Design and FEM Analysis of Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Generators for Gearless Small-Scale Wind Turbines

A.M. Mihai, S. Benelghali, Al. Simion, R. Outbib, L. Livadaru

Abstract Currently the renewable energy presents an increasing interest and special attention is given to the small scale wind turbines, used to generate electricity for domestic needs. Their purpose is to produce electric energy at increasingly smaller speeds of the wind and with improved economically efficiency. This paper presents the design and study of the behavior for a direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator, intended to be used for small wind turbines. The permanent magnet generator is designed to provide the power of 1kW corresponding to 100 revolutions per minute [rpm]. In order to obtain a voltage ripple as small as possible, the proposed solution takes into consideration a five-phase winding and a rectifier bridge. The performance of the proposed model are presented in a comparative analysis; the simulations are of transient type in 2 dimensions, using a software package based on FEM. Index Terms--design, direct-drive, five-phase machine, finite element analysis, gearless, low speed synchronous generator, permanent magnets, renewable energy system, wind turbine generators.

Nc1 n1 p RC R1R5 RS Rf, Rl Si q Z W1 PM

number of effective turns per slot synchronous speed in [rpm] number of pole pairs resistance for the active turns in [] resistance of the end winding in [] load resistance in [] resistance measuring phase and voltages in [] interior apparent power in [kVA] number of slots per pole and phase number of stator slots number of turns per phase the angle between two slots form factor of the machine specific mass density in (Kg/m3) I. INTRODUCTION

line

NOMENCLATURE A a1 B Br (BH)max C D De Dir D1...D10 f1 g Hc In Li L1...L5 m current load in [A/m] number of paths in parallel on one phase air gap flux density in [T] remanent magnetic flux density in [T] maximum energy in [J/m3] volume utilization factor [J/dm3] inner diameter of the stator in [mm] outer diameter of the stator in [mm] inner diameter of the rotor in [mm] resistance diodes in [] electrical frequency in Hz air gap thickness in [mm] coercivity force in [kA/m] rated current in [A] ideal length [mm] Reactance of end winding parts in [mH] number of phases

This work was supported with by the POSDRU EURODOC Doctoral scholarship for research performance at European level ID 59410 project funded by the European Social Found and Romanian Government. A.M. Mihai is with the Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Bd. Profesor Dimitrie Mangeron, nr. 21- 23, 700050 Iasi, Romania, (e-mail: m_ana1985@yahoo.com). S. Benelghali is with the University of Aix-Marseille 3, UMR CNRS 6168 LSIS, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France (email: seifeddine.benelghali@lsis.org). Al.Simion is with the Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Bd. Profesor Dimitrie Mangeron, nr. 21- 23, 700050 Iasi, Romania, (Email: asimion@ee.tuiasi.ro). R. Outbib is with the University of Aix-Marseille 3, UMR CNRS 6168 LSIS, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France (email: rachid.outbib@lsis.org) L. Livadaru is with the Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Bd. Profesor Dimitrie Mangeron, nr. 21- 23, 700050 Iasi, Romania, (e-mail: livadaru@ee.tuiasi.ro).

HE renewable energy in recent decades gained increased importance for the authorities, citizens and industry, because of the increasing prices of traditional energy sources which are depleted gradually. The current trend is to seek new renewable energy sources existing in the environment, in a quantity practically infinite and to exploit them. Main sources of renewable energy are wind energy, solar energy and marine energy. The easiest way to transform these raw energy sources in storable energy, transportable and usable in modern applications is the generation of electricity in the electro-mechanical systems. Various wind turbine concepts with different generator systems have been developed and built to maximize the energy capture, to minimize costs, to improve power quality. The generators used in the market can be classified in two concepts: the electrically excited Synchronous generator (EESG) and the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The direct-drive PM generator system has high potential for the wind turbines because of its reduced failure, increased energy yield and reliability compared to electrically excited (EE). However, the disadvantages of PM generators are essentially the inability to control the field strength, high cost of PM, difficulties to handle in manufacture, demagnetization of PM at high temperature. This paper focuses on the study of gearless small scale wind turbine based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator. Indeed, the gearless PMGS shows superior performance in terms of energy efficiency, reliability and maintenance problems, but it has the disadvantage of large diameters. Many published papers [1]-[6] have shown that using the multi-phase machines that operate with five phases instead of three, with permanent magnet excitation provide significant improvement in performance, and optimized designs to make it suitable for use with diode

