B phn hoch tp i tng thnh cc lp tng ng X 1 , X 2 ,..., X K , v do hai
i tng thuc mt lp tng ng th nhn gi tr nh nhau ti cc thuc tnh trong
B nn thay v xy dng ma trn phn bit gia tng cp i tng, ta xy dng ma
trn phn bit gia tng cp lp tng ng. Khi , phn t cij , i, j {1,2,..., K } l
tp hp thuc tnh phn bit hai i tng bt k thuc hai lp tng ng X i v X j ,
x2
C
N
TT
x1
hay c th ni cij l tp cc thuc tnh phn bit
x3
x4
x1
{}
{b}
{a}
{}
x2
{b}
{}
{a, b}
{b}
x3
{a}
{a, b}
{}
{a}
x4
{}
{b}
{a}
{}
K
H
O
A
Hnh 1- 3 : Ma trn phn bit ca h thng tin Bng 1-7 xy

dng trn tp thuc tnh {a, b}
hai lp tng ng X i v X j . R rng, ma trn phn bit gia tng lp tng ng

vn gi nguyn gi tr v thng tin nh ma trn phn bit gia tng cp i tng,
ngoi ra kch thc ma trn phn bit c gim i ng k.

V d 1-13 : Vi h thng tin trong Bng 1-7, tp thuc tnh {a, b} phn tp i
tng thnh ba lp tng ng : X 1 = {x1 , x 4 } , X 2 = {x 2 } v X 3 = {x3 } . Ma trn phn
================================ 32 ================================
bit gia cc lp tng ng xy dng trn tp thuc tnh {a, b} s c kch thc 3x3
v c th hin trong Hnh 1-4.
X2
X3
X1
{}
{b}
{a}
X2
{b}
{}
X3
{a}
{a, b}
K
H
TN
X1
{a, b}
{}
Hnh 1- 4 : Ma trn phn bit gia cc lp tng ng ca
h thng tin Bng 1-7 xy dng trn tp thuc tnh {a, b} .
Cui cng, trong mt bng quyt nh ngi ta cn a ra khi nim ma trn phn
bit tng i. Phn t cij ca ma trn ny s l tp nu hai i tng xi , x j thuc
cng mt lp tng ng, ngc li cij l tp thuc tnh phn bit hai i tng xi ,
C
N
TT
x j nhng khng k thuc tnh quyt nh.
V d 1-14 : Xt h thng tin trong Bng 1-7 : A = (U ,{a, b} {c}) . Ma trn phn
bit tng i c th hin trong Hnh 1-5 di y.
x2
x3
x4
x1
{}
{b}
{a}
{}
x2
{b}
{}
{}
{b}
x3
{a}
{}
{}
{a}
x4
{}
{b}
{a}
{}
K
H
O
A
x1
Hnh 1- 5 : Ma trn phn bit tng i
Ma trn phn bit cho ta thng tin v cc thuc tnh phn bit hai i tng bt k
ca h thng tin. V do rt gn B ca mt tp thuc tnh P bo ton kh nng phn
================================ 33 ================================
loi ca P nn B phi c giao khc rng vi tt c cc phn t ca ma trn phn bit
xy dng trn P , v tp thuc tnh con nh nht ca P c giao khc rng vi mi phn
t ca ma trn phn bit chnh l rt gn hon ton ca tp thuc tnh P . T nhn xt
ny ta c th a ra mt heuristic tm rt gn ca tp thuc tnh P da vo ma trn
K
H
TN
phn bit : a thuc tnh v c mt nhiu nht trong ma trn phn bit vo tp rt gn,
chuyn cc phn t ca ma trn phn bit c cha v thnh v lp li qu trnh ny
cho ti khi mi phn t ca ma trn phn bit u l tp rng. Chng hn vi ma trn
phn bit ca Bng 1-7 trong Hnh 1-2, cc thuc tnh a , b v c tng ng xut hin
6 , 6 v 8 ln nn u tin ta chn thuc tnh c vo tp rt gn v bin nhng phn t
c cha c thnh tp rng. Ma trn phn bit lc ny, th hin Hnh 1-6 bn di, c
hai thuc tnh a v b cng xut hin 2 ln. Vic chn a hoc b vo tp rt gn
bc tip theo u lm cho ma trn phn bit cha ton cc phn t l tp rng. Vy
tp rt gn l {a, c} hoc {b, c} .
Tt c cc rt gn ca mt h thng tin c th tm c thng qua hm phn bit.
C
N
TT
Vi h thng tin A = (U , A) c ma trn phn bit M = (cij ) , hm phn bit f A ca A

c xy dng di dng tuyn chun tc nh sau :
x2
x3
x4
x1
{}
{}
{}
{}
x2
{}
{}
{a, b}
{}
x3
{}
{a, b}
{}
{}
x4
{}
{}
{}
{}
K
H
O
A
x1
Hnh 1- 6 : Ma trn phn bit Hnh 1-2 sau khi chn c
vo tp rt gn
f A = i , j ,i < j ,c
ij
{ cij* | cij* cij }
Chng hn, hm phn bit tng ng vi ma trn Hnh 1-2 l :
================================ 34 ================================
f A = (b c) (a c) (a b) (b c) (a c)
S dng cc tnh cht trong i s Boolean nh lut ht, phn phi, ta c th a

hm phn bit v dng hi chun tc, t tm c cc rt gn ca h thng tin.
V d 1-15 : Xt h thng tin vi tp thuc tnh {a, b, c, d , e} v tp i tng
K
H
TN
{o1 , o2 ,..., o5 } trong Bng 1-8.
Hm phn bit cho h thng tin ny l :
f A = (a c d e) (a) (a d e) (b) (c e)
( a b c d e) ( a b ) ( a b d e)
p dng lut ht :
o1
o2
o3
o4
o5
C
N
TT
x ( x y) = x
x ( x y) = x
Bng 1- 8 : Mt h thng tin
K
H
O
A
hm phn bit c n gin thnh:

f A = (a) (b) (c e)
p dng lut phn phi, ta c :

f A = ( a b c ) ( a b e)
Biu thc trn ni ln rng : bo ton kh nng phn loi ca tp thuc tnh ban
u, ta cn s dng tp thuc tnh {a, b, c} hoc {a, b, e} . y cng chnh l hai rt gn

hon ton ca h thng tin.
================================ 35 ================================
Cui cng mt rt gn ca h thng tin tm c da trn ma trn phn bit tng
i c gi l rt gn tng i ca h thng tin.
Mt s lu v hm phn bit :
Cc ton t v s dng trong hm phn bit khng phi l cc ton t
K
H
TN
Boolean v chng khng nhn cc gi tr true hay false m th hin cho ng

ngha c mt hay khng c mt ca mt thuc tnh no . Theo , hm phn
bit :
f A = (a b c f ) (b d ) (a d e f )
(a b c d ) (b d e f ) (d c)
c hiu nh sau : cc i tng trong h thng tin c th c phn bit vi
nhau bng cch s dng (thuc tnh a hoc b hoc c hoc f ) v (thuc tnh b
hoc d ) v (thuc tnh a hoc d hoc e hoc f ) v (thuc tnh a hoc b hoc
c hoc d ) v (thuc tnh b hoc d hoc e hoc f ) v (thuc tnh d hoc c ).
C
N
TT
Hm phn bit c th xem nh mt tp cc tp hp. V d, hm phn bit trong

lu trn tng ng vi tp :
C = {{a, b, c, f }, {b, d }, {a, d , e, f }, {a, b, c, d }, {b, d , e, f }, {d , c}}
V cng ging nh vi ma trn phn bit, tp nh nht c giao vi tt c cc

phn t ca C chnh l cc rt gn ca h thng tin tng ng. V d : {a, d } l
K
H
O
A
mt trong cc tp nh nht c giao vi tt c cc phn t ca C nn n l mt

rt gn ca h thng tin.
1.8. Mt s thut ton hiu qu

Trong nhng phn trn, cng vi phn trnh by khi nim chng ta cng c mt
s thut ton nh xc nh cc lp tng ng, tm xp x trn, xp x di. Phn ny

trnh by mt s thut ton c bit hiu qu trn cc bng d liu ln [7].
1.8.1. Lp tng ng
Vo :
================================ 36 ================================
H thng tin A = (U , A)
Tp thuc tnh B A
Ra : Tp cc lp tng ng { X 1B ,..., X mB } ca quan h IND(B) .
Thut ton :
K
H
TN
Bc 1 : Sp xp tp i tng trong U da trn mt th t c nh ngha trn

tp thuc tnh B , k hiu < B :
m
x11 = B ... = B xi11 < B x12 = B ... = B xi22 < B ... < B x1m = B ... = B xim
trong 0 < m n , 0 < i1 ,..., im n v i1 + ... + im = n .
lp tng ng ca quan h IND(B) .
Xp x trn, xp x di
1.8.2.
Bc 2 : t X Bj = {x1j ,..., xij }, j = 1,..., m . Khi cc tp hp X 1B , X 2B ,..., X mB l cc
C
N
TT
Vo :
Tp thuc tnh B A
Tp i tng X U
Ra : Tp cc i tng B X v B X .
K
H
O
A
Thut ton :
Bc 1 : Xc nh cc lp tng ng X 1B , X 2B ,..., X mB ca quan h IND(B) .

Bc 2 : t B X = v B X = .
Bc 3 :
Vi mi j = 1,2,..., m
Nu X Bj X
Th : B X = B X X Bj
================================ 37 ================================
Ht nu
Nu X Bj X
Th : B X = B X X Bj
K
H
TN
Ht nu
Ht vi mi
1.8.3.
Vng dng
Vo :
Tp thuc tnh C , D A
Ra : Tp cc i tng C - vng dng ca D .
Thut ton :
Bc 1 : Xc nh cc lp tng ng X 1C , X 2C ,..., X mC ca quan h IND(C ) .
Bc 3 :
C
N
TT
Bc 2 : POS C (D) = .
Vi mi j = 1,2,..., m
Nu mi i tng trong X Cj bng nhau ti tt c cc thuc

tnh trong D
K
H
O
A
Th : POS C ( D) = POS C ( D) X Cj
Ht nu
Ht vi mi
1.8.4. Rt gn thuc tnh

Xt h thng tin A = (U , A) . Vi bt k B A v X U , quan h tng ng
IND(B) gii hn trn tp i tng X c k hiu l IND X (B) v tp cc lp tng
ng to bi quan h ny l [ IND X ( B)] .
================================ 38 ================================
Vi thuc tnh a A , gi s [ IND X (a )] = { X 1 , X 2 ,..., X m } . t x = X
xi = X i , i = 1,..., m . S W X (a) cc cp i tng trong X phn bit nhau ti thuc tnh

a c tnh t cng thc :
i j
x 2 xi2
K
H
TN
W X (a) =
x x
i =1
B : Gi s [ IND X ( B)] = { X 1 , X 2 ,..., X m } v a A \ B . Khi ta c

m
1. [ IND X ( B {a})] = U [ IND X (a)]

i
i =1
2. Vi WBX (a ) l s lng cp i tng trong X phn bit nhau ti thuc tnh

m
a nhng bng nhau ti cc thuc tnh trong B : WBX (a) = W X i (a)

i =1
Trong phn tip theo chng ta a ra hai chin lc tm tp thuc tnh rt gn :

chin lc Johnson v chin lc ngu nhin.
C
N
TT
1.8.4.1. Chin lc Johnson

Vo : H thng tin A = (U , A) .
Ra : Tp thuc tnh rt gn R A .
Chin lc :
Bc 1 : t R = , L = {U } .
K
H
O
A
Bc 3 :
Vi mi a A
Vi mi X i L
Tm [ IND X (a)] .
i
Tnh W X (a )
i
Ht vi mi
================================ 39 ================================
Tnh WRU (a ) = W X (a) + ... + W X (a) .
m
Ht vi mi
Bc 4 : Chn thuc tnh a c gi tr WRU (a) ln nht.
K
H
TN
Bc 5 : A = A \ {a} , R = R {a} .
Bc 6 : L = [ IND X (a)] ... [ IND X (a )] .
m
Bc 7 :
Nu WRU (a) = 0 hoc A =
Th : Dng
1.8.4.2. Chin lc ngu nhin
Vo : H thng tin A = (U , A) .
Ra : Tp thuc tnh rt gn R A .
Chin lc :
C
N
TT
Bc 1 : t R = , L = {U } .
Bc 3 :
Vi mi a A
Tnh WRU (a ) nh bc 3 ca chin lc Johnson.
K
H
O
A
Ht vi mi
Bc 4 : Chn ngu nhin mt thuc tnh a vi xc sut :

P(a) =
WRU (a )
vi mi a A .
WRU a j
Bc 5 : A = A \ {a} , R = R {a} .
Bc 6 : L = [ IND X (a)] ... [ IND X (a )] .

1
Bc 7 :
================================ 40 ================================
Nu WRU (a) = 0 hoc A =
Th : Dng
1.8.4.3. Loi b thuc tnh tha trong mt rt gn
K
H
TN
Rt gn tm c bi hai chin lc trn vn c th cha cc thuc tnh tha, theo

ngha, vic loi b chng ra khi rt gn khng lm vng dng ca tp rt gn ban
u so vi thuc tnh quyt nh b thay i. Do ta cn mt thut ton loi b cc
thuc tnh d tha ny.
Vo :
H thng tin A = (U , C D) .
Tp rt gn R .
Ra : Tp rt gn R ' R .
Thut ton :
Bc 2 :
C
N
TT
Bc 1 : Tnh POS R (D) v t m = POS R (D) .

