January7,2013 TheHonorableBenitoRomano Chair,NewYorkCityDistrictingCommission 253Broadway,7thFloor NewYork,NY10007 DearChairRomano, WiththeDistrictingCommission(Commission)havingwithdrawnandpresentednewdistrictmaps onDecember4th,2012laudablyofferingthepublicwithadditionaltimetopresentitsthoughts ontherevisedmapsCitizensUnionwiththisletterprovidesyouwithourrecommendationsto furtherimprovethetransparencyofCommissionsdecisionmakingandcompositionofindividual districts.Attachedtothisletterisdetaileddemographicanalysisofthereviseddistrictswhich supportsourrecommendations. Asyouknow,wesupportedtheCommissionswithdrawalofitspreviousmaps,believingthatthe Commissionwouldbenefitfromadditionalinputfromthepublic.

lic.Inreviewingthisinput,we understandthattheCommissionwillneedtoproperlybalancecompetingandperhaps contradictoryinterestsinthedistrictingprocess.Thattheinitialsetofmapsprovidedtothe CouncilwastransmittedwithoutawrittenexplanationofthethinkingbehindtheCommissions decisionswasunacceptable.Inordertoprovideforgreatertransparencyofthisprocessandgive thepublicaccesstothereasonssupportingtheCommissionsdecisions,werequestthatthe Commissionsrationalesforthedecisionsitmakesbefurtherdocumentedandexplained. Tothisend,werecommendtheCommissionprovideforunprecedentedtransparencyofits decisionmakingbyprovidingpubliclywrittendocumentationoftherationalefordrawingeach districtuponcompletionofpublichearingsandbeforefinalmapsarevotedonbytheCommission. Providingthepublicwithgreaterinformationaboutitsdecisionsindrawingmapsisessentialto ensuringthatthepublicunderstandstheCommissionsrationaleforitschoicesandthatitcan havegreaterconfidenceintheendresult.Thedistrictingprocessisoftenabouttradeoffs,but withoutinformationaboutthechoicesthatweremade,thepublicmaybeunderstandablycynical abouttheendresultregardlessoftheCommissionsintentions.Whilewerecognizethatthe CommissionstaffpresentedorallysomedetailaboutthechoicesmadeatitsNovember15th meeting,thispresentationwaslimited,notwritten,notpartoftheCommissionstransmissionto theCityCouncil,anddidnotprovideafullrationaleforeachdistrict. TheCommissionshouldstatewhydistrictsweredrawnwithparticularboundaries,explainingits effortstomaximizeminorityrepresentationandmeetthecriteriaintheCityChartersuchas protectingcommunitiesofinterest.Thedocumentationshouldalsoprovidetherationale regardinghowtheCommissionaddressedinputreceivedfromthepublic;forexample,the
CitizensUnionoftheCityofNewYork 299Broadway,Suite700NewYork,NY100071976 phone2122270342fax2122270345www.citizensunion.org PeterJ.W.Sherwin,ChairDickDadey,ExecutiveDirector

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documentationshouldnotetherationaleforwhycertaindistrictswerenotchanged,andother criteriathatwereconsideredthatmayhavebeendeemedparamounttothepublicrequest.The Commissionhasalaudablerecordoftransparencybyhavingwebcastedamajorityofitsmeetings andprovidedmappingsoftwareforfreeonline.Itshouldbuilduponthisrecordbyallowingfor publicreviewofthisimportantinformationaboutitsdecisionmaking. Regardingthereviseddistricts,CitizensUnionwouldliketoacknowledgesomepositive developmentswhichwereeitherincludedintheDecember4th,2012maps,orwerecontinued fromtheinitialmapsproposedbytheCommission. PositiveDevelopments

