Design Steps

1) Used SAP2000 models to determine ultimate bending moments and shear forces for all the selected sections. 2) Calculate frame thicknesses at girder, column using the given ratios (dependant on the frame span)

3) Flexural design of critical sections: i- determine beam type (depending on its location and the bending moment acting on it) ii- Eccentricity check , if (e > t ) then this section is subjected to high eccentricity and then we'll use the Ru curve. iii- if (e < t) then the section is subjected to low eccentricity and the interaction diagram would be the best method to design it.

Design of sections with low eccentricity

1) Get Mu & Pu from the SAP2000 model 2) Eccentricity (e) = Mu/Pu 3) If e < t , then this section has low eccentricity and this method applies 4) Calculate K & Ke/t (K = Pu / (Fcu X b X t)) and ( Ke/t = Mu / (Fcu X b X t ) ) 5) Assume = 0.8 ( As'/As=0.8)

6) Enter the appropriate interaction diagram using the values of K and Ke/t to determine 7) = X Fcu 8) Calculate the require area steel; As = X b X t 9) Calculate the Require As' using step number 5 10) Convert the area steel to number of bars . 11) All previous calculations were performed manually as well as on a spreadsheet

Design Method for Sections with High Eccentricity

1) Get Mu & Pu from the SAP2000 model 2) Eccentricity (e) = Mu/Pu 3) If e > t , then this section has high eccentricity and this method applies.

4) Calculate moment due to eccentric force (Mus = Pu x e ) 5) Use Ru charts and tables 6) Ru = Mus / ( b X d )

7) From the Ru table get 8) As = X b X t

9) Convert the As to number of Bars 10) all above calculations are done manually as well as on a spreadsheet.