Mc lc

ChngI: Gii thiu tng quan 1. L do chn d ti..3 2. Mc Tiu...3 3. i tng nghin cu..4 4. Phm vi nghin cu.....4 5. Mi trng thc hin..4 6. Gii thiu v Java v cng ngh J2ME ....5 Gii thiu v Java................5 Gii thiu v J2ME v lp trnh J2ME.....6 6.1. Ti sao chn J2ME.7 6.2. Kin trc ca J2ME.. 8 6.3. Pht trin ng dng..11 6.4. Kim tra li v chy th...11 6.5. ng gi ng dng.............. 12 6.6. Trin khai ng dng vi tp tin JAR 12 6.7. Tp tin manifest.mf v tp tin JAD....12 6.8. Ti u m v gim kch thc ng dng...13 6.9. Nhng kh khn...14 Chng II: Lp trnh vi J2ME...16 1. MIDlet v i tng Display....16 1.1 MIDlet Vng i ca mt MIDlet...16 1.2 i tng Display19 1.3 i tng Displayable.....19 2. Giao din ngi dng cp cao.20
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2.1 i tng Display, Displayable v Screen....20 2.2 Thnh phn Form v Items....21 2.3 Thnh phn List, Textbox, Alert, v Ticker.................33 3. Giao din ngi dng cp thp...39 3.1 Cc hm API mc thp...39 3.2 Lp Canvas v k thut x l ha....39 3.3 Lp Graphics...49 Chng III: H thng qun l bn ghi64 1. Lu tr c nh thng qua RecordStore....64 2. Cc vn vi RMS.....67 3. Cc hm API ca RMS....68 4. Sp xp bn ghi vi RecordComparator...73 5. Tm kim bn ghi vi RecordFilter....83 6. Nhn bit thay i vi RecordListener..88 Chng IV: Khung kt ni chung93 1. Cy phn cp Connection....93 2. Kt ni HTTP...95 3. Client Request v Server Response.......100 Chng V: Tng kt....104 Ti liu tham kho ...105

CHNG I: GII THIU TNG QUAN

1. L do chn ti
Cng ngh thng tin ngy nay c vai tr rt quan trng trong cuc sng hng ngy ca chng ta. Hin nay c rt nhiu cng ngh mi pht trin song song vi vic pht trin cng ngh thng tin nh Bluetooth, Wireless, WAP, SOAP, nhm gip cng ngh thng tin ngy cng thn thit vi ngi dng hn. Mt trong nhng cng ngh gp phn khng nh trong vic kt ni con ngi vi thng tin cng nh con ngi vi con ngi l cng ngh di ng.Vi tc pht trin hin nay v nhng li ch to ln ca cng ngh di ng, c th thy n c nh hng rt ln n cuc sng ca con ngi. Khng ging nh trc y nhng chic in thoi ch c chc nng rt n gin l m thoi, in thoi hin nay cn c thm rt nhiu chc nng, ng dng khc nh: email, truy cp Internet, video, nghe nhc, chi game, ng thi vi n l s pht trin v bo ca cc dch v gia tng trn in thoi di ng da trn cng ngh WAP v SOAP. Em chn ti l Lp trnh thit b di ng trn J2ME v vit mt s ng dng n gin nhm khai thc cc tnh nng ca cc thit b di ng m ch yu l in thoi di ng. Qua em s c gng nm bt v ng dng c tt cc k thut lp trnh trn thit b di ng.

2. Mc tiu
Khi thc hin ti ny, mc tiu m em mong mun t c l: Hiu chi tit v J2ME v ng dng ca n lp trnh trn cc thit b di ng. Nm c cc k thut x l form, m thanh, hnh nh, v lu tr trn in thoi di ng ng dng cc kt qu t c xy dng chng trnh n gin, c cc tin ch phc v nhu cu ca ngi s dng in thoi di ng p dng thnh cng trn mt s dng my in thoi di ng h tr Java ca cc hng nh Nokia, Sony, Samsung,
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3. i tng nghin cu Hiu chi tit v J2ME v ng dng ca n lp trnh trn cc thit b di ng. Nm c cc k thut x l m thanh, hnh nh, v lu tr d liu trn thit b di ng ng dng cc kt qu c c xy dng mt ng dng thc tin trn thit b di ng Tm hiu cc cng ngh nng cao trn in thoi di ng nh Bluetooth, WAP, SOAP. Tm hiu v nguyn l hot ng ca cc dch v gia tng trn in thoi di ng. Nu cn thi gian, tm hiu v tng lp trnh phn tn trn thit b di ng y l mt tng mi hu nh cha c p dng cho thit b di ng.

4. Phm vi nghin cu
Nghin cu chi tit v cng ngh J2ME v cc k thut lp trnh trn in thoi di ng. ng dng cc kt qu nghin cu c xy dng mt ng dng trin khai trn in thoi di ng. V thi gian c hn cng nh kh nng tm hiu cn nhiu hn ch nn em ch trnh by cc k thut lp trnh trn mt s dng in thoi ph bin ca cc hng ln nh Nokia, Samsung, Sony Ericssion. Em s c gng khai thc cc th mnh v form, m thanh, hnh nh m cc nh sn xut cung cp trn in thoi di ng ca h. Do khng c thit b nghin cu nn em ch c th trnh by nhng k thut lp trnh trn in thoi di ng v cc thit b di ng khc ni chung. Do trong ti ny, cm t thit b di ng c hiu theo ngha l in thoi di ng.

5. Mi trng thc hin

H iu hnh Windows XP IDE: NetBeans 5.5, NetBeans Mobility Pack 5.5.1 ( i km c WTK 2.5) JDK 1.6.02 Sun Wireless Toolkit 2.2
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6. Gii thiu v Java v cng ngh J2ME

Gii thiu v Java Java l mt cng ngh c hng Sun Microsystems xy dng t cui nm 1990 vi ci tn Oak v hin nay ang pht trin vt bc vi s ng gp ca hng vn lp trnh vin trn th gii. Ban u, Oak c k s James Gosling v cc cng s xy dng vi mc ch lp trnh cho cc mt hng in dn dng vi mc tiu nh gn v tng thch c vi nhiu loi thit b phn cng khc nhau. Sau Oak c s dng trong nhiu d n nh d n Xanh (Blue Project), d n Phim theo yu cu (Video on demand Project). Sau mt chuyn du lch ti o Java ca Indonesia, nhm pht trin Oak i tn Oak thnh Java. Java m tin thn l Oak c xy dng ch yu da trn b cng c pht trin (Java Development Kit - JDK) nh l b th vin chun trong cha trnh bin dch, trnh thng dch, trnh ng gi, ti liu, y chnh l nn tng cho vic pht trin cc ng dng Java. Hin nay, cng ng Java trn th gii m i u l hng Sun Microsystems xy dng nhiu nhnh mi cho Java nh: JavaMail (th in t), Java TAPI (vin thng), Java3D ( ha 3 chiu), J2ME (ng dng cho thit b di ng), Hin nay Java c cc phin bn sau: J2SETM (Java 2 Platform, Standart Edition): Phin bn chun gm b cng c thng dng dng chy trn cc my PC hoc cc mng my tnh nh. J2EETM (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition): Phin bn dnh cho cc my ch vi b nh ln. Bao gm cc kin trc nng cao nh Web, EJB, Transaction, dng xy dng cc ng dng c quy m ln

J2METM (Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition): Bao gm mi trng v th vin Java dng pht trin cc ng dng trn cc thit b c b nh nh nh in thoi di ng, PDA, cc gia dng, Gii thiu v J2ME v lp trnh cho thit b di ng J2ME c pht trin t kin trc JavaCard, EmbededJava v PersonalJava ca phin bn Java 1.1. n d ra i ca phin bn Java 2 th Sun quyt nh thay th PersonalJava bng mt phin bn mi c tn Java 2 Micro Edition, vit tt l J2ME. J2ME c s dng cho cc thit b nh gn vi dung lng b nh b v kh nng x l thp. Mc tiu ca Java l cho php ngi lp trnh vit cc ng dng c lp vi thit b di ng, khng cn quan tm n phn cng tht s. lm c nh th, J2ME c xy dng bng cc tng khc nhau che giu i vic tng tc trc tip vi phn cng ca thit b. Cc tng cu J2ME c xy dng trn CLDC (Connected Limited Device Configuration):