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rectifier circuits which predominate in small and medium scale generation. The use of the five-phase technology presents the advantages of obtaining a high density of power by dividing the necessary power between several phases; thereby a reduction of torque pulsation is obtained. Moreover, it reduces the stator current per phase without increasing the voltage per phase, which features a high reliability and fault tolerance. Also, by increasing the number of phases, it is possible to increase the torque per rms ampere for the same machine volume [4]-[6]. The first objective of this paper is to present the design results of the five-phase gearless permanent magnet synchronous generator to which the load is connected through a rectifier bridge. The second objective was to present design criteria and optimization of the geometric dimensions for the studied model, the analysis performed by a software package based on FEM in 2D. II. DESIGN OF PMSG

60S 2 i D l = i nC 1 Through the form factor:

3 [ dm ]

(1)
D
2p

li

Eventually it results:
2 p 60Si [dm] (3) n C 1 An important step in designing is the choice of the electromagnetic loads that depend on the geometric dimensions. From all these requests, an important role have "A" (current load) and "B" (air gap flux density). The current trends to increase the values of the electromagnetic loads but the permitted limits by the insulation classes used in the windings prevent a substantial increase and thus the reduction of the volume of the materials. The ideal length "Li" is determined by the diameter "D" and the electromagnetic loads, from the following relationship: 60S i (4) l = [ m] i 2 D2n AB k k B w i 1 The winding and the stator slots depend on the number of pole pairs "p", the number of phases "m" and the number of slots per pole and phase "q". 60 f 1 (5) p= n 1 The number of stator slots is: Z = 2 pmq (6) 1 Number of turns per phase: k U E 1 , = l B (7) w = 1 4k f K i i B 1 w1 The number of effective turns per slot is determined by the relationship: D=3

l i = =

(2 )

It should be noted that achievement of an optimal design for an electrical machine is a difficult issue mainly due to the large number of variables, constraints, nonlinearity and the multiple criteria to improving performance. For the study of a five-phase direct drive PMSG operating at low speeds, the design was proposed with the following electrical parameters: output power of 1 kW, speed n = 100 rpm, frequency 50Hz, phase voltage 230V, having the inner diameter of the rotor of 1m and the turbine blades being fixed inside the rotor. The direct application of this type of generator is intended to be to for capture wind energy (wind turbines) Fig. 1.a, but the model can be used for marine currents energy capture Fig. 1.b (hydro generator).

a)

nc1 =

2m1 a1 w1 Z1

(8)

b) Fig. 1. Direct drive PMSGs: a) wind turbine, b) hydro-generator source: Open Hydro.

The five-phase winding configuration and the slot distribution are performed using the slots star shown in Fig. 2. The angle between two slots is 36 geometrical degrees being given by:

2 Z p

(9)

For particular applications, with the purpose of obtaining a higher power, several smaller power generators can be associated, as in Fig. 1.a. Given the desired applications for this type of gearless PMSG, main size calculations were aimed at determining the inner diameter "D" and outer diameter of the stator "De", the ideal length "Li", according to which the generator's gauge will result. The volume utilization factor (Essons constant) of the machine C gives the volume of the active materials and together with a prescribed form factor provides a relationship between diameter and length [11].

The main geometry parameters resulting from the design of the permanent magnet synchronous generator are presented in TABLE I.

149

2999 2988 e

10300 A 36o 1291

Rotor Magnets

2977 C

2 292

Stator

296 6 a 2955 D
Fig. 2. Slots star: Z=300, q=1 TABLE I
MAIN DESIGN DATA

E 3 293 b 4 294

Fig. 3. Rotor and stator core

RfA

A a
RfB

R1 L1 R2 L2
RfC RfD

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

B b C c
0.65 T 0.5 mm 1.31 A 15 mm 300 1 1082 mm 1040 mm 1000 mm 60 1,14 cm3

R3 L3 R4 L4

Rl_AC

Rload
Rl_DE

Design parameters and dimensions

Air gap flux density B air gap thickness g Rated current In length of the machine (li) Number of stator slots Z Number of the stator slots per pole and per phase q Outer diameter of the stator (De) Inner diameter of the stator (D) Inner diameter of the rotor (Dir) Number of rotor permanent magnets The volume of PMs for one pole

