TH HIN TI TIP DIN Th hin ti tip din dng din t hnh ng ang din ra trong hin ti.

Ngoi ra n cn c dng din t nhng hnh ng mang tnh tm thi. Th ny l th mt trong nhng th c bn.

* Cng thc th khng nh: Ch ng + TO BE + ng t nguyn mu thm ING + B ng (nu c) - Lu : + TO BE phi c chia ng theo ch ng (AM hay IS hay ARE) -nu cn, bn xem li bi "ng t TO BE". + ng t nguyn mu khi khng ni g khc c hiu l ng t nguyn mu khng c TO. + Khi thm ING ngay ng sau ng t nguyn mu, cn nh vi quy tc sau: Nu ng t tn cng bng 1 ch ci E, b E i ri mi thm ING ( RIDE --> RIDING) Nu ng t tn cng bng 2 ch ci E, thm ING bnh thng, khng b E ( SEE --> SEEING) Nu ng t tn cng bng IE, i IE thnh Y ri mi thm ING (DIE --> DYING) Nu ng t n m tn cng bng 1 v ch 1 trong 5 nguyn m (A, E, I, O, U) vi mt v ch mt ph m, ta vit ph m thm 1 ln na ri mi thm ING. ( STOP --> STOPPING, WRAP --> WRAPPING, SHOP --> SHOPPING...) Cc ng t ngoi cc quy tc trn ta thm ING bnh thng. - Th d: + I AM TYPING A LESSON = Ti ang nh my 1 bi hc + YOU ARE READING THIS ARTICLE = Bn ang c bi ny. + HE IS SLEEPING = Anh ta ang ng + SHE IS SWIMMING = C y ang bi.

+ THE DOG IS BARKING = Con ch ang sa * Cng thc th ph nh: Ch ng + TO BE + NOT + ng t nguyn mu thm ING + B ng (nu c) - Lu : + TO BE phi c chia tng ng vi ch ng. (AM hay IS hay ARE) + AM NOT khng vit tt nhng c th vit tt I M = I'M + IS NOT vit tt = ISN'T + ARE NOT vit tt = AREN'T - Th d: + I'M NOT JOKING, I AM SERIOUS = Ti khng phi ang a u, ti ni nghim chnh y! + SHE IS NOT DRINKING WATER, SHE IS DRINKING VODKA. = C ta khng phi ang ung nc, c ta ang ung ru vodka. * Cng thc th nghi vn: TO BE + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu thm ING + B ng (nu c) ? - Lu : + TO BE phi chia ng theo ch ng (AM hay IS hay ARE) - Th d: + ARE YOU KIDDING? = My ang a h? + IS SHE CRYING? C phi c y ang khc * Khi no th dng th hin ti tip din: - Khi din ta hnh ng ang xy ra trong hin ti ngay khi ni. + I AM TRYING TO EXPLAIN BASIC GRAMMAR TO YOU = Ti ang c gii thch ng php c bn cho bn. - Khi din t hnh ng ang xy ra trong hin ti, nhng khng nht thit l trong lc

ang ni. Ni cch khc, tnh hung ny m t mt hnh ng hin trong qu trnh thc hin trong hin ti: + I AM WORKING ON A WEBSITE = Ti ang lm 1 website (Khi ti ni cu ny, ti c th ang ung c ph vi bn, nhng ti ang trong qu trnh thc hin hnh ng lm website) - Khi din ta hnh ng m bnh thng khng xy ra, hin gi ch xy ra tm thi thi, v mt l do no . + I AM NOT WORKING TODAY BECAUSE I HAVE A BAD FEVER .= Hm nay ti khng lm vic v ti b st cao (Bnh thng ti lm vic, tm thi hm nay khng lm vic v b st) - Khi din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai rt gn, c k hoch sn, phi nu r trng ng ch thi gian trong cu. + I AM SEEING MY DENTIST TOMORROW = Ngy mai ti i gp nha s ca ti. ( c hn sn vi nha s) + ARE YOU DOING ANYTHING TONIGHT? = Ti nay em c lm g khng? (hi xem ngi ta c ln k hoch g cho ti nay hay cha) * Cu hi WH vi th hin ti tip din: - Cng thc cu hi: thm t WH trc cng thc th nghi vn ca th hin ti tip din. - Th d: + WHAT ARE YOU DOING ? Anh ang lm g vy? + WHEN ARE YOU COMING HOME ? Khi no anh v nh? * Cn bit thm: - V tnh cht ca th hin ti tip din l din t hnh ng ang xy ra nn ta thng dng cc trng t sau vi th ny: NOW = by gi RIGHT NOW = ngay by gi AT THE MOMENT = hin thi FOR THE TIME BEING = trong thi im hin ti

- Mt s ng t vi bn cht ng ngha ca chng khng th dng vi th tip din c, nh: KNOW = bit BELIEVE = tin UNDERSTAND = hiu HATE = ght LOVE = yu LIKE = thch SOUND = nghe c v NEED = cn (ting Vit c th ni "Ti ang cn" nhng ting Anh khng th dng th hin ti tip din vi ng t ny, nu mun ni "Ti ang cn..." bn phi ni "I AM IN NEED OF..." hoc ch l " I NEED...") APPEAR = trng c v SEEM = c v OWN = s hu (ting Vit c th ni " Ti ang c..." nhng ting Anh khng dng tip din vi OWN m ch cn ni " I OWN..." = Ti s hu.. TH HIN TI HON THNH Nhu cu din t ca chng ta rt ln v nu ch vi nhng bi hc trc, chng ta s khng th din t mt s nh: ni ai va mi lm g, k li tri nghim ca ta, thng bo ta bt u lm v vn cn ang lm mt vic g ,vv...Nhng khng sao, hc xong bi ny, bn s t c nhng cu nh vy.

* Cng thc th khng nh: Ch ng + HAVE hoc HAS + ng t dng qu kh hon thnh. - Gii thch: + Nu ch ng l I, WE, YOU, THEY hoc l danh t, ng danh t s nhiu ta dng HAVE

+ Nu ch ng l HE, SHE, IT hoc l danh t, ng danh t s t, ta dng HAS + Dng qu kh hon thnh ca mt ng t a s c to ra bng cch thm ED ng sau dng nguyn mu ca ng t . WANTED --> WANTED NEEDED --> NEEDED Tuy nhin, thm ED sau ng t cng c nhng quy tc cn bit: 1. ng t tn cng bng E v c 1 ph m ng trc E, ta ch cn thm D ( DATE --> DATED, LIVE --> LIVED...) 2. ng t tn cng bng Y phi i Y thnh I ri mi thm ED (TRY --> TRIED, CRY --> CRIED...) 3. ng t tn cng bng 1 nguyn m + 1 ph m ngoi W v Y, ta vit ph m cui thm 1 ln na ri mi thm ED (STOP --> STOPPED, TAP -->TAPPED, COMMIT -> COMMITTED...) 4. Tt c nhng ng t khc khng ri vo trng hp trn ch cn thm ED bnh thng. + CH : C mt s ng t c dng qu kh hon thnh BT QUY TC, tc l chng ta phi hc thuc lng danh sch nhng ng t v cch chuyn chng t dng nguyn mu sang dng qu kh hon thnh khng theo quy tc no c. Nu bn tham kho Bng ng T Bt Quy Tc, dng qu kh hon thnh ca mt ng t nm ct th 3 (ct th 1 l dng nguyn mu, ct th 2 l dng qu kh - ta s hc th qu kh bi sau- v ct th 3 l dng qu kh hon thnh). Th d vi ng t bt quy tc: DO --> DID GO --> GONE SPEAK --> SPOKEN WRITE --> WRITTEN Cui bi ny, ta s c danh sch cc ng t bt quy tc. - Th d: + I HAVE FINISHED DINNER. = Ti mi n ti xong. + SHE HAS JUST COME BACK. = C y va mi quay li.

* Cng thc th ph nh: Ch ng + HAVE hoc HAS + NOT + ng t dng qu kh hon thnh. - Cch vit tt: + HAVE NOT vit tt = HAVEN'T + HAS NOT vit tt = HASN'T - Lu : + Nu ta thay NOT trong cng thc trn bng NEVER, ngha ph nh s mnh hn (t CHA thnh CHA BAO GI) - Th d: YOU HAVEN'T ANSWERED MY QUESTION. = Anh vn cha tr li cu hi ca ti. HE HASN'T BEEN HERE BEFORE. = Trc gi anh ta cha n y. * Cng thc th nghi vn: HAVE hoc HAS + Ch ng + ng t dng qu kh hon thnh ? - Th d: + HAVE YOU EVER FELT LONELY IN A CROWD? = Bn c bao gi cm thy c n trong m ng? + HAS SHE REPLIED TO YOUR EMAIL? = C y tr li email bn cha? * Khi no ta dng th hin ti hon thnh: - Ni v s tri nghim tri qua ri hay cha. + HAVE YOU EVER EATEN SUSHI? = Trc gi bn n mn sushi cha? + I HAVE NEVER BEEN TO SINGAPORE. = Ti cha bao gi i Singapore. - Din t mt hnh ng bt u trong qua kh v vn cn tip tc n hin ti + I HAVE BEEN A TEACHER FOR FIVE YEARS. = Ti lm gio vin c 5 nm ( bt u lm gio vin v vn cn lm gio vin) + SHE HASN'T COME HERE FOR A LONG TIME - Lu ri c y cha n y. (

bt u ngng n y v vn cha n y) - Din t mt hnh ng xy ra trong hin ti v c li kt qu hay hu qu trong hin ti. + I HAVE HAD DINNER = Ti n ti xong (gi ti cn no). + HE HAS LOST HIS WALLET = Anh y b mt bp tin (gi anh y khng c bp tin) - Ch phn bit 2 cu sau: + HE HAS GONE TO SINGAPORE = Anh y i Singapore ri ( ni anh ta khng c y u, anh ta i Singapore cha v). + HE HAS BEEN TO SINGAPORE = Anh y i Singapore ri ( ni anh ta c dp i Singapre trc y, hin ti anh ta khng nht thit phi ang Singapre)

* Danh sch mt s ng t bt quy tc thng dng: Dng qu kh hon thnh awoken been beaten become begun bent bet bid bitten blown broken

Dng nguyn mu awake = nh thc be (xem bi ng TO BE) beat =nh, thng become = tr thnh begin = bt u bend = b cong Bet = c, nh cuc Bid =u gi bite = cn blow = thi break = lm v

Dng qu kh awoke was, were beat became began bent bet bid bit blew broke

bring =em li broadcast = truyn hnh, truyn thanh build = xy dng burn = lm bng, t chy buy = mua catch = bt ly choose = chn come =n cost = tn Cut = ct Dig =o (o l) do = lm draw = rt ra dream = m, m c drive = li xe 4 bnh tr ln drink = ung Eat = n Fall = ri feel = cm thy fight = chin u find = tm thy, thy ci g nh th no fly = bay forget = qun forgive = tha th

brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chose came cost cut dug did drew dreamed/dreamt drove drank ate fell felt fought found flew forgot forgave

brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn dreamed/dreamt driven drunk eaten fallen felt fought found flown forgotten forgiven

freeze =ng lnh, ng thnh Get = ly (tra t in thm) give = cho go =i grow = trng thnh, trng hang = treo have = c hear = nghe hide = giu, trn hit =nh hold = nm, cm, gi hurt = lm tn thng keep = gi know = bit Lay =t, , sp t (tra t in thm) lead = dn u, lnh o learn = hc, hc c leave = ri khi lend = cho mn let = ( cho ai lm g ) lie = ni di lose = mt, nh mt, thua cuc make = lm ra mean = mun ni, c ngha l

froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led learned/learnt left lent let lay lost made meant

frozen gotten given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led learned/learnt left lent let lain lost made meant

meet = gp mt Pay = tr gi, tr tin Put = t, (tra t in thm) read =c ride = ci, chy xe 2 bnh ring = reo, gi in thoi Rise = mc, ln cao Run = chy Say = ni See = thy sell = bn send = gi show = cho xem shut =ng sing = ht sit = ngi sleep = ng speak = ni spend = xi, tri qua (k ngh, qung thi gian) stand =ng swim = bi, li take = ly, nhn (tra t in thm) teach= dy tear = x

met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent showed shut sang sat slept spoke spent stood swam took taught tore

met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent showed/shown shut sung sat slept spoken spent stood swum taken taught torn