Tng di cng l tng Phn cng thit b - y l tng vt l bao gm phn cng ca thit b di ng. Cc tng bn trn tng Phn cng thit b l cc tng tru tng, chng cung cp cho lp trnh vin nhiu giao din lp trnh thn thin v d dng hn m khng cn quan tm n phn cng. Ni cc khc chng ng vai tr trung gian gip cho lp trnh vin tng tc c vi phn

cng m khng cn quan tm n cc chi tit thc s ca phn cng ca thit b. Tng Phn cng thit b (Device Hardware Layer): y l thit b di ng tht s vi b nh v tc x l c th. Cc thit b di ng khc nhau c th c b vi x l v cc tp lnh rt khc nhau. Mc tiu ca J2ME l cung cp cho lp trnh vin kh nng giao tip ging nhau vi tt c cc loi thit b di ng khc nhau. Tng my o Java (Java Virtual Machine Layer): y l tng ng vai tr thng ngn gia chng trnh v thit b. N s thng dch cc m bytecode (m c c sau khi bin dch m ngun chng trnh) thnh m my ca cc thit b di ng. Tng ny bao gm KVM (K Virtual Machine) l b bin dch m bytecode thnh m my. N cung cp mt s chun ha cho cc thit b di ng ng dng J2ME sau khi bin dch c th chy c trn bt k thit b di ng no h tr KVM. Tng cu hnh (Configuration Layer): Tng ny cung cp cc hm API c bn l nhn ca J2ME. Lp trnh vin c th s dng cc lp v cc phng thc ca cc API ny tuy nhin n khng thc s phong ph bng tp API ca tng hin trng. Tng hin trng (Profile Layer): Tng ny cung cp cc hm API hu dng hn cho vic lp trnh. Mc ch ca tng ny xy dng nn lp cu hnh v cung cp nhiu th vin ng dng hn. 6.1 L do chn J2ME: Java ban u c thit k dnh cho cc my vi ti nguyn b nh hn ch. Th trng ca J2ME c m rng ra cho nhiu chng loi thit b nh: Cc lai th c nhn nh Java Card My in thoi di ng My PDA (Personal Digital Assistant - thit b tr gip c nhn) Cc hp iu khin dnh cho tivi, thit b gii tr gia dng
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6.2 Kin trc ca J2ME Phn ny s trnh by kin trc tng qut ca nn tng Java

a) Gii thiu cc thnh phn trong nn tng J2ME: nh ngha v Configuration (Cu hnh): l c tnh ngha mt mi trng phn mm cho mt dng cc thit bc phn loi bi tp hp cc c tnh, v d nh: Kiu v s lng b nh Kiu v tc b vi x l Kiu mng kt ni Do y l c t nn cc nh sn xut thit b nh Samsung, Nokia bt buc phi thc thi y cc c t do Sun qui nh cc lp trnh vin c th da vo mi trng lp trnh nht qun v thng qua s nht qun ny, cc ng dng c to ra c th mang tnh c lp thit bcao nht c th. V d nh mt lp trnh vin vit chng trnh game cho in thoi Samsung th c th sa i chng trnh ca mnh mt cch ti thiu nht c th chy trn in thai Nokia.. Hin nay Sun a ra 2 dng Configuration: CLDC (Connected Limited Device Configuration-Cu hnh thit b kt ni gii hn): c thit k nhm vo th trng cc thit b cp thp (low-end), cc thit b ny thng thng l my in thai di ng v PDA vi khong 512 KB b nh. V ti nguyn b nh hn ch nn CLDC c gn vi Java khng dy (Java

Wireless ), dng nh cho php ngi s dng mua v ti v cc ng dng Java, v d nh l Midlet. CDC- Connected Device Configuration (Cu hnh thit b kt ni): CDC c a ra nhm n cc thit b c tnh nng mnh hn dng thit b thuc CLDC nhng vn yu hn cc h thng my bn s dng J2SE. Nhng thit b ny c nhiu b nh hn (thng thng l trn 2Mb) v c b x l mnh hn. Cc sn phm ny c th kn nh cc my PDA cp cao, in thoi web, cc thit b gia dng trong gia nh C 2 dng Cu hnh k trn u cha my o Java (Java Virtual Machine) v tp hp cc lp (class) Java c bn cung cp mt mi trng cho cc ng dng J2ME. Tuy nhin, bn ch rng i vi cc thit b cp thp, do hn ch v ti nguyn nh b nh v b x l nn khng th yu cu my o h tr tt c cc tnh nng nh vi my o ca J2SE, v d, cc thit b thuc CLDC khng c phn cng yu cu cc php tnh ton du phy ng, nn my o thuc CLDC khng c yu cu h tr kiu float v double.

Bng di l s so snh cc thng s k thut ca CDC v CLDC

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CLDC Ram Rom Ngun Lng Network b) nh ngha v Profile: >=32K, <=512K >=128k, <=512k pin) Chm

CDC >=256K >=512k gii hn Nhanh

Nng C GiI Hn (ngun Khng

Profile m rng Configuration bng cch thm vo cc class b tr cc tnh nng cho tng thit b chuyn bit. C 2 Configuration u c nhng profile lin quan v t nhng profile ny c th dng cc class ln nhau. n y ta c th nhn thy do mi profile nh ngha mt tp hp cc class khc nhau, nn thng ta khng th chuyn mt ng dng Java vit cho mt profile ny v chy trn mt my h tr mt profile khc. Cng vi l do , bn khng th ly mt ng dng vit trn J2SE hay J2EE v chy trn cc my htr J2ME. Sau y l cc profile tiu biu: Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP): profile ny s b sung cc tnh nng nh htr kt ni, cc thnh phn h tr giao din ngi dng vo CLDC. Profile ny c thit k ch yu nhm vo in thai di ng vi c tnh l mn hnh hin th hn ch, dung lng cha c hn. Do MIDP s cung cp mt giao din ngi dng n gin v cc tnh nng mng n gin da trn HTTP. C th ni MIDP l profile ni ting nht bi v n l kin thc c bn cho lp trnh Java trn cc my di ng (Wireless Java) PDA Profile: tng t MIDP, nhng vi th trng l cc my PDA vi mn hnh v bnh ln hn Foundation Profile: cho php m rng cc tnh nng ca CDC vi phn ln cc th vin ca b Core Java2 1.3 Ngoi ra cn c Personal Basis Profile, Personal Profile, RMI Profile, Game Profile.

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6.3 Pht trin ng dng

Bin dch

M ngun chng trnh c th c bin dch bng cc trnh bin dch chun cu Java, chng to ra cc file .class. Ta c th bin dch t cc trnh son tho hoc bin dch trc tip t dng lnh.

6.4 Kim tra li v chy th Chng ta s dng cc cng c nh WTK kim tra li v chy th chng trnh v vic ny nu tin hnh trn thit b tht rt mt thi gian. Vic s dng cc gi lp gip nhanh chng pht hin cc li. Ngoi ra n cn gip lp trnh vin c nhng ci nhn cm quan v chng trnh ca mnh.

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6.5 ng gi Sau khi kim li v chy th chng trnh, chng ta tin hnh ng gi ng dng c th ci t trn cc thit b tht. Vic ng gi ng dng thc cht l nn cc file .class vo trong mt file .jar, iu ny gip gim kch thc ng dng v n gin ha khi ci t trn thit b tht. Chng ta c th ng gi ng dng bng trnh ng gi ca JDK hoc trnh ng gi nm trong cc IDE. Hoc mt cch rt th cng, chng ta c th ng gi ng dng mt cch trc tip. Vic ng gi trc tip thc cht cng tin hnh li cc cng vic nh cc trnh ng gi nhng chng ta c th kim sot li tt hn. Tuy vy vic ny kh phc tp v d gy ra li nu lp trnh vin cha thun thc

6.6 ng gi v trin khai ng dng thnh tp tin JAR Cc lp c bin dch ca ng dng J2ME c ng gi trong tp tin JAR cng vi cc ti nguyn khc nh hnh nh, m thanh, Tp tin JAR ny chnh l tp tin c ci vo thit b di ng. Ngi s dng c th ti tp tin JAR vo my di ng bng cc cch sau: Kt ni in thoi di ng vi my tnh bng cp truyn d liu: Vic ny yu cu ngi dng phi c tp tin JAR tht s v phn mm truyn thng ti ng dng vo in thoi thng qua cp d liu Cng hng ngoi: Yu cu thit b di ng v ngun cha file JAR phi h tr hng ngoi v ngi dng c file JAR tht s S dng mng khng dy: ti ng dng thng qua mng GPRS, ngi dng ch cn bit a ch URL ca tp tin JAR.

6.7 Tp tin manifest.mf v tp tin JAD Tp tin manifest.mf v tp tin JAD m t cc c im ca ng dng. Tp tin manifest.mf nm bn trong tp tin JAR cn tp tin JAD nm ngoi tp tin JAR. Tp tin JAD gip cho ngi dng c th bit c c im ca ng dng trc
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khi ti. Vic ny gip lm gim lng ph ti nguyn v tin bc v trn thc t, mt ng dng J2ME no ch c th chy trn mt s my nht nh. Tp tin manifest.mf c ni dung nh sau: Manifest-Version: //Phin bn tp tin manifest.mf MIDlet-Name: MIDlet-Vendor: MIDlet-<n>: MicroEdition-Profile: //Tn b MIDlet //Nh sn xut //Tn ca MIDlet chnh //Phin bn hin trng //Phin bn cu hnh MIDlet-Version: //Phin bn ca b MIDlet

MicroEdition-Configuration:

6.8 Ti u m chng trnh v gim kch thc ng dng Sau khi ng gi chng trnh thnh tp tin JAR chng ta thy rng cc file d liu c nn li mt cch ng k. Tuy nhin ta c th gim kch thc file JAR ny thm mt ln na bng cch dng mt cng c. Cng c ny thng bao gm cc c tnh sau: - Loi b cc class khng dng n - Loi b cc hm v bin khng dng n - i tn class, package, hm v bin thnh cc tn n gin v ngn gn hn - Thm vo file class mt s m chng trnh kh b dch ngc hn Ba c tnh u dng gim kch thc cc file .class trong khi c tnh th 3 v th 4 dng bo v chng trnh kh b dch ngc li thnh m ngun. Ngay c khi b dch ngc li thnh m ngun th chng trnh cng kh b c hn v cc tn lp, bin , hm, package b thay i. Cc cng c thng c dng ti u m chng trnh l Jbuilder 9X, Retroguard, Jshrink.
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6.9 Nhng kh khn khi lp trnh trn thit b di ng S dng cng ngh J2ME cho vic lp trnh trn thit b di ng l mt vic khng kh i vi cc lp trnh vin. Tuy vy khi lp trnh bng J2ME, lp trnh vin s gp phi mt s kh khn c trng khng th trnh khi: - Khng h tr php tnh du phy ng (floating point): - Khng h tr b np class (Class loader). - Khng h tr t kha finalize() - Phn ln cc th vin API cho Swing v AWT khng th s dng c trong MIDP. - Khng h tr cc tnh nng qun l file v th mc: y c th lm bn ngc nhin nhng thc t l cc thit b J2ME khng c h tr cc thit b lu tr thng thng nh cng v.v. Tuy nhin, iu khng c ngha l bn phi mt i mi d liu quan trng mi khi tt my, Sun cung cp mt chc nng khc tng ng gi l Record Management system (RMS) cung cp kh nng lu tr cho cc thit b ny. - Cc thit b di ng b gii hn v kch thc ng dng. V d nh vi Series 40 ca Nokia, Samsung X100, V200, c dung lng lu tr rt hn ch. Sau y l kch thc ti a ca file JAR ci t trn mt s dng in thoi: Loi in thoi Nokia series 40 Motorola T720 Panasonic X60 T630 Samsung X600 100KB Kch thc ti a ca file JAR 64 KB 64KB 80KB

Sony Ericssion T610, 128KB

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 l mt s kh khn m cc lp trnh vin thng gp phi khi lp trnh cho in thoi di ng. Trong gii hn ca ti ny, em s khng i c th vo vic gii quyt cc kh khn ny m s ch yu i vo vic khc phc thng qua mt s k thut khi tm hiu v cc phn khc.

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Chng II: LP TRNH VI J2ME

1. MIDlet v i tng Display
1.1 MIDlet Vng i ca mt MIDlet Nu ngi no vit Applet th chc hn thy hai ci tn ny na n nhau. Tht vy: MIDlet l vit tt ca Mobile Information Device applet,.Hu ht cc ng dng m ta thy trn in thoi di ng u l MIDlet. Mt MIDlet k tha t lp javax.microedition.midlet.MIDlet v thc thi t nht cc phng thc c bn sau: startApp(), pauseApp(), v destroyApp(). Trong mt ng dng ca bn gm c nhiu lp th c th ch cn mt lp k tha MIDlet. Ta s i vo phn tch tng on nh mt trong on code hon chnh ca mt MIDlet.
import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; import javax.microedition.midlet.*; public class test extends MIDlet implements CommandListener{ private Form mainForm; public test(){ mainForm = new Form("Lap trinh tren nen J2ME"); mainForm.append(new StringItem(null,"Hello J2ME")); mainForm.addCommand(new Command("Exit",Command.EXIT,0)); mainForm.setCommandListener(this); } public void startApp(){ Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(mainForm); } public void pauseApp(){} public void destroyApp(boolean un){} public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable s){ notifyDestroyed(); 16

} }

1) Pht biu import: dng np cc lp cn thit t th vin ca CLDC v MIDP 2) Dng khai bo lp: mt lp(class) test c th c gi t bt k lp khc (public), k tha (extends) t lp MIDlet (hay d hiu hn l: lp test l mt MIDlet) v gi thc thi (implements) cc phng thc ca mt interface c tn l CommandListener. 3) Hm to (Constructor): To ra mt form c title l Lap trinh tren nen J2ME Gn vo form va to mt chui l Hello J2ME To ra mt nt Exit trn form, tng tc ti nt 0, bn th thay 0 bng 1,2 xem sao setCommandListener: Gn s kin cho form Hm to ch c gi mt ln khi MIDlet khi to ln u tin, v ch c gi li khi thot ra khi MIDlet, ri khi ng li 4) startApp(): Phng thc startApp() c gi khi MIDlet c khi to, v mi khi MIDlet tr v t trng thi tm dng (pause). Cc bin ton cc s c khi to li tr hm to bi v cc bin c gii phng trong hm pauseApp(). Nu khng th chng s khng c khi to li bi ng dng. 5) pauseApp(): Phng thc pauseApp() c gi mi khi ng dng cn c tm dng (v d, trong trng hp c cuc gi hoc tin nhn n). Cch thch hp s dng pauseApp() l gii phng ti nguyn v cc bin dnh cho cc chc nng khc trong in thoi trong khi MIDlet c tm dng. Cn ch rng khi nhn cuc gi n, h iu hnh trn in thoi di ng c th dng
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KVM thay v dng MIDlet. Vic ny do nh sn xut thit b quyt nh s chn cch no. 6) destroyApp(boolean un): Phng thc destroyApp() c gi khi thot MIDlet. (v d khi nhn nt exit trong ng dng). N ch n thun l thot MIDlet.. Phng thc destroyApp() ch nhn mt tham s Boolean. Nu tham s ny l true, MIDlet c tt v iu kin. Nu tham s l false, MIDlet c thm ty chn t chi thot bng cch nm ra mt ngoi l MIDletStateChangeException. Di y l vng i ca mt MIDlet:

Ngoi tr cc phng thc ta quen l startApp(), pauseApp(), destroyApp() chng ta thy c thm 3 phng thc na, l: resumeRequest(), notifyPaused(), notifyDestroyed(). T s khi trn, ta thy:

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MIDlet ang t trng thi PAUSED chuyn n thc thi phng thc startApp() thng qua phng thc resumeRequest(): phng thc ny yu cu MIDlet chuyn vo ch hot ng. MIDlet ang trng thi hot ng chuyn n thc thi phng thc pauseApp() thng qua phng thc notifyPaused(): phng thc ny cho bit MIDlet t nguyn chuyn sang trng thi dng. MIDlet ang trng thi no chuyn n thc thi phng thc destroyApp() thng qua phng thc notifyDestroyed(): phng thc ny cho bit MIDlet sn sng hy. T chng ta c th thy 3 phng thc mi ny t MIDlet vo trng thi trung gian gia cc trng thi khc. 1.2 i tng Display Mi MIDlet c mt tham chiu n mt i tng Display. i tng ny cung cp cc thng tin v mn hnh cng nh mt s phng thc cn cho vic hin th cc i tng khc trn mn hnh. C th xem Display l i tng c nhim v qun l vic hien th ca mn hnh. Chc nng ca n l quyt nh danh sch cc thnh phn cn xut hin trn mn hnh cng nh thi im ph hp hin th chng.

1.3 i tng Displayable Mc d mi MIDlet ch c duy nht mt i tng Display nhng n li c th c rt nhiu i tng Displayable. iu c ngha l mt i tng Display c th hin th bao nhiu i tng Displayable ty . i tng Displayable l i tng c th nhn thy c mt cch trc quan trn mn hnh. Bn thn MIDP c cha 2 lp con ca Displayable l Screen v Canvas: public abstract class Displayable public abstract class Canvas extends Displayable public abstract class Screen extends Displayable
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2. Giao din ngi dng cp cao

2.1 i tng Display, Displayable v Screens Mt ng dng MIDlet ch c 1 i tng th hin Display. i tng ny dng ly thng tin vi tng trnh by, v d mu c h tr, v bao gm cc phng thc yu cu cc i tng c trnh by. i tng Display cn thit cho b qun l vic trnh by trn thit biu khin thnh phn no sc hin th ln trn thit bMc d ch c mt i tng Display ng vi mi MIDlet, nhng nhiu i tng trong mt MIDlet c thc hin th ra trn thit b nhForms, TextBoxes, ChoiceGroups, .. Mt i tng Displayable l mt thnh phn c hin th trn mt thit b. MIDP cha 2 lp con ca lp Displayable l Screen v Canvas. Hnh di y m t mi quan h trn

Mt i tng Screen khng phi l mt ci g hin ra trn thit b, m lp Screen ny sc tha k bi cc thnh phn hin th mc cao, chnh cc thnh phn ny sc hin th ra trn mn hnh. Hnh di y s m t mi quan h ca lp Screen v cc thnh phn th hin mc cao.