1. District34wasalteredfromtheNovember15thproposaltonolongerinclude AssemblymemberVitoLopezshomeresidence.Weweredeeplyconcernedbythepossibility thatthisdistrictwasdrawninsuchapoliticallymotivatedmanner,andarepleasedthatthe CommissionmadethiscorrectionpriortotheJanuarypublichearings,asthiswouldhave providedforadistractionfromtheotherimportantchangesthatthepublicwillrequest. 2. StatenIslandsdistrictsremainwhollycontainedwithinRichmondCounty,nolongercrossing intoBrooklyn.Thischangeremainsfromtheproposedmaps,whichCitizensUnionsupported intestimonytotheCommissionoverthesummer. 3. SomeneighborhoodsinUpperManhattanarekeptmorewhole.Improvementsweremade toDistrict10,keepingInwoodandWashingtonHeightstogether,andfordistricts7and9 whichencompassWestandCentralHarlem,respectively.Aswewillnotebelow,however, ManhattanValleyandEastHarlemremaindivided. 4. ImprovementsweremadeinQueenstokeepsomeneighborhoodstogether,including RichmondHill,CambriaHeights,andMaspeth. 5. CommunitiesinBrooklynwerebetterunitedinsomeareas,includingkeepingtheRussian CommunitytogetherbyjoiningManhattanBeachwithSheepsheadBay,unitingCanarsieand creatingDistrict46asanopportunitytoelectdistrict.

Thereare,however,anumberofconcernsCitizensUnionhasabouttheDecember4thproposedmap, particularlygiventhelackofactiononseveralitemsraisedbythepublicathearingsoverthesummer andfall.Theremayhavebeenlegitimatereasonsbehindthesedecisions,butgiventhelackofpublicly availableinformationaboutthesedecisions,thepublicisleftwonderingwhy. AreasofConcernandRecommendedAction

1. District8continuestosplitEastHarlem,isnotcompact,andresultsinthe underrepresentationofManhattanduetotheresultinglargepopulationsofitsdistricts. ThoughcertainlandmarkssuchasLaMarquetawereincludedintheDistrict,EastHarlem remainssplit.Additionally,theinclusionofCentralParkresultsinadistrictthatisnotcompact; asCommissionerWurzelnoted,thedistrictmayrunafoulofthecompactnesscriterioninthe CityCharter.WhiletheremayhavebeenvalidreasonsforthechangesmadetoDistrict8, absentanywritten,formalexplanation,thepublicislefttowonderwhy.Forexample,public concernhasalsobeenraisedregardingRandallsIslandanditsinclusionintoDistrict22,and therehasnotbeensufficientexplanationofthisdecision.CitizensUnionisconcernedbythe resultingdeviationsofthedistrictswiththeinclusionofmoreofDistrict8intotheBronxas comparedtothecurrentdistrict.AswenotedinourprevioustestimonytotheCommission,by

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includingmoreofDistrict8intotheBronx,theaveragedeviationsofdistrictsinManhattan continuetobeover4percent.Thisresultsintheunderrepresentationofmanyoftheresidents ofdistrictsinManhattan.Thisimbalanceshouldbecorrected. 2. IncumbencywasconsideredbytheCommission,insomecasesatoddswiththedesiresof thepublicfortheirownrepresentation,particularlywhenitcomestocreatingdistrictsthat provideAsianAmericanswithmoreopportunitytoelectorinfluencedistricts.Whilethe Commissionwascorrectinnotingthatconsideringincumbencyispermissibleaccordingto federalcaseprecedent,theCityCharterisexplicitinthecriteriathattheCommissionmust follow,whichincludeprotectingcommunitiesofinterestandkeepingneighborhoodswhole. ThesecriteriamustbeconsideredparamounttoanyotherconsiderationsoftheCommission. Forexample,thefollowingissuesappeartonothavebeenaddressedduetotheconsideration ofincumbency: a. TheAsianAmericancommunityinBensonhurstissplitinto4districts.Whilethe CommissionthoughtthatthecreationofanAsianAmericaninfluencedistrictwould haveanegativeimpact,itnotedthatinkeepingthedistrictslargelythesame,itwas protectingincumbents.GiventhelargegrowthoftheAsianpopulationwhichislikely tocontinueoverthenextdecadethecreationofanAsianinfluencedistrictmaybe moredesirabletothepublicthanthecontinuationofrepresentationofincumbents. b. Districts1and2remainlargelythesameundertherevisedmaps,despite recommendationsfromthepublictojoinChinatownandtheLowerEastSide.While weacknowledgethatthepublichadconflictingviewsregardingthemergerofthese twoneighborhoods,CitizensUnionisconcernedthattheCommissionvoicedits rationaleforkeepingtheseneighborhoodsseparatedintotwodistrictsasbeingwhat wasrequestedbytheincumbents.AsCitizensUnionnotedinpriortestimonytothe Commission,combiningtheseneighborhoodswouldresultinmorecohesiveAsian Americanrepresentation. 3. District19doesnotincludeallofBaysideorOaklandGardens,whichwastheoverwhelming sentimentofthepublicintestimonytotheCommission.Inclusionoftheseneighborhoodsin District19wasadvocatedforbycommunitygroupsandmembersofthepublicatthe Commissionshearings,asitwoulduniteAsianAmericancommunities,andshouldbe addressedbytheCommission.Ithasalsobeenreported1thatDistrict19hasdividedthe residentialneighborhoodofBroadwayFlushing,whichusedtobewhollywithindistrict19, currentlyrepresentedbyRepublicanDanielHalloran. 4. TheSouthAsiancommunityinEastNewYorkandCypressHillisdividedbetweenDistricts37 and42.WhiletheCommissionnotedthatitcouldnotcreateanothercrossoverdistrict betweenQueensandBrooklyn,asDistrict34alreadydoesso,asthedistrictsarebeing redrawn,itwouldbepossibletoshiftthiscrossovertoanotherarea.Testimonyatseveral hearingsindicatedthattheSouthAsiancommunityhasrequestedthischange.Weurgethe Commissiontoexaminethisalternative.

5. RevisedDistrict33wouldincludelessofBrownstoneBrooklyn,withmoreincludedinDistrict 39.WhileCitizensUnionrecognizesthatDistrict39wouldnowincludeallofParkSlope, unitingthiscommunityofinterest,aswellasunitingtheHasidiccommunity,wewouldliketo raisetotheCommissionconcernsvoicedbyneighborhoodgroupsthatDistrict33wouldbeless competitiveforpotentialcandidates.

http://www.timesledger.com/stories/2012/47/redistrictingmaps_all_2012_11_22_q.html

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Wethankyouforyourconsiderationoftheseissues,andplantopresenttheserecommendations attheupcomingpublichearings.Donothesitatetocontactus,shouldyouhaveanyquestions. Sincerely,

DickDadey ExecutiveDirector

RachaelFauss Policy&ResearchManager

Cc. CarlHum,ExecutiveDirector ThaddeusHackworth,GeneralCounsel TheHonorableChristineQuinn,Speaker,NewYorkCityCouncil Members,NewYorkCityCouncil WilliamHeinzen,DeputyCounselortotheMayor RamonMartinez,FirstDeputyChiefofStafftotheSpeaker,NewYorkCityCouncil

CITIZENSUNION DemographicAnalysisofDecember4,2012RevisedDistrictMaps totheNewYorkCityDistrictingCommission January2013 I.

DemographicsofProposedDistricts

RevisedMapsComparedto2010CityDemographics ThisanalysiscomparestherevisedDecember4,2012mapswiththecurrentdemographicsofthe city,aswellasthecurrentrepresentationintheCityCouncil.Italsonotesmajorchangesfromthe preliminarydistrictmapsproposedinSeptember2012.Theanalysisbothconsiderstheoverallcity population,aswellasseparaterepresentationineachborough.CitizensUnionhasexaminedthe proposedUnityMap,whichhashelpedtoinformouranalysisbelowwithregardtoour recommendations.

PleasenotethatCitizensUnionusedgeneralpopulationfigures,bothlookingatthethresholdsof majority(50percentormore)andplurality(40percentormore).CitizenVotingAgePopulation numberswouldbeslightlylower,andwouldbeconsideredbytheDepartmentofJusticewhen lookingatthepreclearancestandardsoftheVotingRightsAct.Itshouldbenoted,however,that membersoftheCityCouncilrepresentallresidentsoftheirdistrict,regardlessofcitizenshipstatus andage,andthereforethecomparisontotheoverallpopulationnumbersisstillrelevantand importantforrepresentation.

Citywide CITYWIDEDEMOGRAPHICS:DECEMBER4thREVISEDCOUNCILDISTRICTS 2010 2010 CurrentCity 2013 2013 2010 Number VotingAge Council Revised Revised Population ofSeats Population Representation 50%+ 40%+ Expected White,NonHispanic 2,722,904 2,284,419 24 17 16 20 Black,NonHispanic 1,861,295 1,420,058 14 12 11 12 Asian,NonHispanic 1,030,914 834,547 2 6 1 1 Hispanic 2,336,076 1,709,204 11 15 10 13 TotalPop 8,175,133 6,407,022 51 N/A N/A N/A AveragePopulationofDistricts 160,297 Asin2003,thenumberofproposedLatinoandAsianAmericansmajoritydistrictswouldnot reflectthecityspopulation,bothwiththemakeupofthecurrentCityCouncilandwhenlookingat the2010Censuscitywidedemographicinformation.From2000to2010,thenumberofseatsthat couldbeexpectedgiventhecitywideAsianpopulationgrewfrom5to6seats,andforLatinos from14to15seats.FromtheSeptemberpreliminaryplantotheDecemberrevisedmaps,the
CitizensUnionoftheCityofNewYork 299Broadway,Suite700NewYork,NY100071976 phone2122270342fax2122270345www.citizensunion.org PeterJ.W.Sherwin,ChairDickDadey,ExecutiveDirector

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numberofmajorityLatinodistrictsdroppedbyone,withDistrict7droppingfrombeing50.3 percentHispanicto47.6percentHispanic,thoughitstillmaintainsaplurality.Itshouldbenoted, however,thatthecitywidefiguresmaynotyieldsuchseatsonaneighborhoodleveldueto populationdistribution. BoroughRepresentation BRONXDEMOGRAPHICS:DECEMBER4thREVISEDCOUNCILDISTRICTS 2010Voting 2010Number 2013 2013 2010 Age ofSeats Revised Revised Expected 50%+ 40%+ Population Population White,NonHispanic 151,209 130,205 1 0 1 Black,NonHispanic 416,695 309,709 3 1 1 Asian,NonHispanic 47,733 36,840 0 0 0 Hispanic 741,413 520,397 5 5* 5* TOTALBOROUGH 1,385,108 1,016,912 9 N/A N/A POPULATION
*Note:thisanalysisincludesCouncilDistrict8,whichcontainsportionsofManhattan.

IntheBronx,LatinoswouldhavethenumberofseatsexpectedwhenDistrict8(whichsharesparts ofUpperManhattanandtheSouthBronx)isconsidered,bringingthenumberofseatsthatare majorityHispanictofivefortheBronx.WebelievethatDistrict8ascurrentlydrawn,however, resultsintheunderrepresentationofManhattan,andalsodoesnotproperlyunitecommunitiesof interestinEastHarlem.WeencouragetheCommissiontoexaminealternatemeansofachieving thegoalofincreasedLatinorepresentationintheBronx,possiblylookingatcoalitiondistrictsasa meanstoachievethegoalofincreasedLatinorepresentation. AfricanAmericanswouldhavefewerseatsthanexpected,with3expectedandonlyonedistrict proposed,District12(whichencompassesWoodlawnandWilliamsbridge)whichasrevisedhasa populationthatis68.1percentBlackand22.7percentHispanic.Thismaybeinpartdueto populationdistribution,butitshouldbenotedthatitisborderedbytwodistricts,11and13, whichhavegrowingLatinopopulationsandhaveBlackpopulationsunder20percent. WeencouragethecommissiontoexaminecreatingcoalitiondistrictstomaximizeLatinoandBlack representationintheBronx,particularlyintheareascoveredbydistricts11,12and13. BROOKLYNDEMOGRAPHICS:DECEMBER4thREVISEDCOUNCILDISTRICTS 2010Voting 2010Number 2013 2013 2010 Age ofSeats Revised Revised Population Population Expected 50%+ 40%+ White,NonHispanic 893,306 702,033 6 6 6 Black,NonHispanic 799,066 606,643 5 7 7 Asian,NonHispanic 260,762 203,193 2 0 0 Hispanic 496,285 359,871 3 2 3 TOTALBOROUGH 2,504,700 1,910,322 16 N/A N/A POPULATION

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InBrooklyn,AsianAmericanswouldhavefewerseatsthanexpectedwhenlookingatborough levelpopulationcounts,with2expectedseats,yetnonehavebeenproposedundertherevised mapswithamajorityornearmajorityofthepopulation.ProposedDistricts38,43and47have thehighestAsianpopulations,between20and35percentofthepopulationofthedistricts,which allneighboreachotherinSunsetPark,DykerHeightsandBensonhurst.Whiletherearegenuine concernsabouttheeffectthatanAsiandistrictwouldhaveonneighboringprotecteddistrictsin Brooklyn,theDistrictingCommissioncitedincumbencyasanoverarchingreasonforkeeping districts38,43and47thesame.CitizensUnionistroubledbytheconsiderationofincumbency, however,aswebelievethatconsiderationofindividualcandidatesandincumbentsshouldnot haveanyroleindrawingdistrictmaps.Itshouldbecautioned,however,thatDistrict38hasnear majorityofLatinosintherevisedmap.Thecommissionshouldexaminewhetheritispossibleto createamorecohesivedistrictsforLatinosandAsianAmericansinBrooklyn,lookingatthe populationcentersinBensonhurstandSunsetParktoensureadequaterepresentationofboth groups. MANHATTANDEMOGRAPHICS:DECEMBER4thREVISED2013COUNCILDISTRICTS 2010Voting 2010Number 2013 2013 2010 Age ofSeats Proposed Proposed Population Population Expected 50%+ 40%+ White,NonHispanic 761,493 683,937 5 5 6 Black,NonHispanic 205,340 167,141 1 1 1 Asian,NonHispanic 178,157 158,575 1 0 0 Hispanic 403,577 315,139 3 2 3 TOTALBOROUGH 1,585,873 1,351,438 10* N/A N/A POPULATION
*Note:thisanalysisincludesCouncilDistrict8,whichcontainsportionsoftheBronx.

InManhattan,AsianAmericanshavefewerseatsthanexpected,withnomajorityornearmajority districts,thoughitshouldbenotedthatDistrict1isproposedtobe36.6percentAsian,andis representedcurrentlybyMargaretChin.Thedistrictin2003was42percentAsian;however,the districtsawadecreaseintheAsianpopulationof3.2percentfrom2000to2010.TheAsian populationgrewinneighboringdistricts,however.Districts2and3sawincreasesintheAsian populationfrom2000to2010,at35and70percentrespectively.TherevisedDistricts2and3 haveproposedAsianpopulationsof15and12percent,respectively.

ThecommissionshouldexaminethepossibilityofincreasingAsianRepresentationinDistrict1by lookingtotheseneighboringdistrictsinlowerManhattan.Itshouldbenoted,however,that District3wasoriginallycreatedasanopportunitytoelectdistrictfortheLGBTcommunity,and theCommissionshouldcontinuetoensurerepresentationforthisimportantcommunityof interest.

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QUEENSDEMOGRAPHICSANDPROPOSED2013COUNCILDISTRICTS 2010 2010Number 2013 2013 2010 VotingAge ofSeats Proposed Proposed Expected 50%+ 40%+ Population Population White,NonHispanic 616,727 527,091 4 3 4 Black,NonHispanic 395,881 305,075 2 2 3 Asian,NonHispanic 509,428 408,780 3 1 1 Hispanic 613,750 459,179 4 1 2 TOTALBOROUGH 2,230,722 1,768,821 14 N/A N/A POPULATION LatinoswouldbeunderrepresentedinQueens,havingonlyoneseatthatismajorityHispanic, whenfourwouldbeexpectedgiventhepopulation(thoughitshouldbenotedthatwhenlooking ata40percentthreshold,therewouldbetwoseats). AsianAmericanswouldhavefewerseatsthanexpectedinQueenswhenlookingatboroughwide demographicinformation,withonlyoneseatproposedtobemajorityAsian:District20.District 20in2003hadanAsianpopulationof47.8percent,andnowis64.8percent,whichisconsistent withtheincreaseinpopulation.Neighboringdistrict,however,19isproposedtohavea28 percentAsianpopulation,anddistrict23isproposedtohaveanAsianpopulationof36percent. Districts25,26and29alsobordereachotherandhaveAsianpopulationsatabout30percent each.Thesedistrictshaveimprovedoverthelastmap,asElmhurstismorewhollycontainedin the25thdistrict.ThenewmapalsoincorporatesmoreoftheSouthAsianpopulationintoDistrict 28,thoughdoesnotaddress ThecommissionshouldlooktoincreasetheabilityofLatinosandAsianAmericanstoelect candidatesoftheirchoice,specificallylookingattheneighborhoodsofElmhurstandJackson Heights.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatanopportunitytoelectdistrictfortheLGBT communitywascreatedpreviouslyinQueens,andtheCommissionshouldcontinuetoensure representationforthisimportantcommunityofinterest. ThecommissionshouldalsoconsidertherequestbytheBangladeshicommunitytomakeDistrict 37aninterboroughdistrictbyincludingOzoneParkfromQueens.Thenewmapdeniesthis request,asthereisalreadyoncrossoverdistrict,District34.However,therehasbeennopublic discussionofwhyDistrict34mustremainaninterboroughcrossoverdistrict,ascurrentlyonly onefifthofthedistrictisinQueens. STATENISLANDDEMOGRAPHICSANDPROPOSED2013COUNCILDISTRICTS 2010Voting 2010Number 2013 2013 2010 Age ofSeats Proposed Proposed Population Population Expected 50%+ 40%+ White,NonHispanic 300,169 241,153 2 2 2 Black,NonHispanic 44,313 31,490 0 0 0 Asian,NonHispanic 34,834 27,159 0 0 0 Hispanic 81,051 54,618 1 0 0 TOTALBOROUGH 468,730 359,529 3 N/A N/A POPULATION

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LatinoswouldhavefewerseatsthanexpectedinStatenIsland,withdistrict49havingaLatino populationof30percent.Itshouldbenoted,however,thattheothertwodistrictsinStatenIsland havesmallLatinopopulationsat12and8percenteach.District49iscurrentlyrepresentedby DebiRose,whoisAfricanAmerican;theAfricanAmericanpopulationofDistrict49isproposedto be24.5percent,whiletheLatinopopulationis30.4percent.Thedistrictcouldbeconsidereda coalitiondistrict,asitprovidesfortheopportunityforminoritiestoelectcandidatesoftheir choice,thoughitcoulddrawntobemorecompactandalignwithexistingneighborhood boundarieswhilealsopreservingLatinoandAfricanAmericanrepresentation. II. VariationinDistrictSize Bylookingatthesizeofdistricts,CitizensUnionsoughttodeterminewhetherdistrictsorboroughs wereclosetotheidealdistrictsizetoensureproperrepresentation.Underpopulatingor overpopulatingdistrictscanleadtodistrictsinwhichtherearetoomanyconstituentsper representative,dilutingtheirrelativevoicecomparedtootherdistricts,orconverselywheretoo fewconstituentsforeachCouncilmember,meaningthattheyrelativevoiceislargerthanforother districts.ThisiswhyCitizensUnionsupportscriteriafordrawinglinesthatensuresthatdistricts areasclosetotheaveragedistrictsizeaspossible,ideallyonepercent. CitywideVariance Whenexaminingthesizeofthedistrictsandtheirdifferencefromtheaverage(median)sizeof districts,itappearsthatthedistrictsareclosertotheaverageundertheproposedmapsthan underthecurrentmaps2003.Theidealdistrictsizein2003wasabout157,000andin2013is nearly161,000.Thetablesbelowshowthespreadofdistrictdeviationsinthe2003currentand 2013proposedmaps,lookingatintervalsof1percentfromtheaverage,between1and3percent fromtheaverage,andthen3percentandover. Revised2013DistrictDeviationsfromtheIdealDistrictSize (2010CensusData) VariationfromMedian <1% 1%3% >3% Total 5 9 37 Aspercentageoftotaldistricts 9.8% 17.7% 72.6% ChangefromSeptemberPreliminaryMap 2 11 +13 CurrentDistrictDeviationsfromtheIdealDistrictSize (2003Districtsusing2000CensusData) VariationfromMedian Total Aspercentageoftotaldistricts <1% 4 7.8% 1%3% 17 33.3% >3% 30 58.8%

Asseenabove,amajorityofdistrictswouldbemorethanthreepercentabovetheidealdistrict size,andthenumberincreasedfrom24districtsto37districtsundertheDecember4threvised maps.Additionally,thenumberofdistrictswithapopulationwithinthe1%variancetargetrange fellfrom7intheSeptemberproposalto5districts,or10%ofdistricts,intheDecember4thplan.

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WhileCitizensUnionrecognizesthattherearecompetingprinciplesandguidelinesintheCity Charterthatdictatehowdistrictsmustbedrawn,andthattheCommissionmayhaveutilized increaseddeviationsinkeepingcommunitiesofinteresttogether,weurgetheCommissiontoseek tonarrowthedeviationofdistrictssothatmoreareclosertotheidealdistrictsize. VariancesByBorough Population Average Average Average Proportional Actual#of Borough (2010Census) DistrictSize Deviation Deviation% #ofdistricts Districts Manhattan 1,673,468 167,297* 6,587* 4.10%* 10.4 9.5* Bronx 1,294,582 162,646* 1,936* 1.20%* 8.1 8.5* Queens 2,211,993 158,000 2,711 1.69% 13.8 14** Brooklyn 2,547,596 159,225 1,485 0.92% 15.9 16** StatenIsland 468,576 156,192 4,518 2.81% 2.9 3
*ProposedDistrict8isinbothManhattanandtheBronx.DeviationsforManhattanandtheBronxbothinclude District8. **ProposedDistrict34isnearlyentirelyinBrooklyn,withasmallportion(20%)inQueens.Itisconsideredtobein Brooklynforthepurposesofthisanalysis.

Whenlookingattherelativepopulationsofeachboroughcomparedtothenumberofdistricts expectedandallottedtothemundertheproposedmaps,eachboroughhasroughlywhatwould beexpectedgiventheirpopulationsizes,withthenotableexceptionofManhattan.Theaverage sizeofdistrictsinManhattanis4.1percentabovetheidealdistrictsize,whichresultsinthe boroughhavingfewerrepresentativesthanwouldbeexpectedgivenitspopulation.Proposed CouncilDistrict8sharesroughlyequalportionsoftheBronxandManhattan,whichisachange fromthepreviousdistrict,whichpreviouslyhadmoreofitsareainManhattan.Thegrowthin BronxandManhattan,however,hasbeenroughlyequal,at3.9and3.2percent,respectively.This imbalancebetweentheBronxandManhattanshouldbecorrected,possiblybyplacingmoreofthe proposedCityCouncilDistrict8intoManhattan,asitiscurrentlydrawn. WhileStatenIsland,Queens,andBrooklynhavedistrictsthatareonaveragesmaller,theyare closertotheidealdistrictsize.StatenIslandsinclusionofthreefulldistrictsasopposedtohaving onedistrictthatconnectedfromStatenIslandacrossthelargestsuspensionbridgeintheU.S.(the VerrazanoNarrows)intoBrooklynisalsoapositivedevelopment,whichwouldprovidemore cohesionandbetterrepresentation,andbalancestheslightlylargerdeviation.