10

Tell = cho ai bit think = ngh, suy ngh throw = qung, vt understand = hiu wake = thc dy wear = mc(qun o),i(nn), xc (nc hoa) win = chin thng write = vit

told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote

told thought thrown understood woken worn won written

TH QU KH N Th ny li l mt th rt c bn v rt d hiu. Trong bi ny, ta s hc th qu kh n vi ng t TO BE v th qu kh n vi ng t thng. QU KH N VI TO BE * Cng thc th khng nh: Ch ng + WAS hoc WERE + B ng nu c. * Lu : + Nu ch ng l I, HE, SHE. IT hoc l ngi th 3 s t ni chung, ta dng WAS. - I WAS DISAPPOINTED TO KNOW MY SCORE. - SHE WAS HAPPY TO SEE ME. + Nu ch ng l YOU, WE, THEY hoc l s nhiu ni chung, ta dng WERE. * Cng thc th ph nh: thm NOT sau WAS hoc WERE * Lu : + WAS NOT vit tt = WASN'T

11

+ WERE NOT vit tt = WEREN'T + Cng thc th nghi vn: em WAS hoc WERE ra trc ch ng - WERE YOU DRUNK LAST NIGHT? = Ti qua anh say ru phi khng? QU KH N VI NG T THNG * Cng thc th khng nh: Ch ng + ng t dng qu kh + B ng (nu c). - Gii thch: + Xt theo a s, dng qu kh ca mt ng t c to ra bng cch thm ED ng sau dng nguyn mu ca ng t . WANTED --> WANTED NEEDED --> NEEDED Tuy nhin, thm ED sau ng t cng c nhng quy tc cn bit: 1. ng t tn cng bng E v c 1 ph m ng trc E, ta ch cn thm D ( DATE --> DATED, LIVE --> LIVED...) 2. ng t tn cng bng Y phi i Y thnh I ri mi thm ED (TRY --> TRIED, CRY --> CRIED...) 3. ng t tn cng bng 1 nguyn m + 1 ph m ngoi W v Y, ta vit ph m cui thm 1 ln na ri mi thm ED (STOP --> STOPPED, TAP -->TAPPED, COMMIT -> COMMITTED...) 4. Tt c nhng ng t khc khng ri vo trng hp trn ch cn thm ED bnh thng. + CH : C mt s ng t c dng qu kh BT QUY TC, tc l chng ta phi hc thuc lng danh sch nhng ng t v cch chuyn chng t dng nguyn mu sang dng qu kh khng theo quy tc no c. Nu bn tham kho Bng ng T Bt Quy Tc, dng qu kh ca mt ng t nm ct th 2 (ct th 1 l dng nguyn mu, ct th 2 l dng qu kh v ct th 3 l dng qu kh hon thnh). Th d vi ng t bt quy tc: DO -->DID GO -->WENT

12

SPEAK --> SPOKE WRITE --> WROTE Cui bi ny, ta s c danh sch cc ng t bt quy tc. - Th d: + I SAW PETER LAST WEEK. = Tun trc ti c nhn thy Peter. + SHE LEFT WITHOUT SAYING A WORD. = C y b i khng ni mt li no. * Cng thc th ph nh: Ch ng + DID + NOT + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c) - Lu : + Ch ng c th l bt k ch ng no, s t hay s nhiu khng cn quan tm. - Vit tt: + DID NOT vit tt l DIDN'T (ch trong vn vit trang trng hoc khi nhn mnh mi dng dng y , bnh thng khi ni ta dng dng ngn gn) + Ta c th thay DID NOT trong cng thc trn bng NEVER nhn mnh ph nh (mnh hn c khi ni dng y ) - Th d: + HE DIDN'T UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU SAID = Anh y khng hiu nhng g bn ni. + I NEVER PROMISED YOU ANYTHING. = Anh cha bao gi ha vi em iu g c. + Cng thc th nghi vn: DID + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c) ? - Lu : + Cch tr li cu hi YES - NO th qu kh n: Tr li YES: YES, Ch ng + DID Tr li NO: NO, Ch ng + DIDN'T

13

+ C th thm t WH trc cng thc trn c cu hi WH vi th qu kh n. - Th d: + DID YOU DO THAT ? C phi bn lm iu ? (Tr li: YES, I DO hoc NO, I DON'T) + WHAT DID YOU DO ? = Bn lm g? * Khi no chng ta s dng Th Qu Kh n? - Khi mun din t hnh ng xy ra xong trong qu kh. + I LAST SAW HER AT HER HOUSE TWO MONTHS AGO = Ln cui cng ti nhn thy c ta nh c ta l cch y 2 thng) - Khi mun din t hnh ng xy ra xong trong mt giai on no trong qu kh. + I LIVED IN CHINA FOR 6 MONTHS = Ti sng Trung Quc 6 thng ( l chuyn qu kh, gi ti khng sng TQ) * Trng t thng dng cho Th Qu Kh n: YESTERDAY = hm qua LAST NIGHT = ti hm qua LAST WEEK = tun trc (c th thay WEEK bng MONTH (thng), YEAR(nm), DECADE(thp nin), CENTURY...) TWO DAYS AGO = cch y 2 ngy (c th thay TWO DAYS bng mt ng danh t v thi gian no khc : AN HOUR AGO = Cch y 1 tingng h, 300 YEARS AGO = cch y 300 nm...) * Cc ng t bt quy tc thng dng: Dng qu kh hon thnh awoken been beaten

Dng nguyn mu awake = nh thc be (xem bi ng TO BE) beat =nh, thng

Dng qu kh awoke was, were beat

14

become = tr thnh begin = bt u bend = b cong bet = c, nh cuc bid =u gi bite = cn blow = thi break = lm v bring =em li broadcast = truyn hnh, truyn thanh build = xy dng burn = lm bng, t chy buy = mua catch = bt ly choose = chn come =n cost = tn cut = ct dig =o (o l) do = lm draw = rt ra dream = m, m c drive = li xe 4 bnh tr ln drink = ung

became began bent bet bid bit blew broke brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chose came cost cut dug did drew dreamed/dreamt drove drank

become begun bent bet bid bitten blown broken brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn dreamed/dreamt driven drunk

15

eat = n fall = ri feel = cm thy fight = chin u find = tm thy, thy ci g nh th no fly = bay forget = qun forgive = tha th freeze =ng lnh, ng thnh get = ly (tra t in thm) give = cho go =i grow = trng thnh, trng hang = treo have = c hear = nghe hide = giu, trn hit =nh hold = nm, cm, gi hurt = lm tn thng keep = gi know = bit lay =t, , sp t (tra t in thm) lead = dn u, lnh o

ate fell felt fought found flew forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led

eaten fallen felt fought found flown forgotten forgiven frozen gotten given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led

16

learn = hc, hc c leave = ri khi lend = cho mn let = ( cho ai lm g ) lie = ni di lose = mt, nh mt, thua cuc make = lm ra mean = mun ni, c ngha l meet = gp mt pay = tr gi, tr tin put = t, (tra t in thm) read =c ride = ci, chy xe 2 bnh ring = reo, gi in thoi rise = mc, ln cao run = chy say = ni see = thy sell = bn send = gi show = cho xem shut =ng sing = ht sit = ngi

learned/learnt left lent let lay lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent showed shut sang sat

learned/learnt left lent let lain lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent showed/shown shut sung sat

17

sleep = ng speak = ni spend = xi, tri qua (k ngh, qung thi gian) stand =ng swim = bi, li take = ly, nhn (tra t in thm) teach= dy tear = x tell = cho ai bit think = ngh, suy ngh throw = qung, vt understand = hiu wake = thc dy wear = mc(qun o),i(nn), xc (nc hoa) win = chin thng write = vit TH TNG LAI N

slept spoke spent stood swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote

slept spoken spent stood swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written

Th tng lai n c l l th n gin v d hiu nht trong ting Anh. * Cng thc th khng nh: Ch ng + WILL + ng t nguyn mu + B ng. - Vit tt "Ch ng + WILL": + I WILL = I'LL

18

+ WE WILL = WE'LL + YOU WILL = YOU'LL + THEY WILL = THEY'LL + HE WILL = HE'LL + SHE WILL = SHE'LL + IT WILL = IT'LL - Th d: + I WILL HELP YOU. = Ti s gip bn. + SHE WILL CALL YOU WHEN SHE ARRIVES. (C y s gi in cho bn khi c y n ni). * Cng thc th ph nh: Ch ng + WILL + NOT + ng t nguyn mu + B ng. - Vit tt + WILL NOT = WON'T - Nhn mnh ph nh: + Ta c th thay NOT bng NEVER nhn mnh ph nh. - Th d: + I WILL NOT HELP HIM AGAIN.= Ti s khng gip n na. + I WILL NEVER HELP HIM AGAIN. = Ti s khng bao gi gip n na. * Cng thc th nghi vn: WILL + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu + B ng ? - Th d: + WILL YOU BE AT THE PARTY TONIGHT? = Ti nay bn s c mt bui tic hay khng?

19

- Cu hi WH: + Ta ch cn thm WH trc cng thc trn t cu hi WH. WHEN WILL YOU GO BACK TO YOUR COUNTRY? = Khi no bn s tr v nc? * Khi no dng th tng lai n ? - Khi mun din t mt hnh ng m ngi ni quyt nh thc hin ngay khi ni. + I AM SO HUNGRY. I WILL MAKE MYSELF A SANDWICH. = Ti i bng qu. Ti s t i lm cho mnh ci bnh m sandwich. - Khi mun din t mt li ha + (I PROMISE) I WILL NOT TELL ANYONE ELSE ABOUT YOUR SECRET. = (Ti ha) ti s khng ni cho ai bit v b mt ca bn. - Khi mun din t mt d on v tng lai. + IT WILL RAIN TOMORROW. = Ngy mai tri s ma. * Lu : - Trong mt cu, nu c mnh ph ch thi gian tng lai, mnh ph KHNG dng th tng lai n, ch dng th hin ti n; trong mnh chnh ta mi c th dng th tng lai n. + WHEN YOU COME HERE TOMORROW, WE WILL DISCUSS IT FURTHER. = Ngy mai khi bn n y, chng ta s bn thm. ("Ngy mai khi bn n y" l mnh ph ch thi gian, ta dng th hin ti n, "chng ta s bn thm" l mnh chnh, ta dng th tng lai n) - Ngy xa, khi hc th tng lai n, gio vin s dy bn v t SHALL, rng SHALL c dng thay cho WILL khi ch ng l I hoc WE. Tuy nhin, ngy nay, tt c ch ng u dng WILL. SHALL ch cn c dng trong vn bn trang trng nh vn bn lut v cc hp ng. Thm ch, ngi ta cn ang mun thay th SHALL bng WILL trong nhng vn bn trang trng . Bn ch cn nh mt trng hp duy nht m SHALL cn c dng trong thc t l: + SHALL WE GO NOW? = By gi chng ta i ch? Cc cch din t quan h s hu din t quan h s hu, ta hc tnh t s hu v i t s hu. Tuy nhin, nhiu

20

khi quan h s hu khng n gin ch l gia cc i t nhn xng v danh t m n cn c th l gia ng danh t v danh t. Bi ny s ch cho bn thm cc cch cn li din t quan h s hu. Ngoi cch dng tnh t s hu din t quan h s hu, ta cn c cc cch sau: * Cch th nht: DNG OF - OF c ngha l CA khi c dng din t quan h s hu. (trong ting Vit, c th khng cn vit CA cng c th hiu c, nhng trong ting Anh phi c OF) - Khi dng OF th danh t "b" s hu ng u ri n OF ri mi n danh t ch s hu - Ta thng dng OF din t quan h s hu khi danh t "b" s hu l danh t tru tng - Th d: + THE BEGINNING OF THE MOVIE = phn u ca b phim (phn u b phim) + THE SIZE OF THE PORTRAIT = Kch thc ca tm chn dung. * Cch th hai: khng cn dng g c, ch cn sp xp hai danh t cnh nhau - Ta dng cch sp xp hai danh t cnh nhau din t quan h s hu khi c hai danh t ny u l danh t c th. - din t quan h s hu theo cch ny th th t sp xp danh t rt quan trng: DANH T CH S HU NG TRC DANH T "B" S HU. - Th d: + THE CAR RADIO = My radio ca xe hi + THE TREE TRUNK = Thn ca cy (thn cy) * Cch th ba: dng S Hu Cch vi 'S - Ta bit 'S c th l vit tt ca IS hoc HAS. Gi y ta cn bit thm 'S ngay sau mt danh t c khi khng phi l dng vit tt ca ai m n l mt phng cch din t quan h s hu gia hai (ng) danh t. - Cch dng 'S din t quan h s hu: + Thng thng, ta chn cch dng 'S din t quan h s hu khi hai (ng) danh t

