BO CO TI MN: KINH T TI NGUYN V MI TRNG

---------- NHIM MI TRNG NC THC TRNG V GII PHP

GVHD:ThS.NGUYN TH THU HNG NHM 2: 1. BO ANH 2.NNG TH THANH HNG 3.TRNG DIP MINH HA 4.NGUYN HI HUYN TRANG 5.HUNH TH HOA XUN

K094040647 K094040675 K094040683 K094040760 K094040784

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LI M U.3 I. nhim mi trng v nhim mi trng nc.3 A. nhim mi trng3 B. nhim mi trng nc4 II.Cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng nc.4 1. nhim nc sinh hc do cc ngun thi th hay k ngh c cc cht thi sinh hot, phn, nc ra ca cc nh my ng, giy4 2. nhim ha hc do cht v c..7 3.S nhim bi cc cht hu c9 3.1 S nhim bi cc hydrocarbon l do cc hin tng khai thc m du, vn chuyn bin v cc cht thi b nhim xng du.............9 3.2. Cht ty ra:bt git tng hp v x bng..11 4. nhim vt l.12 III. Thc trng nhim nc Vit nam v trn th gii...14 A.Thc trng nhim mi trng nc trn th gii..14 B.Thc trng nhim mi trng nc Vit Nam.15 IV.Mt s gii php cho vn nhim mi trng nc..18 V.Kt lun20 *Danh mc ti liu tham kho:......21

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LI M U
Nc chim din tch b mt tri t,l mt trong nhng mn qu qu gi nht m thin nhin ban tng cho con ngi. Nc l ti nguyn vt liu quan trng nht ca loi ngi v sinh vt trn tri t. Con ngi mi ngy cn 250 lt nc cho sinh hot, 1.500 lt nc cho hot ng cng nghip v 2.000 lt cho hot ng nng nghip. Nc chim 99% trng lng sinh vt sng trong mi trng nc v 44% trng lng c th con ngi. sn xut 1 tn giy cn 250 tn nc, 1 tn m cn 600 tn nc v 1 tn cht bt cn 1.000 tn nc. Ngoi chc nng tham gia vo chu trnh sng trn, nc cn l cht mang nng lng (hi triu, thu nng), cht mang vt liu v tc nhn iu ho kh hu, thc hin cc chu trnh tun hon vt cht trong t nhin. C th ni s sng ca con ngi v mi sinh vt trn tri t ph thuc vo nc. Nc tht s quan trng v ng qu!Nhng hin nay cng vi s pht trin ca qu trnh th ha,cng nghip ha bn cnh l thc cha cao ca con ngi trong vn bo v mi trng,mi trng nc ang ngy cng b nhim trm trng,e da trc tip n sc khe v i sng ca con ngi.Hn th, nhim mi trng nc ang tr thnh mt trong nhng vn mang tnh cp bch ton cu,nguy c i vi s pht trin ca nhn loi. hiu k hn v nhim mi trng nc,thc trng, cng nh nhng gii php cho vn ny,chng ta hy cng tm hiu qua ti. I. NHIM MI TRNG V NHIM MI TRNG NC A. NHIM MI TRNG Theo Lut Bo v Mi trng ca Vit Nam: " nhim mi trng l s lm thay i tnh cht ca mi trng, vi phm Tiu chun mi trng". Trn th gii, nhim mi trng c hiu l vic chuyn cc cht thi hoc nng lng vo mi trng n mc c kh nng gy hi n sc kho con ngi, n s pht trin sinh vt hoc lm suy gim cht lng mi trng. Cc tc nhn nhim bao gm cc cht thi dng kh (kh thi), lng (nc thi), rn (cht thi rn) cha ho cht hoc tc nhn vt l, sinh hc v cc dng nng lng nh nhit , bc x.

