Phn 5.

Cc mc test

5 Testing levels - Cc mc kim th (cc mc test) 5.1 Unit testing - Kim th thnh phn/n v 5.2 Integration testing - Kim th tch hp (n v) 5.3 System testing - Kim th h thng 5.4 Regression testing - Kim th hi qui 5.5 Acceptance testing - Kim th chp nhn 5.6 Alpha testing - Kim th Alpha 5.7 Beta testing - Kim th Beta

Cc mc kim th
Cc cng vic kim th thng c phn nhm khi thm vo qui trnh pht trin phn mm, hoc c phn theo mc kim th c trng.

5.1. Unit testing - Kim th thnh phn/n v

Unit testing cp n cc kim th chng thc (xc minh - verify) chc nng ca mt phn ring bit ca code, thng mc hm (function level). Trong mt mi trng hng i tng (object-oriented environment), kim th n v thng c s dng mc lp (class) v kim th cc n v nh nht bao gm cc hm constructor v destructor.

Loi kim th ny thng c vit bi cc DEV nh cng vic ca h trong vic code (loi test white-box), bo m rng tng hm ring bit hot ng ng theo mong mun. Mt hm c th c nhiu kim th, bt c cc trng hp hoc cc nhnh trong code. Unit testing mt mnh khng th bo m chc nng ca mt b phn ca phn mm m l s dng bo m rng cc khi kin trc ca phn mm lm vic c lp vi nhau.

Unit testing (kim th n v) cng c gi l component testing (kim th thnh phn).

5.2. Integration testing - Kim th tch hp (n v)

Integration testing l mt loi kim th phn mm m tm kim kim tra cc giao din gia cc thnh phn da vo thit k ca phn mm. Cc thnh phn phn mm c th c tch hp li vi nhau theo cch lp i lp li (tng phn nh ghp li vi nhau, ri ghp tip phn nh khc vo na, hnh ng ny lp li cho n khi kt hp ton b phn mm) hoc tt c cc thnh phn cng tch hp mt ln (gi l big bang). Thng thng trc y c xem l mt cch lm tt hn t khi n cho php cc vn v giao din c xc nh v tr nhanh hn v c

nh.

Integration testing lm vic tm ra li (defect) trong cc giao din v giao tip gia cc thnh phn (m-un). Cc nhm thnh phn phn mm c kim th ln dn tng bc tng ng vi cc yu t ca thit k kin trc c tch hp v kim th cho n khi phn mm hot ng nh mt h thng.

5.3. System testing - Kim th h thng

System testing kim th mt h thng c tch hp hon chnh xc minh rng n p ng c yu cu.

Kim th tch hp h thng chng thc rng h thng c tch hp vi cc h thng bn ngoi hoc h thng th ba c xc nh trong cc yu cu h thng.

5.4. Regression testing - Kim th hi qui

Regression testing tp trung vo vic tm kim li sau khi xy ra vic thay i code. c bit, n tm kim theo cch hi qui ( qui) hoc kim tra cc bug c c b li hay khng. Hi qui nh vy xy bt c khi no m chc nng phn mm trc y lm vic ng ngng lm vic theo mong i. in hnh, hi qui xy ra nh l mt kt qu khng mong mun ca vic thay i chng trnh, khi phn code ca phn mm mi c pht trin xung vi code c ang c. Phng php thng thng ca kim tra hi quy l bao gm vic chy li cc kim th trc y v kim tra xem c li c fixed trc y b li li (b li cc li c fixed ri). su ca vic kim th ph thuc vo cc giai on trong qu trnh pht hnh v ri ro ca cc tnh nng c thm vo. Chng c th c hon thnh v vic thay i thm vo sau bn pht hnh hoc coi n l mo him, rt hi ht, bao gm cc kim th trng hp ng (positive) trn tng chc nng nu cc thay i c thm vo trc khi pht hnh hoc coi n t ri ro.

5.5. Acceptance testing - Kim th chp nhn

Kim th chp nhn c th c l mt trong hai iu sau y:

1. Mt smoke test c s dng nh l mt acceptance test trc khi gii thiu bn build mi thc hin vic kim th chnh, c ngha l trc khi thc hin kim th tch hp hoc hi qui. 2. Acceptance testing c thc thi bi khch hng, thng c thc hin trong mi trng th nghim trn phn cng ca h, c bit nh l kim th chp nhn ngi dng (vit tt l UAT). Acceptance testing c th c thc hin nh l mt phn ca qu trnh chuyn giao (hand-off) gia 2 pha ca qu trnh pht trin phn

mm.[cn dn ngun]