21

ni v ngi hoc con vt. Tuy nhin, 'S c th dng cho s vt khi n c nhn cch ha (ta coi n nh con ngi) hoc cho cc n v thi gian hoc trong nhng cu thnh ng. + Th d: THE BOY'S HAT = ci nn ca thng nh PETER'S CAR = Xe hi ca Peter THE EARTH'S SURFACE = B mt ca tri t A DAY'S WORK = Cng vic ca mt ngy - Vi iu cn lu : + Khi dng 'S, ta phi theo th t sau: Danh t lm ch s hu'S + Danh t b s hu + Nu danh t lm ch s hu l mt ng danh t di cng khng sao, c thm 'S ngay sau ch cui cng trong ng danh t , v d: MY SISTER-IN-LAW'S CHILDREN = Nhng ngi con ca ch du ti (hoc em du ti v sister c th l ch gi hoc em gi, brother c th l anh trai hoc em trai) + Nu bn thn danh t lm ch s hu tn cng bng S ri th ta ch cn thm ' ng sau n thi, khi thm S. THE STUDENTS' BOOKS = nhng cun sch ca cc sinh vin/hc sinh THE SMITHS' HOUSE = Cn nh ca gia nh h SMITH. DICKENS' NOVELS = Nhng cun tiu thuyt ca ng DICKENS (tn ng ta c S ng sau) Tng lai vi GOING TO din t hnh ng trong tng lai, ta hc th tng lai n. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, ta cn dng cu trc TO BE + GOING TO. Trong bi ny, ta s hc cng thc v cch dng cu trc rt ph bin ny. * Cng thc th khng nh:

22

Ch ng + TO BE + GOING TO + ng t nguyn mu + B ng. - Lu : + TO BE phi c chia tng ng vi ch ng (AM hay IS hay ARE) + GOING TO trong vn ni c rt gn thnh GONNA - Th d: + I AM GOING TO SEE HER TONIGHT. = Ti nay ti s gp c y. + SHE IS GOING TO MAD AT ME. = C ta s rt gin ti. + IT IS GOING TO RAIN. = Tri s ma y. + Cn phn bit TO + GOING TO + ng t nguyn mu vi th hin ti tip din TO BE + ng t nguyn mu thm ING. I AM GOING TO GO TO SCHOOL = Ti s i hc.( Tng lai vi GOING TO) I AM GOING TO SCHOOL = Ti ang i hc (Th hin ti tip din) * Cng thc th ph nh: Ch ng + TO BE + NOT + GOING TO + ng t nguyn mu + B ng. - Lu : + TO BE phi chia ng theo ch ng. + TO BE + NOT c th vit tt (xem li bi v ng t TO BE nu cn) + GOING TO c th rt gn thnh GONNA trong vn ni. - Th d: + I AM NOT GOING TO HELP HIM = Ti s khng gip n. + THEY ARE NOT GOING TO LISTEN TO ME. = H s khng nghe ti ni u. * Cng thc th nghi vn: TO BE + Ch ng + GOING TO + ng t nguyn mu + B ng ?

23

- Lu : + TO BE chia tng ng vi ch ng. + GOING TO c th rt gn thnh GONNA trong vn ni. + C th thm t WH trc TO BE trong cng thc trn to ra cu hi WH. - Th d: + ARE YOU GOING TO BE BACK BEFORE 10pm? = Bn c v trc 10 gi ti khng? + WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO TONIGHT? = Ti nay bn s lm g? * Khi no ta dng cu trc GOING TO: - Khi mun din t k hoch, d nh cho tng lai m ta c sn ri. ( th tng lai n vi WILL, ngi ni ra quyt nh s lm ngay khi ni) + WE ARE GOING TO CELEBRATE HIS BIRTHDAY THIS WEEKEND. = Chng ta s t chc n mng sinh nht ca cu y vo cui tun ny. - Khi mun tin on mt hnh ng s xy ra da trn bng chng trong hin ti (Th tng lai n d on mang tnh ch quan hn, khng da vo bng chng c th, chc chn nh Tng lai vi GOING TO) + LOOK AT THOSE CLOUDS! IT IS GOING TO RAIN. = Nhn nhng m my ka. Tri s ma y SO SNH HN Trong bi ny, chng ta s hc cch so snh hn (A...hn B). * Th no l so snh hn? - So snh hn l cu trc so snh gia hai ch th. - Khi trong mt cu ni c hm so snh, min c ch "HN' th l so snh hn, d ngha so snh c th l thua, km. + HE HAS LESS MONEY THAN I. = Anh y c t tin hn ti. + SHE IS LESS ATTRACTIVE THAN MY WIFE. = C y km quyn r hn so vi v

24

ti. * Cng thc cu trc so snh hn: khi so snh, ta thng em tnh t hoc trng t ra lm i tng xem xt. ** Cng thc vi tnh t/trng t ngn: tnh t/trng t ngn l tnh t/trng t c mt m. Tnh t/trng t c hai m tit nhng tn cng bng Y cng c xem l tnh t /trng t ngn. TNH T/TRNG T NGN THM ER + THAN - Th d: + VIETNAM IS RICHER THAN CAMBODIA. = Vit Nam giu hn Campuchia. + I AM TALLER THAN HE. = Ti cao hn anh ta. + I RUN FASTER THAN HE. - Lu : + Nu tnh t ngn tn cng bng Y, i Y thnh I ri mi thm ER: HAPPY --> HAPPIER + Nu tnh t ngn tn cng bng E, ta ch cn thm R thi. LATE -> LATER + Nu tnh t ngn tn cng bng 1 PH M + 1 NGUYN M + 1 PH M, ta vit PH M CUI thm 1 ln ri mi thm ER. BIG --> BIGGER, ** Cng thc vi tnh t/trng t di: tnh t/trng t di l tnh t c ba m tit tr ln hoc tnh t /trng t c hai m tit khng tn cng bng Y. MORE + TNH T/TRNG T DI + THAN - Th d: + SHE IS MORE ATTRACTIVE THAN HIS WIFE. = C y c sc cun ht hn v anh ta. + I AM NOT MORE INTELLIGENT THAN YOU ARE. I JUST WORK HARDER THAN YOU. = Ti khng c thng minh hn bn. Ti ch sing nng hn bn thi. ** Ngoi l: - GOOD --> BETTER

25

- WELL --> BETTER - BAD --> WORSE - MANY --> MORE - MUCH --> MORE - LITTLE --> LESS - FAR --> FARTHER/FURTHER (FARTHER dng khi ni v khong cch c th, FURTHER dng ni v khong cch tru tng) - QUIET --> QUIETER hoc MORE QUIETu c - CLEVER --> CLEVERER hoc MORE CLEVER u c - NARROW --> NARROWER hoc MORE NARROW u c - SIMPLE --> SIMPLER hoc MORE SIMPLE u c ** Khi i tng em ra so snh l danh t, ta c cng thc : MORE hoc LESS + DANH T + THAN - Dng MORE khi mun ni nhiu...hn - Dng LESS khi mun ni t...hn - Nu danh t l danh t m c, n phi dng s nhiu. - Th d: + I HAVE MORE MONEY THAN YOU. = Ti c nhiu tin hn anh. + YOU HAVE LESS MONEY THAN I. + SHE HAS MORE CHILDREN THAN I. = C ta c nhiu con hn ti. ** Khi ngha so snh l "A km... hn B, ta ch vic thay MORE bng LESS, ta c: LESS + TNH T/TRNG T + THAN - Th d:

26

+ I EAT LESS THAN HE DOES. = Ti n t hn n. + SILVER IS LESS EXPENSIVE THAN GOLD. = Bc th t t tin hn vng. ** Lu : - tt c mi trng hp, i t nhn xng lin sau THAN phi l i t ch ng. Trong vn ni, ta c th dng i t tn ng ngay sau THAN nhng tt hn vn nn dng i t ch ng. + HE IS RICHER THAN I. (c th ni HE IS RICHER THAN ME trong vn ni) - v lin sau THAN, ta khng bao gi lp li v ng c v trc THAN, Nu mun r ngha, ta ch cn dng TR NG T tng ng. Vi ng t TO BE, v sau THAN c th lp li TO BE tng ng, nhng iu ny cng khng bt buc. - Th d: + HE IS RICHER THAN I. (ta c th lp li TO BE sao cho tng ng: HE IS RICHER THAN I AM) + I WORK HARDER THAN YOU. (ta c th dng tr ng t tng ng v sau THAN: I WORK HARDER THAN YOU DO.) + SHE RUNS FASTER THAN HE (ta c th dng tr ng t tng ng v sau THAN: SHE RUNS FASTER THAN HE DOES). + HE MADE MORE MONEY THAN I. = Anh y kim c nhiu tin hn ti (ta c th dng tr ng t tng ng v sau THAN: HE MADE MORE MONEY THAN I DID, tuyt i khng bao gi ni HE MADE MORE MONEY THAN I MADE MONEY) SO SNH BNG Cu trc so snh bng c dng th hin s ging nhau hoc khng ging nhau v mt no khi em hai ch th ra so snh. * Cu trc so snh bng vi tnh t hoc trng t: AS + TNH T/TRNG T + AS - Th d: + YOUR HANDS ARE AS COLD AS ICE. = Hai tay ca bn lnh nh nc vy!

27

+ HE IS AS TALL AS HIS FATHER. = Anh ta cao bng b anh ta. + HE DOESN'T RUN AS FAST AS I DO. = N chy khng nhanh bng ti. - Lu : + din t thm cc mc khc nhau ca s so snh, ta c th thm mt trng t trc t AS u tin, th d: JUST = va (bng), chnh xc NEARLY = gn nh HALF = phn na TWICE = gpi THREE TIMES = ba ln ...

* Khi mun so snh bng vi danh t, ta dng AS MANY...AS hoc AS MUCH...AS - ...AS MANY + DANH T M C + AS...

28

- Th d: + I WORK AS MANY HOURS AS HE DOES. = Ti lm vic s gi bng vi anh ta. - ... AS MUCH + DANH T KHNG M C + AS... - Th d: + I DON'T MAKE AS MUCH MONEY AS HE DOES. = Ti khng kim c nhiu tin bng anh ta. SO SNH NHT So snh nht l cu trc ta dng khi cn so snh mt ch th vi ton b nhm, tp th m ch th c trong . * Cu trc so snh nht vi tnh t/trng t ngn: Tnh t hoc trng t ngn l tnh t/trng t c mt m tit. Tnh t/trng t hai m tit tn cng bng Y cng c xem l tnh t/trng t ngn trong cu trc ny. THE + TNH T/TRNG T NGN THM EST. - Th d: + HE IS THE SMARTEST IN HIS CLASS. = Anh y thng minh nht lp. + THIS BOOK IS THE CHEAPEST I CAN FIND. = Cun sch ny l cun r nht m ti c th tm thy. + HE RUNS THE FASTEST. = Anh ta chy nhanh nht. - Lu : + Khi tnh t ngn tn cng bng Y, ta i Y thnh I ri mi thm EST HAPPY CRAZY FUNNY -->THE HAPPIEST --> THE CRAZIEST --> THE FUNNIEST

+ Khi tnh t ngn tn cng bng 1 PH M + 1 NGUYN M + 1 PH M: ta vit ph m cui cng thm 1 ln ri mi thm EST