Vi mi a A
Tnh POS R \{a} ( D) v t ma = POS R \{a} ( D) .
K
H
O
A
Nu ma = m
Th : R = R \ {a} .
Ht nu
Ht vi mi
Bc 3 : R ' = R .
================================ 41 ================================
Chng 2 Bi ton Nhn dng mt ngi
Chng 2
Bi Ton Nhn Dng Mt Ngi
K
H
TN
-----oOo-----
2.1. Gii thiu
Trong th gii ngy nay vi s pht trin mnh m ca k thut s v mng ton
cu, vn m bo an ton v thng tin cng nh vt cht tr nn ngy cng quan
trng v kh khn. Thnh thong chng ta li nghe ni n nhng v nh cp th tn
dng, t nhp tri php vo cc h thng my tnh hay to nh ca c quan nh nc,

chnh ph. Hn 100 triu la l con s b tht thot M vo nm 1998 do cc v
gian ln v xm nhp ni trn (theo Reuters, 1999) [5]. Trong a s cc v phm php
ny, bn ti phm li dng nhng khe h c bn trong qu trnh truy cp vo cc h

thng thng tin v kim sot. Phn ln nhng h thng ny khng thc hin quyn truy
C
N
TT
cp ca ngi s dng da vo thng tin chng ta l ai m ch da vo chng ta c

g. Ni cch khc, thng tin m ngi s dng cung cp cho h thng khng c trng
c cho bn thn h, m ch l nhng g h hin ang s hu nh s chng minh
nhn dn, cha kho, mt m, s th tn dng hoc h tn. R rng nhng thng tin hay
vt dng ny khng mang tnh c trng m ch mang tnh xc thc i vi ngi s
K
H
O
A
dng, v nu chng b nh cp hay sao chp th k trm hon ton c quyn truy
nhp, s dng d liu hay phng tin ca chng ta bt c lc no h mun. Hin nay,
nhng cng ngh hin i cho php vic xc thc da vo bn cht ca tng c
nhn. Cng ngh ny da trn lnh vc c gi l sinh trc hc. Kim sot bng sinh
trc hc l nhng phng php t ng cho php xc thc hay nhn dng mt c nhn
da vo cc c trng sinh l hc ca ngi nh c im vn tay, gng mt,
gen, hoc da trn nhng c im lin quan n c trng hnh vi nh dng ch
vit, cch g phm, ging niV nhng h thng nhn dng bng sinh trc hc s
================================ 42 ================================

dng thng tin sinh hc ca con ngi nn kt qu chnh xc v c bit l rt kh b
gi mo.
Cc c trng sinh l hc l duy nht mi ngi v rt him khi thay i, trong
khi c trng hnh vi c th thay i bt thng do cc yu t tm l nh cng
K
H
TN
thng, mt mi hay bnh tt. Chnh v l do ny, cc h thng nhn dng da trn c
trng sinh l t ra n nh hn cc h thng da vo c trng hnh vi. Tuy nhin,
nhn dng bng cc c trng hnh vi c u im l d s dng v thun tin hn :
thay v phi t mt trc mt my qut in t hay ly ra mt git mu, ngi s
dng s cm thy thoi mi hn khi c yu cu k tn hay ni vo mt micro.
Nhn dng gng mt l mt trong s t cc phng php nhn dng da vo c

trng sinh l cho kt qu chnh xc cao ng thi rt thun tin khi s dng. Hn na,
trong s cc c trng sinh l hc, gng mt ca mi ngi l yu t u tin v quan
trng nht cho vic nhn bit ln nhau cng nh biu t cm xc. Kh nng nhn
dng ni chung v kh nng nhn bit gng mt ngi ni ring ca con ngi tht
C
N
TT
ng kinh ngc. Chng ta c kh nng nhn ra hng ngn gng mt ca nhng ngi
mnh gp, giao tip trong cuc sng ch bng mt ci nhn thong qua, thm ch
sau nhiu nm khng gp cng nh nhng s thay i trn gng mt do tui tc, cm
xc, trang phc, mu tc,Do , vic nghin cu cc c tnh ca gng mt ngi
thu ht rt nhiu nh trit hc, nh khoa hc qua nhiu th k, trong c c
K
H
O
A
Aristotle v Darwin [1].
Chnh v nhng l do trn, t nhng nm 1970, nhn dng mt ngi thu ht s
quan tm ca nhiu nh nghin cu trong cc lnh vc nh bo mt, tm l hc, x l

nh v th gic my tnh. Ngy nay cc chng trnh my tnh v nhn dng mt ngi
tm c nhng ng dng thc t nh [3] :
Nhn dng ti phm
================================ 43 ================================

Cc h thng nhn dng mt ngi c tch hp vo trong cc h thng
kim sot sn bay v c s dng tm kim v nhn din nhng tn
khng b hay bn bun bn ma tu.
Kim sot truy cp vo cc h thng my tnh trong mi trng cng tc
K
H
TN
Vic kim tra ng nhp vo cc h thng my PC c kt hp gia thng

tin mt m v / hoc nhn dng mt ngi. iu ny gip ngi lm vic
khng cm thy b ri bi trong cc th tc truy cp phc tp ng thi vn
m bo c tin cy i vi thng tin khch hng v cc b mt trong
kinh doanh.
Gii php bo mt b sung cho cc giao dch rt tin t ng (ATM)
Vic truy cp vo cc my rt tin t ng v cc dch v khc ca ngn
hng c kim sot bi cc thng tin nh s tn dng (PIN), ging ni,
trng mt kt hp vi nhn dng gng mt.

i snh nh cn cc trong hot ng ca ngnh lut php
C
N
TT
Cc c quan lut php c th s dng cc h thng nhn dng mt ngi

i snh nhng m t ca cc nhn chng vi nhng tn ti phm c lu
tr trong c s d liu.
ng dng trong cc giao tip ngi my

Sau khi xc nh c ngi s dng v cm xc ca h ti thi im ,
K
H
O
A
cc h thng my tnh c th c cc ng x thch hp.
Trong chng ny trc tin chng ta s im qua mt s phng php c s
dng trong lnh vc nhn dng mt ngi. Sau khi a ra mt m hnh tiu biu cho
mt h thng nhn dng mt ngi v bn lun v mt s kh khn cho ton b qu
trnh nhn dng, chng ta s tp trung vo hai giai on rt trch c trng v phn lp
vi hai phng php : phn tch thnh phn chnh (Principle Components Analysis
PCA) v mng lng ho vector (Learning Vector Quantization Network LVQ). y
================================ 44 ================================

l hai cng c c s dng trong lun vn nhm nh gi hiu sut ca h thng nhn
dng c kt hp vi l thuyt tp th.
2.2. Cc nghin cu trc y

Rt nhiu nghin cu tp trung vo vic xc nh cc c im ring trn gng
K
H
TN
mt nh mt, mi, ming, khun hnh ca u, v nh ngha mt gng mt thng qua

v tr, kch thc v mi lin h gia cc c im ny. Nhng cch tip cn ny thc
s rt kh m rng cho trng hp tng qut v khin h thng d v. Ngoi ra,
nhng nghin cu v cch thc con ngi s dng trong nhn dng mt ngi cho thy
nhng c trng trn cng nhng mi quan h trc mt gia chng l cha
nhn bit gng mt ca con ngi. Tuy vy, tip cn ny vn cn c s dng rng
ri trong lnh vc ny [1].
Nm 1966, Bledsoe xy dng h nhn dng bn t ng u tin c s tng tc
gia ngi v my. c trng dng phn lp l cc du hiu c bn c con ngi

thm vo cc nh. Cc tham s s dng trong qu trnh nhn dng l nhng khong
im cm [1].
C
N
TT
cch chun v t l gia cc im nh gc ca i mt, gc ca ming, chp mi v

Nm 1971, phng th nghim Bell a ra h nhn dng da vo vector c trng 21
chiu v s dng cc k thut phn lp mu nhn dng. Tuy nhin, cc c trng
ny c la chn mt cch rt ch quan (nh mu tc, chiu di vnh tai,) v rt
K
H
O
A
kh khn cho qu trnh t ng ho [1].

Fischer v Elschlager nm 1973 c gng o lng cc c trng tng t nhau
mt cch t ng. H a ra mt thut ton tuyn tnh so khp cc c trng cc b

kt hp vi cc o thch nghi ton cc tm kim v nh lng cc c trng ca
gng mt. K thut so khp ny sau c tip tc nghin cu v pht trin trong
cc cng trnh ca Yuille, Cohen v Hallinan nm 1988 [1].
Mt s phng php nhn dng lin kt (connectionist approach) da vo vic nm
bt cc cu hnh hay bn cht ta cu trc ca bi ton. Kohonen v Lahtio nm 1981
================================ 45 ================================

v 1989 a ra mng kt hp (associative network) v mt thut ton hc n gin
cho php phn lp mt nh mt cng nh gi nh li mt gng mt t d liu khng
hon chnh v b nhiu. S dng cng tng ny, nm 1990, Fleming v Cottrel
s dng cc n v phi tuyn v hun luyn mng bng k thut lan truyn ngc. H
K
H
TN
nhn dng WISARD nm 1986 ca Stonham c s dng thnh cng trong xc

nh mt ngi cng nh nhn bit cm xc ca h. Hu ht cc h s dng phng
php lin kt ni trn u xem cc nh mt u vo nh l cc mu hai chiu tng qut,
tc l chng khng s dng thm bt k tri thc no khc lin quan n cc c tnh
ca cc nh gng mt. Ngoi ra, mt s h thng trong s ny li cn s lng rt ln
cc mu dng cho hun luyn mi c th t c hiu qu s dng chp nhn c

[1].
Cc phng php khc tip cn bi ton nhn dng mt ngi t ng bng cch
c trng mi gng mt bi mt tp cc tham s hnh hc v thc hin nhn dng

thng qua tp cc tham s ny. H thng ca Kanade nm 1973 c l l h thng u
C
N
TT
tin v l mt trong s t cc h thng trong cc bc nhn dng c thc hin

hon ton t ng, s dng chin lc iu khin t trn xung c nh hng bi
cc c trng c chn. H thng ny tm tp cc tham s ca gng mt t mt nh
a vo, sau s dng cc k thut nhn dng so khp vi tp tham s ca cc
nh bit. y l k thut thng k thun tu ch yu ph thuc vo phn tch
K
H
O
A
histogram cc b v cc gi tr xm tuyt i [1].

Nm 1991, M. Turk v A. Pentland s dng phng php phn tch thnh phn
chnh trong l thuyt thng tin c trng cho cc nh mt ngi. tng chnh ca
phng php ny l tm kim mt khng gian c s chiu nh hn, thc cht l tm
kim mt h vector c s sao cho hnh chiu ca m my im trn chng th hin r

nt nht hnh dng ca m my im. m my im y chnh l tp cc vector
nh mt trong khng gian c chiu bng kch thc ca nh. Mi nh mt ngi sau
================================ 46 ================================

s c chiu ln khng gian con ny, v b thng s nhn c t php chiu ny
c xem nh vector c trng cho tng nh mt.
Nm 1998, K. Okada, J. Steffens, T. Maurer, Hai Hong, E. Elagin, H. Neven v
Christoph a ra m hnh nhn dng mt ngi bng sng Gabor v phng php ph
K
H
TN
hp th b. Vi tng dng th biu din gng mt, nh khun mt c

nh du ti cc v tr c xc nh trc trn khun mt, cc v tr ny c gi l
cc v tr chun. Khi thc hin so khp th vi mt nh, cc im chun s c
trch ra t nh v c so snh vi tt c cc im chun tng ng trong cc th
khc nhau,v th no ph hp nht vi nh s c chn [4].
Nm 1998, B. Moghaddam v A. Pentland a ra phng php ph hp th trc

tip t cc nh cn s dng cho mc ch nhn dng v dng o xc sut tnh
tng t ny [4].
Nm 1998, M. Tistaelli v E. Grosso a ra k thut th gic ng. Do kh nng

quan st cc chuyn ng ca khun mt v x l cc tnh hung theo d nh l thng
C
N
TT
tin rt quan trng nn c th s dng chng m t y hn v khun mt cho

mc ch thu thp mu v nhn dng [4].
Nm 1998, J. Huang, C. Liu v H. Wechsler xut thut ton cn c trn tnh tin
ho v di truyn cho cc tc v nhn dng khun mt. Trong cch tip cn ny, hai mt
s c d tm trc tin v thng tin ny c xem l vt quan st gng mt,
K
H
O
A
trnh x l d tm mt c tip tc thc hin bng cch s dng mt thut ton lai
kt hp thao tc hc v tin ho [4].