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Tm li, phn ny ch gii thiu h thng phn cp i tng dng th hin giao din ngi dng trong MIDP. 2.2 Thnh phn Form v Items Trong phn ny s gii thiu cc thnh phn c hin th ra trn mt Form. Mt Form ch n gin l mt khung cha cc thnh phn, m mi thnh phn c tha k t lp Item. Chng ta s xem qua cc thnh phn hin th trn thit b: DateField Gauge StringItem TextField ChoiceGroup Spacer CustomItem Image and ImageItem a) DateField
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Thnh phn DateField cung cp mt phng tin trc quan thao tc i tng Date c nh ngha trong java.util.Date. Khi to mt i tng DateField, bn cn ch r l ngi dng ch c th chnh sa ngy, chnh sa gi hay ng thi c hai. Cc phng thc dng ca lp DateField gm: DateField(String label, int mode) DateField(String label, int mode, TimeZone timeZone) Cc mode tng ng ca lp DateField gm: DateField.DATE_TIME: cho php thay i ngy gi DateField.TIME: ch cho php thay i gi DateField.DATE: ch cho php thay i ngy V d: private DateField dfAlarm; // To i tng DateField cho thay i c ngy v gi dfAlarm = new DateField("Set Alarm Time", DateField.DATE_TIME); dfAlarm.setDate(new Date()); Di y l on chng trnh mu th nghim i tng DateField import java.util.*; import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; import java.util.Timer; import java.util.TimerTask; public class DateFieldTest extends MIDlet implements ItemStateListener, CommandListener { private Display display; // Reference to display object private Form fmMain; // Main form private Command cmExit; // Exit MIDlet private DateField dfAlarm; // DateField component public DateFieldTest() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); // The main form fmMain = new Form("DateField Test"); // DateField with todays date as a default dfAlarm = new DateField("Set Alarm Time", DateField.DATE_TIME);
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dfAlarm.setDate(new Date()); fmMain.addCommand(cmExit); fmMain.setCommandListener(this); fmMain.setItemStateListener(this); } public void startApp () { display.setCurrent(fmMain); } public void pauseApp() {} public void destroyApp(boolean unconditional) {} public void itemStateChanged(Item item) { System.out.println("Date field changed."); } public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable s) { if (c == cmExit) { destroyApp(false); notifyDestroyed(); } } } b) Gauge Mt thnh phn Gauge l mt kiu giao din thng c dng m t mc hon thnh mt cng vic. C 2 loi Gauge l loi tng tc v loi khng tng tc. Loi u cho php ngi dng c th thay i Gauge, loi 2 th i hi ngi pht trin phi cp nht Gauge. Di y l hm dng ca lp Gauge: Gauge(String label, boolean interactive, int maxValue, int initialValue) V d: private Gauge gaVolume; // iu chnh m lng gaVolume = new Gauge("Sound Level", true, 100, 4); Di y l on chng trnh mu minh ha cch s dng lp Gauge import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; public class InteractiveGauge extends MIDlet implements CommandListener { private Display display; // Reference to display object private Form fmMain; // The main form
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private Command cmExit; // Exit the form private Gauge gaVolume; // Volume adjustment public InteractiveGauge() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); // Create the gauge and exit command gaVolume = new Gauge("Sound Level", true, 50, 4); cmExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); // Create form, add commands, listen for events fmMain = new Form(""); fmMain.addCommand(cmExit); fmMain.append(gaVolume); fmMain.setCommandListener(this); } // Called by application manager to start the MIDlet. public void startApp() { display.setCurrent(fmMain); } public void pauseApp() {} public void destroyApp(boolean unconditional) {} public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable s) { if (c == cmExit) { destroyApp(false); notifyDestroyed(); } } } c) StringItem Mt thnh phn StringItem c dng hin th mt nhn hay chui vn bn. Ngi dng khng th thay i nhn hay chui vn bn khi chng trnh ang chy. StringItem khng nhn ra s kin Phng thc dng ca lp StringItem StringItem(String label, String text) Di y l on m minh ha vic s dng i tng StringItem import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*;
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public class StringItemTest extends MIDlet implements CommandListener{ private Display display; // Reference to Display object private Form fmMain; // Main form private StringItem siMsg; // StringItem private Command cmChange; // Change the label and message private Command cmExit; // Exit the MIDlet public StringItemTest() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); // Create text message and commands siMsg = new StringItem("Website: ", "www.IBM.com"); cmChange = new Command("Change", Command.SCREEN, 1); cmExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); // Create Form, add Command and StringItem, listen for events fmMain = new Form("StringItem Test"); fmMain.addCommand(cmExit); fmMain.addCommand(cmChange); fmMain.append(siMsg); fmMain.setCommandListener(this); } // Called by application manager to start the MIDlet. public void startApp() { display.setCurrent(fmMain); } public void pauseApp() {} public void destroyApp(boolean unconditional) {} public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable s) { if (c == cmChange) { // Change label siMsg.setLabel("Section: "); // Change text siMsg.setText("developerWorks"); // Remove the command fmMain.removeCommand(cmChange); } else if (c == cmExit) { destroyApp(false); notifyDestroyed(); }
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} } d) TextField Mt thnh phn TextField th tng t nh bt k cc i tng nhp vn bn tiu biu no. Bn c th ch nh mt nhn, s k t ti a c php nhp, v loi dliu c php nhp. Ngoi ra TextField cn cho php bn nhp vo mt khu vi cc k t nhp vo s c che bi cc k t mt n Phng thc dng ca lp TextField TextField(String label, String text, int maxSize, int constraints) Thnh phn th 3 constraints l thnh phn m chng ta quan tm, v n l phng tin xc nh loi d liu no c php nhp vo TextField. MIDP nh ngha cc tham s rng buc sau cho thnh phn TextField: ANY: cho php nhp bt k k t no EMAILADDR: ch cho php nhp vo cc a ch email hp l NUMERIC: ch cho php nhp s PHONENUMBER: Ch cho php nhp sin thoi URL: Ch cho php nhp cc k t hp l bn trong URL PASSWORD: che tt c cc k t nhp vo Di y l on m minh ha vic s dng thnh phn TextField import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; public class TextFieldTest extends MIDlet implements CommandListener{ private Display display; // Reference to Display object private Form fmMain; // Main form private Command cmTest; // Get contents of textfield private Command cmExit; // Command to exit the MIDlet private TextField tfText; // Textfield public TextFieldTest() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); // Create commands cmTest = new Command("Get Contents", Command.SCREEN, 1);
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cmExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); // Textfield for phone number tfText = new TextField("Phone:", "", 10, TextField.PHONENUMBER); // Create Form, add Commands and textfield, listen for events fmMain = new Form("Phone Number"); fmMain.addCommand(cmExit); fmMain.addCommand(cmTest); fmMain.append(tfText); fmMain.setCommandListener(this); } // Called by application manager to start the MIDlet. public void startApp() { display.setCurrent(fmMain); } public void pauseApp() {} public void destroyApp(boolean unconditional) {} public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable s) { if (c == cmTest) { System.out.println("TextField contains: " + tfText.getString()); } else if (c == cmExit) { destroyApp(false); notifyDestroyed(); } } } on m trn ch mi p dng mt rng buc trn i tng TextField. Chng ta c th thm mt rng buc th 2 bng cch thay on m sau: tfText = new TextField("Phone:", "", 10, TextField.PHONENUMBER | TextField.PASSWORD); e) ChoiceGroup Thnh phn ChoiceGroup cho php ngi dng chn t mt danh sch u vo c nh ngha trc. ChoiceGroup c 2 loi: multi-selection(cho php chn nhiu mc): nhm ny c lin quan n cc checkbox
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exclusive-selection(chc chn mt mc): nhm ny lin quan n nhm cc radio button Di y l on m minh ha cho vic s dng ChoiceGroup: import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; public class ChoiceGroupTest extends MIDlet implements ItemStateListener, CommandListener { private Display display; // Reference to display object private Form fmMain; // Main form private Command cmExit; // A Command to exit the MIDlet private Command cmView; // View the choice selected private int selectAllIndex; // Index of the "Select All" option private ChoiceGroup cgPrefs; // Choice Group of preferences private int choiceGroupIndex; // Index of choice group on form public ChoiceGroupTest() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); // Create a multiple choice group cgPrefs = new ChoiceGroup("Preferences", Choice.MULTIPLE); // Append options, with no associated images cgPrefs.append("Replace tabs with spaces", null); cgPrefs.append("Save bookmarks", null); cgPrefs.append("Detect file type", null); selectAllIndex = cgPrefs.append("Select All", null); cmExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); cmView = new Command("View", Command.SCREEN,2); // Create Form, add components, listen for events fmMain = new Form(""); choiceGroupIndex = fmMain.append(cgPrefs); fmMain.addCommand(cmExit); fmMain.addCommand(cmView); fmMain.setCommandListener(this); fmMain.setItemStateListener(this); } public void startApp() { display.setCurrent(fmMain); } public void pauseApp() {} public void destroyApp(boolean unconditional) {}
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public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable s) { if (c == cmView) { boolean selected[] = new boolean[cgPrefs.size()]; // Fill array indicating whether each element is checked cgPrefs.getSelectedFlags(selected); for (int i = 0; i < cgPrefs.size(); i++) System.out.println(cgPrefs.getString(i) + (selected[i] ? ": selected" : ": not selected")); } else if (c == cmExit) { destroyApp(false); notifyDestroyed(); } } public void itemStateChanged(Item item) { if (item == cgPrefs) { // Is "Select all" option checked ? if (cgPrefs.isSelected(selectAllIndex)) { // Set all checkboxes to true for (int i = 0; i < cgPrefs.size(); i++) cgPrefs.setSelectedIndex(i, true); // Remove the check by "Select All" cgPrefs.setSelectedIndex(selectAllIndex, false); } } } } f) Spacer Spacer l thnh phn khng nhn thy, c dng nh v tr cho cc i tng khc trn mn hnh hin th. Chng ta c th dng Spacer ch r khong trng theo chiu dc v chiu ngang gia cc thnh phn, n gin bng cch ch ra chiu di v chiu rng cho tng ci. V Spacer l thnh phn khng nhn thy nn n khng c s kin