29

BIG HOT

--> THE BIGGEST --> THE HOTTEST

SMALL --> THE SMALLEST * Cu trc so snh nht vi tnh t/trng t di: Tnh t/trng t di l tnh t/trng t c hai m tit tr ln. THE + MOST + TNH T/TRNG T DI + YOU ARE THE MOST BEAUTIFUL LADY I HAVE EVER MET. = Em l ngi ph n p nht m anh tng gp t trc n nay. + LONDON IS THE MOST EXPENSIVE CITY IN ENGLAND. = Lun n l thnh ph t nht nc Anh. * Ngoi l: mt s tnh t/trng t khi s dng trong cu trc so snh nht c dng c bit, khng theo cng thc trn y, bt buc ta phi nh nm lng: TNH T/TRNG T BAD GOOD WELL MANY MUCH - Th d: + IT WAS THE WORST DAY IN MY LIFE. = Ngy l ci ngy ti t nht trong i ti. + HE IS THE BEST TEACHER I HAVE EVER HAD. = ng y l ngi thy tt nht m ti tng c. + THESE PANTS FIT ME THE BEST. = Qun ny va vn vi ti nht. + WHO HAS THE MOST MONEY IN THE WORLD? = Ai c nhiu tin nht trn th gii? CU IU KIN 30 DNG SO SNH NHT THE WORST THE BEST THE BEST THE MOST THE MOST

LOI 0 Cu trc cu iu kin loi 0 dng din t nhng s tht tng quan, nhng d kin khoa hc lun lun xy ra vi mt iu kin nht nh. Ta cn c th gi cu iu kin loi 0 l cu iu kin hin ti lun c tht. Trong mt cu iu kin lun c hai mnh : mnh NU v mnh chnh. * Cng thc cu iu kin loi 0: IF + Ch ng 1 + ng t chia th hin ti n +B ng, Ch ng 2 + ng t chia th hin ti n + B ng (nu c). - Ni cch khc, cu iu kin loi 0, c hai mnh IF (NU) v mnh chnh u s dng th hin ti n. - Ch ng 1 v ch ng 2 c th trng nhau. - B ng c th khng c, ty ngha ca cu. - Mnh IF v mnh chnh c th ng trc hay sau u c. - Th d: + IF YOU EXPOSE PHOSPORUS TO AIR, IT BURNS. = Nu bn pht-pho ra ngoi khng kh, n s chy. + PHOSPHORUS BURNS IF YOU EXPOSE IT TO AIR. = Pht-pho s chy nu bn n ra ngoi khng kh. + IF YOU HEAT ICE, IT MELTS. = Nu bn lm nng nc , n s tan ra. CU IU KIN LOI 1 Cu iu kin loi 1 cn c th c gi l cu iu kin hin ti c th c tht. Ta s dng cu iu kin loi 1 t ra mt iu kin c th thc hin c trong hin ti v nu kt qu c th xy ra. * Cng thc cu iu kin loi 1: IF + Ch ng 1 + ng t chia th hin ti n + B ng, Ch ng 2 + WILL + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c). - Ni cch khc, cu iu kin loi 1, mnh IF dng th hin ti n, mnh chnh dng th tng lai n.

31

- Ch ng 1 v ch ng 2 c th trng nhau. - B ng c th khng c, ty ngha ca cu. - Mnh IF v mnh chnh c th ng trc hay sau u c. - Th d: + IF I HAVE THE MONEY, I WILL BUY THAT LCD MONITOR. = Nu ti c tin, ti s mua ci mn hnh LCD . + I WILL BE SAD IF YOU LEAVE. = Anh s bun nu em b i. CU IU KIN LOI 2 Cu iu kin loi 2 l cu trc dng t ra mt iu kin khng c tht trong hin ti v nu kt qu ca n. ng nhin, kt qu xy ra theo mt iu kin khng c tht cng ch l mt kt qu tng tng. Ta cn c th gi cu iu kin loi 2 l cu iu kin hin ti khng tht. * Cng thc cu iu kin loi 2: IF + Ch ng 1 + ng t chia th qu kh n + B ng, Ch ng 2 + WOULD/ COULD + ng t nguyn mu + B ng - Ni cch khc, cu iu kin loi 2, mnh IF dng th qu kh n, mnh chnh dng ng t khim khuyt WOULD hoc COULD. * Lu : + mnh IF, nu ng t l TO BE th ta dng WERE cho tt c cc ch ng. + WOULD = s (dng qu kh ca WILL) + COULD = c th (dng qu kh ca CAN) - Th d: + IF I WERE YOU, I WOULD GET A DIVORCE. = Nu ti l bn, ti s np n ly d. + IF DOGS HAD WINGS, THEY WOULD BE ABLE TO FLY. = Nu ch c cnh, chng s bit bay. CU IU KIN

32

LOI 3 Cu iu kin loi 3 cn c th c gi l cu iu kin qu kh khng tht. Cu trc ny c dng khi ta mun t mt gi thit ngc li vi iu g xy ra trong qu kh. * Cng thc cu iu kin loi 3: IF + Ch ng 1 + ng t chia th qu kh hon thnh + B ng, Ch ng 2 + WOULD/COULD HAVE + PP. - Ni cch khc, cu iu kin loi 3, mnh IF dng th qu kh hon thnh, mnh chnh dng cng thc WOULD hoc COULD + HAVE + PP. * Lu : - PP l dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t. ng t bt quy tc, chnh l ct th 3 trong bng ng t bt quy tc. ng t c quy tc, chnh l ng t nguyn mu thm ED. - B ng c th khng c, ty ngha ca cu. - Ch ng 1 v ch ng 2 c th trng nhau. - Mnh IF c th ng trc hoc sau mnh chnh. TH QU KH HON THNH y l th tng i kh v i hi bn bn hc thuc lng cng nhiu t cng tt trong bng ng t bt quy tc. Ni th ny kh v khi nim ca n xa l vi ngi Vit Nam chng ta. Tht ra ta c th hiu th qu kh hon thnh mt cch rt n gin nh sau: * Th qu kh hon thnh dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc v c hai hnh ng ny u xy ra trong qu kh. Hnh ng no xy ra trc th dng th qu kh hon thnh. Hnh ng xy ra sau th dng th qu kh n. * Cng thc th qu kh hon thnh: ** Cng thc th khng nh: Ch ng + HAD + Dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t + B ng (nu c). - Lu : + Dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t thng thng l ng t nguyn mu thm ED.

33

i vi ng t bt quy tc th ta phi dng ct 3 ca bng ng t bt quy tc. - Th d: + I HAD EATEN BEFORE I CAME HERE. = Ti n trc khi n y. ** Cng thc th ph nh: Ch ng + HAD + NOT + Dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t + B ng (nu c). - Lu : + HAD NOT c th vit tt l HADN'T - Th d: + SHE HADN'T PREPARED FOR THE EXAM BUT SHE STILL PASSED. = C ta khng c chun b cho k thi nhng c ta vn u. ** Cng thc th nghi vn: HAD + Ch ng + Dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t + B ng (nu c) ? - Th d: + HAD YOU LOCKED THE DOOR BEFORE YOU LEFT THE HOUSE? = Bn kha ca trc khi ri khi nh ch? TH QU KH TIP DIN Tn gi ca th ny c l cng gi cho bn cch dng ca n. Th ny c dng din t mt hnh ng ang din ra ti mt thi im nht nh trong qu kh. * Cng thc th khng nh: Ch ng + TO BE DNG QU KH + ng t nguyn mu thm ING + B ng (nu c). - Lu : + TO BE dng qu kh ch c 2 bin th WAS v WERE, ty theo ch ng m dng WAS hay WERE. + WAS c dng cho ch ng l I, HE, SHE, IT hoc bt c ch ng s t no

34

+ WERE c dng cho ch ng l WE, YOU, THEY hoc bt c ch ng s nhiu no. - Th d: + I WAS WATCHING TV WHEN YOU CALLED. = Lc bn gi in thoi n, ti ang xem Tivi. + WHEN THEY WERE PLAYING SOCCER, IT STARTED TO RAIN. = H ang bng th tri bt u ma. * Cng thc th ph nh: THM NOT sau TO BE cng thc th khng nh. - Vit tt: + WAS NOT = WASN'T + WERE NOT = WEREN'T - Th d: + I WAS NOT SLEEPING. I WAS HAVING MY EYES CLOSE TO RELAX. = Lc ti u c ng, ti nhm mt th gin. * Cng thc th nghi vn: em TO BE ra trc ch ng. - C th thm t WH trc TO BE to ra cu hi WH. - Th d: + WHAT WERE YOU DOING AT 10 O'CLOCK LAST NIGHT? = Ti qua lc 10 gi anh ang lm g? * Khi no ta dng th qu kh tip din? - din t hnh ng ang xy ra ti mt thi im c th trong qu kh. + SHE WAS TAKING A SHOWER WHEN THE BUGLAR BROKE IN. = Lc tn trm t nhp vo nh, b ta ang tm. - Khi din t hai hoc nhiu hn hai hnh ng ang xy ra cng lc trong qu kh. + THE BOY WAS DOING HIS HOMEWORK WHILE HIS PARENTS WERE WATCHING TV. = Cu b ang lm bi tp trong khi b m cu ta ang xem Tivi. - Khi mun din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra th c hnh ng khc xy n. hnh ng

35

ang xy ra dng th qu kh tip din, hnh ng xy n c th ct ngang hnh ng ang xy ra c chia th qu kh n. + HE STOOD UP AND LEFT THE ROOM WHEN THE PROFESSOR WAS GIVING A LECTURE. = Lc gio s ang ging bi th anh ta ng dy v ri khi phng. Cu trc HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING y l mt cu trc n gin, hu dng v rt thng dng din t "Ai nh ai lm vic g". Bn cn lu l trong ting Vit, c rt nhiu vic ta nh ngi khc lm nhng ta khng ni chnh xc nh vy, th d: Ngy mai ti i ht tc. (Bn khng t ht tc m bn nh th ht tc cho mnh, ng khng?) Xe anh d ri, anh i ra xe i! (Ngi ni tht s c bo bn i ra tim ra xe, nh th ra xe ra gim, khng phi bo bn t ra). Tm li, vi nhng trng hp ging nh trn, ta cn dng cu trc c gii thiu bi ny. * Cng thc cu trc: Ch ng + HAVE + i t tn ng hoc danh t + ng t nguyn mu + B ng . - Lu : + Ty hon cnh ni, HAVE phi c chia theo ng th. Nu cn, bn xem li bi hc v tt c cc th trong ting Anh. + i t tn ng: bn xem li bi i t tn ng nu cn. + Danh t: nu khng dng i t tn ng, bn c th thay danh t ring ch tn ngi vo ch ny (Peter, Tom, John...) hoc ng danh t ch ngh nghip (my lawyer, my doctor...) + ng t nguyn mu: l ng t ch hnh ng c nh lm trong cu ni ny. * Ta dng cng thc ny khi ta cn ni r ngi c nh lm l ai. - Th d: + I HAD MY ASSISTANT TYPE THE REPORT. = Ti nh tr l ring nh my

36

bn bo co. + I'LL HAVE MY LAWYER LOOK INTO IT. = Ti s nh lut s ca ti xem xt vn ny. + MY COMPUTER BROKE DOWN. MY BROTHER IS A COMPUTER TECHNICIAN. I'LL HAVE HIM FIX IT. = My vi tnh ti b h. Em trai ti l k thut vin my tnh. Ti s nh n sa gim. * Cng thc cu trc th b ng: Ch ng + HAVE + B ng + ng t dng qu kh hon thnh. - Lu : + HAVE phi c chia ng th + B ng l ci c lm, ci c x l + ng t dng qu kh hon thnh l ng t nguyn mu thm ED i vi ng t c quy tc, i vi ng t bt quy tc, dng qu kh hon thnh chnh l dng ct th ba trong bng ng t bt quy tc. * Ta thng dng cu trc th b ng ny hn v thng th ngi c nh lm khng cn c nhc ti ngi nghe cng hiu ( th d: i ht tc th d nhin ngi c bn nh ht tc phi l ngi th ht tc) - Th d: + I HAD MY HAIR CUT YESTERDAY. = Hm qua ti i ht tc. (ng t CUT ba dng- nguyn mu, qu kh, qu kh hon thnh- u nh nhau CUT - CUT - CUT) + I'M GOING TO HAVE MY CAR FIXED TOMORROW. = Ngy mai ti s em xe hi i sa. NG T KHIM KHUYT Trang 1 / 8 ng t khim khuyt l nhng ng t c bit. Chng c gi l "khim khuyt" v chng khng c y tt c cc bin th tt c cc th v bn thn chng cng vi ch ng khng th to ra mt cu hon chnh m cn phi c mt ng t chnh (tr mt s trng hp ngoi l). ng t khim khuyt tt c gm c: SHALL, WILL, WOULD, CAN, COULD, MAY,

37

MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST, OUGHT TO. Tt c cc ng t khim khuyt phi i vi ng t NGUYN MU. Sau y, chng ta s hc tng ng t mt v cch dng cng nh nhng iu cn lu ca chng. SHALL v WILL c gii thch trong bi v TH TNG LAI N . CAN - Th khng nh: Ch ng + CAN + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c) + HE CAN SPEAK ENGLISH AND CHINESE. = Anh ta c th ni ting Anh v ting Trung Quc. - Th ph nh: Ch ng + CANNOT + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c) ++ Lu l CANNOT ta phi vit dnh lin nhau. ++ CANNOT vit tt l CAN'T - Th nghi vn: CAN + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c)? + CAN YOU SPEAK RUSSIAN? = Bn c th ni ting Nga khng? - Cu hi WH vi CAN: T WH + CAN + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c)? + WHAT CAN YOU DO? Bn c th lm g? - Dng din t kh nng ca ch ng + I CAN SWIM. = Ti c th bi. = Ti bit bi - Dng din t kh nng mt hnh ng, s vic c th xy ra hay khng + I THINK SO, BUT I CAN BE WRONG. = Ti ngh nh vy, nhng m ti c th sai. - Dng xin php, yu cu gia hai ngi quen thn, khng khch so, trang trng bng COULD hoc MAY + CAN I BORROW YOUR CAR TONIGHT? = Ti nay ti c th mn xe hi ca anh

38

c khng?

Trang tip theo ta s hc ng t khim khuyt COULD

ng t WISH, mt dng cu iu kin Khi t cu WISH vi ngha ao c mt iu g , ta cn nh 2 loi nh sau:

WISH loi 1: c v iu g tri ngc vi s tht trong hin ti.

* Cng thc: Mnh WISH chia th hin ti n + Mnh chnh chia th qu kh n * Lu : - Vi ng t TO BE, trong vn ni c th dng WAS cho ngi th ba s t v cho I, nhng trong vn vit, phi dng WERE cho tt c ch ng, khng phn bit ngi, khng phn bit s t hay s nhiu. * Th d: I WISH I HAD A NICE HOUSE. = Ti c g ti c mt cn nh p, SHE WISHES SHE WERE THE MOST BEAUTIFUL LADY IN VIETNAM. = C y c g c y l ngi ph n p nht Vit Nam. I WISH I WERE THE PRIME MINISTER. = Ti c g ti l th tng.

WISH loi 2: c v iu g tri ngc vi s tht trong qu kh * Cng thc: Mnh WISH chia th hin ti n + Mnh chnh chia th qu kh han thnh * Th d:

39

I WISH I HAD PASSED THAT EXAM. = Ti c g ti u trong k thi . SHE WISHES SHE HAD SOLD ALL HER STOCKS BEFORE THE MARKET WENT DOWN.= C ta c g mnh bn tt c cc c phiu trc khi th trng xung gi.

TH HIN TI HON THNH TIP DIN Ging nh th hin ti hon thnh , th hin ti hon thnh tip din cng din t mt hnh ng bt u qu kh, tip tc n hin ti v c th tip tc n tng lai. Tuy nhin, th hin ti hon thnh tip din c khc ch n nhn mnh tnh lin tc ca hnh ng. Sau y l cng thc ca th hin ti hon thnh tip din: * Cng thc: Ch ng + HAVE hoc HAS + BEEN + ng t nguyn mu thm ING. * Th d: - I HAVE BEEN WAITING FOR YOU SINCE EARLY MORNING. = Anh i em t sng sm n gi. - THE TELEPHONE HAS BEEN RINGING FOR TWO MINUTES. = in thoi reo hai pht ri. (v cn reo na) * Lu : - Khi ch ng l HE, SHE, IT hoc l ngi th 3 s t ni chung, ta dng HAS. - Khi ch ng l I, WE, YOU, THEY hoc l ngi th 3 s nhiu ni chung, ta dng HAVE. TH QU KH HON THNH TIP DIN Ging nh th qu kh hon thnh , th qu kh hon thnh tip din dng din t hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh. im khc bit l th qu kh hon thnh tip din nhn mnh tnh lin tc ca hnh ng hoc nhn mnh rng hnh ng xy ra trc hnh ng khc trong qu kh vn tip tc xy ra sau khi hnh ng sau xy ra. Sau y l cng thc ca th qu kh hon thnh tip din:

40

* Cng thc: - Th khng nh: Ch ng + HAD + BEEN + ng t nguyn mu thm ING. - Th d: + THIS MORNING, WHEN I GOT UP, IT HAD BEEN RAINING. = Sng nay, khi ti thc dy, tri ma. (dy ri m tri vn cn ang ma) - Th ph nh: Thm NOT sau HAD Ch ng + HAD NOT + BEEN + ng t nguyn mu thm ING. + HAD NOT vit gn l HADN'T - Th nghi vn:em HAD ra trc ch ng HAD + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu thm ING?

CU HI UI (TAG QUESTIONS) Cu hi ui l mt dng cu hi rt thng dng trong ting Anh. Mc d cu tr li cho cu hi ui cng ging nh cu tr li cho cu hi YES-NO, nhng cu hi ui c sc thi ngha ring bit. Cu hi ui c thnh lp sau mt cu ni khng nh hoc ph nh, c ngn cch bng du phy (,) v vy ngi t cu hi c thng tin v cu tr li. Tuy nhin, thng th ngi hi khng chc chn lm v thng tin ny. Nu ngi hi chc chn, t tin rng mnh c thng tin v cu tr li nhng vn hi th khi chm dt cu hi ui, ngi hi s ln ging. Sau y l cch thnh lp cu hi ui cho cc tt c cc th ta hc: * Nguyn tc chung khi lp cu hi ui: - Nu cu ni trc du phy l cu khng nh, cu hi ui phi th ph nh. - Nu cu ni trc du phy l cu ph nh, cu hi ui phi th khng nh * Cu to ca cu hi ui:

41

- Cu hi ui gm mt tr ng t tng ng vi th c dng trong cu ni trc du phy, c NOT hoc khng c NOT v mt i t nhn xng tng ng vi ch ng ca cu ni trc du phy. * Th d: - YOU ARE AFRAID, AREN'T YOU? (Anh ang s, ng khng?) - YOU DIDN'T DO YOUR HOMEWORK, DID YOU? (Bn khng lm bi tp nh, ng khng?) * Cch thnh lp cu hi ui cho cc tt c cc th ta hc: 1. Hin ti n vi TO BE: - HE IS HANDSOME, ISN'T HE? = Anh y p trai, ng khng? - YOU ARE WORRIED, AREN'T YOU? = Bn ang lo lng, phi khng? - c bit vi I AM..., cu hi ui phi l AREN'T I: + I AM RIGHT, AREN'T I? - Vi I AM NOT, cu hi ui s l AM I nh quy tc. + I AM NOT GUILTY, AM I? 2. Hin ti n ng t thng: mn tr ng t DO hoc DOES ty theo ch ng (xem li bi Th hin ti n vi ng t thng nu cn) - THEY LIKE ME, DON'T THEY? - SHE LOVES YOU, DOESN'T SHE? 3. Th qu kh n vi ng t thng: mn tr ng t DID, qu khn vi TO BE: WAS hoc WERE: - YOU LIED TO ME, DIDN'T YOU? - HE DIDN'T COME HERE, DID HE? - HE WAS FRIENDLY, WASN'T HE? 4. Th hin ti hon thnh hoc hin ti hon thnh tip din: mn tr ng t HAVE hoc HAS

42

- THEY HAVE LEFT, HAVEN'T THEY? - THE RAIN HAS STOPPED, HASN'T IT? 5. Th qu kh hon thnh hoc qu kh hon thnh tip din: mn tr ng t HAD: - HE HADN'T MET YOU BEFORE, HAD HE? 6. Th tng lai n: - IT WILL RAIN, WON'T IT? - YOUR GIRLFRIEND WILL COME TO THE PARTY, WON'T SHE? * Nhng trng hp c bit cn lu : ** USED TO: tng (din t thi quen, hnh ng thng lp i lp li trong qu kh) - Trng hp ny, ta c vic xem USED TO l mt ng t chia th qu kh. Do , cu hi ui tng ng ch cn mn tr ng t DID - Th d: + SHE USED TO LIVE HERE, DIDN'T SHE? ** HAD BETTER: - HAD BETTER thng c vit ngn gn thnh 'D BETTER, nn d khin ta lng tng khi phi lp cu hi ui tng ng. Khi thy 'D BETTER, ch cn mn tr ng t HAD lp cu hi ui. - Th d: + HE'D BETTER STAY, HADN'T HE? ** WOULD RATHER: - WOULD RATHER thng c vit gn l 'D RATHER nn cng d gy lng tng cho bn. Ch cn mn tr ng t WOULD cho trng hp ny lp cu hi ui. - Th d: + YOU'D RATHER GO, WOULDN'T YOU? TH QU KH HON THNH TIP DIN 43

Ging nh th qu kh hon thnh , th qu kh hon thnh tip din dng din t hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh. im khc bit l th qu kh hon thnh tip din nhn mnh tnh lin tc ca hnh ng hoc nhn mnh rng hnh ng xy ra trc hnh ng khc trong qu kh vn tip tc xy ra sau khi hnh ng sau xy ra. Sau y l cng thc ca th qu kh hon thnh tip din: * Cng thc: - Th khng nh: Ch ng + HAD + BEEN + ng t nguyn mu thm ING. - Th d: + THIS MORNING, WHEN I GOT UP, IT HAD BEEN RAINING. = Sng nay, khi ti thc dy, tri ma. (dy ri m tri vn cn ang ma) - Th ph nh: Thm NOT sau HAD Ch ng + HAD NOT + BEEN + ng t nguyn mu thm ING. + HAD NOT vit gn l HADN'T - Th nghi vn:em HAD ra trc ch ng HAD + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu thm ING?

CU HI UI (TAG QUESTIONS) Cu hi ui l mt dng cu hi rt thng dng trong ting Anh. Mc d cu tr li cho cu hi ui cng ging nh cu tr li cho cu hi YES-NO, nhng cu hi ui c sc thi ngha ring bit. Cu hi ui c thnh lp sau mt cu ni khng nh hoc ph nh, c ngn cch bng du phy (,) v vy ngi t cu hi c thng tin v cu tr li. Tuy nhin, thng th ngi hi khng chc chn lm v thng tin ny. Nu ngi hi chc chn, t tin rng mnh c thng tin v cu tr li nhng vn hi th khi chm dt cu hi ui, ngi hi s ln ging. Sau y l cch thnh lp cu hi ui cho cc tt c cc th ta hc:

44

* Nguyn tc chung khi lp cu hi ui: - Nu cu ni trc du phy l cu khng nh, cu hi ui phi th ph nh. - Nu cu ni trc du phy l cu ph nh, cu hi ui phi th khng nh * Cu to ca cu hi ui: - Cu hi ui gm mt tr ng t tng ng vi th c dng trong cu ni trc du phy, c NOT hoc khng c NOT v mt i t nhn xng tng ng vi ch ng ca cu ni trc du phy. * Th d: - YOU ARE AFRAID, AREN'T YOU? (Anh ang s, ng khng?) - YOU DIDN'T DO YOUR HOMEWORK, DID YOU? (Bn khng lm bi tp nh, ng khng?) * Cch thnh lp cu hi ui cho cc tt c cc th ta hc: 1. Hin ti n vi TO BE: - HE IS HANDSOME, ISN'T HE? = Anh y p trai, ng khng? - YOU ARE WORRIED, AREN'T YOU? = Bn ang lo lng, phi khng? - c bit vi I AM..., cu hi ui phi l AREN'T I: + I AM RIGHT, AREN'T I? - Vi I AM NOT, cu hi ui s l AM I nh quy tc. + I AM NOT GUILTY, AM I? 2. Hin ti n ng t thng: mn tr ng t DO hoc DOES ty theo ch ng (xem li bi Th hin ti n vi ng t thng nu cn) - THEY LIKE ME, DON'T THEY? - SHE LOVES YOU, DOESN'T SHE? 3. Th qu kh n vi ng t thng: mn tr ng t DID, qu khn vi TO BE: WAS hoc WERE:

45

- YOU LIED TO ME, DIDN'T YOU? - HE DIDN'T COME HERE, DID HE? - HE WAS FRIENDLY, WASN'T HE? 4. Th hin ti hon thnh hoc hin ti hon thnh tip din: mn tr ng t HAVE hoc HAS - THEY HAVE LEFT, HAVEN'T THEY? - THE RAIN HAS STOPPED, HASN'T IT? 5. Th qu kh hon thnh hoc qu kh hon thnh tip din: mn tr ng t HAD: - HE HADN'T MET YOU BEFORE, HAD HE? 6. Th tng lai n: - IT WILL RAIN, WON'T IT? - YOUR GIRLFRIEND WILL COME TO THE PARTY, WON'T SHE? * Nhng trng hp c bit cn lu : ** USED TO: tng (din t thi quen, hnh ng thng lp i lp li trong qu kh) - Trng hp ny, ta c vic xem USED TO l mt ng t chia th qu kh. Do , cu hi ui tng ng ch cn mn tr ng t DID - Th d: + SHE USED TO LIVE HERE, DIDN'T SHE? ** HAD BETTER: - HAD BETTER thng c vit ngn gn thnh 'D BETTER, nn d khin ta lng tng khi phi lp cu hi ui tng ng. Khi thy 'D BETTER, ch cn mn tr ng t HAD lp cu hi ui. - Th d: + HE'D BETTER STAY, HADN'T HE? ** WOULD RATHER:

46

- WOULD RATHER thng c vit gn l 'D RATHER nn cng d gy lng tng cho bn. Ch cn mn tr ng t WOULD cho trng hp ny lp cu hi ui. - Th d: + YOU'D RATHER GO, WOULDN'T YOU?

Ngy, thng, nm, 4 ma, cch ni gi

Bi ny s ch bn cch ni ngy, thng, nm v 4 ma trong ting Anh. Ni ngy m lch rt n gin.

CC NGY TRONG TUN

MONDAY = th hai , vit tt = MON TUESDAY = th ba, vit tt = TUE WEDNESDAY = th t, vit tt = WED THURSDAY = th nm, vit tt = THU FRIDAY = th su, vit tt = FRI SATURDAY = th by, vit tt = SAT SUNDAY = Ch nht, vit tt = SUN * Khi ni, vo th my, phi dng gii t ON ng trc th. VD: On Sunday, I stay at home. (Vo ngy ch nht. ti nh). CC THNG TRONG NM 1. January ( vit tt = Jan ) 2. February ( vit tt = Feb) 3. March ( vit tt = Mar) 4. April ( vit tt = Apr) 5. May ( 0 vit tt ) 6. June ( 0 vit tt ) 7. July ( 0 vit tt ) 8. August ( vit tt = Aug ) 9. September ( vit tt = Sept )

47

 10. October ( vit tt = Oct ) 11. November ( vit tt = Nov ) 12. December ( vit tt = Dec ) *Khi ni, vo thng my, phi dng gii t IN ng trc thng VD: IN SEPTEMBER, STUDENTS GO BACK TO SCHOOL AFTER THEIR SUMMER VACATION. (Vo thng chn, hc sinh tr li trng sau k ngh h) NI NGY TRONG THNG * Khi ni ngy trong thng, ch cn dng s th t tng ng vi ngy mun ni, nhng phi thm THE trc n. VD: September the second = ngy 2 thng 9. Khi vit, c th vit September 2nd * Nu mun ni ngy m lch, ch cn thm cm t ON THE LUNAR CALENDAR ng sau. VD: August 15th on the Lunar Calendar is the Middle-Autumn Festival. (15 thng 8 m lch l ngy tt Trung
Thu)

* Khi ni vo ngy no trong thng, phi dng gii t ON trc ngy. VD: On the 4th of July, Americans celebrate their Independence Day. (Vo ngy 4 thng 7, ngi M n mng ngy Quc Khnh ca h). 4 MA SPRING = Ma xun SUMMER = Ma h AUTUMN = Ma thu (Ngi M dng ch FALL thay cho AUTUMN -"fall" c ngha l "ri", m ma thu th l rng nhiu!?) WINTER = Ma ng * Khi ni vo ma no, ta dng gii t IN. VD: IT ALWAYS SNOWS IN WINTER HERE = y lun c tuyt ri vo ma ng. CCH NI GI y ta s ly 9 gi lm mu. Bn c th da vo mu thay i con s cn thit khi

48

ni gi. 9:00 = IT'S NINE O'CLOCK hoc IT'S NINE. 9:05 = IT'S NINE OH FIVE hoc IT'S FIVE PAST NINE hoc IT'S FIVE MINUTES AFTER NINE. 9:10 = IT'S NINE TEN hoc IT'S TEN PAST NINE hoc IT'S TEN MINUTES AFTER NINE. 9:15 = IT'S NINE FIFTEEN hoc IT'S A QUARTER PAST NINE hoc IT'S A QUARTER AFTER NINE. 9:30 = IT'S NINE THIRTY hoc IT'S HALF PAST NINE. 9:45 = IT'S NINE FORTY FIVE hoc IT'S A QUATER TO TEN (9 gi 45 hoc 10 gi km 15) 9:50 = IT'S NINE FIFTY hoc IT'S TEN TO TEN (9 gi 50 hoc 10 gi km 10) 12:00 = IT'S TWELVE O'CLOCK hoc IT'S NOON (gia tra nu l 12 gi tra) hoc IT'S MIDNIGHT (ng na m, nu l 12 gi m) * ni r rng gi tra, chiu, ti hay gi sng ta ch cn thm AM hoc PM cui cu ni gi. AM: ch gi sng (sau 12 gi m n trc 12 gi tra) PM: ch gi tra, chiu ti (t 12 gi tra tr i) - Ch thch: -Dnh cho bn no t m mun bit AM v PM vit tt ca ch g thi, v ngay c ngi bn x c khi cng khng nh thng tin ny: + AM vit tt ca ch Latin ante meridiem (ngha l trc gia tra) + PM vit tt ca ch Latin post meridiem (ngha l sau gia tra) - Th d: + IT'S NINE AM = 9 gi sng. + IT'S NINE PM. = 9 gi ti. 20 Tnh t ph bin 49

nht Sau y l danh sch 20 tnh t c dng n nhiu nht trong thc t.

STT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Tnh t NEW GOOD FREE FRESH DELICIOUS FULL SURE CLEAN SPECIAL SMALL FINE BIG GREAT REAL EASY BRIGHT DARK SAFE RICH

Phin m /nju:/ /gud/ /fri:/ /fre/ /di'lis/ /ful/ /u/ /kli:n/ /'spel/ /sm:l/ /fain/ /big/ /greit/ /
ri l/ /'i:zi/ /brait/ /d:k/ /seif/ /rit/

Ngha mi tt t do, min ph ti ngon y, no chc chn sch tuyt vi c bit nh tt, khe to v i, ln, tuyt vi thc, tht d sng ti an ton giu

V d This is a new lesson. You are a good student. This web service is free. You should eat fresh fruit. Vietnamese food is delicious. The glass is full. Are you sure? The floor is clean now. You are wonderful. This is a special present. All I want is a small house. She has such fine complexion. Talk soft, but carry a big stick! I have great news for you. Is that real? English is easy to learn. I like a bright room. He prefers a dark room. It is not safe to go out late at night. She is rich, but ugly.

WONDERFUL /'wndful/

25 ng t ph bin nht Danh sch 25 ng t ting Anh c dng nhiu nht hng ngy.

ng t Phin m Ngha /bi:/ xem bi "TO BE" BE /hv/ c HAVE /du:/ lm DO /sei/ ni SAY /get/ (nn tra t in) GET /meik/ lm ra MAKE

50

GO KNOW TAKE SEE COME THINK LOOK WANT GIVE USE FIND TELL ASK WORK SEEM FEEL TRY LEAVE CALL

/go/ /nou/ /teik /si:/ /km/ /ik/ /luk/ /wnt/ /giv/ /ju:s/ /faind/ /tel/ /:sk/ /w:k/ /si:m/ /fi:l/ /trai/ /li:v/ /k:l/

i bit ly thy n suy ngh nhn mun cho s dng tm thy ni cho ai bit hi lm vic c v cm thy c gng, th ri khi gi, gi in

Cc gii t ph bin Di y l tt c nhng gii t c bn m bn cn bit: aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at, bef ore, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, concerning, despite, down, during, except for, from, in, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past, per, regarding, since, through, throughout, ti ll, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without, Nhng thnh ng ting Anh c bn nht Thnh ng l nhng cch ni c rt nhiu ngi dng din t mt ngha no , v vy nu lm dng s gy ra s nhm chn. Tuy nhin, thnh ng rt thng c dng, nht l trong vn ni. Bn cn bit t nht l tt c nhng thnh ng sau c th hiu c ngi bn x ni g v thnh ng c i khi khng th on ngha c da trn ngha en ca cc t trong .

51

A Bird In The Hand Is Worth Two In The Bush = mt con chim trong tay c gi tr hn hai con chim trn tri "Dan has asked me to go to a party with him. What if my boyfriend finds out?" Reply: "Don't go. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush." A Drop In The Bucket = ht mui b bin "I'd like to do something to change the world but whatever I do seems like a drop in the bucket." A Fool And His Money Are Easily Parted = 1 k ngc khng gi c tin lu Example: "Her husband can't seem to hold onto any amount of money; he either spends it or loses it. A fool and his money are easily parted." A Penny Saved Is A Penny Earned = 1 xu tit kim cng nh 1 xu lm ra "I'm going to give you $20 but I want you to put it in the bank; a penny saved is a penny earned!" A Piece Of Cake = d nh n cho "Do you think you will win your tennis match today?" Answer: "It will be a piece of cake." Absence Makes The Heart Grow Fonder = s vng mt lm tnh yu ngt ngo hn "The time we spend apart has been good for us; absence makes the heart grow fonder." Actions Speak Louder Than Words = hnh ng c gi tr hn li ni "Don't tell me how to do this; show me! Actions speak louder than words." Add Fuel To The Fire = thm du vo la "I would like to do something to help, but I don't want to add fuel to the fire." It Is All Greek to me. = Ti chng hiu g c. (m ch ch vit hoc ting ni) "Did you understand what he just said?" Reply: "Nope. It was all Greek to me." All Thumbs = vng v, hu u "Hey! You are pouring my coffee on the table!" Reply: "Oh, I'm so sorry! I have been all thumbs today." Cost An Arm And A Leg = tr 1 ci gi ct c, tn rt nhiu tin "Be careful with that watch; it cost me an arm and a leg." Arm In Arm = tay trong tay "What a nice afternoon. We walked arm in arm along the beach for hours." Beating Around The Bush = vng vo tam quc "If you want to ask me, just ask; don't beat around the bush." Better Late Than Never = th tr cn hn khng "Sorry I was late for the meeting today; I got stuck in traffic." Answer: "That's okay; better late than never." Between A Rock And A Hard Place = ng gia 2 la chn kh khn "I'd like to help you but I am stuck between a rock and a hard place."

52

Birds Of A Feather Flock Together = ngu tm ngu, m tm m "Look; the volleyball players are eating at the same table together, as always." Answer: "Birds of a feather flock together." Bite Off More Than You Can Chew = khng lng sc "I thought I could finish this report within one month, but it looks like I have bitten off more than I can chew." Bite Your Tongue = c gng im lng "Whenever that professor says something I don't like, I have to bite my tongue." Blood Is Thicker Than Water = 1 git mu o hn ao nc l "When my best friend and my brother got in a fight I had to help my brother; blood is thicker than water." Burn Your Bridges = t cu ca mnh, tc l t lm mt i c hi ca mnh "I wish you hadn't been rude to that man just now; he is very important in this town and you shouldn't go around burning bridges." Burning The Candle At Both Ends = vt kit sc ra lm vic "Ever since this new project started I have been burning the candle at both ends. I can't take much more of it." Call It Off = hy b "Tonight's game was called off because of the rain." Cross Your Fingers = ng tc c tin l s em li s may mn "Let's cross our fingers and hope for the best!" Curiosity Killed The Cat = s t m c th rt nguy him "Hey, I wonder what's down that street; it looks awfully dark and creepy." Answer: "Let's not try to find out. Curiosity killed the cat." Don't Count Your Chickens Until They're Hatched = trng cha n m g "Next Friday I will be able to pay you back that money I owe you." Answer: "I won't be counting my chickens..." Don't Put All Your Eggs In One Basket = ng b tt c trng vo 1 r, tc hy chia u nhng nguy c ra nhiu ni gim ri ro "The best way to gamble is to only bet small amounts of money and never put all your eggs in one basket." From Rags To Riches = t ngho kh tr thnh c ph "My uncle is a real rags to riches story." Get Over It = vt qua, qua khi "I was very sick yesterday, but I got over it quickly." Great Minds Think Alike = t tng ln gp nhau "I have decided that this summer I am going to learn how to scuba dive." Answer: "Me too! I have already paid for the course. Great minds think alike!" Have No Idea = khng h bit, khng c khi nim no "I can't find my keys. I have no idea where I put them."

53

It Takes Two To Tango = c la mi c khi "Her husband is awful; they fight all the time." Answer: "It takes two to tango." Keep An Eye On = xem chng, trng chng, mt n "I have to run to the bathroom. Can you keep an eye on my suitcase while I am gone?" Let Sleeping Dogs Lie = ng gi li nhng chuyn khng hay "I wanted to ask her what she thought of her ex-husband, but I figured it was better to let sleeping dogs lie." Neither A Borrower, Nor A Lender Be = ng cho mn tin, cng ng mn tin "Could you lend me twenty dollars?" Answer: "Sorry, neither a borrower nor a lender be." Never Bite The Hand That Feeds You = ng bao gi cn vo bn tay t cho ta n "We have been your best customers for years. How could you suddenly treat us so rudely? You should never bite the hand that feeds you." Off The Hook = mt, phin, cng khe "You're lucky; it turns out that Dad never heard you come in late last night." Answer: "Great, that means I'm off the hook!" Everybody Is On The Same Page = mi ngi u hiu vn "Before we make any decisions today, I'd like to make sure that everyone is on the same page." Out Of Sight, Out Of Mind = xa mt cch lng "I meant to read that book, but as soon as I put it down, I forgot about it." Answer: "Out of sight, out of mind." People Who Live In Glass Houses Should Not Throw Stones = bn thn mnh khng ng th ng ch ngi khc sai "Look at what time it is... you are late again!" Answer: "Hey, how often are you not on time? People who live in glass houses should not throw stones." Practice Makes Perfect = cng tp luyn nhiu cng gii "You see how quickly you are getting better at the piano! Practice makes perfect!" Put Your Foot In Your Mouth = t h ming mc quai, ni l li "Let's all be very careful what we say at the meeting tomorrow. I don't want anyone putting their foot in their mouth." Rome Was Not Built In One Day = Thnh La M khng phi c xy trong 1 ngy "It is taking me a long time to write this computer program." Answer: "Rome was not built in one day." Rub Salt In An Old Wound = Xt mui vo vt thng cha lnh "Oh please, let's not rub salt in old wounds!" Second Nature = vic d dng "It has always been second nature for me to draw with both hands."

54

Start From Scratch = bt u t u, bt u t con s khng "How are you going to build your business?" Answer: "Just like everyone else does: starting from scratch." The Pros And Cons = nhng mt li v nhng mt hi "I've considered the pros and cons and I've decided: it is going to be expensive, but I still want to go to college." The Straw That Broke The Camel's Back = git nc lm trn ly "You've been rude to me all day, and I've had it. That's the last straw!" The Writing On The Wall = tn hiu r rng bo hiu s thay i "Can't you see the writing on the wall?" Third Wheel= k d tha, k cn mi "You two go on ahead without me. I don't want to be the third wheel." Tie The Knot = kt hn "Did you hear about Dan and Jenny? They finally decided to tie the knot!" Turn Over A New Leaf= quyt tm thay i cuc i "I'm turning over a new leaf; I've decided to quit smoking." Two Wrongs Don't Make A Right = hai ci sai khng lm nn 1 ci ng "That boy pushed me yesterday and I am going to get him back today!" Answer: "No you are not! Two wrongs do not make a right." Under The Weather = khng khe trong ngi, b bnh nh do thi tit "What's wrong?" Answer: "I'm a bit under the weather." Up Against = ng u vi "We have been up against stronger opponents in the past." Water Under The Bridge = chuyn qua ri "Aren't you still angry about what he said?" Answer: "No, that was a long time ago. It's all water under the bridge." When In Rome, Do As The Romans Do = nhp gia ty tc "Are you sure we should eat this with our hands?" Answer: "Why not? All of these people are eating it that way. When in Rome, do as the Romans do!" When Pigs Fly = cn khuya, khng bao gi c chuyn u "Would you ever take her on a date?" Answer: "Sure- when pigs fly!" Without A Doubt = chc chn, khng cn nghi ng g na "Are you going to watch the game tomorrow?" Answer: "Without a doubt!" Word Of Mouth = s truyn ming "Where did you hear about that?" Answer: "Just word of mouth." You Can't Judge A Book By Its Cover = o ca sa khng lm nn thy tu, ng nh gi da trn v b ngoi "He dresses in plain clothing and drives an ordinary car. Who would know he is the richest man

55

in town? You can't judge a book by its cover!"

T loi trong ting Anh (the Parts of Speech)

SATURDAY, 28. APRIL 2007, 05:05:33 HC TING ANH

a s ngi Vit Nam khng thy c s quan trng ca t loi trong ting Anh, n gin v trong ting Vit, chc nng ca t khng c ngha quyt nh trong cu trc cu. Chc hn t ngi Vit gi ng chc nng ca t "cn thn" trong hai cu "ti rt cn thn" v "ti li xe rt cn thn"?? V chng c vit y nh nhau trong ting Vit. Nhng nu bn mun vit ng ting Anh, bn phi xc nh c t th nht l tnh t - I am very careful (v ng sau ng t "to be"), t th hai l trng t - I drive very carefully (b ngha cho ng t thng).

Bn th c cu "ting Anh" ny xem c hiu g khng nh? don't have only is my but all the community is use Vietnamese on the Opera there will must thank you! Ti hiu cu ny (mt cch kh khn) v ti l ngi Vit khng phi ch mnh ti m c cng ng ang s dng ting Vit trn Opera s phi cm n bn! Nu mt ngi mt nc ni ting Anh m hiu c cu ny th c l ngi phi c gc Vit Nam Nu bn khng tin ti, bn c th hi anh Joe - anh Ty gii ting Vit hn c... ti V sao ? T duy ca ngi phng ng khc

xem anh y c hiu ni cu trn khng nh vi ngi phng Ty m

V th, ni ng ting Anh, trc tin bn cn phi hiu r chc

nng ca tng loi t trong cu, khng dch tng t sang ting Anh nh ngi bn ca chng ta 1. Danh t (noun) Danh t c s dng gi tn ngi v s vt. Danh t c dng lm ch t (subject), tc t (object) hoc b ng (complement) trong cu (bn xem thm post Verb Functions nh). 2. Mo t (article)

56

Mo t dng gii thiu mt danh t. C hai loi mo t: mo t bt nh (indefinite article) v mo t xc nh (definite article). Mo t bt nh c s dng trc danh t m c s t. Khi cp ti mt ngi hoc s vic c th th bn phi dng vi mo t xc nh, khng phn bit s t hay s nhiu, m c hay khng m c. Mo t bt nh c hai hnh thc: "A" v "AN". "A" c dng trc mt danh t bt u bng ph m; "AN" trc mt danh t bt u bng nguyn m. Lu , vic xc nh ph m hay nguyn m l da trn cc pht m (phonetic) ch khng phi ch ci (alphabet). V d, t "university", mc d "U" l mt nguyn m trong bng ch ci ting Anh, nhng li c pht m l /ju/ trong t ny, nn chng ta phi dng "A" trc : a university. Mo t xc nh "THE" c hai cch pht m: // trc danh t bt u bng ph m; /i/ trc danh t bt u bng nguyn m. 3. i t (pronoun) i t dng thay th danh t nhm trnh lp li danh t. Ting Anh c cc loi i t: nhn xng (personal), s hu (possessive), phn thn (reflexive), ch nh (demonstrative), bt nh (indefinite), quan h (relative), nghi vn (interrogative). i t cng ng vai tr ch t, tc t v b ng trong cu. 4. Tnh t (adjective) Tnh t dng b ngha cho nhng t tng ng vi danh t v c t trc danh t. Nu dng past participle (V-ed) hoc present participle (V-ing) nh tnh t th V-ed din t trng thi b ng, v V-ing din t trng thi ch ng. V d: your blog is interesting, so I'm interested in reading it. Ti mun dng li y mt cht phn tch s khc nhau gia "another" v "other" (mt thc mc t rt nhiu hc vin ca ti). "Another" l s kt hp ca "AN" v "OTHER". Nh vy, nu l tnh t, "another" ch c th b

57

ngha cho mt danh t s t v cha xc nh (an indefinite singular noun). Nu mun b ngha cho danh t khng m c, danh t xc nh hoc danh t s nhiu, bn nht thit phi dng "other". Nu dng "another" v "other" nh i t ( thay th danh t), th "other" hoc phi dng vi mo t xc nh (the other) hoc phi hnh thc s nhiu (others). 5. ng t (verb) ng t dng din t hnh ng. Bn xem post Verb Functions v cc loi ng t trong ting Anh. 6. Trng t (adverb) Trng t c dng b ngha cho ng t, tnh t, mt trng t khc hoc c cu. Ting Anh c cc loi trng t ch: thi quen (frequency), mc (degree), trng thi (manner), ni chn (place), thi gian (time), nguyn nhn (cause or reason), mc ch (purpose), nhng b (concession), iu kin (condition), kt qu (result). Lu : trng t ch mc (adverb of degree) dng b ngha cho tnh t hoc mt trng t khc. V d: very, extremely, quite, rather,... Nh vy, nu bn mun ni " ti rt thch c blog ca ngi khc", th bn phi chuyn sang ting Anh l "I like to read others' blogs very much", ch bn KHNG th ni "I very like...". 7. Gii t (preposition) Gii t l t gii thiu mt tc t, v to nn mt cm t (phrase). Nh vy, i sau gii t bt buc phi l mt danh t hoc t tng ng vi danh t. V d, nu mun ni "ti thch c blog ca ngi khc" th ting Anh l "I'm interested in reading others' blogs" (reading l hnh thc danh ng t - Gerund). Cm t c th ng vai tr l tnh t (adjective phrase) nu b ngha cho mt danh t (hoc t tng ng danh t). Nu b ngha cho mt cu, cm t s ng vai tr trng t (adverb phrase). 8. Lin t (conjunction) Lin t c dng lin kt hai t, hai cm t, hoc hai cu (mnh ). C hai loi lin t: lin kt (coordinating) v chnh ph (subordinating).

58

Lin t lin kt dng din t s thm vo (addition), s chn la (choices), hoc s tng phn (contrast). Lin t chnh ph ch dng ni hai mnh . Khc vi lin t lin kt - ni hai mnh c lp (independent clauses), lin t chnh ph ni hai mnh ph thuc (dependent clauses). Lin t chnh ph bao gm cc loi: ch trng thi (manner), ni chn (place), thi gian (time), nguyn nhn (cause or reason), mc ch (purpose), nhng b (concession), iu kin (condition), kt qu (result). ---------Nh vy, cu v d u tin s phi c vit bng ting Anh nh th no? Tht ra, i ca cu l "chng ti s phi cm n bn". Do , cn phi s dng mt lin t lin kt ni hai ch t (ti v cng ng ngi Vit trn Opera). Ngoi ra, ng t "phi" trong cu trn ch nhm din t vic chng ta s lm, ch khng c ngha l mt bn phn, ngha v,... nn khng cn s dng "must" hay "have to". Bn th vit li cu nh

TNH T (Adjectives)
Tc gi: ngannguyen a ln lc: 16:03:54 Ngy 23-02-2008

TNH T (Adjectives)
1. nh ngha: Tnh t l t dng phm nh cho danh t bng cch miu t cc dc tnh ca s vt m danh t i din 2. Phn loi tnh t: Tnh t c th c phn loi theo v tr hoc chc nng: 2.1 Tnh t phn loi theo v tr: a. Tnh t ng trc danh t a good pupil (mt hc sinh gii) a strong man (mt cu b li) Hu ht tnh t trong ting Anh khi c dng tnh cht cho danh t u ng trc danh t, ngc li trong ting Vit tnh t ng sau danh t m n phm nh Thng thng, nhng tnh t ng trc danh t cng c th ng mt mnh, khng c danh t theo sau nh nice, good, bad, long, short, hot, happy, beautiful....Tuy nhin , mt s t tnh t li ch ng mt mnh trc danh t, nh former, latter, main ...

59

b. Tnh t ng mt mnh , khng cn bt k danh t no ng sau n: V d: The The The She boy is afraid. woman is asleep. girl is well. soldier looks ill.

Cc tnh t nh trn lun lun ng mt mnh, do chng ta khng th ni: an afraid boy an asleep woman a well woman an ill soldier Nu mun din t cc trn, chng ta phi ni: A frightened woman A sleeping boy A healthy woman A sick soldier nhng tnh t ng mt mnh sau ng t nh trn l nhng tnh t bt u bng a- v mt s cc tnh t khc nh: aware; afraid;alive;awake; alone; ashamed; unable; exempt; content V d: The hound seems afraid. Is the girl awake or asleep?

2.2 Tnh t c phn loi theo cng dng Tnh t c phn thnh cc nhm sau y: a. Tnh t ch s miu t: nice, green, blue, big, good... a large room a charming woman a new plane a white pen Tnh t ch s miu t chim phn ln s lng tnh t trong ting Anh. Chng c th phn lm hai tiu nhm:

60

* Tnh t ch mc : l nhng tnh t c th din t tnh cht hoc c tnh nhng mc (ln , nh..) khc nhau. Nhng tnh t ny c th dng dng so snh hoc c th phm nh bi cc ph t ch mc nh very, rather, so... small smaller smallest beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful very old so hot extremely good b. Tnh t ch s m: bao gm tnh t ch s m (cardianls) nh one, two, three... v nhng tnh t ch s th t (ordinals) nh first, second, third,.. c. i vi cc t ch th: ths, that, these,those; s hu (possesives) nh my, his, their v bt nh (indefinites) nh some, many, 3. V tr ca tnh t: Tnh t c chia theo cc v tr nh sau: a. Trc danh t: a small house an old woman khi c nhiu tnh t ng trc danh t, v tr ca chng nh sau: b. Sau ng t: ( be v cc ng t nh seem, look, feel..) She is tired. Jack is hungry. John is very tall. c. Sau danh t: Tnh t c th i sau danh t n phm nh trong cc trng hp sau y: * Khi tnh t c dng phm cht/tnh cht cc i t bt nh: There is nothing interesting. [nothing l i t bt nh] I'll tell you something new. [something l i t bt nh] * Khi hai hay nhiu tnh t c ni vi nhau bng "and" hoc "but", tng din t bi tnh t c nhn mnh: The writer is both clever and wise. The old man, poor but proud, refused my offer.

61

* Khi tnh t c dng trong cc cm t din t s o lng: The road is 5 kms long A building is ten storeys high * Khi tnh t dng so snh: They have a house bigger than yours The boys easiest to teach were in the classroom * Khi cc qu kh phn t l thnh phn ca mnh c rt gn: The glass broken yesterday was very expensive * Mt s qu kh phn (P2) t nh: involved, indicated: The court asked the people involved Look at the notes mentioned/indicated hereafter 4. Tnh t c dng nh danh t. Mt s tnh t c dng nh danh t ch mt tp hp ngi hoc mt khi nim thng c "the" di trc. the poor, the blind, the rich, the deaf, the sick, the handicapped, the good, the old; ... V d : The rich do not know how the poor live. (the rich= rich people, the blind = blind people) mentioned,

5. S hnh thnh Tnh t kp/ghp. a. nh ngha: Tnh t kp l s kt hp ca hai hoc nhiu t li vi nhau v c dng nh mt tnh t duy nht. b. Cch vit: Khi cc t c kt hp vi nhau to thnh tnh t kp, chng c th c vit: * thnh mt t duy nht: life + long = lifelong car + sick = carsick * thnh hai t c du ni (-) gia world + famous = world-famous Cch vit tnh t kp c phn loi nh trn ch c tnh tng i. Mt tnh t kp c th c mt s ngi bn ng vit c du gch ni (-) trong lc mt s ngi vit lin nhau hoc chng c th thay i ch vit theo thi gian

62

c. Cu to: Tnh t kp c to thnh bi: Danh t + tnh t: snow-white ( nh mu) world-wide (khp th gii) ) Danh t + phn t handmade (lm bng tay) homegorwn (nh trng) v) thn) well-built (trng kin) (vnh cu) Tnh t + tnh t blue-black (xanh en) dark-brown (nu m) tri) d. Tnh t kp bng du gch ngang (hyphenated adjectives) V d: old. A ten-storey building = The building has ten storeys. A never-to-be-forgetten memory = The memory will be never forgotten.
Mu cu chc mng bng ting Anh ng vo: September 24, 2008, 03:16:23 PM Khi ai c nim vui, thnh cng hay ni bun v tht bi, bn c bit chia s nim vui ni bun vi h nh th no khng? Di y l cc mu cu dng trong cc s kin c bit gip bn c phn ng ng n trong mi tnh hung c th. Congratulations! - Chc mng Bn c th ni Congratulations trong rt nhiu hon cnh khc nhau, chng hn nh trong m ci, thng chc, vt qua k thi, hay ti nhng b m v gia nh mi c em b.

carsick (nh nh) noteworthy (nh ch

hearbroken (au lng) heart-warming (vui

Ph t + phn t never-defeated (khng b nh bi) outspoken (thng everlasting

white-hot (cc nng) worldly-wise (tng

A four-year-old girl

= The girl is four years

63

Well done! - Lm tt lm Bn c th ni cu ny vi ai va vt qua k thi hay t c iu g rt kh khn nh thng chc. Birthdays - Sinh nht Cch thng dng nht ni v sinh nht ca ai l cu Happy Birthday - Chc mng sinh nht! hoc trnh trng hn, Many happy returns (on the day)! Chc iu hnh phc n vi bn (trong ngy ny)! Vn ho: Sinh nht thng l mt s kin quan trng hn nhiu s kin khc Anh. L sinh nht ln th 18 rt c bit bi v bn chnh thc tr thnh ngi ln. Trc y, 21 tui mi l ngi ln, v mi ngi vn t chc l c bit ny bng cch trao mt chic cha kho bc, iu c ngha key to the door - cha kho m cnh ca. Before an exam or something difficult - Trc mt k thi hay mt iu g kh khn Hy chc may mn vi h trc khi c iu g kh khn, hy ni: Good luck - Chc may mn! Nhng nu ai rt m tn v tin rng ni "Good luck" s mang li kt qu ngc li, th bn s nghe thy h ni Break a leg! Nu ai b tht bi, bn c th ni Bad luck! - Tht khng may mn! Ti cc bui tic hay t tp, mi ngi c th yu cu bn drink a toast - ung mt chu chc mng mt s kin. Here's to Let's drink to Ladies and Gentlemen, "The Bride and Groom". Please raise your glasses to Vit th cho ngi vt qua k thi Nu bn vit mt bu thip hay mt l th cho ai vt qua k thi bn c th s dng cu sau: Well done! It's a fantastic result Congratulations on passing! You deserve it after so much hard work.

64

Vit thip chc m ci y l mt s cu chun thng vit trn cc thip chc l ci: Congratulations! Wishing you many happy years together. Wishing you the best of luck in your future together Vit trong hon cnh au bun Trong hon cnh kh khn, bn c th vit: I was so sorry to hear that . - Ti rt bun khi bit rng.... Nu bn vit th cho ai c ngi thn va mi mt, bn c th vit. I was deeply saddened to hear - Ti thc s au bun khi bit.... hay Please accept my deepest condolences on the death of - Xin hy n nhn s cm thng su sc nht ca ti v s ra i ca.... (Bn c th thay "I" bng "We", chng hn nh "We were very sad to hear that")
Mu cu chc mng bng ting Anh

Mi th li bt u khi nm mi ang n. Chc bn nm mi y hnh phc v nhng thng y trin vng v hnh phc nht. Everything starts a new with the new year coming. May your new year be filled with the happinest things and yuor days with the bringtest promise. + Hy vng tm thip ny s chuyn n nhng li chc chn thnh ca ti n vi bn. Bn s trn y hnh phc trong tng lai. Hoping this card bring your my sinceve greetings. you will be blessed through the coming year in fullest measure. +Anh l hun luyn vin em yu qu nht. Em gi anh li chc mng nhn ngy " L Tnh Nhn ". You one my favourite in structor. I send you a Valentine greeting. + Chc bn nm mi vui v v pht ti. Have a happy and profitable year. + Gi n bn nhng li chc hnh phc trong ngy l Ging Sinh v nm mi. Bringing your good wishes of happiness this Chritmas and on the coming year. + Mi vic li bt u tt p. Chc bn thnh cng trong nm mi.

65

Nhng li chc chn thnh ca ti n vi cuc sng huy hong ca bn. This is another good beginning. May you be richly blessed with a succesfull new year. May my sincere blessing suround spendid travel of you life. + Nng nhit chc mng thnh cng ln ca bn l hon thnh kho nghin cu sinh v t c bng Thc S. Hearty felications on your completing the post-graduate course acquiring the degree of Master of Sinse. + Chng ti chc mng hai bn nhn ngy nh hn ca cc bn. Hy vng rng cc bn t c nhng g hng mong mun trong cuc sng chung. Best wishes from us both on your engagement. We hope you will have everything you wish for in life together.

#2

+ Li chc mng tn y lng nhn dp l thnh hn ca bn. Sincere congragulation from the botton of my heart on your marrige. + Gi n bn mn qa ny vi c at61m lng v mt li chc bn s hnh phc trn y. Nhng iu hnh phc nht lun n vi bn. Sending you this present with my heart and with that you'll be happy in fullest measure. May the happinest things alway happen to you. + Cho php ti chc mng bn nhn dp nm mi n v xin gi n bn nhng li chc tt p: di do sc khe v thnh vng. Allow me to congragulation you on arrival of the new year and to extend to you all my good wishes for your perfect health and lasting prosperity.

66

+ Ti nhit thnh chc mng hnh phc cuc hn nhn ca bn. Mong rng s kt hp ny s mang li hnh phc mi mi cho gia nh mi ca bn. I congragulation you wholeheratedly on your blessful marriage. May the significant bond fruit everlasting felicity on your new family. + Cho ti gi li chc mng chn thnh nht ca ti nhn dp bn c thm mt cu con trai. C th tng tng cu b em li nim vui cho bn v gia nh bn bit bao. Let me offer you my sincerest congragulation upon the arrival of your son. I can well imagine the joy which it must affod yourself and your family. + Ti tin tng rng cuc hn nhn ca bn s l ngun vui v hnh phc cho c hai ngi. Hy nhn mn qa nh ny vi li chc mng ca ti trong l ci u hnh phc cu bn. I trust that your marrige will be a source of blessing and happiness of your both, please accept this little present with my congragu;ations upon your happy wedding. + Trong i chng ta gp nhau ri cui cng ni hai ting " chia tay ". Chc tnh bn ca chng ta mi mi vt qua thii gian v khng gian. We met get together to know each other but say " goodbye" at last in such a crowded world. May our friendship grow more dear inspite of time and space. + Gi ngi thn nht trong ngy l Ging Sinh vui v ny. To my dearrest love on this joyous Christmas. + Anh khng ngh rng anh c th c hnh phc thc s cho n ngy anh gp em. Chc em " Ngy Tnh Nhn " hnh phc. I didn't think that I could ever trust happiness. The I met you. Happy Valentine's Day dear. + Chc em : Ngy Tnh Nhn " hnh phc. Hy theo ui cng vic tt p ca em! Wishing you a happy Valentine's Day. Keep up the good work ! + Trong " Ngy Tnh Yu " ny cng nh mi ngy khc,

67

tt c nhng g ti c l tinh yu dnh cho em. On this Valentine's day, just like every day, all I have is love for you. + Mong rng nm mi s mang s bnh yn v pht t n cho bn. I hope that the coming year bring you peace and prosperity. + D khng gian c phn cch chng ta v thi gian c tri i mi ngy, ti vn gi trong tim s quan tm v nhng li chc tt p cho em. Though distance separates us and time keeps us going on our own way, through each and every day I will hold in my heart the caring and blessing for you and never let you go chc cc bn thnh cng contact: 0912499680 (no sms)

68