99 1 
: " !  #(1
pH > log k e : *) + , -(
: .-/ 0* HA/ A #2 pk A 3 4!5! HA 6 , pH 8! 94 +:" 4-(
( aq )

( aq )

[A ]
pkA = pH + log

[HA]q

. pH = 8  c = 10 8 mol / l : 24)= - 6 , pH -(

. pK A = 14 :9 H 3O + #2 3 4!@(
( aq )

.G CD 3 4!@ EF  +*) + -(

. pH > pk A  IK, 6/*)+ #2 93 I - (
**********************************************************
 
pk
1
pH > e
pH > log k e
M pH > log k e : *) + , -(
2
2
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
: .-/ 0* HA/ A #2 pk A 3 4!5! HA 6 , pH 8! 94 +:" 4- (
( aq )

( aq )

[A ]
+ log

pH = pk A

[HA]q

[A ]

pkA = pH + log



[HA]q

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.  . pH = 8  c = 10 8 mol / l : 24)= - 6 , pH - (
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
. . pK A = 14 :9 H 3O + / H 2 O #2 3 4!@ (
( aq )

( aq )

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 .G CD 3 4!@ EF  +*) + - (
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 . pH > pk A  IK, 6/*)+ #2 93 I - (
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

99 2 
. c B Q2 ! ))   k A S43 4!@ c A Q2 HA 6 , G4F
. 4 4!@ G 8*  .*T , "4( 1
. QV WD- (*2
WD-4) I* K4!4 - 94 +: , (3
**********************************************************
 

HA+ HO A + H 2 O (1
aq

K=

aq

[A ] :4 4!@
[HA].[HO ]

aq

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
n( HA) = n( HO ) : - WD-4) I*(2
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

c A v A = c B v B e (3

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

99 3 
1

. c A Q2)= - 6 !c B Q2 ( BH + / B) #2*) + v B [\ , 2\IF
..*T4 9D 4)4 4#2 3 944!@ ^)! 4 4!@ G 8*  .*T , "4 -1
.WD-4 CF 2!   QVWD- (*2
WD-4) I* K4!4 - 94 +: , (3
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 
+
B + H 3O BH + H 2 O (1
aq

aq

aq

[BH ] = [BH ] =
k=
[B].[H O ] [B].[H O ] k
+

kA

(H3O+ / H2O)

=1

( BH + / BH )

kA

( H 3O + / H 2O )

kA

( BH + / BH )

:`

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
n( B ) = n( H 3 O + ) :
9I WD-4 (2
. pH :. b#T c4! WD-4 CF 24
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
: 9 " 4-  QV 9D WD-4 +:* (3

c Av

= cBv

Ae

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

99 4 
e c A Q2)= - 6 S A , , v A = 20ml \ F . g,  .*T4 6 #)K
. c B = 10 2 mol / l Q2))   K  !,
. ))  , , VBE = 14,8ml [\Dh) I*WD-4 0* . F
. 25C : 9   #
. : .M .*T4 , "4(1
 2 ,(2
***************************************************
 
: : .M .*T4 , (1

H 3O + HO 2 H 2 O
aq

aq

aq

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

c v =c v

c B .v BE 10 2.14,8
=
= 0,74 10 2 mol / l
A A
B B e :WD- +:*( 2
vA
20
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
cA =

99 5 
F` 2 8! 94 +: 8*  4 ! ` - e ^4! FC :*T4 j-" ^ 4
.3 4!5! 4) I* )#4 j-
CH 3CHClCOOH (
CH 3COOH (
aq

HF
aq

aq

C 6 H 5 COOH (
aq

***************************************************
 
CH 3COOH + H 2O
CH 3COO + H 3O + (
( aq )

(l )

( aq )

( aq )

[CH COO ][. H O ]

=

kA

[CH 3COOH ]

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
C 6 H 5 COOH + H 2 O
C 6 H 5 COO + H 3O + (
( aq )

(l )

( aq )

kA =

( aq )

[C H COO ][. H O ]

[C 6 H 5COOH ]

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
CH 3CHClCOOH + H 2 O
CH 3CHClCOO + H 3 O +
(
( aq )

(l )

( aq )

kA =

( aq )

[CH CHClCOO ][. H O ]

[CH 3CHClCOOH ]

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
HF + H 2 O
F + H 3O +
(
( aq )

(l )

kA =

[F ][. H O ]

( aq )

( aq )

[HF ]

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

99 6 
HCOOH =,T 6 C 6 H 5 COOH =2IG 6 94 0* !m! C B A ., @:@ 0* . F

.STF 24! 9D C 2 H 5 COOH =F!G 6

.S nD pH : ! =!# :, , . +(
. .*T .- CD  : 9jKI) C4 GF *(
. 3,4 3,1 2,1 : pH
. 0,125 0,079 0,037 :
pk A (C 6 H 5 COOH / C 6 H 6 COO ) = 4,2 :9F
pk A ( HCOOH / HCOO ) = 3,75
pk A (C 2 H 5 COOH / C 2 H 5 COO ) = 4,9
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 
.G  9D S--T  . cM pk A EF  + 6(  

.cM pH  .G H 3O + F`2   G= -T4  

3,4
C 2 H 5 COOH
4,9

.cM pH   cM pk A  

: o4IF SI,
3,1
2,1
HCOOH
C 6 H 5 COOH
4,2

3,75

PH
nD 

pk A

(
.cM pk A EF  .G 9jKI S,)C GF EF  + 6 
.cM pk A EF  G EF  :

3,4
3,1
2,1
HCOOH
nD 
C 6 H 5 COOH
C 2 H 5 COOH
3,75

4,2

4,9

pk A

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

99 7 
. g, j2# NH 3 F,` .*T4
r3F [@ .5  + 6! S r3F v B = 20ml K\ I* SI, VF F,`  c B 24)) 4
. .5  F ) 0 c A = 5.10 3 mol / l 24)= - 6 , \)
. v A E = 12ml [\ Dh) I* WD-4[ F
. QV\ Fu ,: ) j^ 8* -1
. .*T , "4 2
. c B 24" -3
****************************************************
 
."I, , ry 9xIc, , M, - .,+ #),  - 4, PH K# -1
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
: .*T ,(2
+
+
NH 3 + H 3O
NH 4 + H 2 O
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
c .v
5.10 3.12
c B = A AE =
= 3.10 3 mol / l = 3m.mol / l c A v AE = c B .v B : WD-4 +:* : ,(3
vB
20
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

100 8 
2

QV , . 0* 4 . c = 10 mol / l 24{ TF K T4|, ., , STF V [\ 0* W  4
:94 \) 9D oj4I) F 50 1 , W-[ + g, pH :{ CF .
5
4
3
2
1
-[ +
11,3
10,6
7,0
5,6
pH
12
: 9D 4 j- F`! ) m! , . 3 [ )+
NaOH ))   CH 3 NH 2 , .5, NH 4 Cl F,`  NaCl   
. NH 3 F,`
.3 .) I* g, )V .*T4 , "4( 1
. . 9D #  0* =!# :, (2
****************************************************
2 
), , NaCl + H 2 O > Na + + Cl (1
( aq )

( aq )

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
1 93 ,
NH 4 Cl + H 2 O > NH 4 + Cl
( aq )

( aq )

.)*+ ., :@ I) 0CG

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////
: ))  : GI! )C4) # [!
.*T4 ,
NaOH > Na + + HO
 
)C4

cV

cV x f

xf

xf

j)G
xf

KI

. 9D = -T4 + *)+ ))  

x f = cV : cV x f = 0 .*T4 KF )I* 9  9D K--T + *)+ !  

10
5 - pH = 12 [H O ] =
10

14

= 10

12

n( HO
: 9F` \) : , [HO ] =
V

xf
V

=c

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+

. 9D j2# 4 *)C 9j, , CH 3 NH 2 + H 2 O > CH 3 NH 4 + HO

+

. 9D j2# 4 *)C 9j, , NH 3 + H 2 O > NH 4 + HO

PH 9I cM H 3O + 2 G HO  G  9D K--T - F,` , +*) + , .5, CH 3 NH 2

4. - SI, G
3. - 9D F,`

: 9 , , S CI 4 V: },

: 4#2 GI! 9F

pkA( NH + / NH ) = 9,2
4

PKA(CH3NH + / CH NH ) = 10,7
3

.F,` , +*) + , .5 SI, + *) C EF  G pkA  SF! [F
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

100 9 
2

. c = 3.10 mol / l :Q2 HCOOH =,T 6 j, ^, G4F

. pH = 2,65 : )\ID 25C  #) I* V pH {CF
. 9D 6 V) ! I* )V .*T4 , "4-1
. .   9D )#4 F~ T  24) -2
#2 pK A 4!5 k A 3 4!@ + o4I4-3
. pH = 6,5 0* 25C )I* . ID 8| pH {CF   F5, ,= ,T 6 , 2F-4
.8| V 9D 6/*)+ #2 K 9j- I!= # :, *
***********************************************************************************
: 
HCOOH + H 2 O
HCOO + H 3O + (1
( aq )

( aq )

(l )

( aq )

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
. HCOOH HO H 3O + HCOO : 9) #4 F`(2
(aq )

[H O ] = 10
[HO ] = 1010
+

pH

14

2 , 65

aq

= 10 2,65 = 2,24.10 3 mol / l pH = 2,65 :!

= 4,47.10 12 mol / l : 9F` \) +:* : ,

:)C4) # : ,
HCOO + H 3O +

HCOOH + H 2 O
( aq )

(aq )

( aq )

( aq )

(l )

( aq )

cV

D!

)C4

j)G

cV -xf

D!

xf

xf

xf

KI

:I)

[HCOO ] = 2,24.10

mol / l

:I)

[H O ] = [HCOO ] = xV
+

[HCOOH ] =

cV x f

=c

xf

= c HCOO = 3.10 2 2,24.10 3 = 2,776.10 2 2,78.10 2 mol / l

V
V
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
HCOO . H 3O +
(2,24.10 3 ) 2
kA =
=
= 1,8.10 4 I)(3
2
[HCOOH ]
2,78.10
pk A = log k A = 3,74
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
pH = 6,5 :  QV 9D(4

[HCOO ] = 10

[HCOOH ]

pH pKA

][

[HCOO ] pH = pK

pH pK A = log

. HCOO  K I

[HCOOH ]

[HCOO ] = 10

[HCOOH ]

6 , 5 3 , 74

+ log

[HCOO ] : I)

[HCOOH ]

575

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

100 10 
. 9D !V 5 9F" , C 6 H 5 ONa ^  ID
. 9D SF! .*T , "4( 1

. g, C 6 H 5 O `.*T , 4! . *)  C 2 .* (2

. pH = 11,3 )\ID ^  IT 9j, , PH {CF
. V 9D C 6 H 5 OH / C 6 H 5 O #2 K I  ,(

[C H O ] GI("

pK

= 10

A ( C 6 H 5 OH / C 6 H 5 O )

[C 6 H 5OH ]

:9F. 25C )I* .*T4 V ! FC 4 4!@ + ()

. ke = 10 14 :
***********************************************************************************
C 6 H 5 ONa + H 2 O C 6 H 5 O + Na + (1 : 
(s)

(l )

( aq )

( aq )

F  SF- *)C{  TF S ^Fu  C 6 H 5 O + H 2 O

C 6 H 5 OH + HO ( 2
. g, S*T )I* ))K
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
:I)
(

+
C H O . H 3O
kA = 6 5
:9 C 6 H 5 OH / C 6 H 5 O #2 3 4!@ [ F
[C 6 H 5 OH ]

][

pK

( C 6 H 5 OH / C 6 H 5 O

= 10 pH = 11,3 g,

[C H O ] > 1 log [C H O ] > 0 pK

[C 6 H 5OH ]

[C6 H 5 OH ]

pH = pK A + log

+ log

[C H O ] > pk

[C 6 H 5OH ]

[C H O ] :

[C 6 H 5OH ]

pH > PK A :

. C 6 H 5 O *)C  K I CH 3COO > [CH 3 COOH ]

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

[C H O ] = 10

[C6 H 5OH ]

pH pk A

pH pK A

[C H O ]
= log

pH = pK A

[C 6 H 5OH ]

[C H O ] = 10

.,20 9 6 2 , G*) C 2 

[C6 H 5OH ]

11,310

[C H O ] (
+ log

[C6 H 5 OH ]

= 101,3 = 19,95 20

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
C6 H 5O + H 2O
C 6 H 5 OH + HO (
: 25C )I* .*T4 V ! FC 4 4!@

k A = 10 pk A = 10 10 pK

= 10

A
14

:I) ke = 10 14 : I)

10
= 10 4 :
10
10
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
K=

100 11 
4!5! 2 ( H 2 PO4 / HPO4 ) TD I# )9jI@ /TDI#  ): #2 )  8!h )
. 7,4  ) pH -. 37C  #) I* pk A = 6,82
. )9D

[H PO ]
[HPO ]

4
2

: GI( " 1

[HPO ] = 0,275mol / l [ H PO ]o4I4( 2

2

. ), 4 .- GI! C 3 H 6 O3 =4 6 , 0,085mol .*T o4I (3

2

. HPO4 F`= 4 6 ! )V .*T4 , "4

2

G+ S4+   )pH + , nC [@ HPO4 H 2 PO4 , . 2 )  9 .*T4 V 4D!(4

. 7,2 ,
***********************************************************************************
: 
:I) (1

[HPO ] = 10
[H PO ]
2

pH pk A

= 107, 46,82 = 100,58

pH = pK A + log

[HPO ]
[H PO ]
2

[H PO ] = 1 = 0 , 263
[HPO ] 10
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
[H PO ] = 0,263 [HPO ] = 0,263 0,275 = 0,0723mol / l (2
2

4
2

0 , 58

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
2

C 3 H 6 O3 + HPO4
C 3 H 5 O3 + H 2 PO4 ( 3
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
:=4 6 2 : I) (4
[C3 H 6 O3 ] = 0,085mol = 0,085mol / l
1
.*T4) C )# : ,
2

C 3 H 6 O3 + HPO4
C 3 H 5 O3 + H 2 PO4
0,085
0,275
0
0
)C4
j)G

0,085-x

0,275-x

4

0,275 0,085

0,085

0,085

0,085

KI

[H PO ] = 0,085mol / l : [ HPO ] = 0,19mol / l : - ), ) 4 :  GI!

[HPO ] = 6,82 + log 0,19 = 7,169 7,2
pH = pK + log
0,085
[H PO ]
2

9T 

. pH = 1,7 )= - 6 j, S ^, G4F

. S V 2 c A "( 1
3
Q2 S1 , 0*  S , 10cm 0 S4Dh \" V \[  , (2
.
c1 = 2.103 mol / l
24" . S 2 , , 4l 0* . ID |  9D ))  , 4 g " VF (3
. V pH + o4I4 S 2 c 2
. S 2 , v 2 = 20cm 3 0 S1 , v1 = 100cm 3 [\ r3F ( 4
.=!# .* oI  Gx , :1-4
.oI  pH + o4I4 @[ 8| 9D )#4 j- F` 2 " :2-4
Ke = 10 14 9F` \) 9F
:!#
:4  nD  9D = -T4 =)- 6 (1
. 9 .*T4 HCl + H 2 O H 3O + + Cl

M ( NaOH ) = 40 g / mol

HCl

c A .V

+ H 2O H 3O
D!
0

D!

c A .V -xf =0
xf

cA =

[HCl ] =

[H O ] = c
+

+ Cl
0

xf

c A .V x f

= cA

H 3O + =

xf
xf
V

)C4

 j)G

xf

4

= 0 : .*T4 KF )I*

xf

:=V I) )C4) # : ,

V
: [ F  K# , H 3O + = 10 pH = 10 1, 7 2.10 2 mol / l
:SI, c A v A = c1 (v A + Ve) : 9 " 4-  QV 9D rT|4 +:* (2
3

c A v A c1 .v A 2.10 2.10.10 3 2.10 3.10.10 3

=
= 0,09l = 90cm 3
3
c1
2.10
m( NaOH )
m( NaOH )
4g
M ( NaOH )
c2 =
=
=
= 0,025mol / l (3
VS
M ( NaOH ) .VS 40 g .4l
:4  nD  = 9D = -T4 ! ))  
NaOH + H 2 O Na + + HO

Ve =

(s)

( aq )

(l )

( aq )

: I) )C4) # : ,
NaOH + H 2 O Na + + HO
(s)

( aq )

(l )

.*T4 ,

( aq )

c2 .v 2

D!

)C4
0

c2 .v 2 -xf =0

D!

xf

xf

xf


j)G
4

c2 =

xf

c 2 .v 2 x f

[NaOH ] =

v2

[HO ] = c

v2

[HO ] = xv

10
pH : +:* 4![ H O ] =
c

14

= c2

v2

= 0 : 9 .*T4 I!

: )C4) # : ,

[HO ][. H O ] = 10

xf

14

:9F` \) +:* : ,

10 14
pH = log H 3 O = log
= 14 + log c 2 = 14 + log 0,025 12,4
c2
I)(1-4
+

n( H 3 O + ) = c A v A = 2.10 210.10 3 = 2.10 4 mol

.
n(OH ) = c 2 v 2 = 25.10 3.20.10 3 = 5.10 4 mol

*)+ 94! n(OH ) > n( H 3 O + ) :

[OH ] = 2,5.10

)C4) # .4( 2-4

mol / l

[H O ] = 4.10
+

12

mol / l

!c -  I), 93!  - !^:T F5[ -) G* G

.nD4 9 - g\ )