g) CustomItem
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Thnh phn CustomItem cho php bn to ra nhng thnh phn Item ca chnh bn. Nhng thnh phn ny cng ging nh nhng Item khc l cng c thc t vo trong Form v c th nhn bit v x l s kin CustomItem c v ln mn hnh hin th bng phng thc paint(). V th n s ty thuc vo on m c bn hin thc bn trong phng thc paint(). Qu trnh to ra mt i tng CustomItem cng khng khc cc i tng c sn trn nn Java. on m di y minh ha sn ca vic to ra mt i tng CustomItem public class NewItem extends CustomItem { public NewItem(String label) { super(label); ... } protected void paint(Graphics g, int width, int height) { ... } protected int getMinContentHeight() { ... } protected int getMinContentWidth() { ... } protected int getPrefContentHeight(int width) { ... } protected int getPrefContentWidth(int height) { ... } ... }

h) Image and ImageItem Hai lp c dng hin th hnh nh l: Image v ImageItem. Image c dng to ra mt i tng hnh nh v gi thng tin nh l chiu cao v chiu rng, v d nh c bin i hay khng. Lp ImageItem m t mt tm nh sc hin th nh th no, v d tm nh s c t trung tm, hay t v pha bn tri, hay bn trn ca mn hnh.
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MIDP a ra 2 loi hnh nh l loi nh khng bin i v nh bin i. Mt tm nh khng bin i th khng th b thay i k t lc n c to ra. c trng ca loi nh ny l c c t mt tp tin. Mt tm nh bin i v c bn l mt vng nh. iu ny ty thuc vo vic bn to ni dung ca tm nh bng cch ghi n ln vng nh. Chng ta s lm vic vi nhng tm nh khng bin i trong bng sau. Cc phng thc dng cho lp Image v ImageItem Image createImage(String name) Image createImage(Image source) Image createImage(byte[] imageDate, int imageOffset, int imageLength) Image createImage(int width, int height)
Image createImage(Image image, int x, int y, int width, int height, int transform)

Image createImage(InputStream stream) Image createRGBImage(int[] rgb, int width, int height, boolean processAlpha) ImageItem(String label, Image img, int layout, String altText) on m di y m t lm th no to mt tm nh t mt tp tin, v gn n vi mt i tng ImageItem v thm mt bc nh vo mt Form Form fmMain = new Form("Images"); ... // Create an image Image img = Image.createImage("/house.png"); // Append to a form fmMain.append(new ImageItem(null, img, ImageItem.LAYOUT_CENTER, null)); Ch : PNG l loi nh duy nht c h tr bi bt k thit b MIDP no on m di y m t vic s dng i tng Image v i tng ImageItem import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; public class ImageTest extends MIDlet implements CommandListener { private Display display; // Reference to Display object private Form fmMain; // The main form private Command cmExit; // Command to exit the MIDlet public ImageTest() {
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display = Display.getDisplay(this); cmExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); fmMain = new Form(""); fmMain.addCommand(cmExit); fmMain.setCommandListener(this); try { // Read the appropriate image based on color support Image im = Image.createImage((display.isColor()) ? "/image_color.png":"/image_bw.png"); fmMain.append(new ImageItem(null, im, ImageItem.LAYOUT_CENTER, null)); display.setCurrent(fmMain); } catch (java.io.IOException e) { System.err.println("Unable to locate or read .png file"); } } public void startApp() { display.setCurrent(fmMain); } public void pauseApp() {} public void destroyApp(boolean unconditional) {} public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable s) { if (c == cmExit) { destroyApp(false); notifyDestroyed(); } } }

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2.3

Thnh phn List, Textbox, Alert, v Ticker Trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt cc i tng ListBox, TextBox, Alert, v

Ticker trong cc thnh phn giao din cp cao ca ng dng MIDP. Chng ta hy cng xem li cy phn cp cc thnh phn trnh by trn thit b mt cch hon chnh hn

a) List Mt List cha mt dy cc la chn c th hin mt trong ba dng. Chng ta thy loi cho php nhiu la chn v loi ch c php chn mt khi lm vic vi ChoiceGroup. Dng th 3 l l dng khng tng minh. Cc List khng tng minh uc dng th hin mt thc n cc chn la on m di y minh ha vic s dng mt danh sch khng tng minh import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; public class ImplicitList extends MIDlet implements CommandListener { private Display display; // Reference to Display object private List lsDocument; // Main list private Command cmExit; // Command to exit public ImplicitList() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); // Create the Commands
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cmExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); try { // Create array of image objects Image images[] = {Image.createImage("/next.png"); Image.createImage("/previous.png"); Image.createImage("/new.png")}; // Create array of corresponding string objects String options[] = {"Next", "Previous", "New"}; // Create list using arrays, add commands, listen for events lsDocument = new List("Document Option:", List.IMPLICIT, options, images); // If you have no images, use this line to create the list // lsDocument = new List("Document Option:", List.IMPLICIT, options, null); lsDocument.addCommand(cmExit); lsDocument.setCommandListener(this); } catch (java.io.IOException e) { System.err.println("Unable to locate or read .png file"); } } public void startApp() { display.setCurrent(lsDocument); } public void pauseApp() { } public void destroyApp(boolean unconditional) { } public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable s) { // If an implicit list generated the event if (c == List.SELECT_COMMAND) { switch (lsDocument.getSelectedIndex()) { case 0: System.out.println("Next selected"); break; case 1: System.out.println("Previous selected"); break; case 2: System.out.println("New selected"); break; } }
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else if (c == cmExit) { destroyApp(false); notifyDestroyed(); } } } b) TextBox TextBox c dng cho php nhp nhiu dng. Thnh phn TextBox v TextField c nhng rng buc ging nhau trong vic chnh loi ni dung c php nhp vo. V d ANY, EMAIL, URI Di y l phng thc dng ca mt TextBox: TextBox(String title, String text, int maxSize, int constraints) c) Alert v AlertType Mt Alert n gin l mt hp thoi rt nh. C 2 loi Alert: Modal: l loi hp thoi thng bo c trnh by cho n khi ngi dng n nt ng Non-modal: l loi hp thoi thng bo chc trnh by trong mt s giy nht nh Cc phng thc dng ca Alert: Alert(String title) Alert(String title, String alertText, Image alertImage, AlertType alertType) Thnh phn AlertType s dng m thanh thng bo cho ngi dng bit c mt s kin xy ra. V d bn c th s dng AlertType m mt on m thanh no bo hiu cho ngi dng bit khi c li xy ra Thnh phn AlertType bao gm 5 loi m thanh nh sn l: thng bo, xc nhn, bo li, thng bo v cnh bo Ta thy cc phng thc dng ca Alert cho bit l Alert c th bao gm 1 tham chiu n mt i tng AlertType.
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Di y l on m minh ha vic s dng Alert v AlertType import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; public class AlertTest extends MIDlet implements ItemStateListener, CommandListener { private Display display; // Reference to display object private Form fmMain; // Main form private Command cmExit; // Command to exit the MIDlet private ChoiceGroup cgSound; // Choice group public AlertTest() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); // Create an exclusive (radio) choice group gSound = new ChoiceGroup("Choose a sound", Choice.EXCLUSIVE); // Append options, with no associated images cgSound.append("Info", null); gSound.append("Confirmation", null); gSound.append("Warning", null); gSound.append("Alarm", null); gSound.append("Error", null); mExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); // Create Form, add components, listen for events fmMain = new Form(""); fmMain.append(cgSound); fmMain.addCommand(cmExit); mMain.setCommandListener(this); fmMain.setItemStateListener(this); } public void startApp() { display.setCurrent(fmMain); } public void pauseApp() {} public void destroyApp(boolean unconditional) {} public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable s) { if (c == cmExit) { destroyApp(false); notifyDestroyed(); } } public void itemStateChanged(Item item) { Alert al = null; switch (cgSound.getSelectedIndex()){ case 0:
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al = new Alert("Alert sound", "Info sound", null, AlertType.INFO); break; case 1: al = new Alert("Alert sound", "Confirm, null, AlertType.INFO); break; case 2: al = new Alert("Alert sound", "Warning", null, AlertType.INFO); break; case 3: al = new Alert("Alert sound", "Alarm", null, AlertType.INFO); break; case 4: al = new Alert("Alert sound", "Error", null, AlertType.INFO); break; } if (al != null) { // Wait for user to acknowledge the alert al.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER); // Display alert, show main form when done display.setCurrent(al, fmMain); } } } d) Ticker Thnh phn Ticker uc dng th hin mt on chui chy theo chiu ngang. Tham s duy nht ca thnh phn Ticker l on vn bn c trnh by. Tc v chiu cun c xc nh bi vic ci t trn thit b no. Phng thc dng ca Ticker: Ticker(String str); T cy phn cp cc thnh phn th hin trn thit b, ta thy l thnh phn Ticker khng l lp con ca lp Screen m Ticker l mt bin ca lp Screen. iu ny c

