Section 4 Part 08

General Specification

TABLE OF CONTENTS 8. 8.1 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4 8.1.5 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.5 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.5.3 8.5.4 8.5.5 8.5.6 8.5.7 8.5.8 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 STEEL SHEET PILING .................................................................................. 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 ................................. 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7

GENERAL ...................................................................................................... Scope References Submittals Quality Assurance Handling Storage and Marking of Piles TEMPORARY WORKS USING STEEL SHEET PILES

MATERIAL ..................................................................................................... SITE FABRICATION OF PILES..................................................................... General Lengthening of Piles Acceptance Standards for Welds DRIVING OF PILES ....................................................................................... Piling Method Piling Programme Performance of Driving Equipment Leaders and Trestles Length of Piles Driving Procedure and Redrive Checks Obstructions Damage to Adjacent Structures FINAL SET ..................................................................................................... TOLERANCES............................................................................................... RISEN PILES ................................................................................................. TIP ELEVATIONS .......................................................................................... PREPARATION OF PILE HEADS............................................................... INSTALLATION RECORD

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8. 8.1 8.1.1 1

STEEL SHEET PILING GENERAL Scope This Part includes steel sheet piling for temporary as well as permanent works which serve generally to resist horizontal pressures due to soil and water and derive their stability from the horizontal resistance of the ground into which they are driven and also horizontal support provided by any anchors, ties, or struts. Steel sheet piling used as bearing piles to support vertical loads shall conform to requirements of steel piles given in Part 8 of this Section. Related Sections and Parts are as follows: This Section Part 1: General Requirements for Piling Work Part 7: Steel Piles. References The following Standards and other documents are referred to in this Part: ISS PC95/211 (1998): (from AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL SOCIETY) Hot Rolled Structural Steel Shapes, H Piles and Sheet Piling AWS D1.1/D1.1M: AASHTO: AASHTO: Structural Welding Code-Steel. LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications. LRFD Bridge Design specifications.

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8.1.2 1

8.1.3 1 2

Submittals The Contractor shall submit for approval full details of the welding procedures and electrodes with drawings and schedules as may be necessary. All the steel elements of sheet piling including, but not limited to, plates, bolts and anchors which are to be incorporated in the permanent Works shall be treated for corrosion protection. Where particular method of corrosion protection is not specified, the Contractor shall submit a method statement for corrosion protection treatment for approval of the Engineer. Quality Assurance Work on site should be supervised by a competent person. He must have authority to make any decisions necessary to ensure the safety of the operatives, the trench and its surroundings. Welders employed on the fabrication and site welding of piles shall have passed the welder approval tests of AWS or any standard approved by the Engineer. Copies of certificates relating to welders tests shall be made available to the Engineer on request.

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8.1.5 1

Handling Storage and Marking of Piles All piles shall be stored in groups of the same length and on supports spaced to the approval of the Engineer. All operations such as handling, transporting and pitching of piles shall be carried out in a manner such that damage to piles and their coatings is minimised. Each pile shall be clearly marked in indelible white paint with its number and its overall length. Each pile shall be marked at 1 m intervals and, in addition, at intervals of 250 mm along the top 3 m of its length before being driven. TEMPORARY WORKS USING STEEL SHEET PILES Where the Contractors work programme provides for the use of steel sheet piling to protect existing buildings and facilities and to maintain excavations required for the construction of the Works, the steel sheet piling shall be supplied and installed in accordance with this Section except as modified by this Part. In the case of temporary sheet piling, the Contractor shall be solely responsible for the adequacy of the piling, bracing, shoring and dewatering to maintain safety and prevent damage. The piling, bracing and shoring shall be approved by the Engineer. For this purpose, the Contractor shall submit his calculations and proposals for sheeting, bracing, strutting, anchoring, and all related items to the Engineer. Piling shall be driven to such a depth as may be required to prevent boil in the dewatered excavation and provide lateral resistance at the toe of the dewatered excavation. The Contractor shall submit calculations for minimum embedment of sheet piling below the final excavation level. Reference should be made to Section 3 of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction specifications and also LRFD Design specifications as a guide for design and use of temporary support for trenches. Materials and equipment for supporting trenching must be of suitable quality and must be inspected by a competent person before use. MATERIAL Sheet piling to be left in place as part of the permanent Works shall be new. New sheet piles and tie rods shall confirm to ISS PC95/211. The dimensional and weight tolerances for the permanent Works piles shall comply with the manufacturers standard. Welding during manufacture shall comply with the manufacturers standard. The Employer shall provide the Contractor and the Engineer with test certificates, analyses and mill sheets from the manufacturers shop inspection of the batch from which the pile materials have been drawn.