D d
RfE

R5 L5

D6 D7 D8 D9 D10
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the five-phase PMSG with rectifier system

An important role for achieving the design of this type of synchronous generator is the choice of the type of magnet, its dimensions and the direction of magnetization. The flux density values of the PMSGs can not be modified from outside, as required by the remanent flux density of the used permanent magnet. For this reason, it should be chosen taking into account that the maximum value in the magnetic circuit does not exceed 1.6T, a value that is considered acceptable. In designing the rotor, the chosen permanent magnet in this study is made of rare-earth based on Neodymium. This magnet represents the latest emerging class of permanent magnets with very high magnetic performance. The chosen permanent magnet is a sintered NdFeB type- hicorex type super HS-25EV, with radial magnetization direction with the physical properties presented in Tabel II [12], [13].
TABLE II PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HICOREX-SUPER SINTERED NDFEB PM [13] Property Remanent magnetic flux density Br (T) Coercivity force Hc (kA/m) Maximum energy (BH)max (J/m3) Specific mass density, PM, (Kg/m3) Curie temperature ( oC) NdFeB hicorex super - HS-25EV 0.98 716 183 7500 310

III. FEM ANALYSIS The geometric optimization of a structure is possible only based on detailed analysis of the electromagnetic field distribution in the machine. In the perspective of the simulation for the low speed PMSG behavior and at the same operating environment characteristics, the Flux2D software package was used, developed by the Cedrat company, that is based on numerical calculations using the finite element method [14]. It should be noted that the PMSG study in this case is based on a transient type analysis. As the hardware resources have allowed the modeling for the entire structure, the magnetic periodicity was not taken into account, in order to reduce the number of mesh elements. Fig.4 shows the equivalent electrical scheme of the 5phased permanent magnet synchronous generator with rectifier bridge, used in FEM analysis. The corresponding numerical values of the circuit elements shown in Table III were calculated, taking into account their constructive parameters.
TABLE III THE NUMERICAL VALUES CORRESPONDING TO THE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

Element circuit
Number of turns per slot (Nc1) Resistance of active winding parts (RC) Resistance of end winding parts (R1...R5) Reactance of end winding parts (L1...L5) Load resistance (RS) Resistance measuring phase and line voltages (Rf, Rl) Diode Resistance (D1...D6) - conduction/blocking

PMSG
82 0,127 1.4 0,027 mH 0...106 106 0,1/106

The permanent magnets are mounted on the rotor surface. The surface created by the magnets and the rotor periphery being uniform (flat) on the circumference, as can be seen in the representation of Fig. 3.

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS The results obtained trough simulation will be displayed in terms of: the flux lines distribution, flux density color

150

map, the air-gap flux density curve and content in high order harmonic, and the waveforms of the phase voltages, line and rectified obtained at no load and under load operation. A first analysis aimed to verify the magnetic field created by the five-phase stator winding and the shaping of the 60 poles (Fig. 5).

In a first analysis of the results, a discussion is made regarding the positioning of the magnets on the rotor. According to the literature [11]-[13], the choice for the permanent magnets positioning was realized trough many optimization attempts. From a large number of analyzed attempts, two of them are presented: case 1, when magnets are taller and shorter (thick rotor tooth) presented in Fig. 6; case 2, when the magnets are narrower and longer (thinner rotor tooth) shown in Fig. 7. From the this two presented situations, the optimal sollution is when the magnets are taller and shorter (Fig.6), having reduced values of the superior harmonics amplitudes.
Establishment of air gap size Another important aspect in the design and simulation is the choice of the air gap size. The air gap length has a significant influence on the characteristics of the electric machine, which is dimensioned in such a way to get minimum magnetizing current and optimal efficiency on the other hand. In this case (large-diameter electric machine) from mechanical considerations and the rotor centering, the air gap size has to meet the ratio of /D 0.001. Generally, the air gap is made as small as possible to save an amount of permanent magnet material [13]. B.