5.6. Alpha testing Kim th Alpha

Alpha testing l vic kim th hot ng chc nng thc t hoc gi lp do ngi dng/khch hng tim nng hoc mt nhm test c lp thc hin ti ni sn xut phn mm. Alpha testing thng dng cho phn mm ng gi sn bn (v d nh MS office, window, chng trnh dit virus) l mt hnh thc kim th chp nhn ni b, trc khi phn mm c tin hnh kim th beta. van Veenendaal, Erik. "Bng ch gii tiu chun ca thut ng dng trong Kim th phn mm - Standard glossary of terms used in Software Testing". Tham kho thm ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms 2.1

5.7. Beta testing Kim th Beta

Beta testing c thc hin sau alpha testing. Cc phin bn ca phn mm - c bit nh l cc phin bn beta chng c pht hnh ti mt s lng gii hn khn gi bn ngoi nhm sn xut phn mm. Sn phm c pht hnh n mt s nhm ngi test nhiu hn na c th chc chn rng sn phm c mt s bug. Thnh thong, cc phin bn beta c pht hnh rng ri tng phm vi phn hi t mt lng ngi s dng tng lai ln nht.
Phn 6: Kim th phi chc nng 6 Non-functional testing 6.1 Software performance testing and load testing 6.2 Stability testing 6.3 Usability testing 6.4 Security testing 6.5 Internationalization and localization 6.6 Destructive testing

6. Non-functional testing Kim th phi chc nng Cc phng php c bit tn ti test cc kha cnh phi chc nng ca phn mm. Tri ngc vi vic kim th chc nng ca phn mm (functional testing), iu ny to ra phn mm hot ng ng (hot ng ng l hot ng theo cc hnh vi mong i c nh ngha trong bng thit chi tit yu cu), kim th phi chc nng chng thc rng cc chc nng ca phn mm c th hot ng bnh thng ngay c khi n nhn c cc d liu u vo khng mong i hoc khng hp l. Software fault injection v fuzzing testing l mt v d v kim th phi chc nng. Kim th phi chc nng c bit i vi phn mm th c thit k kim chng xem phn mm trong iu kin kim tra c th chu ng c cc d liu u vo khng hp l hoc khng mong i hay khng, theo cch chng minh bn ca ca cc th tc xc nhn d liu u vo tt nh cc th tc x l li. Nhiu cng c kim tra phi chc nng thng mi khc c lin kt t trang tim li phn mm (software fault injection page); phn ln chng l cc cng c phn mm min ph m ngun m c th thc thi kim th phi chc nng.

6.1. Software performance testing and load testing Kim th hiu nng v kh nng chu ti ca phn mm Performance testing c thc hin xc nh h thng hoc h thng ph hot ng nhanh nh th no trong tng

lng cng vic (workload) c th ring bit. N cng c th phc v vic validate (kim tra tnh hp l) v verify (xc minh/chng thc) cc thuc tnh cht lng khc ca h thng, v d nh kh nng m rng (scalability), mc tin cy (reliability) v cch s dng ti nguyn (resource usage). Load testing lin quan chnh ti vic kim th phn mm c th tip tc hot ng di mt lng cng vic ring, mt s lng ln d liu hoc s lng ln ngi dng hay khng. Vic ny thng lin quan n tnh m rng ca phn mm. Hot ng lin quan n load testing khi thc thi hot ng phi chc nng thng lin quan n kim th mc chu ng (endurance testing). Volume testing l mt cch kim th cc c tnh phi chc nng ca phn mm. Stress testing l mt cch kim th mc tin cy (reliability) ca phn mm. Load testing l mt cch kim th hiu nng (performance). Chng c mt s ph hp nh so vi cc mc tiu ca load test. Cc thut ng load testing, performance testing, reliability testing, v volume testing thng c th s dng thay th cho nhau. 6.2. Stability testing Kim th tnh n nh Thc hin kim th tnh n nh xem cc chc nng ca phn mm c th hot ng lin tc trong mt khong thi gian c th chp nhn c hay khng. Hot ng ny ca kim th phi chc nng thng lin quan n kim th ti (hoc kim th bn) ca phn mm. 6.3. Usability testing Kim th tnh kh dng Kim th tnh kh dng l cn kim tra giao din ngi dng c d s dng v d hiu hay khng (xem giao din c thn thin vi ngi dng khng nu giao din kh s dng, kh hiu th phn mm s t c khc hng chp nhn). 6.4. Security testing Kim th bo mt Kim th bo mt l yu t cn thit cho phn mm ang x l d liu bo mt ngn chn vic hacker xm nhp tri php vo h thng. 6.5. Internationalization and localization Kim th mc ton cu v cc b Vic quc t ha v ni a ha l cn thit kim th cc kha cnh ca phn mm, vi mc ch s dng phng php ni a ha gi (gi lp mi trng ni a chy chng trnh). N s chng thc rng ng dng s lm vic, thm ch khi n c dch sang ngn ng khc hoc thch nghi vi mt nn vn ha mi (nh l cc mi gi hay cc n v tin t khc). 6.6. Destructive testing Kim th ph hy Kim th ph hy c gng tm ra nguyn nhn m h thng phn mm hoc h thng ph ca n b li (fail) kim th bn ca n (phn mm).

Phn 7. Qui trnh kim th

7.1 M hnh pht trin CMMI truyn thng hoc thc nc 7.2 M hnh pht trin Agile hoc Extreme 7.3 Mt qui trnh test mu 7.1 M hnh pht trin CMMI truyn thng hoc thc nc Mt hot ng chung ca kim th phn mm l vic kim th c thc hin bi mt nhm tester c lp sau khi cc chc nng c pht trin, trc khi c chuyn giao cho khch hng. Hot ng ny thng a n kt qu l giai on kim th c s dng nh mt d n m b p khi tr d n, do nh hng n thi gian dnh cho vic kim th. Mt hot ng khc l khi ng kim th phn mm vo cng thi im vi d n bt u v n l mt qu trnh lin tc cho n khi d n kt thc.

Tham kho thm thng tin: Capability Maturity Model Integration v Waterfall model. 7.2. M hnh pht trin Agile hoc Extreme Trong counterpoint (mnh khng bit phi dch t ny nh th no, bc no c kin xin vui lng pm, welcome), mt s hnh thc pht trin phn mm ni cm nh phng php lp trnh extreme v c cu pht trin phn mm agile, da theo m hnh "pht trin phn mm test-driven". Trong qui trnh ny, unit test c vit u tin bi DEV (thng l lp trnh song song trong trong phng php lp trnh extreme cc bin). Ban u d nhin l cc test ny s fail; nh l mong mun ca h. Sau khi code c vit xong th phn ln test suite s tng bc tng ln. Test suite l cc bn cp nht lin tc cc iu kin tht bi mi v cc trng hp tim n va c pht hin thm, v chng c tch hp vo test hi qui. Unit test thng c duy tr vi cng c cha source code phn mm (v d nh Eclipse, Jdeveloper, VS .net v.v Code ca unit test c lu tr chung vi code ca chng trnh) v c tch hp chung vi qui trnh build phn mm (vi cc phn test tng tc s c b ring ra khi tui trnh chp nhn build th cng tng phn). Mc ch cui cng ca qui trnh test ny l t c vic trin khai lin tc, phn mm c cp nht c th cng b ra cng chng thng xuyn. 7.3. Mt qui trnh test mu Mc d c nhiu bin th tn ti trong cc t chc, nhng u c mt qui trnh chung cho vic kim th phn mm. Nh qui trnh mu di y l qui trnh ph bin gia cc t chc s dng m hnh thc nc (Waterfall). * Phn tch yu cu: Vic kim th thng s bt u t pha ly yu cu trong quy trnh pht trin phn mm (software development life cycle vng i pht trin phn mm). Trong pha thit k, cc tester lm vic vi cc DEV xc nh phn no ca thit k c th test v cc thng s m test s lm vic (v d test mi trng no, d liu ra sao). * Lp k hoch test: M t nhiu vic nh chin lc test (test strategy), test plan, to test case... Khi c nhiu hot ng s thc hin trong lc test th cn phi c k hoch. * Pht trin test: Vit cc test procedure, test scenario, test case, test dataset v test script s dng cho vic kim th phn mm (testing software). * Thc thi test: Cc tester thc thi phn mm da trn k hoch v cc ti tiu test (thng l spec v test case, c th c nhng d n s km theo nhiu ti liu qui nh khc) sau bo co li tm thy cho nhm DEV . * Bo co test: Khi vic kim th kt thc, cc tester s in kt qu test vo test case v to bo co kt qu test ca h v cho bit phn mm test c sn sng cho pht hnh (release) hay cha (vic ny l ng vi system test, cn i vi nhng cp nh hn th vic pht hnh c hiu nh l mn hnh hoc modul test l sch bug). * Phn tch kt qu test: Hoc cn gi l phn tch li c thc hin bi nhm pht trin d n ca khch hng, quyt nh li no s c sa v li no s khng sa (ngha l xy dng phn mm hot ng bnh thng) hoc s hon li (s sa sau ny version khc chng hn). * Test li li: Sau khi mt li (defect) c nhm pht trin phn mm (DEV) x l xong,

th n cn phi c test li bi nhm test. * Test hi qui: Kim th hi qui thng to mt chng trnh kim th nh c xy dng t mt tp hp cc test (trng hp kim th), cho sau mi ln tch hp phn mi, cp nht sa i, hoc fix li, m bo rng vic release (pht hnh phn mm) mi nht s khng b bt c li g, v tng th sn phm phn mm vn cn hot ng chnh xc. * Kt thc test: Khi test p ng c iu kin dng, th cc hot ng nh chp mt s kt qu chnh (chp evidence kt qu test theo tng test case hoc gp li theo tng nhm hoc theo mn hnh), rt ra cc bi hc kinh nghim, kt qu, log, ti liu lin quan n d n c lu tr v s dng tham kho cho cc d n tip theo.