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8.4 8.4.1 1

SITE FABRICATION OF PILES General When pile lengths are to be made up on site, procedures and dimensional tolerances shall conform to the specification for the supply of pile material. Adequate facilities shall be provided for supporting and aligning the lengths of pile. Lengthening of Piles Full penetration butt welds of the web, or other approved splice detail, shall be used for all pile lengthening. Sections to be joined shall be maintained in true alignment and position. The root edges or root faces of lengths of piles that are to be butt welded shall not differ by more than 25 % of the thickness of piles not exceeding 12 mm thick or by more than 3 mm for piles thicker than 12 mm. When piles of unequal thickness are to be butt welded, the thickness of the thinner material shall be the criterion. Pile lengths shall be set up so that the difference in dimensions is matched as evenly as possible. The layout and sequence of welding operations shall be arranged to minimise any distortion and incidental stresses. Approval of the welding procedure shall not relieve the Contractor of any contractual responsibility. Acceptance Standards for Welds Visual examination of all weld preparation and of all completed welds shall be in accordance with AWS D1.1/D1.1M. Radiographic examination shall be in accordance with AWS D1.1/D1.1M. While satisfactory results are being obtained, one radiograph 300 mm long shall be made for not less than 10 % of the number of welded connections. The Contractor shall keep detailed records of all welds testing carried out. The acceptance levels for welded butt joints shall be as per relevant AWS specifications. Any imperfection disclosed by visual examination or non-destructive testing which does not conform to the required acceptance levels shall be sufficient cause for rejecting the weld. If the results of any 10 % length subjected to non-destructive testing do not conform to the required acceptance levels, two additional 10 % lengths from the same joint shall be tested. If the results of these two further tests are acceptable, then the weld may be repaired and shall then be retested by similar means. If the test is successful, the joint shall be accepted. DRIVING OF PILES Piling Method Prior to commencing work, the Contractor shall submit for the Engineers approval all relevant details of the methods of piling and the equipment he proposes to use, including methods of guiding piles. The Contractors methods shall ensure that damage does not occur to completed piles or to existing piles remaining in the Works.

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8.4.3 1

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8.5.2 1

Piling Programme The Contractor shall provide a programme for the Engineers approval showing his proposed sequence and timing of piling operations, consistent with the overall programme for the Works. Such sequence and timing shall have regard to the avoidance of damage to adjacent piles. In addition, the Contractor shall inform the Engineer each day of the programme of piling for the following day and shall give adequate notice of his intention to work outside normal hours and at weekends. Performance of Driving Equipment The Contractor shall satisfy the Engineer regarding the suitability, efficiency and energy of the driving equipment. Unless otherwise approved, drop hammers shall not be used from floating craft. Pile drivers, whether impact or vibratory, shall be the size and type needed to achieve the required penetration with the minimum damage to the piles. Hammers shall be maintained in proper alignment with the piles during driving by use of suitable leads or guides. A protective driving cap of approved design shall be used, as required, to minimise the damage to the top of the piles. Unless with the Engineers approval, pile driving shall be done without jetting. Where jetting is permitted, the pile shall be driven for the final 1.5 m of penetration. If the sheet piling goes progressively out of plumb, corrective steps shall be taken. If necessary, piles shall be pulled and redriven. Leaders and Trestles Piling shall be accurately located and driven to the required depth plumb and true to line with each pile interlocking with the adjacent pile throughout its entire length. Piling shall be driven in stages. Initially, an individual pile shall be driven to a ground penetration of 2 m. Subsequently, no individual pile shall be advanced more than 1.2 m deeper than either pile next to it. At all stages during driving and until incorporation in the superstructure, the pile shall be adequately supported and restrained by means of leaders, trestles, temporary supports or other guide arrangements to maintain position and alignment and to prevent buckling. These arrangements shall be such that damage to the piles is minimised. The Contractor shall ensure that piles are temporarily braced or stayed as the excavation for the permanent Works advances inside the sheet pile containment. Temporary bracing shall be removed on completion of the Works. Length of Piles The length of pile to be driven in any position shall be subject to the Engineers approval. The Contractor may, if approved, provide each pile in more than one length, the first length or subsequent lengths being extended during an interval in the pile driving operation. The extra lengths shall be equal in all respects to the made-up piles and shall be added in the manner and to the tolerances specified for full length piles. During and after welding the lengths of piles shall be securely held to line and level.