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Tuy nhin, mi trng ch c coi l b nhim nu trong hm lng, nng hoc cng cc tc nhn trn t n mc c kh nng tc ng xu n con ngi, sinh vt v vt liu. B. NHIM MI TRNG NC nhim nc l s thay i theo chiu xu i cc tnh cht vt l ho hc sinh hc ca nc, vi s xut hin cc cht l th lng, rn lm cho ngun nc tr nn c hi vi con ngi v sinh vt. Lm gim a dng sinh vt trong nc. Xt v tc lan truyn v quy m nh hng th nhim nc l vn ng lo ngi hn nhim t. Hin chng chu u v nc nh ngha: " nhim nc l s bin i ni chung do con ngi i vi cht lng nc, lm nhim bn nc v gy nguy him cho con ngi, cho cng nghip, nng nghip, nui c, ngh ngi, gii tr, cho ng vt nui v cc loi hoang d". nhim nc c ngun gc t nhin: Do ma, tuyt tan, gi bo, l lt ,cc thm ha ni la, ng t lm thay i cnh quan mi trng, tiu dit nhiu loi, x thi vo khng kh cc cht gy nhim nh SO2, bi,..... a vo mi trng nc cht thi bn, cc sinh vt v vi sinh vt c hi k c xc cht ca chng. nhim nc c ngun gc nhn to: Qu trnh thi cc cht c hi ch yu di dng lng nh cc cht thi sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip, giao thng vo mi trng nc.

CC TC NHN GY NHIM MI TRNG NC Tc nhn gy nhim mi trng l nhng tc nhn gy nh hng vt qu kh nng chu ng ca mi trng dn ti lm hy hoi mi trng vn c ti ni tc nhn gy nh hng to ra mt mi trng mi khng thch nghi hoc lm tn hi nghim trng ti nhng loi s ti. II. Theo bn cht cc tc nhn gy nhim, ngi ta phn ra cc loi nhim nc: nhim v c, hu c, nhim ho cht, nhim sinh hc, nhim bi cc tc nhn vt l. 1. nhim nc sinh hc do cc ngun thi th hay k ngh c cc cht thi sinh hot, phn, nc ra ca cc nh my ng, giy... S nhim sinh hc th hin bng s nhim bn do vi khun rt nng, t thnh vn ln cho v sinh cng cng ch yu cc nc ang pht trin. Cc bnh cu
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trng, vim gan do siu vi khun tng ln lin tc nhiu quc gia cha k n cc trn dch t. Cc s nhim bnh c tng cng do nhim sinh hc ngun nc. Th d thng hn, vim rut siu khun. Cc nc thi t l st sinh cha mt lng ln mm bnh. Th d l st sinh La Villette, Paris thi ra 350 triu mm hiu kh v 20 triu mm ym kh trong 1cm 3 nc thi, trong c nhiu loi gy bnh( Plancho in Furon,1962). Cc nh my giy thi ra nc c cha nhiu glucid d dy men. Mt nh my trung bnh lm nhim bn nc tng ngvi mt thnh ph 500.000 dn. Cc nh my ch bin thc phm, sn xut hp, thuc da, l m, u c nc thi cha protein. Khi c thi ra dng chy, protein nhanh chng b phn hy cho ra acid amin, acid bo, acid thm, H2S, nhiu cht cha S v P, c tnh c v mi kh chu

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u thuyn Th Quang ang l im nng v nhim mi trng Nng do nc thi t cc nh my trong KCN dch v thu sn Th Quang. nh: HC 2. nhim ha hc do cht v c Do thi vo nc cc cht nitrat, phosphat dng trong nng nghip v cc cht thi do luyn kim v cc cng ngh khc nh Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cu, Hg l nhng cht c cho thy sinh vt. S nhim do cc cht khong l do s thi vo nc cc cht nh nitrat, phosphat v cc cht khc dng trong nng nghip v cc cht thi t cc ngnh cng nghip. Nhim c ch (Saturnisne) : l ch c s dng lm cht ph gia trong xng v cc cht kim loi khc nh ng, km, chrom, nickel, cadnium rt c i vi sinh vt thy sinh. Thy ngn di dng hp cht rt c i vi sinh vt v ngi. Tai nn vnh Minamata Nht Bn l mt th d ng bun, gy t vong cho hng trm ngi v gy nhim c nng hng ngn ngi khc. Nguyn nhn y l ngi dn n c v cc ng vt bin khc b nhim thu ngn do nh my thi ra. S nhim nc do nitrat v phosphat t phn bn ha hc cng ng lo ngi. Khi phn bn c s dng mt cch hp l th lm tng nng sut cy trng v cht lng ca sn phm cng c ci thin r rt. Nhng cc cy trng ch s dng c khong 30 - 40% lng phn bn, lng d tha s vo cc dng nc mt hoc nc ngm, s gy hin tng ph nhiu ho sng h, gy ym kh cc lp nc di.

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X l rc thi. (nh minh ho: Ngc Hu)

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3.S nhim bi cc cht hu c 3.1 S nhim bi cc hydrocarbon l do cc hin tng khai thc m du, vn chuyn bin v cc cht thi b nhim xng du. c tnh khong 1 t tn du c ch bng ng bin mi nm. Mt phn ca khi lng ny, khong 0,1 - 0,3% c nm ra bin mt cch tng i hp php: l s ra cc tu du bng nc bin. Cc tai nn m tu ch du l tng i thng xuyn. c 129 tai nn tu du t 1973 - 1975, lm nhim bin bi 340.000 tn du (Ramade, 1989). c tnh c khong 3.6 triu tn du th thi ra bin hng nm (Baker,1983). Mt tn du loang rng 12 km2 trn mt bin, do bin lun lun c mt lp mng du trn mt (Furon,1962). Cc vc nc t lin cng b nhim bn bi hydrocarbon. S thi ca cc nh my lc du, hay s thi du nht xe tu, hoc l do v lm ri vi xng du. Tc thm ca xng du ln gp 7 ln ca nc, s lm cc lp nc ngm b nhim. Khong 1,6 triu tn hydrocarbon do cc con sng ca cc quc gia k ngh ha thi ra vng b bin.

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. Con ng vn chuyn du m

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3.2.Cht ty ra:bt git tng hp v x bng. Bt git tng hp ph bin t nm 1950. Chng l cc cht hu c c cc (polar) v khng c cc (non-polar). C 3 loi bt git: anionic, cationic v non-ionic. Bt git anionic c s dng nhiu nht, n c cha TBS (tetrazopylne benzen sulfonate), khng b phn hy sinh hc. X bng l tn gi chung ca mui kim loi vi acid bo. Ngoi cc x bng Natri v Kali tan c trong nc, thng dng trong sinh hot, cn cc x bng khng tan th cha calci, st, nhm...s dng trong k thut (cc cht bi trn, sn, verni).
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4. nhim vt l Cc cht rn khng tan khi c thi vo nc lm tng lng cht l lng, tc lm tng c ca nc. Cc cht ny c th l gc v c hay hu c, c th c vi khun n. S pht trin ca vi khun v cc vi sinh vt khc li cng lm tng c ca nc v lm gim xuyn thu ca nh sng. Nhiu cht thi cng nghip c cha cc cht c mu, hu ht l mu hu c, lm gim gi tr s dng ca nc v mt y t cng nh thm m. Ngoi ra cc cht thi cng nghip cn cha nhiu hp cht ho hc nh mui st, mangan, clor t do, hydro sulfur, phnol... lm cho nc c v khng bnh thng. Cc cht amoniac, sulfur, cyanur, du lm nc c mi l. Thanh to lm nc c mi bn, mt s sinh vt n bo lm nc c mi tanh ca c.

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III. THC TRNG NHIM MI TRNG NC TRN TH GII V VIT NAM

1.

Thc trng nhim nc trn th gii

T nhng nm thp nin 60 n nay, nhim nc lc a v i dng gia tng vi nhp ng lo ngi. Tin nhim nc phn nh trung thc tin b pht trin k ngh. Ta c th k ra y vi th d tiu biu. Anh Quc chng hn: u th k 19, sng Tamise rt sch. N tr thnh ng cng l thin vo gia th k ny. Cc sng khc cng c tnh trng tng t trc khi ngi ta a ra cc bin php bo v nghim ngt. Nc Php rng hn, k ngh phn tn v nhiu sng ln, nhng vn cng khng khc bao nhiu. Dn Paris cn ung nc sng Seine n cui th k 18. T vn i khc: cc sng ln v nc ngm nhiu ni khng cn dng lm nc sinh hot c na, 5.000 km sng ca Php b nhim mn tnh. Sng Rhin chy qua vng k ngh ha mnh, khu vc c hn 40 triu ngi, l nn nhn ca nhiu tai nn (nh nn chy nh my thuc Sandoz Ble nm 1986 chng hn) thm vo cc ngun nhim thng xuyn. Hoa K tnh trng thm thng b pha ng cng nh nhiu vng khc. Vng i h b nhim nng, trong h Erie, Ontario c bit nghim trng.

Nm 2000, v tai nn hm m xy ra tai cng ty Aurul (Rumani) thi ra 50-100 tn xianu v kim loi nng (nh ng) vo dng sng gn Baia Mare (thuc vng ng- Bc). S nhim c ny khin cc loi thu sn y cht hng lot, tn hi n h thc vt v lm bn ngun nc sch, nh hng n cuc sng ca 2,5 triu ngi.
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Nm 1984, Bhopal (n ) l ni xy ra mt tai nn kinh hong khi nh my sn xut thuc tr su Union Carbide India. thi ra ngoi mi trng 40 tn izoxianat v metila. Theo viin Blacksmith, chnh lng kh c hi ny gy nh hng khng nh n sc kho ca hng trm nghn ngi dn v khin 15.000 ngi t vong. Tht ng lo ngi khi vn nhim khu vc ny vn cha c gii quyt mt cch trit . Ngi ta nghi ng rng cc mch nc ngm b nhim c. Kabu (Bc n ) - Thnh ph trn sng, vi 2,4 triu dn , l ni tp trung ca nhiu xng thuc da. Nhng kho st, nghin cu ca Chnh ph cho thy mt vi khu vc c mch nc ngm b nhim c do phm nhum, cc cht ho hc c hi (crom, ch). Mt chung trnh ch o lm sch ngun nc ngm ang c trin khai.

2.

Thc trng nhim mi trng nc Vit Nam

Hin nay Vit Nam, mc d cc cp, cc ngnh c nhiu c gng trong vic thc hin chnh sch v php lut v bo v mi trng, nhng tnh trng nhim nc l vn rt ng lo ngi. Tc cng nghip ho v th ho kh nhanh v s gia tng dn s gy p lc
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ngy cng nng n di vi ti nguyn nc trong vng lnh th. Mi trng nc nhiu th, khu cng nghip v lng ngh ngy cng b nhim bi nc thi, kh thi v cht thi rn. cc thnh ph ln, hng trm c s sn xut cng nghip ang gy nhim mi trng nc do khng c cng trnh v thit b x l cht thi. nhim nc do sn xut cng nghip l rt nng. V d: ngnh cng nghip dt may, ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy, nc thi thng c pH trung bnh t 9-11; ch s nhu cu xy sinh ho (BOD), nhu cu xy ho hc (COD) c th ln n 700mg/1 v 2.500mg/1; hm lng cht rn l lng... cao gp nhiu ln gii hn cho php Hm lng nc thi ca cc ngnh ny c cha xyanua (CN-) vt n 84 ln, H2S vt 4,2 ln, hm lng NH3 vt 84 ln tiu chun cho php nn gy nhim nng n cc ngun nc mt trong vng dn c. Mc nhim nc cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, cm cng nghip tp trung l rt ln. Ti cm cng nghip Tham Lng, thnh ph H Ch Minh, ngun nc b nhim bn bi nc thi cng nghip vi tng lng nc thi c tnh 500.000 m3/ngy t cc nh my giy, bt git, nhum, dt. thnh ph Thi Nguyn, nc thi cng nghip thi ra t cc c s sn xut giy, luyn gang thp, luyn kim mu, khai thc than; v ma cn tng lng nc thi khu vc thnh ph Thi Nguyn chim khong 15% lu lng sng Cu; nc thi t sn xut giy c pH t 8,4-9 v hm lng NH4 l 4mg/1, hm lng cht hu c cao, nc thi c mu nu, mi kh chu Kho st mt s lng ngh st thp, c ng, nhm, ch, giy, dt nhum Bc Ninh cho thy c lng nc thi hng ngn m3/ ngy khng qua x l, gy nhim ngun nc v mi trng trong khu vc. Tnh trng nhim nc cc th thy r nht l thnh ph H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. cc thnh ph ny, nc thi sinh hot khng c h thng x l tp trung m trc tip x ra ngun tip nhn (sng, h, knh, mng). Mt khc, cn rt nhiu c s sn xut khng x l nc thi, phn ln cc bnh vin v c s y t ln cha c h thng x l nc thi; mt lng rc thi rn ln trong thnh ph khng thu gom ht c l nhng ngun quan trng gy ra nhim nc. Hin nay, mc nhim trong cc knh, sng, h cc thnh ph ln l rt nng. thnh ph H Ni, tng lng nc thi ca thnh ph ln ti 300.000 400.000 m3/ngy; hin mi ch c 5/31 bnh vin c h thng x l nc thi, chim 25% lng nc thi bnh vin; 36/400 c s sn xut c x l nc thi; lng rc thi sinh hoi cha c thu gom khong 1.200m3/ngy ang x vo cc khu t ven cc h, knh, mng trong ni thnh; ch s BOD, oxy ho tan, cc cht NH4, NO2,
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NO3 cc sng, h, mng ni thnh u vt qu quy nh cho php thnh ph H Ch Minh th lng rc thi ln ti gn 4.000 tn/ngy; ch c 24/142 c s y t ln l c x l nc thi; khong 3.000 c s sn xut gy nhim thuc din phi di di. Khng ch H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh m cc th khc nh Hi Phng, Hu, Nng, Nam nh, Hi Dng nc thi sinh hot cng khng c x l nhim ngun nc ni tip nhn nc thi u vt qu tiu chun cho php (TCCP), cc thng s cht l lng (SS), BOD; COD; xy ho tan (DO) u vt t 510 ln, thm ch 20 ln TCCP. V tnh trng nhim nc nng thn v khu vc sn xut nng nghip, hin nay Vit Nam c gn 76% dn s ang sinh sng nng thn l ni c s h tng cn lc hu, phn ln cc cht thi ca con ngi v gia sc khng c x l nn thm xung t hoc b ra tri, lm cho tnh trng nhim ngun nc v mt hu c v vi sinh vt ngy cng cao. Theo bo co ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, s vi khun Feca coliform trung bnh bin i t 1.500-3.500MNP/100ml cc vng ven sng Tin v sng Hu, tng ln ti 3800-12.500MNP/100ML cc knh ti tiu. Trong sn xut nng nghip, do lm dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt, cc ngun nc sng, h, knh, mng b nhim, nh hng ln n mi trng nc v sc kho nhn dn. Theo thng k ca B Thu sn, tng din tch mt nc s dng cho nui trng thu sn n nm 2001 ca c nc l 751.999 ha. Do nui trng thu sn t, thiu quy hoch, khng tun theo quy trnh k thut nn gy nhiu tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng nc. Cng vi vic s dng nhiu v khng ng cch cc loi ho cht trong nui trng thu sn, th cc thc n d lng xung y ao, h, lng sng lm cho mi trng nc b nhim cc cht hu c, lm pht trin mt s loi sinh vt gy bnh v xut hin mt s to c; thm ch c du hiu xut hin thu triu mt s vng ven bin Vit Nam. C nhiu nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan dn n tnh trng nhim mi trng nc, nh s gia tng dn s, mt tri ca qu trnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho, c s h tng yu km, lc hu: nhn thc ca ngi dn v vn mi trng cn cha cao ng ch l s bt cp trong hot ng qun l, bo v mi trng. Nhn thc ca nhiu cp chnh quyn, c quan qun l, t chc v c nhn c trch nhim v nhim v bo v mi trng nc cha su sc v y ; cha thy r nhim mi trng nc l loi nhim gy nguy him trc tip, hng ngy v kh khc phc i vi i sng con ngi cng nh s pht trin bn vng ca t nc. Cc quy nh v qun l v bo v mi trng nc cn thiu (chng hn nh cha
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c cc quy nh v quy trnh k thut phc v cho cng tc qun l v bo v ngun nc). C ch phn cng v phi hp gia cc c quan, cc ngnh v a phng cha ng b, cn chng cho, cha quy nh trch nhim r rng. Cha c chin lc, quy hoch khai thc, s dng v bo v ti nguyn nc theo lu vc v cc vng lnh th ln. Cha c cc quy nh hp l trong vic ng gp ti chnh qun l v bo v mi trng nc, gy nn tnh trng thiu ht ti chnh, thu khng chi cho bo v mi trng nc. Ngn sch u t cho bo v mi trng nc cn rt thp (mt s nc ASEAN u t ngn sch cho bo v mi trng l 1% GDP, cn Vit Nam mi ch t 0,1%). Cc chng trnh gio dc cng ng v mi trng ni chung v mi trng nc ni ring cn qu t. i ng cn b qun l mi trng nc cn thiu v s lng, yu v cht lng (Hin nay Vit Nam trung bnh c khong 3 cn b qun l mi trng/1 triu dn, trong khi mt s nc ASEAN trung bnh l 70 ngi/1 triu dn)... IV. MT S GII PHP CHO VN NHIM MI TRNG NC Do chi ph u t xy dng v duy tr h thng x l nc thi cng nghip l rt cao, phn ln nc thi cng nghip Vit Nam u khng c x l y , gy nhim ngun nc b mt sng, h, bin. - Cp php x thi l mt bin php hiu qu hn ch nhim nc. bo m ti nguyn nc c n nh, bn vng cn bo m tt khu x thi, t chc, c nhn trc khi x nc thi vo ngun nc phi thc hin tt vic x l cht thi t tiu chun cho php; ng thi, c quan nh nc khi cp php x nc thi vo ngun nc phi cn c vo kh nng tip nhn nc thi ca ngun nc, bo m khng gy nhim ngun nc v vic bo v ti nguyn nc. - X l nc thi bng bi lc trng cc loi thc vt sng di nc v ang c p dng ti nhiu nc trn th gii vi u im l r tin, d vn hnh, ng thi mc x l nhim cao. Dng cc loi thc vt thy sinh loi b cc cht dinh dng v hu c trong nc. V nguyn nhn khin mi trng nc b nhim l do cc loi to cht; to sinh si ny n c l do nc b ph dng (hay cn gi l hin tng nc n hoa); cht ph dng do cc cht thi ca con ngi, xc sc vt cht gy nn; phng php s dng thc vt thc cht l a lng cht dinh dng d tha trong nc h chuyn vo sinh khi ca thc vt thy sinh (hin tng hp th thc n). Phng php x l nc r rc ngay ti bi chn lp bng cc loi cy thc vt nh du m, c vetiver, c voi v c signal, khng nhng gii quyt c bi ton nhim mi trng, m cn tit kim chi ph va c TS Ng Hong Vn (Hi Nc v Mi
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trng nc thuc Lin hip cc Hi khoa hc - k thut TP H Ch Minh) nghin cu thnh cng. Gii quyt nn nhim mi trng

- nhim mi trng cn phi qui thnh nhng gi tr tnh bng tin, v ngi gy nhim phi tr tin cho s nhim do h gy ra l cch duy nht c th kim sot c. Bng cch ny ngi gy nhim phi cn nhc c nn tip tc tr tin cho s gy nhim mi nm khng, hay l u t mt phng tin x l mi trng cho nh my ca mnh v t khng phi tn tin. Khi ngi ta sn xut kim li nhun v thi mt cht no vo mi trng m khng phi tr tin cho vic , tc l s dng mi trng nh mt ngun lc phc v cho vic sn xut ca mnh. Nh vy s l rt cng bng t vn h phi tr tin cho mi trng. Tr tin cho mi trng, mua mi trng l nhng khi nim tr nn quen thuc mt s nc pht trin. - Bin php gim nhim bng cch p dng cc giy php thi c th chuyn nhng nhn c nhiu s ng h. Ngi ta cho rng nu nhng giy php ny c mua bn t do th c th gim thiu nhim t ra l v mt chi ph. Theo l thuyt, nu vic chuyn nhng hn ngch c cho php, khi mt hng c th gim lng nhim ca mnh nu lm nh th l r hn vic tr tin thu ngi khc lm. Trong thc t, cch tip cn giy php c th chuyn nhng t c mt s thnh cng. - nh thu nhim.Gia tng cc chi ph nhim s hn ch vic gy nhim.Thu nhim nhm gim nhim n mc "ti u" x hi c th thit lp mt mc m nhim ch c th xy ra nu li ch cho x hi (nh, di dng sn xut nhiu hn) vt qu chi ph. C th thay i vic nh thu vo thu nhp v doanh s sang nh thu vo nhim gi l "thu xanh". - Quy nh quyn ti sn. Vic quy nh quyn ti sn s dn n mt gii php ti u, m khng cn bit l ai c quyn nhn chng, nu cc chi ph giao dch l khng
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ng k v s lng nhng bn tham gia thng lng l hn ch. V d, nu nhng ngi sng gn mt nh my c quyn s dng ncsch, hoc nu nh my c quyn gy nhim, khi c th l nh my c th tr cho nhng ngi b nh hng bi nhim hoc cng c th nhng ngi ny c th tr cho nh my khng gy nhim. Hoc, chnh nhng ngi dn c th hnh ng khi h mun nu nhng quyn v ti sn khc b vi phm. nhim mi trng l mt vn kinh t v vy d nh nc c ra nhng qui nh cht ch n u, v gim st th no cng khng th kim sot ni vn nhim mi trng v khng th gii quyt mt vn kinh t bng nhng bin php khng phi l kinh t.

Mt bin php khc c s dung trong nng nghip:

- Quy hoch sn xut nng nghip cho tng tiu vng cn phi xt n tnh ph hp v iu kin th nhng, tp qun canh tc, ngun nc cp, mc tng trng dn s trong nhng nm ti. - Cc vng t trng, phn nng cn xy dng cc h sinh thi pht trin tng hp: Pht trin thu sn, ly nc ti vo thi k hn v s dng nc sinh hot. - Thit k, quy hoch ca cc ngnh nh nng nghip, thu li, giao thng, thu sn, xy dng nn c xt ng b nhm xy dng mt k hoch hon chnh, lu di, khng chng cho khng xy ra hin tng lng ph v nh hng ti mi trng. - Canh tc trn vng t phn phi thc hin theo cc hng dn k thut nhm hn ch s x phn, tiu thot cc c t t trong t ra ngun nc mt do qu trnh thau ra phn. - Khuyn co nng dn s dng phn bn vi sinh, s dng thuc tr su v thuc dit c c thi gian phn gii ngn.

Bin php qun l v gio dc cng ng:

- Cn c s hp tc ton din gia Ban qun l cc d n vi cc ban ngnh c lin quan ca a phng bn v vn t chc thc hin, v tin thi cng, v bin php thi cng v v gim st thi cng cng trnh. - Gim st vic thc thi cc hng mc cng trnh theo ni dung thit k, khi c cc vn nhim mi trng xy ra cn xut ngay cc gii php c th mang tnh kh thi khc phc m khng phi ch i ko di thi gian tng thm mc nghim trng. - Thng bo cho ngi dn trong vng d n v nhng k hoch, tin xy dng cc cng trnh v li ch ca cc cng trnh ny i vi i sng dn sinh kinh t.
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- Tuyn truyn vn ng qun chng hng ng cc chng trnh chng nhim mi trng nc: Khng thi cc cht thi sinh hot, cht thi chn nui v cht thi rn xung cc knh rch. - Di ri cc nh pha lng knh vo pha trong trnh hin tng x thi xung lng knh v tai nn giao thng thu. - Xy dng cc khu ti nh c cn phi b tr h thng thu gom x l nc thi, rc thi, xy dng h thng nc cp sinh hot. - Cn xy dng k hoch thu thp, phn tch nh k v cht lng nc trong vng. Phn tch din bin v thnh phn cc loi sinh vt nc. V. KT LUN nhim ngun nc l vn nhc nhi ca ton x hi.S dng c hiu qu ngun nc trong sinh hot v sn xut,nng cao thc bo v mi trng,cng nh thc hin tt cc chnh sch,cc cng c kinh t bo v mi trng nc l nhim v ca mi c nhn,t chc,ban nghnh,ton x hi v ca tt c cc quc gia.Ch c nh vy chng ta mi bo v c mi trng nc cng l bo v cho s sng ca chnh chng ta!

TI LIU THAM KHO

http://www.tusach.thuvienkhoahoc.com http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1 %BB%9Dng http://blog.yume.vn/xem-blog/cac-bien-phap-chong-o-nhiem-nguonnuoc.nguyentam083.35CD742E.html http://svmt.vicongdong.vn/29301371/O-nhiem-moi-truong-nuoc-va-bien-truoc-tac-dongphat-trien http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn/newsdetail/Moi-truong/395722/van-de-cap-bach-la-giaiquyet-o-nhiem-moi-truong-nuoc.htm http://www.dardqnam.gov.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=969:giiphap-nao-cho-gim-thiu-o-nhim-moi-trng-trong-sn-xut-nong-nghip&catid=105:tin-this&Itemid=6 http://www.dardqnam.gov.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=bl og&id=104&Itemid=2
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http://www.baohoabinh.com.vn/28/48652/Nuoc_thai_sinh_hoat_Hiem_hoa_moi_truong _hang_dau_VN_.htm http://www.khucongnghiep.com.vn/news_detail.asp?ID=163&CID=1&IDN=2170&lang=vn

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