Fig. 5. Flux lines distribution-shaping of 30 pairs of poles

A. Analysis of the results- - positioning of the permanent magnets The analysis program that uses the finite element method provides useful information regarding the geometry optimization of the permanent magnet synchronous generator. Thus, the waveform of the air gap field can be as sinusoidal as possible.

a)

a)

b)
(E-3) Tesla

b)
(E-3) Tesla

500

500

-500
m m 0 (E-3) Tesla 50 100

-500
m m 0 (E-3) Tesla 50 100

600 500 400 300 200 100 0

0 10 20 30

600 500 400 300 200 100 0

0 10 20 30

c)

c)

Fig. 6. Positioning of the magnets on the rotor - Case.1 (broad teeth): a) magnetic structure, b) flux line distribution, c) air-gap flux density curve and content in high order harmonics

Fig. 7. Positioning of the magnets on the rotor - Case.2 (thinner rotor tooth): a) magnetic structure, b) flux line distribution, c) air-gap flux density curve and content in high order harmonics

Further, a comparative analysis is made in terms of

choice of the air gap length; the comparison is made for the

151

air gap size of 0.5 mm and respectively 1.25 mm. Knowing the values of magnetic flux density is of real help offered by the simulation program, to determine the magnetic degree of loading of the magnetic circuit.

The analysis of waveforms of phase voltage (Fig. 10 and Fig. 11), stands out that the choice of air gap thickness of 1.25mm, leads to improved waveform of the voltage phase.
TABLE IV AMPLITUDE OF THE MAIN HARMONICS AND THEIR PERCENTAGE Harmoni c rank PMSG with the air gap thickness of 0.05 mm Amplitude Pondere [T] [%] 0.787 0.198 25.15 0.107 13.59 0.112 14.23 0.108 13.72 0.022 2.79 PMSG with the air gap thickness of 1.25 mm Amplitude [T] 0.677 0.098 0.032 0.070 0.067 0.040 Pondere [%] 14.47 4.79 10.49 10.04 5.99

a) Air-gap 0.5mm Fig. 8. Flux density color map for one pole

b) Air-gap 1.25mm

These can be determined by analyzing spectral maps of the flux density shown in Fig. 8, for air gap thickness about 0.5mm (Fig. 8.a) and respectively 1.25mm (Fig. 8.b). Watching the color scale attached to them, it can be noted that in the case of 0.5mm air gap thickness, the magnetic circuit is used at full capacity. This is due to the very high energetic performance of the magnet. From the air-gap flux density curve and content in high order harmonics, it can be observed a decrease in the amplitude of the fundamental in the case of 1.25mm air gap thickness by about 11 percent. But, it results an improvement of the induction waveform in the air gap, showing a lower content of higher order spatial harmonics, especially the spatial harmonics of 3 and 5 order, as it can be seen in Fig. 9.
(E-3) Tesla
500

H1 H3 H5 H7 H9 H11
300

Vph-airgap 0.5 mm
200 100

Vph [V]

0 -100 -200 -300 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

time [s]

Fig. 10. Phase voltage - air gap thickness 0.5 mm,

300

Vph-airgap 1.25 mm
0

200
-500

mm
0 50 100

100

Vph [V]
10 20 30

(E-3) Tesla
750

0 -100 -200

500

250

0 0

a) air gap thickness - 0.05 mm

-300 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

(E-3) Tesla
500

time [s]

Fig. 11. Phase voltage - air gap thickness 1.25 mm

0

-500

mm
0 50 100

The following section analyses the situation when the air gap thickness is 1.25 mm corresponding to no-load and under load operation. V. RESULTS OBTAINED AT NO-LOAD OPERATION The five-phased system produces five-phase voltages being delayed at 72 degrees (2/5 rad. el.) and also holds two line voltages, one measured between two side-by-side phases A-B and the second being measured between phases A and C, represented in the phasor diagram (Fig. 12). Firstly, the waveform of the phase voltages obtained at no-load operation is presented. The resulting five-phase voltages have a phase shift angle of 72 electrical degrees (Fig. 13).

(E-3) Tesla
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30

b) air gap thickness-1.25mm Fig. 9. Air-gap flux density curve and content in high order harmonics: a) air gap thickness - 0.05 mm, b) air gap thickness-1.25mm.

Table IV presents the amplitude of the main harmonics and their percentage.

152

In Fig. 14, are presented the Vph phase voltage, VAB and VAC line voltages and the rectified voltage Vrectified at noload operation, obtained in the simulation software for the studied PMSG.
VB VC VlAC
o

however that the rectified voltage is very close to the ideal form of DC voltage.
4 3 2 IphA IphB IphC IphD IphE

VlAB
Iph [A]
o 54 18

1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

N VD

Vph

VA

VE Fig. 12. Phasor diagram - phase and line voltage of the five-phase system
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 -300 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

time [s]

Fig. 15. The five-phase currents under load operation

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 -600 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 VphA VlineAB VlineAC Vrectified

VphA VphB VphC VphD VphE

time [s]

Voltage [V]

Vph [V]

time [s]

Fig. 13. The five-phase voltage no-load operation

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 -600 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 VphA VlineAB VlineAC Vrectified

Fig. 16. The phase, line and rectified voltage- under load operation
500 450 400 350

Voltage, V [V]

Voltage [V]

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

time [s]

Current, I [A]

Fig. 14. The phase, line and rectified voltage- no-load operation

Fig. 17. External characteristic V= f(I) n=100 rpm

VI. RESULTS OBTAINED UNDER LOAD OPERATION

Results obtained for a resistive load of 120. In order to obtain the desired voltage and the rated current required by design process, several simulations have been carried out for different loads. The following results correspond to a load resistance of 120. The five-phase current system put in view again the angle of phase shift of 72 el. degrees (Fig. 15). The representation of the phase voltages, line (VAB and VAC) and the rectified voltage (Fig. 16), shows the deformation of the voltage waveform, from sinusoidal wave. It has to be noticed A.

The external characteristic V= f(I), for a constant speed (n = 100 rpm), displayed in Fig. 17, has a particular importance in defining the operation mode of the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). It provides information about the operation voltage drop under load. For drawing this characteristic, there have been several attempts at different values of load resistance at constant speed. The analysis of the characteristic V=f(I) shows that the voltage drop under load operation has significant values. However, to note is that they are approximately linear for a wide range of values of the load current variation. Fig. 18 presents the rectified voltage versus speed

153

characteristic V= f(n) corresponding to under load operation of the PMSG. This was achieved by running several solutions at different speeds, respectively 0, 50, 75, 100, 125 [rpm]. The analysis of these results highlights, firstly, the linearity of the rectified voltage dependence, at speed variation, throughout the whole studied interval.
450 400 350 300

[6] [7] [8]

[9] [10]

250 200 150 100 50 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

[11] [12] [13] [14] [15]

speed, n [rtm]

Fig. 18. Rectified voltage versus speed characteristic, under load operation V=f(n)

VII. CONCLUSION The paper presents the design and FEM analysis of a fivephase PMSG for gearless Small Scale wind turbine. Taking into account the multiple criteria optimization of the geometry, a several simulations based on FEM were required. It has been investigated the influence of the positioning of the permanent magnets on the rotor surface, concerning spatial harmonics of the air gap flux density curve. A second optimization criteria investigated in this paper is the influence of air gap length. The choice of an increased air gap leads to improved voltage waveform, closer to a sinusoidal wave. Based on the obtained results, that show that both at no-load and at under load operation, the five-phase PMSG provides the desired phase voltage. Also as a result of using a number of five phases, the voltage ripple is greatly diminished, which leads to have the rectified voltage very close to the ideal waveform. VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was carried out in collaboration with the Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Information et des Systmes (LSIS), Marseille, France. IX. REFERENCES
[1] N. A. Hassanain and J. E. Fletcher, Steady-state performance assessment of three-and five-phase permanent magnets generators connected to a diode bridge rectifier under open-circuit faults, IET Renew. Power Gener., Vol.4, pp. 420-427, Feb. 2010. M. T. Mohammad, J. E. Fletcher, and N.A Hassanain, Novel FivePhase Permanent Magnet Generator System for Wind Turbine Applications, International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality ICREPQ10, [Online], Granada (Spain), March 2010. L. A. Pereira and V. M. Canalli, Five-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine operating as generator design, parameter determination by FEM and Performance, 37th IAS Ann. Meeting Conf., Vol.1, pp. 398-405, 13-18 Oct. 2002. L. Parsa, "On advantages of multi-phase machines"; Industrial Electronics Society, 2005, IECON 2005. 31st Annual Conference of IEEE, pp. 1574-1580, 6-10 Nov. 2005. L. Parsa, and H. A. Toliyat, Five-phase permanent-magnet motor drives, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 39th IAS Ann. Meeting Conf, vol. 2, no.1, pp. 30-37, Jan.-Feb. 2005.

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L. Parsa and H. Toliyat, "Fault-tolerant five-phase permanent magnet motor drives", IEEE Industry Applications Conference, vol. 2, pp. 1048-1054, 3-7 Oct. 2004. A. Nigam and S. Siddiqui, Modeling and simulation of five phase permanent magnet synchronous motor, VSRD Technical & NonTechnical Journal, Vol. I (2), pp. 78-86, 2010. S. Beelghali, F. Mekri, M. Benbouzid, and J. Frdric Charpentier Performance Comparison of Three- and Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Generators for Marine Current Turbine Applications Under Open-Circuit Faults, Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives, pp.1-6, Mlaga Spain, May 2011. A. Kilk, Low-speed permanent-magnet synchronous generator for small-scale wind power applications, Oil Shale, 2007, Vol. 24, pp. 318331, June 2007. A. Ragheb and M. Ragheb, Wind turbine gearbox technologies, Proceedings of the 1st International Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, pp. 1-8, 21-24 March 2010. http://www.upwind.eu/media/811/Deliverable_1B2.b.1.pdf J. Pyrhnen, T. Jokien, and V. Hrabovcov, Design of rotating electrical machines, Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2008. J. F. Gieras, Advancements in Electric Machines, Ed. Springer Verlag, Rockford, Illinois, U.S.A., March 2008, ISBN 978-1-40209006-6. J. F. Gieras, M. Wing, Permanent magnet motor Technology Design and Applications, Ed. USA, 2002. *** FLUX 2D 7.50 / FLUX 3D 3.2, Users Guide, vol. IV: Physical properties, parameterization, solving and results, CEDRAT, Meylan, 2000. A. Munteanu, A. Simion, L. Livadaru, and A. Malanciuc P M tubular linear synchronous generator for wave energy conversion, 4th International Symposium on Electrical Engineering and Energy Converters- ELS, AGIR bulletin, nr. 4, pp. 57-60, Oct.-Dec.2011 M. R. Dubois, H. Polinder, and J. A. Ferreira, Comparison of generator topologies for direct-drive wind turbines, Proc. of the Nordic Countries Power & Ind. Electronics Conf. (NORPIE), Denmark, pp. 22-26, 2000.

Voltage, V [V]

X.

BIOGRAPHIES

Ana-Maria Mihai received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the Technical University of Iai, Romania, in 2009 and 2010, respectively. She is currently a Ph.D. student in the Electrical Engineering domain, at the same university. Her main research interest is design and simulation of electrical machines. Seifeddine Benelghali received the B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering in 2005 from ENIT, Tunis, Tunisia, the M.Sc. degree in Automatic Control in 2006 from the University of Poitiers, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering in 2009 from the University of Brest. After receiving the Ph.D. degree, he joined the French Naval Academy, Brest, France as a Teaching and Research Assistant. Since 2010, his is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering in the University of Aix-Marseille, France. His current research interests include modeling and control of renewable energy applications. Alecsandru Simion received the B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Technical University of Iai, Romania, in 1968 and 1976, respectively. He is currently a Professor with the Department of Electrical Machines at Electrical Engineering Faculty from the Technical University of Iai, Romania. He has published over 230 papers in conference proceedings and 10 books. His technical interests are electric machines and drives, simulation and design. He is the holder of 12 patents. Rachid OUTBIB received his Ph.D. degree in applied mathematics in 1994 and his HDR in Automatics control in 1998, respectively from university of Metz and university of Amiens (France). He was full professor at the University of Technology at Belfort (France), from 2003 to 2006. Since 2007 he is full professor at the University of Aix-Marseille. He is head of ESCODI a team of LSIS laboratory. His main research interests concern non linear systems methods with applications to fluid power, automotive and energetic systems. Leonard Livadaru received the B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Technical University of Iasi, Romania, in 1985 and 2003, respectively. He is currently Associate Professor with the Department of Electrical Machines at Electrical Engineering Faculty from the Technical University of Iasi, Romania. He has published over 140 papers in conference proceedings and 5 books. His technical interests are electric machines, simulation, design and optimization based on finite element method.

[2]

[3]

[4] [5]

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