Bo him thng mi (C2.

1) ng bi admin vo ngy 12 thng 09 nm 2012 | 0 Bnh lun | 321 Lt xem Kinh doanh bo him l hot ng ca doanh nghip bo him nhm mc ch sinh li, theo doanh nghip bo him chp nhn ri ro ca ngi c bo him, trn c s bn mua bo him ng ph bo him doanh nghip bo him tr tin bo him cho ngi th hng hoc bi thng cho ngi c bo him khi xy ra s kin bo him 2.1. TNG QUAN V BO HIM THNG MI 2.1.1. Khi nim v bo him thng mi Bo him thng mi cn c gi l bo him kinh doanh Theo iu 3, chng 1, lut kinh doanh bo him Vit Nam nh ngha v kinh doanh bo him nh sau: "Kinh doanh bo him l hot ng ca doanh nghip bo him nhm mc ch sinh li, theo doanh nghip bo him chp nhn ri ro ca ngi c bo him, trn c s bn mua bo him ng ph bo him doanh nghip bo him tr tin bo him cho ngi th hng hoc bi thng cho ngi c bo him khi xy ra s kin bo him" Ta c th phn bit im khc nhau gia hot ng kinh doanh bo him v hot ng ca cc loi bo him phi li nhun nh sau: Hot ng ca cc loi bo him phi Kinh doanh bo him quan thc hin li nhun

C Cc doanh nghip bo him: C quan qun l nh nc nh c doanh nghip nh nc, cng quan bo him x hi, qu bo him ty c phn, doanh nghip t y t, t chc bo him tin gi Vit nhn... Nam Phi li nhun (qun l nh nc, n

ch

Mc Li nhun

nh cuc sng ca nhn dn, an ton x hi)

Nh vy, bo him thng mi l loi hnh bo him c thc hin, trin khai bi cc doanh nghip bo him trn th trng bo him nhm mc ch sinh li. Theo doanh nghip bo him chp nhn ri ro trn c s ngi mua bo him ng ph doanh nghip cam kt tr tin cho ngi th hng hoc bi thng cho ngi c bo him khi xy ra ri ro hoc s kin bo him tho thun trn hp ng bo him. Hot ng bo him thng mi Vit Nam tun theo cc quy nh ca lut kinh doanh bo him CHXHCN Vit Nam. 2.1.2. Lch s ra i v pht trin ca bo him thng mi Nhu cu an ton ca c nhn v t chc trong x hi l vnh cu, lc no con ngi cng tm cch bo v chnh bn thn v ti sn ca mnh trc nhng bt hnh ca s phn v nhng bin c bt ng xy ra trong sn xut kinh doanh. Ngay t thi c i xut hin nhng t chc gn ging vi bo him, chng hn, Khong nm 4500 trc Cng nguyn, nhng ngi th o Ai Cp lp ra cc qu tng h gip , chia s ri ro cho nhng ngi gp hon nn. Nhng ngi Trung Hoa c i, thi nh Chu vo khong nhng nm 500 trc Cng nguyn cng s dng k thut phn chia ri ro n gin bng cch t chc cc on thuyn vn chuyn hng ha v sc vt trn dng sng Dng T, trong hng ha ca mi ch hng c chia nh cho mi thuyn chuyn ch v nu chic no b chm th cc thng gia cng nhau gnh chu. Babylone, vo khong nm 1700 trc Cng nguyn v Athens (Hy Lp) khong nm 500 trc Cng nguyn xut hin quan h tn dng vi li sut rt cao trong lnh vc bun bn, vn chuyn hng ha trn bin v qua sa mc. iu c bit trong quan h tn dng ny l nu hng ha b tn tht th ngi cho vay phi chu ri ro mt vn v li. Ti Rme - Italia, h thng cho vay vi iu kin tng t cng ra i, li sut c th ln n 50%. Thc cht l mt s kt hp gia hot ng tn dng vi bo him v do c trng bng c ch li sut cao i i vi chp nhn ri ro nn c mnh danh l "cho vay mo him ln". Li sut cao c th hiu nh tin thn ca ph bo him. Hot ng cho vay mo him ln tn ti kh lu v ph bin trn nhiu khu vc trn th gii. Ti Rme - Italia, ko di n tn thi k Trung C - thi k thng tr ca Nh th Thin cha gio. "Cho vay mo him ln" b lm dng v vo nm 1234, Gio hong