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ngha l mt Ticker c th c gn vo bt c lp con ca lp Screen bao gm c Alert Di y l on m minh ha vic s dng mt Ticker import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; public class TickerTest extends MIDlet implements CommandListener { private Display display; // Reference to Display object private List lsProducts; // Products private Ticker tkSale; // Ticker private Command cmExit; // Command to exit the MIDlet public TickerTest() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); cmExit = new Command("Exit", Command.SCREEN, 1); tkSale = new Ticker("Sale: Real Imitation Cuban Cigars...10 for $10"); lsProducts = new List("Products", Choice.IMPLICIT); lsProducts.append("Wicker Chair", null); lsProducts.append("Coffee Table", null); lsProducts.addCommand(cmExit); lsProducts.setCommandListener(this); lsProducts.setTicker(tkSale); } public void startApp() { display.setCurrent(lsProducts); } public void pauseApp() {} public void destroyApp(boolean unconditional) {} public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable s) { if (c == List.SELECT_COMMAND) { switch (lsProducts.getSelectedIndex()) { case 0: System.out.println("Chair selected"); break; case 1: System.out.println("Table selected"); break;

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} } else if (c == cmExit) { destroyApp(true); notifyDestroyed(); } } }

3. Giao din ngi dng cp thp

3.1 Cc hm API mc thp Mc d cc hm API cp cao cung cp mt tp y cc thnh phn xy dng giao din ng dng ngi dng. Tuy nhin cc thnh phn cp cao khng cung cp phng tin v trc tip ln thit b th hin. V thiu kh nng ny nn cc ng dng c to ra s gp nhiu gii hn. V d hu ht cc nh pht trin game di ng da trn kh nng v cc ng thng v cc hnh dng nh l mt phn tch hp qu trnh pht trin. Nu cc hm API cp cao cho php chng ta to ra giao din cho cc ng dng theo chun, th cc hm API cp thp cho php chng ta c th th hin cc tng ca mnh. Canvas v Graphics l 2 lp tri tim ca cc hm API cp thp. Chng ta s lm tt c cc cng vic bng tay. Canvas l mt khung v cho php ngi pht trin c kh nng v ln thit b trnh by cng nh l vic x l s kin. Cn lp Graphics cung cp cc cng c tht s v nh drawRoundRect() v drawString() 3.2 Lp Canvas v k thut x l ha: Lp Canvas cung cp mt khung v cho php to ra giao din ty bin ngi dng. Mt s lng ln cc phng thc trong lp ny c dng x l s kin, v nh v chui ln thit b hin th. Trong phn ny s bao gm cc mc:
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H thng ta To i tng Canvas V ln trn i tng Canvas X l cc s kin hnh ng X l cc s kin phm nhn X l s kin hnh ng ca Game X l s kin con tr Chng ta s to ra 2 ng dng MIDlet minh ha kh nng ca lp Canvas. ng dng u tin l KeyMapping s minh ha lm th no chp, nhn ra v x l m phm nhn v cc s kin c lin quan n Game. ng dng cn li l ScratchPad sminh ha lm th no thao tc cc s kin con tr to ra mt chng trnh v ng thng n gin a) H thng trc ta Mc tiu u tin ca chng ta l lm quen vi h thng trc ta lm vic vi thit b th hin. H thng ta cho lp Canvas c tm ta l im tri trn ca thit b trnh by. Gi tr x tng dn v pha phi, gi tr y tng dn khi i xung pha di. Khi v dy bt v l mt im nh

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Cc phng thc sau y s gip xc nh chiu rng v chiu cao ca canvas: int getWidth(): xc nh chiu rng ca canvas int getHeight (): xc nh chiu cao ca canvas Chiu rng v chiu cao ca Canvas cng i din cho ton b din tch khung v c th trn thit b trnh by. Ni cch khc, chng khng th ch nh kch thc cho canvas, m phn mm trn mt thit b MIDP s tr v din tch ln nht c th c i vi mt thit b cho trc b) To mt i tng Canvas Bc u tin lm vic vi mt lp Canvas l to ra mt lp tha k t lp Canvas class TestCanvas extends Canvas implements CommandListener { private Command cmdExit; ... display = Display.getDisplay(this); cmdExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); addCommand(cmdExit); setCommandListener(this); ... protected void paint(Graphics g) { // Draw onto the canvas ... } } TestCanvas canvas = new TestCanvas(this); c) V trn i tng Canvas Phng thc paint ca lp Canvas cho php bn v cc hnh dng, v nh, xut chui. on m sau minh ha vic xa mn hnh th hin bng mt mu trng protected void paint(Graphics g) { // Set background color to white g.setColor(255, 255, 255); // Fill the entire canvas g.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight());
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} Chng ta c th s dng mt tham chiu n mt i tung Graphics bn trong thn phng thc paint() thc hin cng vic v thc s d) S kin hnh ng Cng nh cc thnh phn Form, List, v TextBox, mt Canvas c th x l cc s kin Command. Chng ta c th x l cc s kin Command trn thnh phn Canvas cung cch nh cc thnh phn khc on m sau minh ha vic x l s kin Command trn thnh phn Canvas

class TestCanvas extends Canvas implements CommandListener { private Command cmdExit; ... display = Display.getDisplay(this); cmdExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); addCommand(cmdExit); setCommandListener(this); ... protected void paint(Graphics g) { // Draw onto the canvas ... } public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable d) { if (c == cmdExit) ... }

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} e) M phm Trong trng hp x l cc hnh ng ca cc phm mm, mt Canvas c th truy cp n 12 m phm. Nhng m ny c m bo lun lun c trn bt k cc thit b MIDP no KEY_NUM0 KEY_NUM1 KEY_NUM2 KEY_NUM3 KEY_NUM4 KEY_NUM5 KEY_NUM6 KEY_NUM7 KEY_NUM8 KEY_NUM9 KEY_STAR KEY_POUND Nm phng thc x l cc m phm l: void keyPressed(int keyCode) void keyReleased(int keyCode) void keyRepeated(int keyCode) boolean hasRepeatEvents() String getKeyName(int keyCode)

f) Cc hnh ng trong x l cc tr chi

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MIDP thng c s dng to cc tr chi trn nn Java. Cc hng s sau c nh ngha x l cc s kin c lin quan n tr chi trong MIDP UP, DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT, FIRE, GAME_A, GAME_B, GAME_C, GAME_D Ni mt cch n gin th cc gi tr ny c nh x thnh cc phm mi tn chhng ca thit b, nhng khng phi tt c cc thit b di ng u c nhng gi trny. Nu mt thit b di ng thiu cc phm mi tn th cc hnh ng ca tr chi sc nh x vo cc nt bm, v d phm tri c nh x vo phm s 2, phm phi c nh x vo phm s 5, v c tip tc nh th. Hnh di y cho thy cc hnh ng ca tr chi s c nh x ln mt thit b di ng da trn kh nng ca cc phm ch hng

g) Xc nh cc hnh ng ca tr chi on m sau y m t mt cch xc nh cc hnh ng ca tr chi t gi cc phng thc thch hp da trn cc hnh ng xy ra
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protected void keyPressed(int keyCode) { switch (getGameAction(keyCode)) { case Canvas.FIRE: shoot(); break; case Canvas.RIGHT: goRight(); break; ... } } Mt la chn na l c th to mt tham chiu cho mi hnh ng ca tr chi thng qua qu trnh khi to gi tr cho cc bin // Initialization keyFire = getKeyCode(FIRE); keyRight = getKeyCode(RIGHT); keyLeft = getKeyCode(LEFT); ... // Runtime protected void keyPressed(int keyCode) { if (keyCode == keyFire) shoot(); else if (keyCode == keyRight) goRight() ... } on m di y minh ha mt s chc nng ca Canvas v cch x l phm import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; public class KeyMapping extends MIDlet { private Display display; // The display private KeyCodeCanvas canvas; // Canvas
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public KeyMapping() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); canvas = new KeyCodeCanvas(this); } protected void startApp() { display.setCurrent( canvas ); } protected void pauseApp() {} protected void destroyApp( boolean unconditional ) {} public void exitMIDlet() { destroyApp(true); notifyDestroyed(); } } /*------------------------------* Class KeyCodeCanvas*--------------------------------*/ class KeyCodeCanvas extends Canvas implements CommandListener { private Command cmExit; // Exit midlet private String keyText = null; // Key code text private KeyCodes midlet; public KeyCodeCanvas(KeyCodes midlet) { this.midlet = midlet; // Create exit command and listen for events cmExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); addCommand(cmExit); setCommandListener(this); } protected void paint(Graphics g) { // Clear the background (to white) g.setColor(255, 255, 255); g.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight()); // Set color and draw text if (keyText != null) { // Draw with black pen g.setColor(0, 0, 0); // Center text g.drawString(keyText, getWidth()/2, getHeight()/2, Graphics.TOP | Graphics.HCENTER); } } public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable d) {
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if (c == cmExit) midlet.exitMIDlet(); } protected void keyPressed(int keyCode) { keyText = getKeyName(keyCode); repaint(); } } h) S kin con tr Trong phn ny chng ta s qun l s kin con tr trong mt Canvas. Nhng skin ny c thit k lm thun tin cho vic tng tc vi cc thit b c dng con tr. Mt s phng thc c cung cp nhm h tr cho vic x l s kin con tr: boolean hasPointerEvents() boolean hasPointerMotionEvents() void pointerPressed(int x, int y) void pointerReleased(int x, int y) void pointerDragged(int x, int y) Cc phng thc trn c th t gii thch chc nng thng qua tn ca chnh mnh. V d nh phng thc hasPointerMotionEvents() tr v mt gi tr c kiu boolean nhm ch r rng thit b di ng c h tr khi nim nhp chut v r hay khng on chng trnh di y minh ha vic s dng cc s kin con tr thc hin mt chng trnh v n gin import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; public class ScratchPad extends MIDlet { private Display display; // Display object private ScratchPadCanvas canvas; // Canvas public ScratchPad() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); canvas = new ScratchPadCanvas(this); } protected void startApp() {
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display.setCurrent( canvas ); } protected void pauseApp() {} protected void destroyApp( boolean unconditional ){} public void exitMIDlet() { destroyApp(true); notifyDestroyed(); } } /*-----------* Class ScratchPadCanvas * * Pointer event handling *---------------*/ class ScratchPadCanvas extends Canvas implements CommandListener { private Command cmExit; // Exit midlet private Command cmClear; // Clear display private int startx = 0; // Where pointer was clicked starty = 0; currentx = 0; // Current location currenty = 0; private ScratchPad midlet; private boolean clearDisplay = true; public ScratchPadCanvas(ScratchPad midlet) { this.midlet = midlet; // Create exit command and listen for events cmExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); cmClear = new Command("Clear", Command.SCREEN, 1); addCommand(cmExit); addCommand(cmClear); setCommandListener(this); } protected void paint(Graphics g) { // Clear the background (to white) if (clearDisplay) { g.setColor(255, 255, 255); g.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight()); clearDisplay = false; startx = currentx = starty = currenty = 0; return; } // Draw with black pen g.setColor(0, 0, 0);
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// Draw line g.drawLine(startx, starty, currentx, currenty); // New starting point is the current position startx = currentx; starty = currenty; } public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable d) { if (c == cmExit) midlet.exitMIDlet(); else if (c == cmClear) { clearDisplay = true; repaint(); } } protected void pointerPressed(int x, int y) { startx = x; starty = y; } protected void pointerDragged(int x, int y) { currentx = x; currenty = y; repaint(); } } 3.3 Lp Graphics Chng ta s dng i tng Graphics v ln mt Canvas. a) H tr mu Mt ng dng MIDP ch c mt i tng Display. i tng ny uc dng ly thng tin ca mn hnh hin th hin ti, v d nh s mu h tr v cc phng thc yu cu cc i tng c hin th. i tng Display n gin l mt b qun l s hin th ca thit b v iu khin nhng g sc hin th ra trn thit b. C hai phng thc chng ta cn quan tm n:
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boolean isColor() int numColors() Phng thc u tin cho bit thit b c h tr hin th mu hay khng. Nu c th phng thc th 2 s c gi xc nh s mu c h tr. Cc phng thc tip theo di y ly v mu v thit lp mu a thch ca bn. void setColor(int RGB) void setColor(int red, int green, int blue) int getColor() int getBlueComponent() int getGreenComponent() int getRedComponent() void setGrayScale(int value) int getGrayScale() Ch ta c th xc nh mu bng 2 cch. Cch 1: Xc nh mt s nguyn i din cho 3 gi tr ca mu l , xanh l cy v xanh dng vi 8 bit cho mi mu. Cch 2: Dng tng tham s ring bit xc nh mi mu. Khi s dng mt gi tr lu gi mu, th mu s chim 8 bit u k t bn tri, tip theo l 8 bit dnh cho mu xanh l cy, sau cng l mu xanh dng. Di y l cch thit lp mu ch s dng mt s nguyn: int red = 0, green = 128, blue = 255; ... g.setColor((red << 16) | (green << 8) | blue); V ta c th xc nh mu bng cch thit lp gi tr cho 3 tham s: g.setColor(red, green, blue); b) Loi nt v
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Bn c th chn nt khi vng thng, cung v hnh ch nht trn thit b hin th. Di y l cc phng thc dng thit lp loi nt v int getStrokeStyle() void setStrokeStyle(int style) Hai kiu nt v c nh ngha trong lp Graphics l nt chm, v nt lin g.setStrokeStyle(Graphics.DOTTED g.setStrokeStyle(Graphics.SOLID); c) V cung Khi v mt cung, bn c th v n ch c ng bao xung quanh hay yu cu n c t bn trong. Bn c th bt u bng cch chnh chiu bao quanh bn ngoi ca mt hnh hp ch nht tng tng. Gc bt u xc nh v tr bt u vkhung, vi gi tr 0 c xc nh ti thi im 3 gi. Gi tr dng tnh theo ngc chiu kim ng h. Gc ca cung ch ra rng c bao nhiu c v tnh t gc ban u, i theo ngc chiu kim ng h. hiu r nhng phn ny chng ta hy cng xem1 v d sau: g.drawArc(10, 10, 100, 100, 0, 150); on m trn yu cu v mt cung, cung ny c bao bi mt hnh ch nht c ta im tri trn l (10, 10), chiu rng v chiu di l 100, gc bt u l 0, gc kt thc l 150

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Mt s cc phng thc dng v cung void drawArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int startAngle, int arcAngle) void fillArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int startAngle, int arcAngle) Di y l on m minh ha vic s dng cc hm trn v mt cung import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; public class DrawShapes extends MIDlet { private Display display; // The display private ShapesCanvas canvas; // Canvas public DrawShapes() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); canvas = new ShapesCanvas(this); } protected void startApp() { display.setCurrent( canvas ); } protected void pauseApp() {} protected void destroyApp( boolean unconditional ) {} public void exitMIDlet() { destroyApp(true);
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notifyDestroyed(); } } class ShapesCanvas extends Canvas implements CommandListener { private Command cmExit; // Exit midlet private DrawShapes midlet; public ShapesCanvas(DrawShapes midlet) { this.midlet = midlet; // Create exit command and listen for events cmExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); addCommand(cmExit); setCommandListener(this); } protected void paint(Graphics g) { // Clear background to white g.setColor(255, 255, 255); g.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight()); // Black pen g.setColor(0, 0, 0); // Start at 3 o'clock and rotate 15 degrees g.drawArc(10, 10, 100, 100, 0, 150); // Fill the arc // g.fillArc(10, 10, 100, 100, 0, 150); // Start at 12 o'clock and rotate 150 degrees // g.drawArc(10, 10, 100, 100, 90, 150); // Change the size of the bounding box // Start at 12 o'clock and rotate 150 degrees // g.drawArc(15, 45, 30, 70, 90, 150); } public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable d) { if (c == cmExit) midlet.exitMIDlet(); } } d) V hnh ch nht Cng ging nh cung th hnh ch nht c th chc v vin bao quanh hoc t bn trong. Bn cnh bn c th v hnh ch nht c 4 gc l trn hoc l vung. Di y l mt s phng thc v hnh ch nht: void drawRect(int x, int y, int width, int height)
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void drawRoundRect(int x, int y, int width, int height, int arcWidth, int arcHeight) void fillRect(int x, int y, int width, int height) void fillRoundRect(int x, int y, int width, int height, int arcWidth, int arcHeight) Khi v hnh ch nht c 4 gc l trn th bn phi xc nh ng knh theo chiu ngang (arcWidth) v ng knh theo chiu dc (arcHeight). Nhng tham s ny c nh ngha sc nt ca cung theo mi chiu. Gi tr cng ln th hin mt cung tng dn, ngc li l mt ng cong hp e) Font ch Phn sau y cng quan trng khng km l cch s dng font chc h tr bi giao din cp thp ca ng dng MIDP. Sau y l mt s cc phng thc dng ca lp Font Font getFont(int face, int style, int size) Font getFont(int fontSpecifier) Font getDefaultFont() Mt s thuc tnh ca lp Font FACE_SYSTEM FACE_MONOSPACE FACE_PROPORTIONAL STYLE_PLAIN STYLE_BOLD STYLE_ITALIC STYLE_UNDERLINED SIZE_SMALL SIZE_MEDIUM SIZE_LARGE Cc tham s kiu dng c th c kt hp thng qua ton t | . V d Font font = Font.getFont(Font.FACE_SYSTEM ,Font.STYLE_BOLD | Font.STYLE_ITALIC, Font.SIZE_SMALL); Sau khi bn c mt tham chiu n mt i tng Font, bn c th truy vn n xc nh thng tin ca cc thuc tnh ca n.
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int getFace() int getStyle() int getSize() boolean isPlain() boolean isBold() boolean isItalic() boolean isUnderlined() Kch thc ca cc font ch c xc nh bi chiu cao ca font ch, b di tnh bng im nh ca mt chui k t trong mt font xc nh. Mt s cc phng thc sau h tr khi tng tc vi mt i tng font int getHeight() int getBaselinePosition() int charWidth(char ch) int charsWidth(char[] ch, int offset, int length) int stringWidth(String str) int substringWidth(String str, int offset, int length) f) im neo xc nh ta x, y ca chui k tc hin th, th im neo cho php chng ta ch ra v tr mun t ta (x,y) trn hnh ch nht bao quang chui k t

C 6 im neo c nh ngha trc, 3 theo chiu dc v 3 theo chiu thng ng. Khi xc nh im neo v chui (cc im neo thng c s dng thnh tng cp), ta phi chn mt im honh v mt im tung . Cc im neo c nh ngha nh di y Chiu ngang LEFT (Bn tri)
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HCENTER (Chnh gia ca chiu ngang) RIGHT (Bn phi) Chiu dc TOP ( trn) BASELINE (ng thng c s) BOTTOM ( di) Khi s dng im neo th cn phi ch ra ta x, y ca hnh ch nht bao quanh. V d g.drawString("developerWorks", 0, 0 , Graphics.TOP | Graphics.LEFT); Hnh di y m t kt qu ca hm trn

Bng cch thay i im neo, chng ta c th thay i v tr hin th ca chui k t trn thit b di ng. V d tip theo chng ta s minh ha tip khi thay i im neo th v tr ca chui k t cng thay i theo:

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g) V cc chui k t Sau khi tm hiu v font v cc im neo, bn c th v chui k t ra mn hnh thng qua mt s cc phng thc sau: void drawChar(char character, int x, int y, int anchor) void drawChars(char[] data, int offset, int length, int x, int y, int anchor) void drawString(String str, int x, int y, int anchor) void drawSubstring(String str, int offset, int len, int x, int y, int anchor) V d: protected void paint(Graphics g) { // Get center of display int xcenter = getWidth() / 2, ycenter = getHeight() / 2; // Choose a font g.setFont(Font.getFont(Font.FACE_SYSTEM, Font.STYLE_BOLD, Font.SIZE_SMALL)); // Specify the center of the text (bounding box) using the anchor point g.drawString("developerWorks", xcenter, ycenter, Graphics.BASELINE | Graphics.HCENTER); } Tip theo l v d minh ha vic s dung font v xut chui ra thit b hin th import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; public class FontViewer extends MIDlet { protected Display display; // The display protected PrefsForm fmPrefs; // Form to choose font prefs protected FontCanvas cvFont; // Canvas to display text (in preferred font) public FontViewer() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); cvFont = new FontCanvas(this); fmPrefs = new PrefsForm("Preferences", this); } protected void startApp() { showCanvas(); } protected void showCanvas() { display.setCurrent(cvFont); } protected void pauseApp() {}
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protected void destroyApp( boolean unconditional ) {} public void exitMIDlet() { destroyApp(true); notifyDest } } /*--------------------------------------* FontCanvas.java * --------------------------------------*/ import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; class FontCanvas extends Canvas implements CommandListener { private int face, // Font face style, // style size; // size private String text = "developerWorks"; // Text to display in preferred font private Command cmExit; // Exit midlet private Command cmPrefs; // Call the preferences form private FontViewer midlet; // Reference to the main midlet public FontCanvas(FontViewer midlet) { this.midlet = midlet; // Create commands and listen for events cmExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); cmPrefs = new Command("Prefs", Command.SCREEN, 2); addCommand(cmExit); addCommand(cmPrefs); setCommandListener(this); } protected void paint(Graphics g) { // Clear the display g.setColor(255, 255, 255); // White pen g.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight()); g.setColor(0, 0, 0); // Black pen // Use the user selected font preferences g.setFont(Font.getFont(face, style, size)); // Draw text at center of display g.drawString(text, getWidth()/2, getHeight()/2,Graphics.BASELINE | Graphics.HCENTER); } protected void setFace(int face) {
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this.face = face; } protected void setStyle(int style) { this.style = style; } protected void setSize(int size) { this.size = size; } public void setText(String text) { this.text = text; } public int getFace() { return face; } public int getStyle() { return style; } public int getSize() { return size; } public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable d) { if (c == cmExit) midlet.exitMIDlet(); else if (c == cmPrefs) midlet.display.setCurrent(midlet.fmPrefs); } } h) V nh Lp Graphics cung cp 1 phng thc dng v nh: drawImage(Image img, int x, int y, int anchor) Chng ta cng p dng tng bc khi v nh cng ging nh khi xut chui ra mn hnh. i vi c 2 th chng ta u phi bt u bng vic thit lp ta x, y cng nhim neo. Danh sch cc im neo cho vic hin th nh cng khng khc my so vi vic xut chui, tuy nhin khng ging vi vic xut chui th mt bc nh c mt im trung tm. V thVCENTER c thay th cho gia tr BASELINE khi lm vic vi nh Chiu ngang
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LEFT (Bn tri) HCENTER (im chnh gia theo chiu ngang) RIGHT (Bn phi) Chiu dc TOP (im trn) VCENTER (im chnh gia theo chiu dc) BOTTOM (Bn di

Trong cc phn trc, chng ta to ra cc ng dng MIDP cho vic trnh by mt tm nh c t mt ngun ti nguyn l mt tp tin. Loi nh ny khng cho php thay i, v v vy cn c bit vi tn l nh khng th thay i. i vi v d sau y, chng ta s to ra mt tm nh bng cch cp pht b nh cho tm nh, ly tham chiu n mt i tng Graphics, v chng ta s t v ni dung tm nh. Loi nh ny cn c bit vi mt ci tn l nh c th bin thay i c import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; public class DrawImage extends MIDlet { private Display display; // The display private ImageCanvas canvas; // Canvas public DrawImage() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); canvas = new ImageCanvas(this); } protected void startApp() {
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display.setCurrent( canvas ); } protected void pauseApp(){} protected void destroyApp( boolean unconditional ) {} public void exitMIDlet() { destroyApp(true); notifyDestroyed(); } } /*-----------------------------------* Class ImageCanvas * * ----------------------------------*/ class ImageCanvas extends Canvas implements CommandListener { private Command cmExit; // Exit midlet private DrawImage midlet; private Image im = null; private String message = "developerWorks"; public ImageCanvas(DrawImage midlet) { this.midlet = midlet; // Create exit command and listen for events cmExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); addCommand(cmExit); setCommandListener(this); try{ // Create mutable image im = Image.createImage(100, 20); // Get graphics object to draw onto the image Graphics graphics = im.getGraphics(); // Specify a font face, style and size Font font = Font.getFont(Font.FACE_SYSTEM, Font.STYLE_PLAIN, Font.SIZE_MEDIUM); graphics.setFont(font); // Draw a filled (blue) rectangle, with rounded corners graphics.setColor(0, 0, 255); graphics.fillRoundRect(0,0, im.getWidth()-1, im.getHeight()-1, 20, 20); // Center text horizontally in the image. Draw text in white graphics.setColor(255, 255, 255); graphics.drawString(message, (im.getWidth() / 2) 61

font.stringWidth(message) / 2), (im.getHeight() / 2) (font.getHeight() / 2), Graphics.TOP | Graphics.LEFT); } catch (Exception e) { System.err.println("Error during image creation"); } } protected void paint(Graphics g) { // Clear the display g.setColor(255, 255, 255); g.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight()); // Center the image on the display if (im != null) g.drawImage(im, getWidth()/2, getHeight()/2,Graphics.VCENTER | Graphics.HCENTER); } public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable d) { if (c == cmExit) midlet.exitMIDlet(); } } i) Mt s cc phng thc khc ca lp Graphics: clip() v translate() l 2 phng thc ca lp Graphics. Mt vng hin th c ct xn c nh ngha l khu vc hin th ca thit b di ng, vng ny s c cp nht trong sut thao tc v li. Di y l mt s phng thc h tr cho vic xn mt vng hin th void setClip(int x, int y, int width, int height) void clipRect(int x, int y, int width, int height) int getClipX() int getClipY() int getClipWidth() int getClipHeight() translate() l mt phng thc c s dng c lin quan n h thng trc ta . Chng ta c th tnh tin h trc ta n mt im x, y khc. Mt s phng thc h tr cho vic tnh tin h trc ta void translate(int x, int y) int getTranslateX()
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int getTranslateY()

Chng III: H THNG QUN L BN GHI

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(Record Management System - RMS)

MIDP khng s dng h thng file lu tr d liu. Thay vo MIDP lu ton b thng tin vo non-volatile memory bng h thng lu tr gi l Record Management System (RMS). 1. Lu tr c nh thng qua Record Store RMS l h thng c t chc v qun l di dng cc record (bn ghi). Mi bn ghi (sau ny gi l Record) c th cha bt k loi d liu no, chng c th l kiu s nguyn, chui k t hay c th l mt nh v kt qu l mt Record l mt chui (mng) cc byte. Nu bn m ho d liu ca bn di dng nh phn (binary), bn c th lu tr d liu bng Record sau c d liu t Record v khi phc li d liu ban u. Tt nhin kch thc d liu ca bn khng c vut qu gii hn qui nh ca thit b di ng. RMS lu d liu gn nh mt c s d liu, bao gm nhiu dng, mi dng li c mt s nh danh duy nht Mt c s d liu kiu bn ghi Record ID 1 2 3 Mt tp cc bn ghi (sau ny gi l RecordStore) l tp hp cc Record c sp xp c th t. Mi Record khng thng c lp m n phi thuc vo mt RecordStore no , cc thao tc trn Record phi thng qua RecordStore cha n. Khi to ra mt Record trong RecordStore, Record c gn mt snh danh kiu s nguyn gi l Record ID. Record u tin c to ra sc gn Record ID l 1 v s
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Data Array bytes Array bytes Array bytes of of of

tng thm 1 cho cc Record tip theo. