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d UM qy d? bI Wb* duE vK U?O{Ud oOD d v W?OLKF
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X??F b??I?? d??B??F p w U??I?? W??dD sJ r? Ue??O?H? vK U??O??{Ud
W?IKF?* uKF w poitiques uKF w U?Lb? s t?O? U?O?{Ud
UO{Ud XI cJ U dUE jO U bb? ULNOU bOH* UO_ US
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305

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qO vK T UJ lD qJ v?K d u; Wu* WF_ UA? vK WOK dU
WdUE dLI W d jO vK U*
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U?F?A `? b?F v? u?* r?O?N s b vK qL? u?? vK Ue?O?H
dU W? bd U? bM Ue?O?H U?O{Ud 5? o d c?MO? bb?'
cJ U?NU?O{U w? WU* UO? W?O?IO?I?( W d?F* W?OUJ sLJ U? W?O?FO?
WU* U?O_ W? dF* W?O? U Ub? rOU?H* U? i d rU? u r?ON sU?
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d 5 d? wzd* wA U{ w ULN?O WMU WdU u?OLKD
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duE q w UNH w uC 5uI UB UOuueO uJ uC UeO
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W?N s Wd?? v dUE U?C? WOUJ v?K n u U?L? WN? s r?C
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306

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sJL* s WOzUe?OH UA? dU WdN?I W dK W?OJOUJO*
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qO?? vK u?CK w d??; e?O? d? d?U w Y? w U?* WU?I W?O? u?{u?
uK2 U?I j u? vK WU?F?U U?b?F Ud*U WU?F?U U?*
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W d; dJ s tU w WU rON s bM UK* rK WdJ
1

dO WOdF uKF Wuu dE


R. Rashed, Optique et Mathmatiques, Variorum reprints, Aldershot, 1992, articles II,
IV; Geometry and Dioptrics in Classical Islam, London, Al-Furqan, 2005.

307

w? w dUM?* rK d??? 5 s UJ?F rK p?O?????O????? U


Xd? w u?? XM b?I U?O?{Ud duD w u??? qJA XL?N?
U?J* h?OK b?M dH aU? UM d?F d?O_ W? uI?F
UO?OK u tbM c U?* bM uD n u q? bb' WO?U
UJ
5KUF iF bM b?OKI u 2 fOK u U? qCH dR? X bI
U??& w u?DI W??bM d?uD ??O?* q?? YU?? d???I cM UJ?F w
WOzu?C u) s u?U? R g b?I uOuK U? U& s nK?
nOu s nK? UOMM* cN eO2 U?H Ou cN uD WO?uDI UOMMLK
w Conon W??b?? b??N??A? p b??F WU???F*U symptoma d?_U? vDF*
bF b?L qd Dosithe d b?I bOKI? c Ub vK WbMJ
Ud* W?Ozu?C T UJ* lDI u? W? W?b* c U w uu? U?
cJ W?LN* c? tM dQ?? t dU?F? lU b T U?J lD qJ vK
bMN* b?$
d? fO? d?O? Hippodamos t?L? U??OJK
c ju fH w? uM Y? c UM t?O U? b?& U2 fOK u
w UU?A d? _ UNU?FUI U?I b W?OuDI U?OMM* W t?O X?U
s ld? U??J? W??U??? t??O?K b??N???A U??? c uu??? u?? Wb?MJ
qzU?* v bFMK t?OK b u_ XU? U0 d c wJ u?OuK Ud
qOb R? WU s U? D T UJ* lDI b uN? fOK u UN?'U w
X% U?L* X% U u? UN?O 5F? w t?b? WRC t?u W d?F*
vK Uu?L? d c?Q WR? WU?) h?H? r W? W?O?bM W? rUM
r bu? du c u uI U w t sO? T UJ* lDI u
lDI UIMU fOK u rd du nBM U?e d dz R bu T UJ
Pythion de Thasos

R. Rashed, Les Catoptriciens grecs. I: Les miroirs ardents, Collection des


Universits de France, Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2000.
2

308

lDI symptoma ? vK d?O qL?F tKO tR W d?F qC?H T UJ*


qOb R WU s U D T UJ*
d? UU?? w b?$ UM fOK u bM Y?? s uM c n u?
WLd w u?B) t vK b$ Bobbio nDI* w UL WO?UuOU WuH
vb hA nR? U* qO vK UM?b 5 bb WOUu UHR* W?OdF
v t?U? sJ1 t?O? WR? W?U?K T UJ* lDIK W? t?O? Dtrms
t?L d? h wd? uO?L U? U? dI w p b?F d h?
w U? WR?C t?u? T UJ* lDI? W v? t?Id? vK q u1b
U?N W?IdD u?OL? W? v bMJ w{Ud u?KO?H lU? d?I
Wd d uJ
nR? w? W?OJOUJ?O* U? U?H* s? u?O?L?? nR? w b?$ U??L?
35R W?U s U D h UM lDI W W?OLA W?F_ s bMJ
bb?% WU?) c s s?( vu? uM W? u? dG? oKD b?I
lDI? W?b? WKzU? WuD_ u???? lDI?L? h UM? lDIK W?U WdE? duD
W w vu? s s( bL?F 4wuD_ UI? ULF?U h UM lDI
a YO MF + MF = 2 a 5R? ndF vK d?_ l w h UM lDI
t?b U* UM UUd?B? w WCd?F uD) w c d?OJ u?; nB
lU dI nBM v uDI WdE v pOJ UJF rK
d?I? w q _ vK qO?? r??O?N s q?? u qN?? s ??F wQ
Ud* W v nO?CO qM uU? vL* UJ u?U tu w d?UF
W??O?d??F b???u U?? e??? d?? bMJ? u??C fJF? rK dUM?* rK b?? b?? 3
dO
(uvres philosophiques et scientifiques dal-Kind. Vol. I: LOptique et la Catoptrique
dal-Kind, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997).
R. Rashed, Les Mathmatiques infinitsimales du IX e au XIe sicle. Vol. I :
Fondateurs et commentateurs : Ban Ms, Thbit ibn Qurra, Ibn Sinn, al-Khzin,
al-Qh, Ibn al-Sam, Ibn Hd, London: al-Furqn, 1996
4

309

c ?MO? V? b?? W?OzUM Wb?; Wu??* Ub?F W? W? d?;


W? W?O?uDI U?OM?MLK W?Ozu?C u?K U?NKUJ W?B?B?? W? d?F? W?
t vK t? w tUL? t b U?OMM* cN dL?* rd dJ
wMM* s bu* `D s WD?I w UL* u* bb?% v uB)
nR u rON s bF b? UNFU W w u* c Wb v
lDI WU?? w qOb R? s U? ?D W? U?OMM?* W? qN? s
5e d* uDI WU w 5R WU s T UJ*
W U? s W?OzuC W?F_ WDu r? UF 5?( p v WQ?* XU
bOF VdI UJ UJF lM* UF U wMM* U WMOF
fH s WU? q?N s? s s d? W?F? b?F? UJ dJ
b?I tU?O?OK uDI WKzU? v wL?M d U?OMM vK d?B?I R?
WDI s W?FU WF? We? tOK d?JM c vMM* W? dF? d_ l w bd? U
UC w WMOF WDI v qB WMOF
U?? q??? W??R* Excerpta Mathematica w U??d?D U????? c U??
Wb ULN UJ uU? s UMJL UJ tO U X w
dUM UN?H ZOU_U WIKF* Ub s WKK nR* c w b?$ UbF
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c WOKOK U UMU WOO? d Ub c q WOzUNM UNzU sb
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uIU
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AB

Tannery

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UL? UN?Id WFU? tOK d?JM* B s WO W?F UM `O? YO


WOdF uKF Wuu dE 5

310

fJFU C WDIM s WO XU u
E

<i>
<r>

sJO C, B 5 nBM* N WDIM c lU r


NA = a, NB = b, CE + BE = 2a 2y, DA = x

d?OA b? d?O W?O U? w ULb? YO 5b? d?O 5?OL? y, x sJ
wJ wMM* j) nO?u WOH?OJ UF b? d_ wM?M* j) UI q v
u?Q? U?NM U? D u?B w F WDIM s Wb? g W?O?H?OJ c b?
BE j) p b??F u?? E WDI?M w wMM?* f9 w dzb r? e? d??L?

qO? vMF0 FG  HF BF Ud?C? CE v W??MU u FC Ud?C?


d j w tKO v WMU nA j w dJM* UFA
ED AB bb?? % wG?? M c? wMM?* s E WD?I UJ c???Q

S C bb9 d1 UF o E WDIM w BE wzuC UF?A dJM bd

311

uL EF S E WDIM w U? l{u wMMLK WU2 F,FE dzb XU


w u????I????? W EB FG, EC FH qu? wM?M* c v?K E w
UMb CEF W  U
sin i =

UJ W BEF= i

FG
, sin r = FH
FE
FE

wUU
FH sin r
=
FG sin i

BFE YK* w UMb

sin i sin BFE


=
BF
EB

CFE YK* w

sin r sin BFE


=
CF
EC

ZM
sin r EB.CF
=
sin i EC. BF

tM
FH EB CF
=
FG EC BF

P. k U?L? WuKD* W??O??M v R wMM* bb?? Z?NM c vI?

Tannery
dOF? UD UUL* WIdD WO?J WId UJ b XU u

312

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WUF* tb uJ , UF* UObU
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d V R? c s WU ZOU_ UA? v UJ qu nO
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sJL* s? U? U* U? ? t? U?N?L?d? W?Id vD b?? W?HK??? W? b
U?J rK w tU?? w wFO?D U?NUJ w W?b c lC r t?F? u
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VJ
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w wK U??L? O? d??? Wu??N? U??N? d? w??UD?? v dE? U?N? OK J?K W?U??
WbMN
fO b?I?F U vK? UL? s tI?? U? oK r c UI? c
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313

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c w U? p s o?L? d? U?? U/ U?I? c wK?9 w w d?F
WbMN s wU?? UJ w U?O??OK t? UJ lC? r U?_
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Uu?C U?OMM* c bu? bb? WdE w Wd?' U?OM?LK UO?bM
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bb? s M0 d_ o?KF U?bM oI? s j l?M1 r UJ p v n{
wMM* W??O? c* sd? d? cJ uU WKJA*
? tu? s
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y 3 - 2ay 2 - a 2y

a 3 = axy

+ 2

oI u?I UJ sJ ULOI? W?L q s uU WKJA* q u


WOU WuF U rUF? UJb R* lC U c tOUOOK q s qU2
WOU UFU tOUOOK .bI vH bIK
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uDI? u?? s w w? qI u?? u?D) c??N? U??L? F? ? ? b
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UJ rK UJF rK WdE
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wU U?J d w U?OOK l{ d? du V? u b UM
Wd' UNFO bb% b
WKJA* uK WOu?L d _ WOFJ U?OMM* uJ ULMO t rKF UMMJ
U c?J lOd W?HU?C U?OMM* v W?MU nK? d_ S? uU

314

qO vK wMO?U UOOK d?F* sL UOOK vK Ud?B


WUF* U*
(x2 + y2 )

a2 (y2 - x2) + a - b = 0,

l a, b
tO UA* oI? dH UM uU WKJA0 dF? Wb lOd WH?UC
t UOI d U UJ sJ tH UOOK s
w U bzUH WuN UU lCM W d UMR `B cJ
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UN UA? v U c ZNM W dF? R c s u' VKD tbM s
w q q
2

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> 0

td?UF? tF? c odD s U?O u?I UJ UJ


b?I?? u?; a Reynau _ LHpital Newton Huygens U?HK? U?d?
7

t??F??? c uK_ h? U??L??O?? W???OU?? U?????FU tK?OK% Huygens b??

b vK bF d h u U? U* UOOK uD) c U UJ
UH?Ou wDF r 136 l b w b? U dU? UM u wS? td?A r wLK
UdO WE tdI U fH s nK UJ qOK
UJ* A sJO

la Marquise du Chastellet

W?L?d w U? U?L? t??? U? rJO

rd c wMM* CDE p v W U{ sJO U?NFL& UJ B ULO' tM oKDM c


EG, EF

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D WDIM q?O?? U?bM DB, AD d?JM* u? W?F?_ vK E s UDI??? u?L?


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315

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w WQ?* d? J u?Ou?de? w U?d? X? cJ


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316

u + kv = a + kb

u - kv = a - kb

a+b=d

distance des ples


avec 0 < k < 1

u - kv = a - kb

u + kv = a + kb

a-b=d

distance des ples

W?O?U? W?F?dK W?IUD? v_ _ jI? 5O???OKS l? u w d?_ oK?F?


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U? UdD nB d? dz G e? d* s r 56  u* 78 rO?I??*
b?? w w 1 WDIM w 7 WDIM?U U* dzb dzb c? lDI R8 j)
b?????? b0 b?d U?? b?? U??IM c? s b??$ UMMJ?1 cJ ZO?K U??I
G, Ue d dz rd 78  Wu uD)
F

317

R
8

1
F

WDIM UOb UMF{ 5DI G, Uc cJ


F

u = G1 v = F1,
:
u = G1 = R6 = RA - A6 = RA - k A5= AG - k 5A

v = F1 = F5 = AF + A5

UMb

u + kv = AG + k AF

0 < k <

WU

5DI 5 W U* AG + AF = d _

UMR??? du??% v U?u??I W??bMN w UJ?b d??O??_ d??F c


uJF WId w tUOOK UA? v UJ U c qO q wzb
UM? 5 5L? c b d? suO U?d d? U?L U?UL*
tU

318

5 qB?H s M s g?H U u ?? w B, A 5DI U? 5F? cQ


q dJ?M YO B, A VOd?U UL?NO? lI W?O U?HA wH?K? 5 UH? 5D
UJ qO U?J uU W dF? dHM B A s WO WOzu?C WF_
k
AM vK m jI UMS M WDIM w uKD* wMMLK UU2 Mm U

We WU?? I u?I? W uJ YO? MB vK Q WDIM w P WDIM w


UMb MmQ We r UJ W MmP
A

P
i
m

M
r
C

Q
P

sin i = MP ,
Mm

sin r =

MQ
Mm

UJ uU `B
(1)

MP = k MQ

319

M UC jIM
MP 5 dGB w UOUM Mm u

U w qU/ UMMJ1 Bm vK Q w Am vK P w
mQ MQ 5 mP

III.36 bOK _ u_


PM Pm
=
AM AP

V UMb

QM Qm
=
QB BQ

k = sin i = PM = Pm AM BQ
sin r

QM

Qm AP QB

0 v Mm wNM UbM

AM
BQ
@ 1,
@1
AP
QB

sJ

W?FzU?? W?L? U??; s uM c?N U??O?I b?O? Q qJ UJ l? w U?


qJA 1 WU?F* `B d?GB w? WOUM* U?O{Ud? bOU?I w UL?F?
wdI
mP = kmQ

(2)

s WDIM WK?L?* m v M s qI?M U?bM AM be w mP


h UM w mQ ULMO? Ud d?O?F V adgalit U? u wMM*
z

=A

k BM

 dGB w wUM* d?OG 2 WUF* wMF BM  *


bF

WId s WU WU WOM c WU z p s UM qN


vN???M w UM W?U??F* W??OK{U??H? WU??F?? WKU?J s U??U??L* u?JF??
v? d?A?? sU? d?I UE? s b U? z =
320

VJ U?N?_ WU??

be? W?Md?? z U? W?U?F* c sL??C? vK U?d? d?{ 5??


WONM*
WUF* U(
AM + k BM = WU

UJ UO?OK s _ uM W?ODI We? UOb? w dF


b = a = AC

YO? AB = a

AC

S? B, A 5 C w AB r O??I?? * wM?M* v
+

k BC = a

kb

w 3 WUF* WU CB

AB = b - a fJF vK? UMbK A AB rO?I??* w?MM* v U?

ZOK WUF? S U( q w AB = a - b UMbK B UIK U


w
A

k BM = a

kb

d?B??? W?bF? r We YO? b( U?J WU? w kM


A Ue d dz `BO ZOK d AM =a v 4 WUF*
WN? s UL? A, B U?DIM UN?O u?J d u? v dEM V
w mQ mP wF?O U?J U?NKUI u? w

M w wMM* vK rUM

wUM* d?OG? 2 WU?F* wMF BM AM  U?? be WU?( c


tM bF z = AM - B  dGB w
k

AM - k BM = a - k b

WL U; V

321

W??IdD U d??NE u??K U?UM Ub?? U?L?? UJ d??


w wUM?K W?O?b? U??? vK qU? qJA W?OM?? w U?U?L* uJF?
WbMN w tM oI UMMJ1 UL UOb v ud b dGB
wU ZNM U UJ UOOK UF vK UOKOK% UdK UMMJ1
AB =

lC bUF U?NUOb WLEM x uL AB QAML A WDIM cQ

UMb y, x WOUJb UOb u* s WDI

M YO BM = AM =

r = x 2 + y2 , r = (x - d) + y2
2

tM
d 2 + r 2 - r2
x=
, y = r2 - x2
2a

M
r

We? UOb? w uKD* wMM* WU?F w f ( r, r ) = 0 XU


w WOUJb tUF S (, ) WODI
f ( x, y) = f

x 2 + y2 , ( x - d ) + y2 = 0
2

(5)

5 d* ULLK WOzd WNLK

322

df
= fy
dy

df
= - fx
dx

UODF UJ W uI W UO


sin i =

xfy - yfx
x 2 + y2

fx 2 + fy 2

sin r =

( x - d ) fy - yfx
( x - d )2 + y 2 fx 2 + fy 2

qJA vK VO' uU VJ

r xfy - yfx = kr ( x - d ) fy - yfx

U(
fx =

df dr df dr x df x - d df

=
+

dr dx dr dx r dr
r dr

fy =

yd

df dr df dr y df y df

=
+
dr dy dr dy r dr r dr

vK rOI WIUD* dOUF c bF 6 WUF* `B YO


dr
df
= k
dr
dr

d?O?G?* qL?F?? U?N?KUJ wC??I w? WO?ze?' WO?K{U?H? WU?F* w c


bb'
323

u=

1
( r + kr )
2

v=

1
( r - kr )
2

r = u + v

r =

u-v
k

YO

UMb uJO y(u, v) = f u + v, u - v U


k

dy df 1 df
=
+
du dr k dr

dy
du

=0

dy df 1 df
=
-

dv dr k dr

U l

W?ODI W?e? UOb?U

dy
=0
dv

+ U l 7 WUF* wMF cJ

f ( r, r ) = 0

uKD* wMM* WU?F `?B

- U WOU? WU( w u = WU + U _ WU( w tM y (u, v) = 0


5UF* dO b$ v = WU
+ k = WU = a + kb

k = WU = a kb

UJ UOOK wu U dF 5K
qJA UUF* UU cQ WOUJb UOb v Ub U
x 2 + y2 k ( x - d ) + y2 = c
2

324

((1 - k ) ( x
2

+ y 2 ) + 2 k 2 xd + c 2 - k 2 d 2

= 4c 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )

U?L sc?K 5Dd* 5??? d* Wdzb nU?C?? lOd? nU?C?? WU?F?


Ub UOMM
Excerpta Mathematica w W?U????F* c? UJ? jF? r
w U?? N? F? ? w dD? s nK??  W??Id?D wM?M* UJ w?DF W??bMN w
v u?F U? b?I nF?{ v UM b? U vK? WUF?* UO? u?F WbMN
rK s WQ? q U?O? w tOU?O?OK vK qB? bI? UJ vF? W?FO?
dJ d dGB w wUM u s U? D U/ UF*U UN dF r dUM*
Wd? UNCF U?OMM vK uBK YU pK?L UUL* uJF? WId w
d tOK qB c wMM* UM W?b l{u WU( w UU9 dF U t
sJL* s t v?K sd? U? rK q vK U??( d? v W?U? b
uU WQ* uK UOMM* c vK uB(
WK?? s UJ? Wu? w? Ub?$ w?U? u??' rb W???? UM
w t???B b??$ R?? u? _ R?? s W???U?? Debeaune u
U?N UMK? U WDO? W? F d?F* wbMN UJ* f1 u UuD?
U??A WKJA0 W?b? w? d?_ oKF?? nd?? Beaugrand bd? u
E AY nBM S wMM* W?L A sJ wU? u?M vK bd? u UN?G?OB U?L*
EA SE d??H WDI?M c w U??L* XM wMM* s M U?? WDI jI????
WKB W vK ME
bd u 5
YE AE
=
SA XA

UNU U sJ1 w
325

SE XE
=
SA XA

E A v WMU UI u UI d X S S cJ
UMb UL* X% U

XE = s EM = y AE = x SA = b lC

x 2 + bx
s=
x + 2b

(*)

w u v U?J V? s s U? D y U?? v WKJA* u??F


dd U w QA c
v
OL? pUOMM0 oKF U?LO w tK c WU?) Ud w b
u h?H? U?LMO?? b?O?L?_ T UJ* lDI lOd? vK tKC? wMKF? b?
bF jF r j w u; UCH sOF pS vDF UD

lU
UN?F{ w bUIK f UF? U WU uB UJU t b?I
oO?D s qN? U?N?I?O?D r U?C U?d? b?O? U?N?b??? w pK
UMd?? U?b?F U?NM ZM?? sJL* s t bb? U?? w wb?U?
326

x 5?OLJ

b? UN?O c?Q WUF0 U?NM d?F* WOM?M* uD) q vK oDM


U?d?I U?NK? UMd?* b? b? n d? 5 w? sb?F s d?? y
r u?? w U?NK U?N???? b? XM U* wU? wMM?* pD U?H X
? U?bM
8p UNU lOD wS UN kH
uKD* wMM* WU?F*
J UO?K UJ vD WKJA?LK
b? wJ
s UM d????I* U??L?* X% vK t????IUD? U?? U?L?* X% V??
vK WUNM w qB?O coefficients indtermins WMOF* d?O U?_ WIdD
WKJA?? vK t??O?u? o?DM tzd? `O?{u?? bz lD u wMM?* WU?F?
u
lC
s =

Ax m + Bx m -1 + + Mx + L
mAx m -1 + ( m - 1) Bx m - 2 + + M

* w
A=0

y = Ax m + Bx m -1 + + Mx + L

b = 1 l

Ax m +1 = mAx m +1

s = x +

B
A

= P(x)

l oUD r

vK qBM UM_ qO c

v R m = 1

Ax m
(
Ax m + Bx m -1 + + Mx + L
y=
s=
x+p
(mAx m -1

x2 + x
x+2

lCM
+ Bx + + Mx + L)( x + p)
+ + M )( x + p) - ( Ax + + L)
m -1

qJ?A s U?? F?  UM? UJ Ud??  w dE?M w U?? OM?M*

pc g? b UJ k hyperelliptiques vL? b d?O? P YO

yy

= P(x) qJA

s UF* UNKUJ U WOK{UH UF* iF wQ bF

327

vK qBM oUD
A = mA A

m = 2,

r s
y=

( Ax 2 + Bx + C)( x + p)
Ax 2 + Bx + C
,s=
.
x+p
(2 Ax + B)( x + p) ( Ax 2 + Bx + C)
vK qBM oUD

Ax 4 + (2 A + B + pA) x 3 + (2 Ap + 2 B + pB + C ) x 2 + (2 pB + pC + 2C ) x + 2 pC
Ax 4 + (2 Ap + A) x 3 + ( Bp + 2 Ap - C ) x 2 + ( Bp - C ) x .

UMb p = 1
y = A

B = 0 vK U(U qB

x2
x +1

WQ* q u

lOd? W?H?U?C? w?N? _ u wMM s UJ U?O??O?K nK?


s d v d t l wMM* wLM U?LMO Wd UN r bz lD u ULMO
t transcendante U?OK U??OMM vK u???% u U?N?d w? qzU?*
dUM* rK s U?u bze? lDI c UO?OKU UC U?NFL? U UM
UM Xd u WK?JA d?O??F ` w?MO bU? u bd? u b? R
rKF oK?F? d?_ U?N?O t??U? u UR?M w U?L?* bb?% s Y?
wMM? W?O?? OK U?OM?M* c q X d?? b?I? d?? W?N? s U??J
WF?* WIdD dNE d?O UNU?F0 fO ULLK eO2 W?U u
UUL* uJF UNH w UNK w
328

s U? D UOMM* vK u?B( t?MJ1 t WM q UJ u?B


UNUIM eOL* u) s fO Ubb% U?{
dH UOMM* cN UL* u
sJ r? d?_ p? c tu?? w U??U??L* uJ?F? W??I?d XU?? q
s b U UbM b? qJA uD 5 t d XU UNMJ pc
uuK UNM UMJL U t bI?F w nK l{u sJ UOOK
W?bMN w U??N?OK? rKJ rK? pc? d??_ U? s?J tU?O????OK v
vK u?B?K U?N??? w dD 5 s U?N?F?C r r  U?O??O?K ZU?F U?bM
UOMM*
U??bM W?O??K W?K?_ c u?D q u? b?? qN?? b? s U??
d?O???H? d W?L?? U?;U UM `L?? U? UMMJ1 t? aU?U d?_ o?KF?
vK u??B??( `O?? U?U??L* uJ?F? W??Id d??F UJ U?? wU??
WOU? u WKJA w tH u U?NKLF b?I UOKF UNM Wd?' UOMM*
w qA U?bM dU* W?IdD ULF? dI r wL?Uu s M v WR*
b dd? U w d?ONA t?U U q vK tMO? U c p
U?? ?OM?M* q?? ?I YO?? ? W???bM?N s W????IdD? c???M? W???F??? u? c wH?J
WObMN
v W??MU? Vu s U? U?NU? b?F d? V?? UM uJ b?
Ud? WIdD cN tOK qB? c wMM* U UL?O UOK dd?I UJ
wU?U? W?OK{U?H? U??F* WKUJ qzU? pK?9 VKD U? c d??? d?O?
W?? d?F?  v d?O? A w s U?? U?( qUJ? q{U?H?  5 jd W?? d?F? 
p v n{ bF u sd q s dJ w qzUu cN UJ
l qU?F? W? d?F* c v?K Y c qU?FU sJ r U?L?* X? t?IKF
qUF? s dO?J qI Ub W?OMI vK UB? U U? UL* X%
WIdD VKI eM UE s b U UL* qO l

329

UJ d?B X% U?U?L?* uJF? W?Id XF?{ b?I? U?B??


vK u?B? K t uU WQ??? U?d?H U??N?b?I w? pK s nK?? WKO?
wMM* U ULO UOK d?IO WOMI _ pK1 sJ r tMJ bb UOMM
UM W?Id?D c U?L?F?? t??UD?? w U? b?I d?? d?O? U?d?? "UM
l w sJ? r U?I?? cU u??I U??L? W??U? u??B fO s?J UM
t l pc UOMM* vK u?BK tbM w ZNM* c q?I ZNM* uKO
wU? tU? d? w UNK? bI? Wd? U?OMM w tU?O?OK rK vK U?
tLNH UM d b XU u vK

330

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