Grgoire IX ra sc lnh nghim cm hot ng cho vay nng li. Vn t ra l cn phi tm ra mt phng thc bo m cho cc khon tn dng m ch nh bng cp cho nh bun (con n c ri ro cao) khi khng cn s bo m bng li sut "ct c". Trc s i hi , hnh thnh mt h thng bo m mi - bo him hng hi: cc nh bun chp nhn mt khon tin n nh trc, nhn c m bo gi tr tu thuyn v hng ha chuyn ch trong trng hp tn tht. Nhng tha thun bo him u tin c gn lin vi hot ng thng mi v vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin ra i vo khong gia th k 14. Bt tch ca bn hp ng bo him c xa nht m ngi ta tm thy c k kt ti Genoa, Italia nm 1347, v cng chnh ti Genoa, Italia nm 1424, cng ty bo him hng hi u tin ra i, nh du s pht trin ca ngnh bo him v s ra i ca hot ng kinh doanh bo him. C th c nhng bn hp ng c hn m ngi ta khng tm thy do chng b hy ngay sau khi con tu cp bn - ng ngha vi vic thc hin xong bo m. Sau bo him hng hi, tip n l s ra i ca cc loi bo him khc. Ti London, ngy 2 thng 9 nm 1666 ho hon xy ra v ko di trong nhiu ngy, thiu chy khong 13.200 nc nh, trong 87 nh th. Mc nghim trng ca thm ha khin cc nh chc trch thnh ph London m vn phng chy u tin vo nm 1667. Nm 1684, cng ty bo him chy u tin ra i, ly tn l Friendly Society Fire Office. Cng ty hot ng trn nguyn tc tng h vi h thng ph bo him c nh, ngi c bo him phi chu mt phn thit hi xy ra. Sau , nhiu cng ty bo him chy khc tip tc ra i nc Anh, nh l: Amicable (1696); Sun (1710); Union (1714); London (1714); Westminister (1717). Ti Php, Vn phng bo him ha hon mang tn "La Royal Incendie" do CLAVER thnh lp nm 1786 ti Paris. Hp ng bo him nhn th c xa nht c lu gi n ngy nay c k nm 1583 ti London v vo nm 1762, cng ty bo him nhn th u tin c tn l Equitable c thnh lp ti nc Anh. Hot ng kinh doanh bo him pht trin mnh m nht t cui th k XVII v n nay n tr thnh lnh vc kinh doanh c bit v ph bin tt c cc nn kinh t trn th gii.

2.1.3. Phn loi bo him thng mi C nhiu tiu thc khc nhau phn loi bo him thng mi, tu theo mc ch v ngha nghin cu. Hin nay, mt s tiu thc thng c s dng l: tnh cht php l, k thut bo him, i tng bo him, lut kinh doanh bo him v lch s ra i ca cc nghip v bo him 2.1.3.1. Cn c vo tnh cht php l Cn c vo tiu thc ny bo him thng mi c chia lm hai loi: bo him bt buc v bo him t nguyn. Bo him t nguyn L nhng loi bo him m hp ng c giao kt da hon ton trn s cn nhc v nhn thc ca bn mua bo him. y chnh l tnh cht vn c ca bo him thng mi khi n c vai tr nh l mt hot ng dch v cho sn xut v sinh hot ca con ngi. i b phn cc nghip v bo him thuc loi bo him t nguyn. Bo him bt buc Loi bo him ny c php lut p dng khi i tng cn mua bo him khng ch cn thit cho mt s t ngi m l yu cu ca ton x hi vi mc ch bo v li ch cho cng ng v an ton x hi. V d: bo him hnh khch, bo him trch nhim dn s ca ch xe c gii i vi ngi th ba....im ng lu l bt buc nhng khng lm mt i tnh t nguyn v bnh ng trong quan h hp ng khi cc bn c t nguyn la chn i tc v tho thun nhng vn khng phi tun theo quy nh thng nht ca php lut. Vit Nam hin nay c cc loi bo him bt buc sau: Theo quy nh ti khon 2, iu 8, chng I, lut kinh doanh bo him CHXHCN Vit Nam, bo him bt buc bao gm: a) Bo him trch nhim dn s ca ch xe c gii, bo him trch nhim dn s ca ngi vn chuyn hng khng i vi hnh khch; b) Bo him trch nhim ngh nghip i vi hot ng t vn php lut; c) Bo him trch nhim ngh nghip ca doanh nghip mi gii bo him; d) Bo him chy, n.

Theo lut hng hi CHXHCN Vit nam (chng XVI, iu 23 ), bt buc v bo him trch nhim dn s ca ch tu bin i vi tu bin chuyn dng vn chuyn du m, ch phm t du m hoc hng ho nguy him khc i vi nhim mi trng khi hot ng ti vng nc cc cng bin v khu vc hng hi khc ca Vit Nam. Trn th gii, cc loi bo him bt buc kh a dng ti mt s nc, v d: Php c n gn 100 loi bo him bt buc. Quan h th trng bo him cng pht trin th cc loi bo him bt buc dng nh cng phong ph hn. iu tn ti trong mt lnh vc kinh doanh c v ging nh mt nghch l, song nghch l vn c chp nhn v nhiu l do. L do c bn nht lin quan ti chc nng bo v trt t x hi ca cc Nh nc. Nhm bo v li ch cng cng, an ton chung, Nh nc buc phi s dng cng c lut php can thip vo vic bo him cho mt s i tng nu nh vn i tng c c bo him hay khng s can h n li ch ca nhiu thnh vin x hi, v d: trch nhim dn s ca ch xe c gii i vi ngi th ba. Thc t nhiu nc, s bt buc c p dng nhiu i vi loi bo him trch nhim dn s. Nhng ngh nghip nh l: t vn php lut, kim ton, mi gii chng khon, cung cp dch v y t, thit k xy dng...,vi yu cu chuyn mn cao v k nng phc tp nn vn tim n kh nng xy ra sai st, gy tn hi ln cho ngi s dng dch v. Trong trng hp ny, bo him bt buc l xut pht t mc ch bo m ngun ti chnh ngi cung cp dch v thc hin ngha v bi thng i vi khch hng nu chng may ri ro pht sinh Trn c s quy nh phn loi bo him bt buc hoc t nguyn, mi doanh nghip bo him c nhng bin php thch hp t chc h thng phn phi sn phm, khai thc dch v bo him. Tuyt nhin, cc doanh nghip bo him khng c li dng bng cch gii thch sai lch tnh cht bt buc trong giao kt hp ng bo him. Cn nhn mnh rng bo him bt buc khng trao bt k c quyn no cho doanh nghip bo him. Hiu qu kinh doanh ca doanh nghip bo him ch c th

c c bng vic hon thin sn phm bo him, cung cp dch v c cht lng cho khch hng ngay c khi l loi bo him bt buc. 2.1.3.2. Cn c vo k thut bo him Theo cch phn loi ny cc loi hnh bo him c chia lm hai loi: loi da trn k thut phn b v loi da trn k thut dn tch vn. Cc loi bo him da trn k thut phn b L cc loi bo him m bo cho cc ri ro c tnh cht n nh theo thi gian v thng c lp vi tui th con ngi. Hp ng loi ny thng l ngn hn (nh hn hoc bng mt nm). Nh vy, thi hn ca cc hp ng bo him c th s nm gn trong 1 nm ti chnh hoc ko di qua 2 nm ti chnh lin tip ca doanh nghip bo him. Ph bo him c np mt ln ton b khi giao kt hp ng bo him hoc c chia ra np trong vi ba k. K thut phn b i hi vic xc nh kt qu kinh doanh ca tng nm ti chnh vo thi im kho s nin k ton (31/12) phi tnh n cc d phng nghip v c trng ca k thut phn chia, l: d phng ph v d phng bi thng. - Vic trch lp d phng ph xut pht t s so lch gia thi hn ca cc hp ng bo him v nm ti chnh ca doanh nghip bo him. Hp ng bo him vn c k kt lin tc trong nhiu thi im trong nm. Khng t hp ng bo him c thi hn ko di sang nm ti chnh tip theo. V th khi kho s nin k ton, phi trch mt phn ph bo him thu li, nhm thc hin cam kt bi thng (hoc tr tin bo him) cho trng hp s kin bo him xy ra trong thi hn hiu lc cn li ca hp ng bo him. Vic trch lp d phng ph c minh ho trong s 2.1

S 2.1: Minh ho vic trch lp d phng ph bo him Ph thu ca cc hp ng bo him c thi hn khng trng vi nm ti chnh ca doanh nghip bo him ( ko di t 1/1 n 31/12 ) s c dnh li mt phn theo cho nm sau. Trng hp trong s trn, khon ph bo him thu c trong nm n phi li cho nm sau (nm n +1) l 1/2 ph bo him ( tr i chi ph k kt hp ng bo him) D phng bi thng. Thc t, v nhiu l do nn vn c nhng s kin bo him xy ra trong nm nhng cho n 31/12 (thi im kho s nin k ton nm ti chnh ca doanh nghip bo him) vn cha c gii quyt thanh ton bi thng (hoc tr tin bo him). C nhng nghip v bo him m trch nhim thanh ton bi thng vn cn eo ng doanh nghip bo him nhiu nm sau thi im kt thc thi hn bo him, nh l bo him trch nhim dn s, bo him cho ri ro bnh tt ... D phng bi thng c trch lp t ph bo him nhm thanh ton cho nhng v tn tht, khiu ni cn tn ng, c th l cc dng: tn tht xy ra cha c thng bo; tn tht c khai bo nhng cha xc nh c trch nhim bi thng. D phng nghip v c tnh cho tng nghip v bo him v nh vy, phn ph bo him phn b cho mt nm ti chnh s bng ph bo him thu c trong nm ca nghip v xc nh cng hon nhp d phng nghip v u k (s trch lp d

phng cui k ca nm ti chnh trc) tr i s trch lp d phng cui k ca nm. Cc loi bo him da trn k thut dn tch vn L cc loi bo him m bo cho cc ri ro c tnh cht thay i theo thi gian v i tng, thng gn lin vi tui th ca con ngi (nn gi l bo him nhn th). Cc hp ng loi ny thng l trung v di hn (5nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, trn i...) Cng da trn k thut, c th phn loi bo him theo cch thc tr tin, theo cc loi hnh bo him c chia lm hai loi - Cc loi bo him c tin tr theo nguyn tc bi thng: theo nguyn tc ny, s tin m ngi bo him tr cho ngi c bo him hoc ngi c hng quyn li bo him khng bao gi ln hn gi tr thit hi thc t m h phi gnh chu. Cc loi bo him ny gm c: bo him ti sn v bo him trch nhim dn s (gi chung l bo him thit hi) - Cc loi bo him c tin bo him tr theo nguyn tc khon: ngi c bo him hoc ngi c hng quyn li bo him s c nhn s tin khon theo ng mc m h tho thun trc trn hp ng bo him vi ngi bo him tu thuc v ph hp vi nhu cu cng nh kh nng ng ph. y chnh l cc loi bo him nhn th v mt s trng hp ca bo him tai nn, bnh tt. 2.1.3.3. Cn c vo i tng bo him Theo tiu thc ny, cc loi bo him c xp vo 3 nhm: bo him ti sn, bo him trch nhim dn s v bo him con ngi. Bo him ti sn Bao gm nhng nghip v bo him c i tng bo him l cc ti sn v nhng li ch lin quan. Sau y l nhng loi bo him ti sn thng dng nht:

Bo him hng ho xut nhp khu; bo him hng ho vn chuyn trong nc Bo him thn tu bin; bo him thn tu, thuyn khc Bo him thn my bay v bo him tn tht h qu Bo him thit hi vt cht xe c gii

Bo him cng trnh xy dng, lp t Bo him chy v cc ri ro c bit Bo him my mc thit b; bo him my mc thit b in t Bo him gin on kinh doanh Bo him vt nui, cy trng Bo him tn dng xut khu Bo him tin; bo him trm cp Bo him cng trnh ngoi khi, gin khoan, ng ng...trong thm d v khai thc du kh

Bo him trch nhim dn s Bao gm nhng nghip v bo him c i tng bo him l trch nhim bi thng ca ngi c bo him pht sinh theo quy nh v trch nhim dn s ca php lut. Ph bin nht l nhng loi bo him trch nhim dn s sau:

Bo him trch nhim dn s ca ch tu bin; bo him trch nhim dn s ca ch tu, thuyn khc Bo him trch nhim dn s ca ngi vn chuyn hng khng; bo him trch nhim dn s ca ngi khai thc my bay Bo him trch nhim dn s ca ch xe c gii Bo him trch nhim ca ch s dng lao ng Bo him trch nhim sn phm Bo him trch nhim i vi ngi th ba trong xy dng, lp dt Bo him trch nhim ngh nghip trong hot ng t vn u t, xy dng Bo him trch nhim dn s ca ch vt nui Bo him trch nhim ngh nghip i vi mt s ngh nghip c bit nh l: mi gii bo him; mi gii chng khon; t vn php lut; t vn ti chnh, kim ton; ngh y...

Bo him con ngi

Bao gm nhng nghip v bo him c i tng bo him l tnh mng, sc kho, kh nng lao ng v tui th con ngi. Bo him con ngi c chia thnh bo him nhn th v bo him con ngi phi nhn th. Bo him nhn th c cc loi c bn sau:

Bo him cho s kin t vong ca ngi c bo him Bo him cho s kin cn sng ca ngi c bo him Bo him nhn th hn hp Bo him nhn th lin kt u t Bo him tai nn (tai nn c nhn; tai nn hnh khch; tai nn thuyn vin; tai nn li xe, ph xe v ngi ngi trn xe c gii; tai nn nhn vin t bay; tai nn ngi i du lch; tai nn thn th hc sinh...)

Bo him con ngi phi nhn th c cc dng chnh sau:

Bo him sc kho ( bo him cho ri ro bnh tt, m au) Bo him sinh mng Bo him kt hp (bo him cho nhiu loi ri ro: tai nn, bnh tt, t vong trong mt hp ng bo him)

Phn loi theo i tng bo him c s dng rng ri v rt c ngha thc tin. Mi loi i tng bo him c nhng c tnh ring v v th cn c nhng nguyn tc, phng php, bin php tng thch trong k thut nghip v bo him 2.1.3.4. Cn c theo lut kinh doanh bo him Theo iu 7, chng I, lut kinh doanh bo him CHXHCN Vit Nam, bo him thng mi c chia lm hai loi: bo him nhn th v bo him phi nhn th Bo him nhn th bao gm: a) Bo him trn i; b) Bo him sinh k; c) Bo him t k; d) Bo him hn hp; ) Bo him tr tin nh k;

e) Cc nghip v bo him nhn th khc do Chnh ph quy nh (bo him lin kt u t...). Bo him phi nhn th bao gm: a) Bo him sc kho v bo him tai nn con ngi; b) Bo him ti sn v bo him thit hi; c) Bo him hng ho vn chuyn ng b, ng bin, ng sng, ng st v ng khng; d) Bo him hng khng; ) Bo him xe c gii; e) Bo him chy, n; g) Bo him thn tu v trch nhim dn s ca ch tu; h) Bo him trch nhim chung; i) Bo him tn dng v ri ro ti chnh; k) Bo him thit hi kinh doanh; l) Bo him nng nghip; m) Cc nghip v bo him phi nhn th khc do Chnh ph quy nh. 2.1.3.5. Cn c vo lch s ra i ca cc nghip v bo him Trong thc t, c th phn loi bo him thng mi qun l theo c s lch s ra i ca cc nghip v bo him. V d: bo him hng hi c coi l ra i sm nht v l nghip v bo him truyn thng ca cc cng ty bo him. V vy thi k u, cc cng ty bo him thng phn loi bo him thng mi thnh bo him hng hi (bo him hng ho xut nhp khu, bo him thn tu v hi bo him P&I-hi bo tr v bi thng) v bo him phi hng hi (tt c cc nghip v cn li). Sau ny, vi s pht trin ca bo him thng mi, nhiu nghip v bo him mi ra i nh bo him chy, bo him con ngi, bo him xy dng....v c bit l s ra i ca bo him nhn th vi k thut bo him ring, bo him thng mi c chia thnh hai nhm ln: bo him nhn th v bo him phi nhn th. Hin nay c nhng cng ty chuyn kinh doanh bo him nhn th hoc phi nhn th hoc nu kinh doanh c hai loi hnh th phi t chc hch ton ring bit.

2.1.4. Cc nguyn tc hot ng ca bo him thng mi 2.1.4.1. Nguyn tc s ng V bn cht, hot ng bo him thng mi l nhn mt khon tin m ngi ta gi l ph bo him ri c kh nng s phi tr cho bn ng gp khon tin ph mt s tin (bi thng, chi tr) ln hn gp nhiu ln. lm c iu ny hot ng bo him thng mi phi da trn nguyn tc s ng. y l nguyn tc xuyn sut, khng th thiu c trong bt k mt nghip bo him thng mi no, theo hu qu ca ri ro xy ra i vi mt hoc mt s t ngi s c b p bi s tin gom c t rt nhiu ngi c cng kh nng gp ri ro nh nhau. Thng qua vic huy ng s ph cn thit gii quyt chi bi thng cho cc tn tht c th xy ra trong cng ng nhng ngi tham gia bo him, ngi bo him thc hin vic b tr ri ro theo quy lut thng k s ln. Nguyn tc s ng b s t cho bit rng cng nhiu ngi tham gia bo him th qu bo him tch t cng ln v vic chi tr tr nn d dng hn, ri ro c chia s cho nhiu ngi hn. Thng thng, mt nghip v bo him ch c th trin khai c khi c nhiu nhu cu v cng mt loi bo m . 2.1.4.2. Nguyn tc la chn ri ro Hot ng bo him thng mi cung cp cc dch v bo him cho nhng c nhn v t chc c nhu cu. Tuy nhin, khng phi trong mi trng hp, ngi bo him u chp nhn cc yu cu bo m. Him c nh kinh doanh bo him no li di dt ha s bi thng cho ng ch mt ngi nh trong trng hp c chy xy ra khi ngi nh cha y ho cht, khng h trang b phng chy cha chy, v nm ngay cnh mt xng rn. Nguyn tc la chn ri ro l mt nguyn tc khng th thiu c trong kinh doanh bo him. Theo nguyn tc ny, cc ri ro xy ra, chc chn hoc gn nh chc chn s xy ra th s b t chi bo him. V d: hao mn t nhin ca vt cht, xe vi phm lut giao thng...Ni cch khc, nhng ri ro c th c bo him phi l nhng ri ro bt ng, khng lng trc c bo m cho nguyn tc ny, trong n bo him lun c cc loi ri ro loi tr tu thuc vo tng nghip v bo him khc nhau; cn vi cc loi ri ro c bo him li

c xem xt phn loi, xp xp theo tng mc khc nhau (nu cn thit) v p dng cc mc ph thch hp. i vi ri ro c xc sut xy ra ln hn th mc ph phi np ln hn. Chng hn, cng l ngi mt tui tham gia bo him nhn th nhng nhng ngi b bnh tim phi ng mc ph khc vi nhng ngi kho mnh bnh thng. Chnh v vy, mt yu cu i vi ngi tham gia bo him l phi trung thc tuyt i khi khai bo ri ro bn bo him c th xc nh c chnh xc rng ri ro c th chp nhn bo him hay khng, nu c th vi mc ph nh th no Nguyn tc la chn ri ro nhm trnh cho ngi bo him phi bi thng cho nhng tn tht thy trc m nhiu trng hp nh vy chc chn s dn n ph sn, ng thi cng gip cho cc cng ty bo him c th tnh c cc mc ph chnh xc, lp nn c mt qu bo him y m bo cho cng tc bi thng. Khng ch m bo cho quyn li ca pha ngi bo him m ngay chnh nhng ngi tham gia bo him cng thy cng bng hn trong trng hp c nhng ri ro khng thun nht (xc sut khng bng nhau) khi nguyn tc ny c p dng. 2.1.4.3. Nguyn tc trung thc tuyt i Nguyn tc ny c th hin ngay t khi ngi bo him nghin cu son tho mt hp ng bo him n khi pht hnh khai thc bo him v thc hin giao dch kinh doanh vi khch hng (ngi tham gia bo him) Trc ht, nguyn tc trung thc tuyt i i hi ngi bo him phi c trch nhim cn nhc cc iu khon son tho hp ng bo m cho quyn li ca hai bn. Sn phm cung cp ca nh bo him l sn phm dch v nn khi mua ngi tham gia bo him khng th nm n trong tay nh cc sn phm vt cht khc nh gi cht lng v gi c...m ch c th c mt hp ng ha s m bo. Cht lng ca sn phm bo him c bo m hay khng, gi c (ph bo him) c hp l hay khng, quyn li ca ngi c bo him c c m bo y , cng bng hay khng...u ch yu da vo s trung thc ca pha bn bo him. ng thi, nguyn tc ny cng t ra mt yu cu vi ngi tham gia bo him l phi khai bo ri ro mt cch trung thc khi tham gia bo him gip cho ngi bo him xc nh mc ph ph hp vi ri ro m h m nhn. Thm vo , cc hnh vi gian ln

nhm trc li bo him khi thng bo, khai bo cc thit hi i bi thng (khai bo ln hn thit hi thc t, sa cha ngy thng ca hp ng bo him...) s b x l theo php lut. 2.1.4.4. Nguyn tc phn chia, phn tn ri ro Phn tn ri ro V d: Ngi bo him khng th m bo cho tt c cc nng dn trong cng mt vng chng ri ro l lt, khng th khai thc bo him chy cho mt s lng ln i tng bo him c v tr tp trung ti mt thnh ph ng c no ... chnh l hot ng phn tn ri ro ca doanh nghip bo him. Phn tn ri ro c th hin hai mt: khng gian v thi gian, mt khc, s phn tn cn c l phn tn v mt gi tr. S phn tn v khng gian cho php doanh nghip bo him thc hin c vic b tr ri ro gia vng b tn tht vi nhng vng khc. a dng ho sn phm bo him - mt gii php chin lc m doanh nghip bo him vn quan tm hng u mt phn cng v mc tiu phn tn ri ro. Phn chia ri ro L ngi nhn ri ro c chuyn t ngi tham gia bo him, nh bo him lc ny s l ngi phi i mt vi nhng tn tht ln nu ri ro xy ra. Mc d qu bo him l mt qu ti chnh ln, c lp ra bi s ng gp ca nhiu ngi theo nguyn tc s ng v nh vy, vi t cch l ngi huy ng v qun l qu, cc cng ty bo him c kh nng thc hin cc nhim v chi tr bo him. Nhng trn thc t, khng phi lc no cng ty bo him cng lun m bo c kh nng ny. iu ny c th thy r nht vi nhng trng hp qu bo him huy ng c cn cha nhiu (cng ty bo him mi thnh lp hoc cng ty bo him c quy m nh) trong khi gi tr bo him li rt ln hoc nhng trng hp c ri ro lin tip xy ra gy tn tht ln. Mt kinh nghim ca cc nh kinh doanh bo him thng mi l khng nhn nhng i tng bo him c gi tr qu ln, vt qu kh nng ti chnh ca cng ty nu ri ro tn tht xy ra. Tuy nhin, trnh c iu ti k l phi t chi hp bo him ng thi vn m bo c hot ng kinh doanh, cc cng ty bo him

thc hin nguyn tc phn chia ri ro. C hai phng thc phn chia ri ro l ng bo him v ti bo him. a) ng bo him ng bo him l s phn chia theo t l i vi cng mt ri ro gia nhiu ngi bo him vi nhau theo s 2.2.

S 2.2: Mi quan h trong ng bo him Nh vy mi nh bo him ch chp nhn mt phn trm no ca ri ro, i li cng ch nhn mt t l tng ng v ph v cng phi chi tr mt t l bi thng nh th. T l phn trm ri ro c chp nhn bi mi nh ng bo him tu thuc vo cc c im c xc nh trc. N b chi phi bi kh nng ti chnh ca mi ngi ng bo him. V th mi ngi ng bo him phi xc nh cho mnh mt "mc chp nhn" hay cn gi l "mc k kt". Mc chp nhn l s tin ti a m mt nh bo him c th chp nhn m bo i vi mt ri ro nht nh. V mt php l, ngi tham gia bo him phi bit tt c cc nh ng bo him. Khi c tn tht xy ra, anh ta phi thc hin vic khiu ni i bi thng i vi mi ngi bo him ni trn. mi ngi bo him ch chu trch nhim cho phn ca mnh v khng phi chu trch nhim cho nhau. Nh vy, ng bo him c th coi l mt ri ro c bo him bi nhiu hp ng di gi tr.

Tuy nhin, trn thc t, nu ng bo him c th hin bng hng lot hp ng ring l th rt bt li cho ngi c bo him. Do , ch c mt hp ng duy nht c thit lp mang tn tt c cc nh ng bo him v cc phn ri ro m h chp nhn m bo. Bn hp ng ny s do mt trong cc nh ng bo him ng ra i din, qun l trong mi quan h vi khch hng. Ngi ny c gi l ngi bo him ch tr hay t chc ch tr. V d: Mt cng trnh xy dng c bo him c gi tr 2.000.000 USD. C 3 t chc tham gia ng bo him. Kh nng ca cc t chc nh sau: - T chc A ch tr c mc nhn ti a l 1.000.000 USD - T chc B c mc nhn ti a l 800.000 USD - T chc C c mc nhn ti a l 200.000 USD Ph bo him (ph gp hay ph thng mi) l 8.000 USD. Yu cu: Hy phn chia ph bo him v bi thng tn tht gia cc t chc A, B, C trong 2 trng hp sau: i) Xy ra s c tn tht b phn = 25% gi tr bo him . ii) Xy ra tn tht ton b 100% gi tr bo him b) Ti bo him Ti bo him l mt nghip v qua mt t chc bo him chuyn cho mt t chc bo him khc mt phn ri ro m anh ta chp nhn m bo trn c s nhng li cho ngi mt phn ph bo him. Hay ni mt cch chung v d hiu nht l: "ti bo him l bo him li cho nh bo him" Hp ng bo him gia ngi c bo him vi ngi bo him trc tip c gi l hp ng bo him gc. Hp ng bo him gia ngi bo him chuyn nhng dch v bo him vi nhng ngi bo him khc gi l hp ng ti bo him. Ngi bo him trong hp ng bo him gc tr thnh ngi nhng ti bo him, ngi bo him nhn li mt phn ri ro ca ngi nhng ti bo him gi l ngi nhn ti bo him. Ngi nhn ti bo him c th l mt doanh nghip bo him c php kinh doanh c bo him gc ln ti bo him hoc l doanh

ngip chuyn kinh doanh ti bo him. Sau khi nhn ti bo him, ngi nhn ti c th nhng ti bo him cho nhng ngi nhn ti bo him khc, hot ng nhng ti c th tip tc nhiu ln (Retrocession) vi s lin kt ca cc doanh nghip bo him trn phm vi quc t. Tng Cng ty C phn Ti bo him Quc gia Vit Nam - Vinare l doanh nghip chuyn kinh doanh ti bo him. Mi quan h trong ti bo him th hin trong s 2.3.

S 2.3: Mi quan h trong ti bo him V d: T chc bo him X trong nm nghip v pht sinh cc hp ng gc vi s tin bo him, ph bo him gc v thit hi phi bi thng nh sau: Hp gc 1 ng S tin bo him Ph bo him gc Thit (USD) 15.000 (USD) 8.000.000 hi

(USD) 10.000.000

2 3

7.000.000 8.000.000

10.500 12.000

4.000.000

Phn chia trch nhim s tin bo him, phn chia ph bo him v s tin bi thng s tun theo cc t l 35% v 65% tho thun trong hp ng ti bo him. Yu cu:Phn chia trch nhim v s tin bo him, ph bo him v s tin bi thng gia ngi nhng ti v ngi nhn ti trong trng hp trn. V phng din php l, trong ti bo him, ngi c bo him ch cn bit nh bo him gc ban u v l ngi duy nht chu trch nhim m bo ri ro ca mnh ch ngi c bo him khng cn bit n ngi nhn ti bo him. Trong thi k u, cc hp ng ti bo him thng k kt di dng tm thi (facultative) cho tng dch v n l. Sau ny, bn cnh hp ng ti bo him t nguyn xut hin hp ng ti bo him m (open cover) v rt ph bin l hp ng ti bo him c nh (treaty). Vi nhiu phng php ti bo him, nhiu dng hp ng ti bo him, hot ng ti bo him to nn s gn kt v ph thuc ln nhau gia cc th trng bo him cc quc gia trn th gii v phm vi chuyn giao ri ro tr thnh khng bin gii cho mc tiu phn chia ri ro ca doanh nghip bo him. Vic s dng ng bo him hay ti bo him l tu thuc phn ln vo cc c tnh ca ri ro, i tng bo him v khng t cc trng hp kt hp c ng bo him , ti bo him , ng- ti bo him s l phng n ti u cho vic chuyn giao ri ro. S 2.4 minh ho khi qut s kt hp :

S 2.4: S kt hp trong ng - ti bo him C mt nghch l l: ngh bo him bn s an ton v v th li tim n khng t ri ro nguy him. Cc phng php phn chia, phn tn ri ro l s c th ha phng chm "khng mi qu trng vo trong mt gi" m ngi bo him cn phi s dng gim thiu hu qu bt li ca nhng ri ro c th trong lnh vc kinh doanh bo him. Ngoi cc nguyn tc c bn trn, mi loi hnh bo him thng mi s c thm cc nguyn tc khc ph hp vi c im ca tng loi. V d trong bo him ti sn c nguyn tc bi thng nhng trong bo him con ngi li c nguyn tc khon.