Gii thiu

Kim th phn mm (software testing) l cng vic c trong cc qui trnh phn mm. Kim th phn mm l vic kim tra cht lng sn phm hoc dch v ca phn mm. y l mt qu trnh kim tra v xc nhn chng trnh/ng dng/sn phm c p ng yu cu t ra khng, c hot ng nh mong mun khng, v c lm hi lng ngi s dng khng. Mc ch chnh ca kim th phn mm l pht hin cc trc trc ca sn phm, t c th tm nguyn nhn v sa cha. Ty theo phng php v qui trnh phn mm p dng, kim th c th c thc hin cc thi im khc nhau. Theo phng php truyn thng, kim th c thc hin sau khi c yu cu c xc nh v phn lp trnh cng hon tt. Gn y theo phng php linh hot (agile) vic kim th c tin hnh sm hn v c thc hin lin tc. Thng thng kim th khng th pht hin ht cc li c trong phn mm. Ngi kim th thng da vo c t, hp ng, sn phm tng t, ngi s dng, cc chun hay lut lin quan, v.v. so snh v nh gi mt phn mm vi chng. i tng ca kim th khng ch l chng trnh, m tt c cc sn phm trung gian trong qu trnh pht trin mt sn phm phn mm u kim th. Cc sai st c th nm trong ti liu yu cu, hay hng dn s dng. Trong khun kh ca ti liu ny, chng ta s ch tp trung vo kim th cc chng trnh phn mm. Trc ht chng ta cn phn bit mt vi khi nim c bn.

Khi nim c bn
Ngi dng gy ra li (error, mistake) khi s dng phn mm v vic ny gy ra vn - do ngi s dng dng khng ng cch hoc phn mm hot ng khng nh mong mun. Ngi pht trin phn mm c th c sai st trong qu trnh lm ra phn mm. Cc sai st ny gi l khuyt tt (defect/bug/fault). Cc sai st ny khng ch nm trong phn m, v phn mm cn nhiu thnh phn khc. Khi chy mt phn mm cc khuyt tt c th lm h thng hot ng ng v gy ra hng hc (failure). Khng phi khuyt tt no cng gy ra hng hc, c nhng khuyt tt chng ta khng bit. C th hn: Li (error): con ngi gy ra li (error/mistake). Li thng c tnh lan truyn; mt li ti liu yu cu c th gy ra cc li ln hn khi thit k v lp trnh. Khuyt tt (fault/defect/bug): khuyt tt l kt qu ca li. Khi lm sai th to ra khuyt tt, nhng khi lm thiu cng c ngha l sn phm c khuyt tt. Hng hc (failure): Khi li c thc thi th gy ra hng hc. Vi khuyt tt do lm thiu th dng hng hc ny khng lun r. S c (incident): hng hc c th khng lun nhn thy. Khi n th hin dng thng bo cho ngi dng th gi l s c. Kim th (test): l hnh ng thc thi phn mm vi cc ca kim th (test case) vi mc ch khng nh phn mm chy ng hoc pht hin hng hc. Ca kim th (test case): mt ca kim th c tn, gn vi mt hnh vi ca chng trnh. Mt ca kim th c mt b cc gi tr u vo, v mt danh sch cc u ra mong mun.

Cc phng php kim th

C hai phng php c bn xc nh cc ca kim th l kim th chc nng v kim th cu trc. Kim th chc nng Kim th chc nng (functional testing) c da trn khi nim hm trong ton hc, coi chng trnh l mt hm nh x mt b gi tr trn min u vo sang mt b gi tr trn min u ra. y hm c coi l "hp en" tc l ta khng quan tm n ni dung bn trong ca hm ny. Ta c th thy hai u im chnh ca kim th chc nng l: Cc ca kim th c lp vi ci t ca chng trnh, khi sa i chng trnh ta vn gi nguyn c b kim th. Ta c th xy dng cc ca kim th song song hoc trc khi ci t chng trnh, do gip rt ngn thi gian hon thnh d n.

Tuy nhin kim th chc nng c nhc im l cch lm ny thng to s d tha khi nhiu ca kim th cng chy i chy li mt ng i trong chng trnh. Hn na so vi chng trnh n khng th pht hin cc ci t tha trong chng trnh, cng l mt dng sai ca phn mm khi ci t cc hnh vi khng m t trong c t. Kim th cu trc Kim th cu trc (structural testing), cn c gi l kim th hp trng (white box, clear box), l phng php xc nh cc ca kim th da trn m ngun ca chng trnh. M ngun chng trnh c phn tch xy dng cc th th hin cc kh nng thc thi ca chng trnh. T cc ng i trong th c chn v t ta c th tnh ra cc gi tr u vo chng trnh i theo ng i . Khi c b gi tr u vo, ngi kim th tnh gi tr u ra mong i to thnh mt ca kim th. Bng cch chn mt tp cc ng i tha mn mt s tnh cht ca th, nh i qua tt c cc cnh, hay i qua tt c cc nh, chng ta c th xc nh c mt b kim th tt, bao ph tt c cc lnh, hay cc nhnh, hay tt c cc kh nng thc hin ca chng trnh. So snh gia kim th cu trc v kim th chc nng Kim th cu trc v kim th chc nng da trn cc d liu khc nhau xy dng cc ca kim th. Gi c t ca chng trnh l S v ci t ca n l P. Kim th chc nng da trn c t S xc nh cc ca kim th, gm c u vo v u ra mong mun. Cn kim th cu trc da trn m ngun P xc nh cc ca kim th, sau da trn c t S tnh kt qu mong mun. D thy l nu chng trnh P khng ci t y cc yu cu m t trong c t S, th phng php kim th cu trc khng th tnh ra c ca kim th cho cc yu cu khng c ci t ny. Ngc li, nu chng trnh li c nhng kh nng chy khng c m t trong c t, th kim th chc nng s khng th c cc ca kim th ny.

Biu Venn Hnh trn l biu Venn ca cc b kim th xc nh theo c t S v chng trnh P. Nh li biu Venn dng th hin quan h logic gia mt s tp hp. Phn S\P l cc ca kim th m chng trnh P khng ci t. Cn phn P\S l cc ca kim th m chng trnh ci t nhng khng c m t trong c t. C hai phn ny u xy ra kh thng xuyn trong thc t, c bit l phn P\S. Vy ta nn dng kim th cu trc hay kim th chc nng? Cu tr li l c hai. Kim th chc nng thng va gy ra vic tha v thiu cc ca kim th. Kt hp vi kim th cu trc th chng ta d dng pht hin cc ca kim th tha v thiu da trn mc bao ph th ca b kim th.