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8.5.6 1

Driving Procedure and Redrive Checks The Contractor shall inform the Engineer without delay if an unexpected change in driving characteristics is noted. A detailed record of the driving resistance over the full length of the next nearest available pile shall be taken if required. The Contractor shall give adequate notice and provide all facilities to enable the Engineer to check driving resistance. A set shall be taken only in the presence of the Engineer s Representative unless otherwise approved. Redrive checks, if required, shall be carried out to an approved procedure. Driving arrangements shall be such as to ensure that the hammer blow is applied axially to the pile. Every care shall be taken in driving so that the piles will reach the required depth without damage. If in the opinion of the Engineer damage is occurring through the use of a hammer or equipment of incorrect type or size, the Contractor shall at his own cost replace it with one which satisfies the Engineers requirements and shall at his own cost, trim the heads of piles damaged during driving and extend the pile as necessary. Driving shall not continue on a damaged pile head. Obstructions If any obstruction to normal driving is encountered, the Contractor shall immediately notify the Engineer and submit proposals for overcoming the difficulties for the Engineers approval. Damage to Adjacent Structures If, during the execution of the work, damage is, or is likely to be, caused to mains, services or adjacent structures, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer his proposals for the repair or avoidance of such damage. FINAL SET The final set of each pile in permanent Works shall be recorded as the number of blows required to produce a penetration of 25 mm measured over a distance of at least 250 mm, and (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) The exposed part of the pile shall be in good condition without damage or distortion. The dolly and packing, if any, shall be in sound condition. The hammer blow shall be in line with the pile axis and the impact surfaces shall be flat and at right angles to the pile and hammer axis. The hammer shall be in good condition and operating correctly. The temporary compression of the pile shall be recorded if required.

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8.5.7 1

8.5.8 1

8.6 1

8.7 1

TOLERANCES In permanent Works, the maximum permitted deviation of the axis of the pile head from the centre line shown on the drawings shall be 50 mm in any direction. The maximum permitted deviation of the finished pile from the vertical is 1 in 100. Permanent piles deviating from these tolerances will be liable to rejection. Any pile so rejected shall be extracted and removed from the Site by the Contractor

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and he shall drive a replacement pile at this own cost complying in all respects with the specified requirements. No payment will be made for or in connection with any pile so rejected. 3 8.8 1 Forcible corrections to driven steel sheet piles may only be made with the Engineers written approval. RISEN PILES Piles shall be driven in an approved sequence to minimise the detrimental effects of heave and lateral displacement of the ground. When required, levels and measurements shall be taken to determine the movement of the ground or any pile resulting from the driving process. When a pile has risen as a result of adjacent piles being driven, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer his proposals for correcting this and the avoidance of it in subsequent work. Piling shall be driven in stages, in accordance with Clause 8.5.4. Piling that is damaged or driven without interlocking shall be withdrawn and replaced. TIP ELEVATIONS Piling shall be driven to such depth as may be required to prevent boil in the dewatered foundation and provide the required lateral resistance at the toe of the dewatered excavation. The piles for the permanent Works shall be driven to the designated penetrations, subject to achieving a minimum set which shall be defined and agreed with the Engineer on the basis of experience of driving the first few piles at each Site. Piles for temporary Works shall be driven to the penetrations shown on the approved drawings submitted by the Contractor. PREPARATION OF PILE HEADS Any damage to the head of the pile after driving shall be rectified. Permanent sheet piles shall be cut to within 20 mm of the designated levels. Vent holes may be flame cut provided the flame cut edges are dressed smooth. INSTALLATION RECORDS The Contractor shall keep records of the installation of each pile as given in Table 1.1 and shall submit two signed copies of these records to the Engineer not later than noon of the next working day after the pile was installed. The signed record will form a record of the work. Any unexpected driving conditions shall be briefly noted in the records.

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