Nm 1998, Oi Bin Sun, Chian Prong Lam v Jian Kang Wu s dng phng php
tm vng hai chn my, hai mt, mi, ming v cm. nh khun mt thng ban u
c chiu theo chiu ngang tm cc gi tr im nh tho ngng cho trc, th
biu din theo trc ngang s nh v bin trn v bin di ca hnh ch nht bao cc
c trng cc b ca khun mt. Tng t vi chiu ng tm ra ng bin bn
tri v phi cho cc vng c trng [4].
================================ 47 ================================

Nm 1998, A. Nefian v Monson H. Hayes trnh by hng tip cn theo m hnh
Markov n (HMM) trong nh khun mt c lng ho thnh chui quan st trn
khun mt theo quan nim da trn th t xut hin cc c trng gng mt {hai chn
my, hai lng mi, mi, ming, cm}. Trong chui quan st , mi quan st l mt
K
H
TN
vector nhiu chiu s c s dng c trng cho mi trng thi trong chui trng
thi ca HMM. Mi ngi c c lng bi mt m hnh ca HMM [4].
Nm 2001, Guodong Guo, Stan Z. Li, Kap Luk Chan s dng phng php SVM
nhn dng khun mt, s dng chin lc kt hp nhiu b phn loi nh phn
xy dng b phn loi SVM a lp [4].
2.3. M hnh nhn dng mt ngi tiu biu
2.3.1. M hnh
Trong a s cc trng hp, mt h nhn dng mt ngi bao gm hai b phn sau
y [5] :
C
N
TT
B d tm hay nh v gng mt ngi (Face Image Detector) c nhim v

xc nh v tr ca gng mt t mt bc nh bnh thng.
B phn nhn dng hay phn lp gng mt (Face Recognizer) c s
dng xc nh ngi c gng mt tng ng l ai.
C hai b phn trn s dng cng mt m hnh trong hot ng : chng u c mt
chc nng rt trch c trng (feature extractor) nhm bin i cc im nh trong nh
K
H
O
A
sang dng biu din vector c ngha, v mt chc nng nhn dng mu (pattern
recognizer) c nhim v tm kim mt c nhn c nh c lu trong c s d liu

trng khp nht vi nh mt a vo.
Tuy nhin, hai b phn trn khc nhau ch : trong b phn d tm gng mt,
chc nng nhn dng mu s phn lp vector c trng cn nhn dng vo hai lp : lp
nh mt ngi v lp khng phi nh mt ngi. Trong khi , chc nng nhn dng
mu ca b phn nhn dng / phn lp gng mt s phn loi cc vector c trng (

c cho l nh mt ngi bi b phn d tm gng mt) vo lp ca cc c nhn xc
================================ 48 ================================

nh trong c s d liu (chng hn mt ca anh A, anh B,). M hnh tiu biu ca
mt h nhn dng mt ngi c th hin trong Hnh 2-1 [5].
Gc / t
l mt
B nh
v mt
ngi
Hun luyn
Cp nht
B phn
lp i mt
Hun luyn
Rt trch
c trng
Cp nht
CSDL mt
CSDL mt
Quyt nh
Vector
c trng
B nhn dng /
phn lp gng
mt
Nhn dng / Loi b
V tr
hai mt
K
H
TN
My nh
Hun luyn
Cp nht
CSDL ngi
C
N
TT
Hnh 2- 1 : M hnh nhn dng mt ngi tiu biu
Trong bc nh ban u c th c rt nhiu thng tin hn tp nn b d tm thng

ch cho ra v tr tng i ca gng mt. Nhm xc nh chnh xc v tr ca gng
mt cho qu trnh nhn dng, nhng ngi thit k h thng nhn dng mt ngi
thng s dng v tr ca i mt nh mt thng tin b sung cho qu trnh nh v.
K
H
O
A
Chnh v vy m hnh a ra trong Hnh 2-1 c b sung thm mt b phn gi l b

phn lp i mt (Eye Localizer). Trong h thng ny, c ba b phn d tm gng
mt, phn lp i mt v nhn dng mt u da theo m hnh rt trch c trng +
nhn dng mu.
2.3.2. Rt trch c trng

Gi s rng mi bc nh gng mt c th hin di dng mt ma trn s hai
chiu cc gi tr im nh, hay mi nh c vit di dng mt vector X = {xi S}

vi S l li vung i din cho li nh. i khi ngi ta th hin X di dng
================================ 49 ================================

vector mt chiu theo tng dng ca bc nh : X = [ x1 x 2 ...x N ]T vi N l tng s im
nh. Nh vy vi mt nh kch thc 320x 240 , kch thc nh l N = 76800 . Mt
vector c s chiu ln nh vy thng khng hiu qu trong tnh ton v hn ch kh
nng nhn dng. Chnh v vy ngi ta a ra nhiu phng php nhm a vector
K
H
TN
X v mt vector c trng f ( X ) = [ f1 ( X ) f 2 ( X )... f M ( X )]T trong f i , i = 1,2,..., M c
th l cc hm tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn. Trong a s trng hp, nhm lm tng hiu
qu tnh ton, kch thc vector c trng M thng nh hn rt nhiu kch thc ca
vector nh ban u N .
2.3.3. Nhn dng mu
Do nhiu bin i tn ti trong nh mt ngi nh gc nhn, sng nh hay cm
xc th hin trn gng mt, nn cc thnh phn trong vector c trng trong phn
trn c kh nng tun theo cc bin i ngu nhin, v do cc vector ny c th
c m hnh ho di dng cc vector ngu nhin. Nu ta cho rng xc sut mt
C
N
TT
ngi a vo h thng nhn dng thuc v cc lp ngi trong c s d liu l nh

nhau (hay xc sut tin nghim a priori probability ca nhng ngi trong c s d
liu l bng nhau) th theo l thuyt quyt nh Bayes, li nhn dng s t gi tr cc
tiu nu qu trnh nhn dng c thc hin da trn tiu chun maximum likelihood
(ML). Ngha l, gi s rng ngi c a vo h thng c vector c trng l
K
H
O
A
Y = f ( X ) v gi s c K ngi trong c s d liu th ngi ny c gn vo lp
ngi k o c cho bi phng trnh : k o = arg min{log( p(Y | k ))} , trong p(Y | k ) l
1 k K
phn b xc sut ca vector c trng Y vi iu kin lp ngi k .

Nu chng ta xem cc bin i trong vector c trng ca gng mt c to bi
hm nhiu Gaussian vi gi tr trung bnh zero, khi tiu chun ML ni trn tr thnh
php i snh khong cch cc tiu thng thng. Ngha l, h thng s gn nh cn
nhn dng vo lp k o nu khong cch Euclidean t vector c trng ca nh ny gn
vector c trng trung bnh ca lp ngi k o nht so vi cc lp nh khc trong c s
================================ 50 ================================

d liu. Tuy vy, cc bin i xy ra trong th gii thc trn nh thng phc tp hn
rt nhiu so vi phn b Gaussian ni trn [5].
2.4. Mt s kh khn trong nhn dng mt ngi

Nhn dng mt ngi l mt trong nhng bi ton kh khn nht trong lnh vc
K
H
TN
nhn dng nh. Mt gng mt ngi khng ch l i tng ba chiu m cn l mt

thc th mang tnh ng rt cao. Ngoi ra, do nh mt ngi thng c chp trong
iu kin mi trng t nhin nn thng thng nn nh rt phc tp v chiu sng
c th rt km. Hnh 2-2 l mt v d v mt bc nh vi nn phc tp c cha mt
ngi.
Cc yu t xut hin trn nh to nn kh khn cho h thng nhn dng c th c

My nh khng r v nhiu
Nn phc tp
phn thnh cc loi sau y [5] :
sng
C
N
TT
S dch chuyn, xoay, bin i t l gia cc thnh phn

Cm xc th hin trn gng mt
K
H
O
A
Ho trang, kiu tc
Hnh 2- 2 : nh vi nn phc tp vi
ba mt ngi c nh v.
================================ 51 ================================

S khng r ca my nh v nhiu l hai hn ch rt c bn trong bi ton nhn
dng. Nhiu nh nghin cu a ra mt s phng php nhm gia tng t l gia
ln tn hiu so vi cng nhiu. gii quyt vn nn nh phc tp, cc b nhn
dng hay phn lp phi nhn c kt qu ng tin cy t b d tm gng mt, v th
K
H
TN
b phn ny phi c thit k vi chnh xc cao. sng cng l mt yu t tc

ng n kt qu nhn dng, v lm gim bt tc ng ca n, ngi ta thng s
dng cc k thut tng cng nh nh threshold ng, cn bng histogram, hoc s
dng mt mng nron rt trch c trng [5]. Mt tip cn khc gim nh hng
ca sng l s dng cc mt ring nhn c thng qua php phn tch thnh phn
chnh. Chng ta s tm hiu phng php ny mt cch chi tit phn sau.
S dch chuyn, xoay hay t l ca nh mt ngi cng cn phi c gii quyt
trong giai on d tm gng mt. Trong s cc yu t ny, yu t dch chuyn l d
gii quyt nht, chng hn bng phng php khoanh vng ca s (windowing). Vn
t l s c gii quyt nu chng ta biu din mi nh di dng tp cc nh vi
C
N
TT
phn gii khc nhau. Cui cng, thch thc thc s nm cc nh mt b xoay theo ba
trc. Rowley (1998) xy dng mt mng nron t trc giai on d tm gng
mt nhm xc nh gc quay quanh trc Z ca nh, trong Z l trc vung gc vi
mt phng nh. Kt xut ca mng c s dng xoay nh tr v v tr cn bng [5].
Tuy nhin kh khn nht vn l khi nh b xoay theo hai trc X v Y hoc theo c hai
K
H
O
A
trc ny. nh mt trong trng hp ny thng khng thch hp cho vic nhn dng,
v vy ngi thit k h thng thng ch s dng nhng b d tm gng mt nhn
thng. Hnh 2-3 l v d v kt qu ca mt b d tm thng.

nh gng mt vi nhng trng thi cm xc hay kiu tc khc nhau cng l hai
vn quan trng. Nu ng di gc thc th tnh th mt gng mt ang mm

ci v mt gng mt ang nhn nh l hai khun dng nh hon ton khc nhau.
khc phc tnh trng ny ngi ta a ra thut ton so khp mm do (elastic
matching) trong s dng mt mng nron c t chc ging nh mt li hai chiu
================================ 52 ================================

m hnh ho b mt ca nh mt thng qua qu trnh hun luyn. Nu c hun
luyn thnh cng th mng c kh nng nng cao cht lng trong qu trnh nhn dng
(Lades,1993) [5].
K
H
TN
Mt phng php khc c a ra gii quyt vn thay i cm xc trn
Hnh 2- 3 : Kt qu ca mt b d tm thng
gng mt l thay v s dng ton b gng mt cho qu trnh nhn dng, ngi ta ch
dng vng gng mt ng k nht. Vng ny nm xung quanh tm gng mt v
C
N
TT
ch cha hai mt v l mi, loi b i ming v hai l tai. Cc kt qu thc nghim cho
thy, cm xc v kiu tc khng nh hng nhiu n vng mt ny, v do vng
mt ny vn c th s dng c cho qu trnh nhn dng [5]. Hnh 2-4 l v d v
K
H
O
A
vng ng k nht ca gng mt.
Hnh 2- 4 : Vng ng k nht ca gng mt
Cui cng, vic ho trang khng tc ng ng k n qu trnh d tm mt, tr
trng hp gng mt c ho trang qu mc nh trong in nh hay sn khu. Hnh

2-5 l kt qu ca mt b d tm c p dng trn nh c gng mt c ho trang.
Trong hnh ny, gng mt ca ngi ng vai qu d b b qua bi b d tm.
================================ 53 ================================

Thng thng c s d liu ca cc h thng nhn dng mt ngi khng lu tr nh
mt c ho trang, v vy tt nhin trong qu trnh nhn dng loi nh ny cng s
K
H
TN
khng c s dng.
Hnh 2- 5 : Kt qu d tm trn nh c gng mt c ho trang
2.5. Phng php nhn dng mt ngi bng mt ring

Theo m hnh xt trong phn 2.3, vi cng mt b d tm, kt qu ca cc h
thng nhn dng ph thuc vo qu trnh rt trch c trng v phn lp. Cho n nay
C
N
TT
vn cha c mt nghin cu no tr li chnh xc cu hi : u l c trng thc s

phn bit hai gng mt vi nhau?. Thc cht ca vn l i tm mt m hnh m t
gng mt ca con ngi. Tuy vy, vic m hnh ho gng mt mt cch tng qut l
mt cng vic khng h n gin, do mt ngi rt phc tp v chi tit, a chiu km
theo cc yu t v trc gic c ngha (nh cm xc,) [1]. Do , trong phn ny
chng ta nghin cu mt m hnh ca mt ngi khng ph thuc vo thng tin v
K
H
O
A
chiu cng nh cc c im hnh hc chi tit. T phng php ny chng ta c th

xy dng mt m hnh nhn dng mt ngi nhanh, tng i n gin v chnh xc
trong iu kin mi trng tng i rng buc, nh trong vn phng hay cn h gia
nh. Phng php ny da trn m hnh ca l thuyt thng tin, phn chia gng mt
ngi thnh mt tp nh cc nh c trng gi l cc mt ring. Cc mt ring ny
c xem nh cc thnh phn chnh ca tp cc nh gng mt ban u. Qu trnh

nhn dng c thc hin bng cch chiu gng mt mi ln khng gian con c
nh hng bi cc mt ring, sau so snh n vi v tr ca cc nh trong tp ban
================================ 54 ================================

u trong khng gian mt ring. Phng php ny t ra vt tri hn cc m hnh nhn
dng mt ngi khc tc , tnh n gin, kh nng hc v khng nhy cm vi
nhng thay i tng i nh hay t t ca gng mt.
2.5.1. M t phng php
K
H
TN
Hu ht cc h thng nhn dng t ng nu u khng xt n mt cu hi :

yu t no trn nh mt l quan trng cho nhim v nhn dng. Lin quan n vn
ny, l thuyt thng tin a ra mt phng php gip m ho v gii m cc nh mt,
cho chng ta tip cn nhng thng tin bn trong ca gng mt trong nhn mnh
cc c trng cc b cng nh ton cc c ngha. Cc c trng ny khng nht thit
ng nht vi nhng yu t m chng ta cho l c trng ca gng mt nh mt, mi,

mi v tc. Theo l thuyt ny, chng ta cn rt trch cc thng tin c lin quan trn
mt gng mt ngi, m ho n, v so snh vi tng d liu ca cc nh trong tp lu
tr c m ho mt cch tng t. Mt phng php n gin rt trch cc thng

tin c trn mt nh mt l nh lng cc sai khc gia cc nh trong tp d liu v s
C
N
TT
dng thng tin ny m ho cng nh so snh cc gng mt vi nhau.

Theo thut ng ton hc, chng ta xem mi nh hun luyn nh l mt im trong
khng gian c s chiu cc ln. Tp cc nh ny to thnh mt phn b tp trung trong
khng gian, v ta cn tm cc thnh phn chnh ca phn b ny. Cc thnh phn chnh
ny chnh l cc vector ring ca ma trn hip phng sai ca tp nh. Cc vector ny,
K
H
O
A
theo th t tng dn ca cc gi tr ring tng ng, l c s nh gi sai khc

ngy cng r nt gia cc nh trong tp hun luyn.
Cc vector ring ca ma trn hip phng sai ni trn c s dng c trng
cho s sai khc gia cc nh trong khng gian nh mt. Mi nh mt s ng gp
nhiu hay t vo tng vector ring ny, v vy cc vector ring ny cn c gi l cc
mt ring.
Mi nh mt ngi trong tp hun luyn c th c xy dng li t t hp tuyn

tnh ca cc mt ring. Tuy nhin do cc vector ring xc nh ng thng m hnh
================================ 55 ================================

chiu ca tp nh hun luyn trn th hin s sai khc vi nhau theo mc ngy
cng gim dn tng ng vi s gim dn ca cc gi tr ring nn cc nh cng c
th c xp x ch bng t hp tuyn tnh ca M cc vector ring tt nht - tc cc
vector ring tng ng vi cc tr ring ln nht. Cc vector ring cn li c th c
K
H
TN
b i m khng lm nh hng nhiu n cht lng nhn dng.
tng s dng cc mt ring c xut pht t mt k thut c pht trin bi

Sirovich v Kirby nhm biu din cc nh gng mt thng qua phn tch cc thnh
phn chnh. Vi mt tp cc nh ban u, h i tm mt h trc to mi nn cc
nh li, trong mi trc thc s l mt nh c gi l nh ring (eigenpicture) . H
lp lun rng, t nht l v nguyn tc, bt k tp nh mt no cng c th c ti to

li mt cch gn ng bng cch lu tr mt tp trng s cho tng nh mt v mt tp
cc nh mt ring chun. Cc trng s ca mi nh mt c c bng cch chiu nh
ny ln tng nh mt ring.
Nh vy, chng ta c th s dng cc trng s trn nh l c trng ca tng nh.
C
N
TT
Qu trnh hc s tng ng vi qu trnh tnh ton cc trng s ny, cn qu trnh nhn

dng mt nh mt ngi mi l qu trnh gm 2 bc : tm tp trng s cho nh mi v
so snh vi tp cc trng s c lu tr. Phng php nhn dng mt ngi bng mt
ring c bt u t cc bc sau :
1. Thu thp tp cc nh mt ban u (dng hun luyn).
K
H
O
A
2. Tm cc mt ring t tp hun luyn, gi li M mt ring tng ng vi cc

gi tr ring ln nht. M mt ring ny xc nh mt khng gian mt.
3. Tm tp cc trng s c trng cho tng nh hun luyn bng cch chiu

chng ln M mt ring chn.
Tip theo l cc bc cn thc hin nhn dng mt nh mt ngi mi :

4. Tm tp cc trng s c trng cho nh mt cn nhn dng bng cch chiu
nh ny ln M mt ring trong khng gian mt.
================================ 56 ================================

5. Xc nh xem nh ny c thc s l mt nh mt ngi hay khng bng cch
kim tra xem n c gn vi khng gian mt hay khng.
6. Nu nh ny l nh ca mt mt ngi, s dng cc thut ton phn lp
xc nh ngi c lu trc y gn vi ngi mi ny nht.
K
H
TN
2.5.2. Vn tm cc mt ring
Gi s cc nh mt ang xt l ma trn sng 8 bits NxN . Cc nh ny cng c

th c xem nh mt vector N 2 chiu, nh vy mt nh in hnh 256x 256 s tng
ng vi mt vector 65536 chiu, hay tng ng vi mt im trong khng gian
65536 chiu. Theo , mt tp nh hun luyn c nh x vo mt tp im trong
khng gian c s chiu cc ln.
Do cc gng mt c cu trc chung tng t nh nhau nn khng phn b mt
cch ngu nhin m phn b tp trung trong khng gian ny, v th c th biu din
chng trong khng gian con c s chiu nh hn. tng chnh ca phn tch thnh
phn chnh l tm cc vector thu tm mt cch tt nht phn b ca cc nh mt
C
N
TT
trong khng gian c s chiu cc ln. Cc vector ny cho ta mt khng gian con m ta
s gi l khng gian mt c s chiu nh hn rt nhiu s chiu ca khng gian ban
u. V cc vector ny l cc vector ring ca ma trn hip phng sai tng ng vi
tp nh mt ban u, v cng v chng trng ging nh mt ngi (tuy c phn khng
r nt) nn ngi ta gi cc vector ny l cc mt ring.
K
H
O
A
Gi s tp nh hun luyn l 1 , 2 ,..., M . nh mt trung bnh ca tp ny cho bi
biu thc :
1
M
(2 1)
V d v tp nh hun luyn v nh trung bnh c cho trong hnh Hnh 2-6a v
Hnh 2-6b. sai khc gia nh hun luyn i so vi nh trung bnh l i = i .
Tp cc vector nh hun luyn c s chiu rt ln ny s l i tng ca php phn

tch thnh phn chnh. Mc ch ca php phn tch ny l tm M vector i mt trc
================================ 57 ================================

giao vi nhau v th hin r nt nht phn b ca tp nh hun luyn. Vector th k ,
u k , c chn sao cho :
1
M
(u
i =1
T
k
i )2
(2 2)
K
H
O
A
C
N
TT
K
H
TN
k =
Hnh 2- 6 : Tp nh hun luyn v nh trung bnh
t gi tr cc i, trong u k l vector n v trc giao vi tt c cc vector n v
khc, hay :
u lT u k = 0 nu l k , v u kT u k = 1 .
(2 3)
Vector u k v v hng k ln lt l cc vector ring v tr ring ca ma trn hip
phng sai :
================================ 58 ================================
C=
1
M

i =1
(2 4)
= A. AT
T
i
trong : A = [ 1 2 ... M ] . Tuy nhin, ma trn C c kch thc N 2 nn vic xc nh

cc gi tr ring v vector ring ca n l khng th thc hin c vi kch thc nh
K
H
TN
tng i. V vy chng ta cn a ra mt phng php tnh ton khc gii quyt vn

ny.
Nu s lng im d liu trong khng gian nh nh hn nhiu s chiu ca khng

gian nh, tc M < N 2 th ch c M 1 thay v N 2 vector ring c ngha, cc vector
ring cn li tng ng vi cc gi tr ring bng 0 . Nh vy tm cc vector ring
N 2 chiu, u tin chng ta c th tm cc vector ring ca ma trn M 2 sau thc hin
mt php bin i tuyn tnh thch hp nhn c kt qu mong mun ban u.
Bin i ny c c t phn tch sau y.
Gi s vi l vector ring ca ma trn AT A , tc l :
C
N
TT
AT Avi = i vi
(2 5)
Nhn tri hai v phng trnh trn vi ma trn A ta c :

AAT Avi = i Avi
(2 6)
Phng trnh ny chng t Avi l vector ring ca ma trn C = AAT .Theo phn tch
K
H
O
A
trn, chng ta s xy dng ma trn
L = AT A
( 2 7)
kch thc MxM , trong cc phn t ca L c xc nh bi

Lm ,n = Tm n
(2 8)
v tm M vector ring vi ca n. Cc vector ring ny xc nh t hp tuyn tnh ca

M nh mt hun luyn nhn c cc vector ring u i ca ma trn C :
M
u i = vik k , i = 1,2,..., M
(2 9)
k =1
================================ 59 ================================

p dng phn tch trn, s lng php tnh gim i mt cch ng k, t bc
N 2 - s pixel trn cc nh hun luyn xung cn M - s lng nh trong tp hun
luyn. Trong thc t, s lng nh hun luyn nh hn nhiu so vi s lng pixel trn
mi nh mt nn khi lng tnh ton ny hon ton c th thc hin c. Cc gi tr
K
H
TN
ring tng ng vi cc vector ring cho php chng ta sp xp cc vector ring theo
th t hu dng ca chng trong vic nh lng sai khc gia cc nh hun luyn.
Hnh 2-7 l by mt ring tng ng vi by gi tr ring ln nht ca tp nh hun
C
N
TT
luyn cho trong Hnh 2-6.
Hnh 2- 7 : Cc mt ring tng ng vi by gi tr ring ln nht
2.5.3. S dng mt ring nhn dng
K
H
O
A
Cc mt ring hay cc vector ring ca ma trn L ni trn to thnh c s m t
cc nh mt : mi nh mt s l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc mt ring. Tuy nhin, cc
vector ny theo th t phn b gim dn ca cc gi tr ring ca chng s c vai tr

tng ng gim dn trong vic m t cc nh. Do , trong bi ton nhn dng mt
ngi, do ta khng quan tm n nhim v khi phc nh nn chng ta c th b qua
cc vector ring ng vi cc gi tr ring nh. V thc t cho thy ch mt s vector
ring ng vi cc gi tr ring ln l cho kt qu nhn dng chp nhn c.
================================ 60 ================================

Mt nh mt mi s c chiu ln khng gian mt M ' chiu, trong M ' l s
vector ring ng vi cc gi tr ring ln nht c gi li ( M ' M ) . Kt qu l chng
ta s c mt vector
T = [1 , 2 ,..., M ' ]
vi thnh phn i c tnh nh sau :

i = u iT ( ), i = 1,2,..., M '
K
H
TN
(2 10)
(2 11)
Vector s c s dng nh l vector c trng ca mt v s dng kt hp

vi cc phng php nhn dng tm lp mt ph hp nht vi n. Phng php n
gin nht l tm lp mt th k sao cho khong cch Euclide
2
(2 12)
k = k
t gi tr nh nht, trong k l vector m t hay i din cho lp mt k . Trong
trng hp d liu hun luyn ng vi lp mt k c nhiu nh th k c th cho l
C
N
TT
vector trung bnh ca cc vector c trng cho cc nh ca lp k , hay c th l nh ca

cng mt ngi m ta nh s th t l k . Mt nh c phn vo lp k nu gi tr
nh nht k nh hn mt gi tr ngng k , ngc li nh ny c cho l khng bit,
v c th c a vo mt lp mt mi.
Mt vn na t ra l : do cc vector c trng ca nh nhn c bng cch

chiu nh ln khng gian mt nn vi mt nh bt k cng kch thc (hoc c x l
K
H
O
A
cho cng kch thc php chiu c ngha) vi nh trong tp hun luyn th u c
th to ra c vector c trng, v nh vy c th c phn vo mt lp mt no ,
thm ch trong trng hp nh ny khng phi l nh mt ngi. Vn ny c gii

quyt cng bng cch a ra gi tr ngng . Xt nh bt k cng kch thc vi
nh trong tp hun luyn, sai khc vi nh trung bnh mt lng
=
(2 13)
Vector hnh chiu ca ln khng gian mt cho bi
================================ 61 ================================
M'
p = i ui
(2 14)
i =1
trong i l thnh phn v hng th i ca vector . Lc ny ta ni rng nh gn

vi khng gian mt nu khong cch t n khng gian mt khng vt qu ngng
2 = p
K
H
TN
, tc l :
(2 15)
trong trng hp ngc li ta ni rng xa khng gian mt.
Nh vy vi mt nh kim tra bt k, xt khong cch t n n khng gian mt v

n cc lp mt trong tp hun luyn ta c bn trng hp sau y :
1. nh gn khng gian mt v gn mt lp nh.
2. nh gn khng gian mt v xa tt c cc lp nh.

3. nh xa khng gian mt v gn mt lp nh.
4. nh xa khng gian mt v xa tt c cc lp nh.
C
N
TT
Trong trng hp th nht, nh kim tra c nhn dng v ch nh vo mt cho

trc. Trng hp th hai, nh kim tra c nhn dng l nh mt ngi nhng
khng c ch nh vo lp no trong tp hun luyn, tc l c th a vo lp mt
ngi khng bit. Hai trng hp cui chng t nh kim tra khng phi l nh mt
ngi.
K
H
O
A
2.5.4. Tm tt phng php nhn dng bng mt ring

Chng ta tm tt phng php nhn dng mt ngi bng mt ring, trong s
dng thut ton ngi lng ging gn nht lm thut ton phn lp. Cc bc cn tin
hnh nh sau :
1. Chun b tp cc nh mt ca mt s ngi bit. Mi ngi c th c

nhiu nh vi mt s biu hin cm xc, trong iu kin chiu sng,khc
nhau. V d : c 10 ngi, mi ngi gm 4 nh, ta c M = 40 nh.
================================ 62 ================================

2. Tnh ma trn L theo (2 7) , tm cc vector ring, tr ring ca n v chn
M ' vector ring tng ng vi cc tr ring ln nht. Tnh M ' vector ring
ca ma trn C theo cng thc (2 9) .

3. Vi mi lp ngi th k trong tp nh hun luyn, tnh vector mu trung
K
H
TN
bnh t cc vector c trng ca lp ngi ny. Chn tham s k cho cc lp

ngi th k v tham s ngng cho khong cch t mt nh mt ti
khng gian mt.
4. Vi mi nh mi cn nhn dng, tnh vector c trng v khong cch i

ca vector c trng ny n cc lp hun luyn v khong cch ti
khng gian mt. Nu khong cch nh nht k tho : k < k , ng thi
< th nh mi ny c phn vo lp k . Nu k > k v < th nh
mi.
mi ny xem nh khng bit, v c th c a vo mt lp hun luyn
C
N
TT
5. Nu nh mi c phn vo mt lp bit th n c th c s dng
tnh ton li cc mt ring. Phng php ny lm cho h thng ngy cng

hon thin hn.
2.6. ng dng cc thut ton lng ho vector trong qu trnh

phn lp
K
H
O
A
2.6.1. Gii thiu

Trong bi ton nhn dng mt ngi, sau khi rt trch c trng ca tng nh
mt ca mi ngi, chng ta cn phi chn mt thut ton phn lp cc nh mt
mi vo mt trong cc lp nh hun luyn. Mt tip cn n gin c nu ra trong

chng trc l thut ton ngi lng ging gn nht : ta s tm vector c trng v cho
nh mt ngi cn phn lp, sau tnh khong cch t v n cc vector c trng ca
tng nh mt ngi, hoc n vector c trng trung bnh cho tng lp ngi trong tp
================================ 63 ================================

hun luyn. Lp c vector c trng (trung bnh) gn v nht s c gn cho nh cn
nhn dng.
Tuy nhin, phng php trn c hai nhc im sau y :
o Tng s lng vector ca tp hun luyn c th rt ln, khi phn lp
K
H
TN
mt vector v mi ta c th phi duyt ht tt c cc vector ny tm vector

gn v nht.
o Khng tn dng mt c im l cc vector thuc cng mt lp thng c
xu hng tp trung quanh mt hoc nhiu v tr m ta c th xem nh trng

tm ca lp. Do mt vector u thuc lp i nm lc lng - tc khng
nm tp trung quanh mt trng tm ca lp, hoc do tp hun luyn cha
ln ta c th nhn thc c tm ca lp i tng ng vi u - c th

lm cho kt qu phn lp vector v khng chnh xc.
khc phc cc nhc im trn, ngi ta s dng thut ton lng ho vector
C
N
TT
(Learning Vector Quantization - LVQ) tm kim cc vector th hin cc trng tm

ca cluster hay lp d liu. Mi cluster d liu trong bi ton nhn dng mt ngi l
tp cc im tng ng vi vector c trng ca nh thuc cng mt ngi trong tp
hun luyn. Cc vector trng tm ny c gi l cc vector tham chiu (codebook
vector). Sau khi tm c cc vector tham chiu ca mi lp, chng ta s s dng
thut ton ngi lng ging gn nht phn loi cc nh mi a vo h thng.
K
H
O
A
2.6.2. Mt s thut ton lng ho vector

Trong phn ny chng ta nghin cu hai thut ton lng ho vector : thut ton
LVQ1 v ci tin ca n, thut ton LVQ1 vi tc hc ti u (Optimized learning
rate LVQ1, hay OLVQ1).
2.6.2.1. Thut ton LVQ1

Gi s trong khng gian cc vector c trng ban u chng ta t mt s vector
tham chiu mi , mi vector ny c gn vo mt lp trong tp hun luyn. C th c
================================ 64 ================================

nhiu vector tham chiu cng thuc vo mt lp. Cc vector tham chiu ny s c
iu chnh dn trong qu trnh hc c th hi t v cc im m ta c th xem nh
trng tm ca cluster tng ng.
t
(2 16)
K
H
TN
c = arg min i { x mi }
l ch s vector tham chiu gn vi vector d liu x nht. Hin nhin chng ta mun
rng tt c cc vector mc ni trn s thuc vo cng mt lp vi vector x tng ng
ca n. Qu trnh hc sau y s lm cc tiu mt cch tng i sai s ny.
Gi x(t ) l vector d liu v mi (t ) l vector tham chiu mi ti thi im hc t . Vi
cc gi tr c khi to thch hp, qu trnh cp nht cc vector tham chiu c th
hin nh sau :
mc (t + 1) = mc (t ) + (t )[ x(t ) mc (t )]
(2 17)
nu x v mc thuc vo cng mt lp.
C
N
TT
mc (t + 1) = mc (t ) (t )[ x(t ) mc (t )]
(2 18)
nu x v mc thuc vo hai lp khc nhau.
mi (t + 1) = mi (t ) vi mi i c
(2 19)
trong (t ) (0,1) l tc hc. Gi tr ny c th l hng s hoc gim tuyn tnh
K
H
O
A
theo thi gian, chng hn nh :
(t ) = 0.1(1
t
)
N
(2 20)
vi N l s chu k ca qu trnh hc.

Theo thut ton trn, ti mi thi im hc t , ta xt mi vector d liu x v tm
vector tham chiu mc tng ng vi x . Nu hai vector ny thuc cng mt lp th
vector tham chiu s c di chuyn vo gn vector d liu hn na, ngc li n s b

y ra xa vector d liu hn. Hnh 2-8 v Hnh 2-9 di y minh ho cho hai
trng hp ny.
================================ 65 ================================
K
H
TN
(t )( x mc (t ))
mc (t + 1)
mc (t )
Hnh 2- 8 : Vector tham chiu c di chuyn gn vi vector d liu hn trng hp

hai vector ny cng lp
mc (t )
mc (t + 1)
(t )( x mc (t ))
Hnh 2- 9 : Vector tham chiu c y ra xa vector d liu hn - trng hp hai
C
N
TT
vector ny khc lp
2.6.2.2. Thut ton OLVQ1
Thut ton ny cng da trn tng ca LVQ1, ch khc l mi vector tham chiu
s c mt gi tr tc hc ring. Nh vy, qu trnh hc c th hin bi cc biu
K
H
O
A
thc sau :
mc (t + 1) = mc (t ) + c (t )[ x(t ) mc (t )]
(2 21)
nu x v mc thuc vo cng mt lp.

mc (t + 1) = mc (t ) c (t )[ x(t ) mc (t )]
(2 22)
nu x v mc thuc vo hai lp khc nhau.

mi (t + 1) = mi (t ) vi mi i c
(2 23)
Phng trnh (2 21) v (2 22) c th c vit li nh sau :

mc (t + 1) = [1 s (t ) c (t )]mc (t ) + s (t ) c (t ) x(t )
(2 24)
================================ 66 ================================

trong s (t ) = 1 nu mc (t ) v x cng lp, ngc li s (t ) = 1 .
V (2 24) ng vi mi thi im hun luyn t nn ta c th khai trin v phi ca
n thm mt cp na, khi vector tham chiu ti thi im t + 1 s ph thuc vo
K
H
TN
c (t ) phn vector d liu ti thi im t v [1 s(t ) c (t )] c (t 1) phn vector d liu
ti thi im t 1 . y, nu ta cho rng cc vector d liu ng gp mt lng nh

nhau vo qu trnh iu chnh vector tham chiu ti mi thi im th ta s c biu thc
:
c (t ) = [1 s (t ) c (t )] c (t 1), t = 1,2,..., N
(2 25)
Biu thc trn cho ta phng php cp nht tc hc tng ng vi vector tham
c (t 1)
1 + s (t ) c (t 1)
c (t ) =
chiu mc :
(2 26)
R rng l vi phng php cp nht trn th gi tr ca tham s hc c s gim
C
N
TT
nhanh vi s(t ) = 1 , tc l khi vector tham chiu mc ri ng vo vng cluster ca

n. Tuy vy, do gi tr c cng c th tng ln, khi s (t ) = 1 , nn chng ta phi chn
gi tr hc ny ti mt ngng no , chng hn nh gi tr ngng bng 1 , hoc ta c
th khi to gi tr hc cao mt cht, v d bng 0.3 , v sau khng ch tc hc
khng c vt qu gi tr ny.
K
H
O
A
Nh vy, vi mt cht gi thit t a ra cho qu trnh cp nht tc hc, chng
ta tm c mt phng php gip cho thut ton hi t rt nhanh. Thc nghim
chng t rng, thut ton thng hi t sau khong thi gian N k M , vi k nhn gi
tr t 30 50 v M l tng s vector tham chiu c s dng cho tt c cc lp d
liu.
2.6.3. Vn khi to vector tham chiu
================================ 67 ================================

Trong cc thut ton hc LVQ, vn khi to cc vector tham chiu c vai tr rt
quan trng. Hnh 2-9 di y l mt v d.
Trong v d ny ta c hai vector d liu : vector OA thuc lp 1 v vector OB
K
H
TN
thuc lp 2 . Gi OC l vector tham chiu thuc lp 1 v c khi to gn OB hn

OA nh hnh v. Sau bc cp nht u tin, vector OC tr thnh vector OC1 .
C
C1
C
N
TT
Hnh 2- 10 : Vector tham chiu OC khi to khng tt nn sau khi cp nht thnh
OC1 th cng xa vector d liu OA hn.
Ta nhn thy rng, vector OC 1 li cng xa vector OA hn na, v thc s l nu
K
H
O
A
tip tc cp nht th vector tham chiu ny s i ra xa ti v cng.

V d trn cho thy tm quan trng ca vn khi to cc vector tham chiu.
Trong chng trnh ci t cho lun vn ny, chng ta s khi to cc vector tham
chiu nh sau :
o S dng thut ton ngi lng ging gn nht t phn lp cc vector d

liu.
o Vi mi lp k , nu cc vector d liu thuc lp ny v, qua qu trnh phn
lp trn, li c phn lp chnh xc vo lp k ca chng th ta s khi to
================================ 68 ================================

cc vector tham chiu ca lp k trng vi cc vector d liu ny. Bng cch
ny, qua lt u tin cp nht tt c cc vector tham chiu, chng ta lun
m bo rng cc vector tham chiu s c di chuyn gn v mt vector d
liu thuc cng lp vi n.
K
H
TN
Kt qu kim nghim cho thy sau mt thi gian hun luyn, cc vector tham chiu
K
H
O
A
C
N
TT
lun hi t hay ch dao ng xung quanh mt v tr c coi l trng tm ca lp.
================================ 69 ================================
Chng 3 ng dng Tp th vo bi ton nhn dng mt ngi
Chng 3
ng Dng Tp Th Vo
-----oOo-----
3.1. Gii thiu
K
H
TN
Bi Ton Nhn Dng Mt Ngi
Nh chng ta bit, rt trch c trng l mt giai on quan trng trong ton b

quy trnh hot ng ca mt h thng nhn dng. Cc c trng ca mi mu sau khi
rt trch t tp d liu ban u s c th hin di dng cc vector nhiu chiu. Tp
cc vector ny s c s dng cho qu trnh hun luyn hay phn lp ca b nhn

dng. C hai vn chng ta cn quan tm :
Kch thc vector c trng nh hng trc tip n tc hun luyn v
C
N
TT
phn lp. Nhng trng hp s dng mng nron lan truyn ngc hun
luyn cc mu hc vi thi gian thc hin hng gi, thm ch nhiu ngy
khng phi l him.
Trong cc thnh phn ca vector c trng, khng phi tt c cc thnh phn

u c ch cho qu trnh phn lp. iu c ngha l c kh nng chng ta
K
H
O
A
gim c kch thc ca vector c trng trc khi a vo s dng cho
qu trnh hun luyn hay phn lp.
T hai vn t ra trn, ngi ta quan tm n vic la chn v rt gn
vector c trng cho bi ton nhn dng ni chung v nhn dng mt ngi ni ring.
Trong chng ny chng ta s nghin cu mt s phng php cng nh a ra m
hnh th nghim cho vn ng dng l thuyt tp th vo giai on la chn v rt

gn c trng cho bi ton nhn dng mt ngi.
3.2. ng dng tp th trong la chn c trng [1]
================================ 70 ================================
3.2.1. Phng php chung

Gi s A = (U , C D) l bng quyt nh to bi cc vector c trng ca tp d
liu mu. Cc thuc tnh trong C tng ng l cc thnh phn c trng ca mi
vector mu, tp thuc tnh D c duy nht mt phn t l thuc tnh th hin lp ca
K
H
TN
cc vector mu.
Kh nng phn loi ca tp thuc tnh quyt nh C i vi tp cc lp i tng

c th hin bi tp i tng POS C ( D) . Nhim v chnh ca cc phng php la
chn c trng l tm mt tp thuc tnh rt gn R C bo ton kh nng phn loi
ny. Trong phn l thuyt tp th, chng ta bit rng trong mt h thng tin c th tn
ti mt s thuc tnh C -khng th b c m vic loi b chng s ngay lp tc lm
gim kh nng phn loi ca tp thuc tnh C ban u, tp thuc tnh chnh l li
hon ton ca h thng tin.
CORE D (C ) . Do , tp thuc tnh li phi tn ti trong mi rt gn cng nh rt gn
C
N
TT
Nh vy, bi ton la chn tp thuc tnh da trn l thuyt tp th tr thnh bi

ton la chn cc thuc tnh C -c th b c b sung vo tp CORE D (C ) cho n
khi tp thuc tnh nhn c R tr thnh rt gn ca tp thuc tnh C ban u, tc l
iu kin sau phi c tho mn : POS R ( D) = POSC ( D) .
3.2.2. Kt hp heuristic v l thuyt tp th
K
H
O
A
3.2.2.1. M t heuristic
Trong phn ny chng ta s a ra mt heuristic cho vic la chn dn cc thuc
tnh C -c th b c cho n khi nhn c tp rt gn R . Tiu chun la chn cc
thuc tnh ny l mt bin th ca tiu chun c s dng trong h thng khm
ph lut GDT RS . Trong h thng ny, cc thuc tnh c chn pht sinh ra cc
lut tun theo chin lc c nu sau y :
================================ 71 ================================

1. nhn c tp thuc tnh nh nht c th, chng ta u tin chn thuc
tnh a0 m vic thm n vo tp rt gn R hin c s lm cho s lng i
tng bn vng tng ln nhanh nht, tc l :
a 0 = arg max POS R {a} ( D)
K
H
TN
aC \ R
2. Khi thm thuc tnh a0 vo R , tp cc phn hoch cc i tng bn vng

theo tp thuc tnh c chn, tc tp hp POS R {a } ( D) | IND( R {a 0 } D) ,
0
s thay i, t lm thay i tp cc lut pht sinh. Trong cc lp tng

ng thuc tp phn hoch mi, gi s M l lp c nhiu phn t nht v
r l lut c pht sinh tng ng vi tp cc i tng M . Ta nhn xt
rng, kch thc ca tp M cng ln bao nhiu th tnh bao ph ca lut r
cng ln by nhiu, c th hn l s lng i tng tho mn r cng ln.

chn thuc tnh.
Nh vy ta c th ly kch thc ca M nh l tiu chun th hai trong la
C
N
TT
Tm li : Ta s dng hai ch s sau :
S lng i tng bn vng :
v a = card ( POS R {a} ( D))
Kch thc lp tng ng ln nht :

ma = max_ size( POS R {a} ( D) | IND( R {a} D))
K
H
O
A
trong a l thuc tnh cha c chn : a C \ R .
Hai ch s trn c xu hng cnh tranh vi nhau, do ta s dng tch ca chng
lm tiu chun cui cng chn thuc tnh.
3.2.2.2. Thut ton

Trong phn ny chng ta trnh by thut ton la chn thuc tnh da vo tiu
chun nh gi c nu phn trn. Chng ta s dng tp thuc tnh li nh l tp

xut pht, k n ta chn dn cc thuc tnh cn li cho n khi nhn c mt rt gn.
Chin lc tm kim s dng trong thut ton ny l tm kim tham lam, iu ny
================================ 72 ================================

khng m bo tm c tp rt gn hon ton, nhng cho php thut ton hot ng
hiu qu trn tp d liu ln vi nhiu thuc tnh.
Vo :
Ngng threshold .
Ra :
Tp thuc tnh rt gn R .
Cu trc d liu :
P : Tp cc thuc tnh cha c chn.
k : T l i tng bn vng ti bc hin ti.
K
H
TN
H quyt nh A = (U , C D) .
Thut ton :
Bc 1 : Khi to : R = CORE D (C ) , P = C \ CORE D (C ) , k = 0 .
card ( POS R ( D))

.
card (U )
C
N
TT
Bc 3 : t k =
Bc 2 : Loi b cc i tng bn vng : U = U \ POS R ( D)
Nu k threshold hoc POS R ( D) = POS C ( D)

Th : Dng.
Ht nu
K
H
O
A
Bc 4 : Vi mi a P
v a = card ( POS R {a} ( D))

ma = max_ size( POS R {a} ( D) | IND( R {a} D))
Ht vi mi
Bc 5 : t a 0 = arg max(v a xma )

aP
Bc 6 : R = R {a 0 } , P = P \ {a0 }
3.2.2.3. V d minh ho
================================ 73 ================================

Trong phn ny chng ta s minh ho thut ton trn bng mt v d c th. Bng
quyt nh c cho trong Bng 3-1, trong U = {x1 , x2 ,..., x7 } , C = {a, b, c, d } v
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7
K
H
TN
D = {E} . Gi s gi tr ngng threshold c chn l 1.0 .
C
N
TT
Bng 3- 1 : Bng quyt nh cho v d minh ho
Ma trn phn bit tng i ca h thng tin trn c th hin trong Hnh 3-1.
T ma trn ny ta nhn c tp li CORE D (C ) = {b} .
T cc lp tng ng :
K
H
O
A
U | IND({b}) = {{x1 , x 2 }, {x5 , x6 , x 7 }, {x3 , x 4 }}
x1
x2
x3
x4
U | IND({E}) = {{x 4 }, {x1 , x 2 , x 7 }, {x3 , x5 , x6 }}
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7
{}
{}
{b, c, d }
{b}
{a, b, c, d }
{a, b, c, d }
{}
{}
{b, c}
{b, d }
{a, b, c}
{a, b, c}
{}
{}
{c, d }
{}
{}
{a, b, c, d }
{}
{a, b, c, d }
{a, b, c, d }
{a, b}
================================ 74 ================================
{}
x5
x6
{}
{c, d }
{}
{c, d }
x7
{}
K
H
TN
Hnh 3- 1 : Ma trn phn bit tng i ca h thng tin trong Bng 3-1
ta nhn c b -vng dng ca E : POS{b} ({E}) = {x1 , x 2 } . Nh vy trng thi khi
u, ta c : R = {b} , P = {a, c, d } v tp cc trng thi khng bn vng
x3
x4
U = {x3 , x 4 , x5 , x 6 , x7 } . Trng thi ban u ny c cho trong Bng 3-2.
x5
x6
C
N
TT
x7
Bng 3- 2 : Trng thi ban u
V t l i tng bn vng l k = 2 / 7 < threshold = 1 nn R cha phi l rt gn.

Chng ta phi tip tc vic la chn thuc tnh a vo R . Cc thuc tnh ng vin
cn li ca chng ta l a , c v d . Bng3-3, 3-4 v 3-5 di y ln lt l kt qu ca
K
H
O
A
vic chn cc thuc tnh a , c v d .

a
x3
x4
x5
x6
================================ 75 ================================
x7
Bng 3- 3 : Trng thi tip theo khi thm a
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7
K
H
TN
2
2
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7
K
H
O
A
C
N
TT
Bng 3- 4 : Trng thi tip theo khi thm c
Bng 3- 5 : Trng thi tip theo khi thm d
T ba bng trn ta nhn c cc tp hp sau y :

U | IND({E}) = {{x3 , x5 , x6 }, {x 4 }, {x7 }}
U | IND({a, b}) = {{x3 , x 4 }, {x5 , x 6 , x7 }}

U | IND({b, c}) = {{x3 }, {x 4 }, {x5 }, {x6 }, {x7 }}
U | IND({b, d }) = {{x3 }, {x 4 }, {x5 , x6 }, {x7 }}
================================ 76 ================================

POS{a ,b} ( E ) =
POS{b ,c} ( E ) = POS{b ,d } ( E ) = {x3 , x 4 , x5 , x6 , x7 }
max_ size( POS{b ,c} ( E ) | IND({b, c, E})) = 1
K
H
TN
max_ size( POS{b ,d } ( E ) | IND({b, d , E})) = card ({x5 , x6 }) = 2
Ta nhn thy rng thuc tnh a khng lm gim s lng thuc tnh khng bn
vng, trong khi vic chn c hoc d u lm cho tt c cc thuc tnh cn li tr
nn bn vng. Theo thut ton ca chng ta, thuc tnh d s c chn trc tin.
Sau khi a d vo tp R , tt c cc i tng u bn vng, k = threshold nn

thut ton kt thc. Vy tp rt gn nhn c l {b, d } .
3.3. M hnh th nghim
Phn ny trnh by v m hnh c s dng th nghim tc dng ca tp th
trong la chn c trng cho bi ton nhn dng mt ngi. So vi m hnh tng qut
ca mt h nhn dng mt ngi hon chnh nu ra trong chng II, y chng ta ch
C
N
TT
ci t chc nng ca mt b nhn dng vi hai giai on hun luyn v kim tra.
3.3.1. Tp d liu
Trong ton b qu trnh th nghim, chng ta s dng tp d liu mt ngi ORL

c
cung
cp
min
ph
trn
mng
Internet
ti
ch
http://www.uk.research.att.com/facedatabase.html. Tp d liu ny c tt c 40 ngi,
K
H
O
A
mi ngi c 10 nh kch thc (ngang , doc) = (92,112) vi nhiu trng thi cm xc,
mang knh / khng mang knh,Nn nh l mu en ng nht. S dng tp d liu
ny l ph hp vi mc tiu ra : kim nghim tc dng ca tp th vo qu trnh la
chn c trng. lm cho tp d liu phong ph hn, cc nh mt s c bin i
bi cc thao tc thm nhiu, co dn, lm m,Tp d liu dng hun luyn s c 24
nh / ngi, kim tra c 20 nh / ngi.
================================ 77 ================================
24
Tp nh hun luyn
ORL
20
K
H
TN
44
Tp nh kim tra
K
H
O
A
C
N
TT
Hnh 3- 2 : Phn chia tp d liu hun luyn v kim tra
Hnh 3- 3 : nh ca 10 ngi u tin trong tp d liu ORL
3.3.2. M hnh 1
y l m hnh dng kim tra kh nng ca b rt trch c trng bng phng
php phn tch thnh phn chnh PCA v kh nng phn loi bng thut ton lng ho
vector LVQ.
================================ 78 ================================

Giai on hun luyn : Tp nh hun luyn c a vo b phn phn tch
thnh phn chnh, kt qu to ra l tp cc vector c trng. Tp vector c
trng ny lm u vo cho thut ton LVQ to ra tp vector tham chiu.
Tp vector tham chiu c lu tr li cho qu trnh phn lp.
K
H
TN
Giai on phn lp : Rt trch c trng ca tp nh kim tra bng b phn

tch PCA. Tp vector c trng ny cng tp vector tham chiu c a
vo b phn lp bng thut ton ngi lng ging gn nht thc hin
phn loi.
Hai giai on hun luyn v phn lp ln lt c th hin trong Hnh 3-4 v Hnh
3-5. Lu rng trong cc m hnh ny, tham s M ' l s thnh phn tt nht, tng
ng vi cc tr ring ln nht, trong phn tch thnh phn chnh. Gi tr tham s ny do
ngi dng cung cp.
Tp vector
c trng
Tham s
M
LVQ
C
N
TT
PCA
K
H
O
A
Tp nh
hun luyn
Tp vector
tham chiu
Hnh 3- 4 : Giai on hun luyn to tp vector tham chiu
================================ 79 ================================
Tham s
M
Tp nh
kim tra
B phn lp
ngi lng
ging gn nht
Tp vector
tham chiu
Ngi 2
Ngi n
K
H
O
A
C
N
TT
Ngi 1
K
H
TN
Tp vector
c trng
PCA
Hnh 3- 5 : Giai on phn lp tp nh kim tra
3.3.3. M hnh 2
M hnh ny l m rng ca m hnh 1 bng cch s dng l thuyt tp th tm
rt gn cho tp cc thuc tnh c trng rt ra trong giai on hun luyn. Lu rng

do cc khi nim lin quan n tp th ch lm vic trn thuc tnh ri rc nn ta cn s
dng thm bc ri rc ho tp thuc tnh trc khi lm u vo cho cc thut ton tp
th.
================================ 80 ================================

Giai on hun luyn :
o Rt trch c trng cho tp nh hun luyn bng phng php phn tch
thnh phn chnh nh m hnh 1, kt qu nhn c l tp cc vector
c trng c gi tr thc. Gi tp cc thuc tnh ca cc vector ny l
K
H
TN
C, C = M '.
o p dng thut ton ri rc ho cho tp cc vector c trng ny, kt

qu nhn c l tp cc vector c trng nhn gi tr ri rc gm C
thnh phn. Ta s dng thut ton ri rc : chia min gi tr ca mi
thuc tnh thnh k khong bng nhau, nu gi tr thc ti mt thuc
tnh thuc vo khong th t {0,1,..., k 1} th gi tr ri rc tng ng
cp (Xem phn 3.3.4).
l t . Cng nh M ' , gi tr ca khong ri rc k do ngi dng cung
o S dng l thuyt tp th tm tp thuc tnh rt gn R ca tp thuc
C
N
TT
tnh C ban u. Ta s dng ba thut ton : Johnson, Random c

trnh by trong chng 1, v heuristic va c trnh by phn trn
(ta tm gi l phng php Heuristic).
o Vi tp vector c trng gi tr thc card (C ) thnh phn, gi li cc

thnh phn tng ng vi cc thuc tnh trong R . Ta c tp vector
K
H
O
A
c trng mi c gi tr thc gm card ( R) thuc tnh.
o S dng thut ton lng ho vector i vi tp vector c trng gi tr

thc card ( R) thnh phn to tp cc vector tham chiu.
Giai on phn lp :
o Rt trch c trng cho tp nh hun luyn bng phng php phn tch
thnh phn chnh nh m hnh 1, kt qu nhn c l tp cc vector
c trng c gi tr thc. Gi tp cc thuc tnh ca cc vector ny l

C.
================================ 81 ================================

o Vi tp vector c trng gi tr thc card (C ) thnh phn, gi li cc
thnh phn tng ng vi cc thuc tnh trong R . Ta c tp vector
c trng mi c gi tr thc gm card ( R) thuc tnh.
o S dng tp vector tham chiu, phn lp tp vector c trng card ( R)
K
H
TN
thnh phn bng thut ton ngi lng ging gn nht
Hai giai on hun luyn v phn lp ln lt c th hin trong Hnh 3-6 v Hnh
K
H
O
A
C
N
TT
3-7.
================================ 82 ================================
Tp nh
hun luyn
Tham s M
K
H
TN
PCA
Tp vector c trng
lin tc card (C )
thnh phn
Khong ri rc k
Ri rc ho
Tp vector c trng
ri rc card (C )
thnh phn
Rt gn thuc tnh
Random
C
N
TT
Johnson
Heuristic
Tp thuc tnh
RC
K
H
O
A
B lc thuc tnh
Tp vector c trng
lin tc card ( R )
thnh phn
LVQ
Tp vector
tham chiu
================================ 83 ================================

Hnh 3- 6 : Giai on hun luyn to tp vector tham chiu
Tham s
M
PCA
K
H
TN
Tp nh
kim tra
Tp vector c trng
lin tc card (C )
thnh phn
Tp thuc tnh
RC
B lc thuc tnh
C
N
TT
Tp vector c trng
lin tc card ( R )
thnh phn
Tp vector
tham chiu
K
H
O
A
Ngi 1
B phn lp bng thut

ton ngi lng ging
gn nht
Ngi 2
Ngi n
Hnh 3- 7 : Giai on phn lp tp nh kim tra
3.3.4. Vn la chn s khong ri rc

Thut ton ri rc l mt phn quan trng trong m hnh th nghim trn v gp
mt phn vo kt qu nhn dng cui cng. i vi thut ton ri rc chia u khong

cch c s dng trong m hnh, s lng k cc khong ri rc ca cc thuc tnh
nn c chn tho mn iu kin : k < m vi m l s lng nh hun luyn (hay s
================================ 84 ================================

lng nh hun luyn trung bnh) ca mi ngi trong tp hun luyn. Heuristic ny
c a ra da trn hai lp lun sau y :
1. Gi s sau khi rt trch c trng, mt ngi no c m vector c trng
v1 , v 2 ,, v m vi tp thuc tnh (hay thnh phn) l C . Gi cc gi tr ca
v i [a ] R ,
sau
qu
trnh
ri
rc
K
H
TN
tp vector ny ti thuc tnh a C l v1 [a ] , v 2 [a] ,, v m [a] v gi tr

ha,
tr
thnh
gi
tr
d i [a] {0,1,..., k 1}, i = 1,2,..., m . Theo nguyn l Dirichlet [2], trong tp cc

m
gi tr ri rc {d 0 [a], d 1 [a ],..., d k 1 [a ]} tn ti 2 (v k < m ) gi tr ri rc

k
bng nhau, hay : i, j {1,2,..., m} , i j , d i [a] = d j [a ] . y cng l iu kh
hp l m ta mong mun : vi cng mt ngi, ti mi thuc tnh a C ,

lun c t nht hai vector c trng nhn gi tr nh nhau ti a .
2. Khi s lng khong ri rc cng ln th xc sut hai vector c trng
C
N
TT
nhn gi tr nh nhau ti mi thuc tnh s cng nh. iu ny cng c ngha

l kh nng phn bit cc i tng (vector c trng) ca cc thuc tnh
cng ln, dn n cc rt gn c kch thc cng nh. Trong trng hp xu
nht, tn ti mt thuc tnh a C m ti tt c cc vector c trng u
nhn gi tr khc nhau, v nh vy R = {a} l mt rt gn ca tp thuc tnh
K
H
O
A
C . R rng vic nhn dng vi tp thuc tnh R nh vy s cho kt qu
khng cao.
Heuristic chn khong ri rc va trnh by c kim nghim thc t. Trong
trng hp s khong ri rc qu ln, tp thuc tnh rt gn c kch thc rt nh (2

hoc 3) phn t dn n kt qu nhn dng thp.
Trong chng trnh th nghim, vi tp d liu hun luyn 24 nh / ngi, ta c th
chn s khong ri rc l 10.
================================ 85 ================================
Chng 4 Ci t chng trnh v th nghim
Chng 4
Ci t Chng Trnh
-----oOo-----
4.1. Chng trnh ci t

4.1.1. Ngn ng v mi trng
K
H
TN
V Th Nghim
Chng trnh th nghim c ci t bng ngn ng C++ trn h iu hnh

Microsoft Windows NT/2000 v Microsoft Windows XP, s dng mi trng lp trnh
Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 IDE.
4.1.2. T chc th mc m ngun
C
N
TT
Th mc Dib : Cha tp tin cho th vin x l nh.

Th mc Newmat : Th vin ma trn.
Th mc Stefan Chekanov : Cha tp tin cho cc lp truy xut c s d liu. Chc
nng lu tr d liu khng c h tr trong chng trnh ci t ny.
Th mc My Classes : Cc lp x l quan trng.
Th mc Others : Cha tp tin cho cc lp tin ch khc.
K
H
O
A
Cc tp tin cho cc lp giao din : nm trong th mc hin hnh Face Recognition.
4.1.3. Mt s lp quan trng

1. Lp bng quyt nh
Tn lp : CDecisionTable
Tp tin :
My Classes \ DecisionTable.h
My Classes \ DecisionTable.cpp
================================ 86 ================================

Chc nng : Biu din mt h thng tin c mt thuc tnh quyt nh
(bng quyt nh) v cc thao tc tng ng. S dng lu tp vector
c trng ca tp hun luyn, kim tra.
2.1.
S lp
CFeatureExtractor
CSVDandPCA
CPCA
K
H
TN
2. Cc lp thc hin rt trch c trng
Hnh 4- 1 : S cc lp rt trch c trng

Lp rt trch c trng c s
2.2.
C
N
TT
Tn lp : CFeatureExtractor
Tp tin :
My Classes \ FeatureExtractor.h
My Classes \ FeatureExtractor.cpp
Chc nng : Lp c s cho cc lp rt trch c trng

Lp phn tch thnh phn chnh (PCA)
K
H
O
A
2.3.
Tn lp : CPCA
Tp tin :
My Classes \ PCA.h
My Classes \ PCA.cpp
Chc nng : Thc hin rt trch c trng tp nh bng phng php

phn tch thnh phn chnh.
2.4.
Lp rt trch c trng bng phng php SVD v PCA
================================ 87 ================================

Tn lp : CSVDandPCA
Tp tin :
My Classes \ SVDandPCA.h
My Classes \ SVDandPCA.cpp
K
H
TN
Chc nng : Rt trch c trng nh bng phng php SVD kt hp

PCA.
Lu : Trong chng trnh ci t c thm hai m hnh 3 v 4 kt hp php

bin i SVD v PCA rt trch c trng nh mt. Tuy nhin do cha c
ti liu no chng minh c hiu qu ca SVD trong nhn dng, v kt qu
kim nghim trn d liu ORL cho thy tc dng rt trch c trng ca
SVD cha cao nn y ch l 2 ci t ph, khng c s dng minh ho
hay thng k trong lun vn ny. V php bin i SVD, xin xem [1].
3. Lp ri rc ho
Tn lp : CEqualWidthDiscretizer
C
N
TT
Tp tin :
My Classes \ EqualWidthDiscretizer.h
My Classes \ EqualWidthDiscretizer.cpp
Chc nng : Ri rc d liu bng phng php chia u min gi tr.

4. Lp thut ton tp th
K
H
O
A
Tn lp : CRoughSetAlgorithm
Tp tin :
My Classes \ RoughSetAlgorithm.h
My Classes \ RoughSetAlgorithm.cpp
Chc nng : Thc hin cc thut ton trong l thuyt tp th.
5. Cc lp rt gn thuc tnh
5.1.
S lp
================================ 88 ================================
CReductsFinder
CRandomReductFinder
CHeuristicReductFinder
K
H
TN
CJohnsonReductFinder
Hnh 4- 2 : S cc lp thc hin rt gn c trng

5.2.
Lp c s
Tn lp : CReductsFinder
Tp tin :
My Classes \ ReductsFinder.h
My Classes \ ReductsFinder.cpp
Chc nng : Lp c s cho cc thut ton tm tp rt gn.

Lp chin lc Johnson
C
N
TT
5.3.
Tn lp : CJohnsonReductFinder
Tp tin :
My Classes \ JohnsonReductFinder.h
My Classes \ JohnsonReductFinder.cpp
K
H
O
A
Chc nng : Tm tp thuc tnh rt gn theo chin lc Johnson.
5.4.
Lp chin lc ngu nhin
Tn lp : CRandomReductFinder
Tp tin :
My Classes \ RandomReductFinder.h
My Classes \ RandomReductFinder.cpp
Chc nng : Tm tp thuc tnh rt gn theo chin lc ngu nhin xc

sut.
================================ 89 ================================

5.5.
Lp Heuristic
Tn lp : CRSReductFinder
Tp tin :
My Classes \ RSReductFinder.cpp
K
H
TN
My Classes \ RSReductFinder.h
Chc nng : Tm tp thuc tnh rt gn da theo tiu chun a ra trong
h GDT RS .
6. Lp mng lng ho vector (LVQ)
Tn lp : CLVQNet
My Classes \ LVQNet.h
My Classes \ LVQNet.cpp
Tp tin :
Chc nng : Khi to v hun luyn tp cc vector tham chiu.

7. Lp thut ton phn loi ngi lng ging gn nht
C
N
TT
Tn lp : CNearestNeighbor
Tp tin :
My Classes \ NearestNeighbor.h
My Classes \ NearestNeighbor.cpp
Chc nng : Thc hin phn lp tp vector c trng ca d liu kim tra
K
H
O
A
theo tp cc vector tham chiu to bi mng lng ho vector.
4.2. T chc d liu th nghim

- Cc tp d liu hun luyn, kim tra ln lt c t trong th mc Train v
Test.
- Cc tp c cng s ngi v s nh hun luyn / ngi c t vo cng mt

th mc c tn :
Face_<s ngi>_<s nh hun luyn mi ngi>_<s nh kim tra mi ngi>.
================================ 90 ================================

V d : Th mc Face_15_24_20 cha cc tp hun luyn, kim tra vi 15
ngi, mi ngi c 24 nh hun luyn v 20 nh kim tra. Cc th mc nm
trong Face_15_24_20 l cc th mc cha tng tp hun luyn, kim tra. Mt
Face_15_24_20
K
H
TN
s cy minh ho vic t chc ny :
Train
Test
Train
Test
C
N
TT
Hnh 4- 3 : Minh ho t chc tp d liu
- Trong cc th mc Train v Test, nh ca mi ngi c gom vo tng th

mc mang tn l cc s t nhin. Cc s t nhin ny l bt buc v s c s
dng nh tn tham chiu ti ngi tng ng (tc l chng ta khng s dng
K
H
O
A
th mc mang tn ca tng ngi).
4.3. Hng dn v minh ho s dng chng trnh

4.3.1. Mn hnh chnh
================================ 91 ================================
C
N
TT
K
H
TN
Hnh 4- 4 : Mn hnh chnh ca chng trnh
4.3.2. Nhp tp nh hun luyn
- Menu : File / New training database
K
H
O
A
- Chn th mc cha tp nh hun luyn, trong Hnh 4-5 th mc ny l Train.
- Hnh nh :
================================ 92 ================================
C
N
TT
K
H
TN
K
H
O
A
Hnh 4- 5 : Chn tp nh hun luyn
================================ 93 ================================
C
N
TT
K
H
TN
Hnh 4- 6 : Sau khi chn tp nh hun luyn
4.3.3. Chn thut ton rt gn thuc tnh

- Menu : Reduction Algorithm. Thut ton c chn s c p dng vo cc
K
H
O
A
m hnh 2 v 4. Thut ton khi to l Johnson.
4.3.4. Qu trnh hun luyn

- Nt nhn : Training
- Chn m hnh s dng.
- Hnh nh :
================================ 94 ================================
C
N
TT
K
H
TN
Hnh 4- 7 : Chn m hnh hun luyn
- Chn tham s ca m hnh tng ng.
K
H
O
A
- Hnh nh :
================================ 95 ================================
C
N
TT
K
H
TN
Hnh 4- 8 : Chn tham s cho m hnh
4.3.5. Qu trnh phn lp

- C 2 ch :
K
H
O
A
o Phn lp tp nh c gim st : Tp nh a vo c phn vo cc th

mc tng ng vi tng ngi (xem phn m t d liu 4.2). Chng hn
nh cc th mc Test ni trong 4.2 .
o Phn lp tp nh khng gim sat : Tt c cc nh kim tra nm trc tip

trong mt th mc, khng thuc cc th mc ca tng ngi.
- Chn ch :
o Classified persons
o Unclassified persons
================================ 96 ================================

- M th mc : nt nhn Browse.
C
N
TT
K
H
TN
- Hnh nh :
Hnh 4- 9 : Chn th mc phn lp trong ch gim st
K
H
O
A
- Nhn nt Classify bt u phn lp.

- Kt qu phn lp :
o Ch c gim st : T l phn trm s nh c phn lp ng.
o Ch khng gim st : Unknown.
4.3.6. Xem thng tin

- Cc mc trong menu Information :
o Real attribute training table : Bng hun luyn trng thi gi tr thc.
================================ 97 ================================

o Discrete attribute training table : Bng hun luyn trng thi gi tr
ri rc.
o Real attribute testing table : Bng kim tra trng thi gi tr thc.
o Discrete attribute testing table : Bng kim tra trng thi gi tr ri
K
H
TN
rc.
o Set of attributes : Tp thuc tnh s dng phn lp. i vi m hnh 2

v 4 y l tp cc thuc tnh rt gn, vi m hnh 1 v 3 y l tp tt c
cc thuc tnh c trng.
o Training type : Xem cc thng tin tham s, thut ton ca m hnh va s
dng.
4.4.1. Th mc Face_10_24_20
S lng ngi :
10
4.4. Mt s kt qu
C
N
TT
S nh hun luyn / ngi :
24
S nh kim tra / ngi :
20
S vector tham chiu (LVQ) :
10
Chu k hun luyn :
5000
S khong ri rc (bc ri rc ho) :
Bng s liu
Tham
K
H
O
A
STT
M hnh 2
Kt qa
s PCA m hnh
1 (%)
Johnson
Heuristic
Random
Kt
Kt qu
Kt
thuc
qu
thuc
(%)
thuc
qu
tnh
(%)
tnh
tnh
(%)
87.5
87.5
87.5
87.5
93.5
93.5
93.5
93.5
================================ 98 ================================
97.5
97.5
94.5
94
97
97
87
94.5
97.5
97
94
93.5
10
98
97
82.5
95.5
11
98
97
82.5
98
12
99
94
82.5
97
13
99
94
82.5
85
10
14
99.5
94
82.5
93
11
15
100
94
82.5
95.5
K
H
TN
Bng 4- 1 : Kt qu hun luyn, kim tra tp Face_10_24_20

S lng ngi :
4.4.2. Th mc Face_15_24_20
15
24
20
10
Chu k hun luyn :
8000
C
N
TT

STT
Tham
Kt qa
K
H
O
A
s PCA m hnh
1 (%)
Johnson
3
M hnh 2
Heuristic
Random
Kt
Kt qu
Kt
thuc
qu
thuc
(%)
thuc
qu
tnh
(%)
tnh
tnh
(%)
85
85
85
85
87
87
87
87
89
89
89
89
================================ 99 ================================
90.33
90.33
90.33
90.33
90.67
90.67
90.33
90.67
10
91.33
89.67
94.33
97.67
11
91.33
89.67
94.33
90.67
12
92
89.67
97.67
90.33
13
92.33
89.67
97.67
90.67
10
14
92.33
91.67
97.67
10
88.67
11
15
92.33
91.67
97.67
89.67
K
H
TN

S lng ngi :
4.4.3. Th mc Face_20_24_20
20
24
20
10
Chu k hun luyn :
10000
C
N
TT

STT
Tham
Kt qa
K
H
O
A
s PCA m hnh
1 (%)
Johnson
3
M hnh 2
Heuristic
Random
Kt
Kt qu
Kt
thuc
qu
thuc
(%)
thuc
qu
tnh
(%)
tnh
tnh
(%)
76.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
82
82
82
82
87
87
87
87
82.75
82.75
82.75
82.75
================================ 100 ================================
82
82
82
82
10
85.25
10
85.25
10
85.25
10
85.25
11
86
11
86
11
86
11
86
12
86.25
10
85.5
88.5
11
90.33
13
92.33
10
85.5
89.25
10
90.67
10
14
87.25
11
81.25
94.5
11
88.67
11
15
86.5
11
81.25
10
95.5
13
89.67
12
16
86.5
11
81.25
10
95.5
12
82
13
17
86.5
10
81.75
10
95.5
11
89.5
14
18
87
10
81.75
11
90.25
13
91.5
15
19
87.25
11
81.75
90.25
12
84.5
16
20
87.25
11
81.75
90.25
12
79.5
K
H
TN
11
11
C
N
TT
4.4.4. Th mc Face_25_24_20
S lng ngi :
25
24
20
10
Chu k hun luyn :
12500
K
H
O
A
STT
Tham
M hnh 2
Kt qa
s PCA m hnh
1 (%)
Johnson
Heuristic
Random
Kt
Kt qu
Kt
thuc
qu
thuc
(%)
thuc
qu
tnh
(%)
tnh
tnh
(%)
================================ 101 ================================

10
83.8
10
83.8
10
83.8
10
83.8
11
86.6
11
86.6
11
86.6
10
83.8
12
88.2
12
88.2
11
84.4
12
88.2
13
84.6
12
84.6
10
77.8
11
86.6
14
85.4
11
90.2
80.4
13
84.6
15
85
10
83.2
10
88.8
13
89
16
84.8
10
83.2
10
88.8
12
80.6
17
84.8
10
83.2
10
96.4
12
84.8
18
85
10
83.2
10
86.2
14
84.2
10
19
84.8
10
83.2
10
86.2
14
79.8
11
20
85.6
10
83.2
86.2
12
84.6
12
21
86.2
10
83.2
10
86.2
14
84.8
13
22
85.6
10
83.2
10
86.2
14
76
14
23
86.4
10
83.2
10
91
12
74.4
15
24
16
25
H
10
C
N
TT
K
H
TN
85.8
10
83.2
10
91
13
81.8
85.8
11
81.75
10
91
14
79.2
Bng 4- 4 : K t qu hun luyn, kim tra tp Face_25_24_20
4.5. Nhn xt kt qu
K
H
O
A
T cc kt qu th nghim trn ta c mt s nhn xt :

1. Trong 3 thut ton tm rt gn tp thuc tnh, chin lc Heuristic t ra vt
tri hn v chin lc ngu nhin xc sut l thp nht v kh nng nhn
dng.
2. Trong cc bng thng k trn, nhng kt qu in m th hin c li ch

ca tip cn tp th trong la chn v rt gn c trng. Th nht, nhng
phn ny phi tng ng vi kt qu nhn dng t 90% tr ln. Th hai, c

hai cch so snh :
================================ 102 ================================

So snh theo chiu ngang : kt qu cho thy cht lng nhn dng sau
khi rt gn c trng s tng ln. V d : vi tp Face_15_24_20, nu
gi nguyn 10 c trng th kt qu nhn dng l 91.33, trong khi kt
qu sau khi rt gn cn 6 c trng l 94.33.
K
H
TN
So snh theo chiu xin : vi 2 tp c trng cng kch thc, tp c

trng nhn c t qu trnh rt gn cho cht lng tt hn tp c
trng tng ng vi cc thnh phn tt nht ca phn tch thnh phn
chnh. V d : vi tp Face_15_24_20, tp c trng rt gn kch
thc 6 cho kt qu nhn dng 94.33%, trong khi tp tng ng vi 6
thnh phn tt nht ca phn tch thnh phn chnh cho kt qu nhn
dng 87%.
3. Trong nhng th nghim trn chng ta s dng thut ton phn lp ngi
lng ging gn nht. iu ny cng c th l nguyn nhn cht lng phn
K
H
O
A
C
N
TT
loi khng cao : cha bao gi chng ta t c kt qu nhn dng 100 %.
================================ 103 ================================
Chng 5 T nh gi v hng pht trin ngh
Chng 5
T nh Gi V Hng Pht
-----oOo-----
5.1. T nh gi
K
H
TN
Trin Ngh
Vi nhng trnh by l thuyt cng nh kt qu thc nghim, lun vn t c

mt s thnh qu sau y :
Trnh by r rng v c h thng l thuyt tp th, minh ho y cc khi

nim bng nhiu v d.
Tm hiu mt s vn tng qut trong bi ton nhn dng mt ngi : m

hnh chung, cc kh khn gp phi.
Nghin cu phng php phn tch thnh phn chnh trong bi ton nhn
C
N
TT
dng, mt s thut ton hc lng ho vector ng dng trong phn lp d

liu.
Ci t chng trnh ng dng nhn dng mt ngi, trong kt hp l

thuyt tp th vo giai on la chn v rt gn c trng.
a ra nhn xt t s liu thng k v biu thy c mt mnh, yu
K
H
O
A
ca phng php la chn v rt gn c trng bng l thuyt tp th. a
ra mt s l gii ban u cho cc kt qu.
Tuy vy, lun vn vn cn cha hon thin cc im sau :

Cha a vo cc phng php rt trch c trng khc c iu kin nh
gi chnh xc.
Cha so snh c hiu qu p dng l thuyt tp th trong bi ton la

chn v rt gn c trng vi cc tip cn khc.
Thut ton phn lp s dng cn qu n gin.
================================ 104 ================================
Chng 5 T nh gi v hng pht trin ngh

Tp d liu cha phong ph.
5.2. Hng pht trin ngh

Da trn mt s im t nh gi trn, sau y l mt s hng pht trin vn
c nu trong lun vn ny :
K
H
TN
Nghin cu cc thut ton rt trch c trng khc nh : nh x t t chc

(SOM), php bin i Cosine ri rc (DCT),v so snh vi phng php
phn tch thnh phn chnh.
Nghin cu cc thut ton s dng trong phn lp nh Support Vector

Machine, m hnh Markov n,Vic s dng cc m hnh ny chc chn s
mang li kt qu nhn dng cao hn b phn lp ngi lng ging gn nht

c s dng trong lun vn.
Nghin cu cc phng php la chn v rt gn c trng khc v so snh
K
H
O
A
C
N
TT
vi tip cn bng l thuyt tp th.
================================ 105 ================================
Ti Liu Tham Kho

Chng 1 :
[1] Jan Komorowski, Lech Polkowski, Andrzej Skowron : Rough Sets : A
K
H
TN
Tutorial.
[2] Roman W. Swiniarski (2001) : Rough set methods in feature reduction
and classification Int. J. Appl. Math. Comput. Sci., 2001, Vol. 11, No.
3, 565 582.
[3] Zhenghong Yang, Tianning Li, Feng Jin, Shuyun Xu (2002) : Rough Set
in Data Mining.
[4] Ron Kohavi, Brian Frasca (1994) : Useful Feature Subsets and Rough
Set Reducts.
[5] Nguyn Hong Phng, Nadipuram R. Prasad, L Linh Phong : Nhp
mn Tr tu tnh ton, Nh xut bn Khoa hc K thut (2002).
C
N
TT
[6] Ning Zhong, Juzhen Dong, Setsuo Ohsuga (2001) : Using Rough Sets
with Heuristic for Feature Selection. Journal of Intelligent Information
System, 16, 199 214, 2001.
[7] Nguyen Sinh Hoa, Nguyen Hung Son Institut of Computer Science,
Wasaw University, Poland : Some efficient algorithms for rough set
K
H
O
A
methods.
Chng 2 :
[1] Matthew Turk, Alex Pentland (1991) : Eigenfaces for Recognition.
[2] Ilker Atalay (M. Sc. Thesis - 1996) : Face Recognition using eigenfaces.
[3] Raphael Cendrillon (1999) : Real time face recognition using eigenfaces.
[4] Trn Phc Long, Nguyn Vn Lng (2003) : Nhn dng ngi da
vo thng tin khun mt xut hin trn nh. Lun vn tt nghip, Khoa
Cng ngh Thng tin, i hc Khoa hc T nhin Tp. HCM.
================================ 106 ================================
[5] Shang Hun Lin, Ph.D (IC Media Corporation) (2000) : An Introduction
to Face Recognition Technology. Informing Science Special Issue on
Multimedia Informing Technology Part 2, Volume 3 No 1, 2000.
using Eigenfaces.
K
H
TN
[6] Sezin Kaymak (2003) : Face Detection, Recognition and Rescontruction

[7] LVQ_Pak, Neural Network Research Centre - Laboratory of Computer
and Information Science Helsinki University Of Technology.
http://www.cis.hut.fi/research/lvq_pak/.
[8] Dr. Justin D.Wang (2003) : Neural Network, Department Science and
Computer Engineering, La Trobe University, Australia.
[9] Linsay I Smith (2002) : A tutorial on Principle Components Analysis.
Chng 3 :
[1] Ning Zhong, Juzhen Dong, Setsuo Ohsuga (2001) : Using Rough Sets
with Heuristic for Feature Selection. Journal of Intelligent Information
C
N
TT
System, 16, 199 214, 2001.
[2] Kenneth H. Rosen : Discrete Mathematics and Its Application, McGraw

Hill, 1994. Bn dch ting Vit : Ton hc ri rc ng dng trong Tin
hc, Nh xut bn Khoa hc K thut, 1998.
K
H
O
A
3, 565 582.
Chng 4 :

3, 565 582.
[2] Nguyen Sinh Hoa, Nguyen Hung Son Institut of Computer Science,
================================ 107 ================================
Wasaw University, Poland : Some efficient algorithms for rough set
K
H
O
A
C
N
TT
K
H
TN
methods.
================================ 108 ================================

Luan Vankhao Sat Ung Dung Cua Tap Tho Trong Lua Chon Va Rut Gon Dac Trung Cho Ba 7x7uc 20121030051447 18338

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Luan Vankhao Sat Ung Dung Cua Tap Tho Trong Lua Chon Va Rut Gon Dac Trung Cho Ba 7x7uc 20121030051447 18338

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lun vn

1.3.1. S d tha thng tin..................................................................................13

1.3.2. Quan h tng ng - Lp tng ng..............................................13

1.5. S khng chc chn v hm thuc..................................................................25

1.8. Mt s thut ton hiu qu..............................................................................36

1.8.2. Xp x trn, xp x di.............................................................................37

1.8.3. Vng dng ................................................................................................38

2.3. M hnh nhn dng mt ngi tiu biu........................................................48

2.5. Phng php nhn dng mt ngi bng mt ring ....................................54

2.5.2. Vn tm cc mt ring ..........................................................................57

2.5.3. S dng mt ring nhn dng .............................................................60

2.6.3. Vn khi to vector tham chiu ..........................................................67

Bi Ton Nhn Dng Mt Ngi................................................................................70

3.2.2.2. Thut ton............................................................................................72

3.3.2. M hnh 1....................................................................................................78

4.1.1. Ngn ng v mi trng ...........................................................................86

4.1.2. T chc th mc m ngun ......................................................................86

Cc lp thc hin rt trch c trng......................................................87

Lp thut ton tp th ..............................................................................88

Cc lp rt gn thuc tnh ........................................................................88

Lp mng lng ho vector (LVQ) .........................................................90

Lp thut ton phn loi ngi lng ging gn nht .............................90

4.2. T chc d liu th nghim.............................................................................90

4.3.3. Chn thut ton rt gn thuc tnh .........................................................94

4.3.5. Qu trnh phn lp ....................................................................................96

T nh Gi V Hng Pht ...................................................................................104

5.2. Hng pht trin ngh...............................................................................105

Ti Liu Tham Kho..................................................................................................106

Danh Sch Cc Hnh

Hnh 1- 2 : Ma trn phn bit ca Bng1-7....................................................................31

Hnh 2- 1 : M hnh nhn dng mt ngi tiu biu.....................................................49

Hnh 2- 2 : nh vi nn phc tp vi ...........................................................................51

Hnh 2- 4 : Vng ng k nht ca gng mt .........................................................53

Hnh 2- 5 : Kt qu d tm trn nh c gng mt c ho trang ..............................54

Hnh 2- 9 : Vector tham chiu c y ra xa vector d liu hn - trng hp hai

Hnh 3- 2 : Phn chia tp d liu hun luyn v kim tra.............................................78

Hnh 3- 4 : Giai on hun luyn to tp vector tham chiu ........................................79

Hnh 3- 7 : Giai on phn lp tp nh kim tra...........................................................84

Danh Sch Cc Bng

Bng 1- 3 : Mt bng d liu d tha thng tin.............................................................13

Bng 1- 8 : Mt h thng tin ..........................................................................................35

Bng 3- 1 : Bng quyt nh cho v d minh ho ..........................................................74

Bng 3- 3 : Trng thi tip theo khi thm a ..................................................................76

Bng 3- 4 : Trng thi tip theo khi thm c ..................................................................76

Bng 4- 3 : Kt qu hun luyn, kim tra tp Face_20_24_20....................................101

quan tm nghin cu ca nhiu nh khoa hc. Rt nhiu thut ton v m hnh c

a ra nhm tng ti a hiu sut ca cc giai on trong mt h thng nhn dng.

v tc ca h thng. y cng l l do ca vic chn ti :

Kho St ng Dng Ca Tp Th Trong La Chn V

Vic la chn l thuyt Tp th trong vn nu trn xut pht t nhng ng dng

nhn dng kt hp vi l thuyt Tp th.

bi y l i tng nghin cu kh l th vi nhiu c im phong ph mang hm

ang ng vai tr quan trng trong bo mt v an ninh.

Chng 1 : L thuyt Tp th.

Chng 5 : T nh gi v hng pht trin ngh.

1.1. Gii thiu

L thuyt tp th (rough set theory) ln u tin c xut bi Z. Pawlak v

L thuyt tp th da trn gi thit rng nh ngha mt tp hp, chng ta cn

bt kh phn bit vi nhau. y chnh l quan h mu cht v l im xut pht ca l

1.2. H thng tin

Mt tp d liu th hin di dng bng, trong mi dng th hin cho mt

Mt cch hnh thc, h thng tin l mt cp A = (U , A) trong U l tp hu hn

thuc tnh sao cho a : U Va vi mi a A . Tp Va c gi l tp gi tr ca thuc

V d 1-1 : Bng d liu trong Bng 1-1di y cho ta hnh nh v mt h thng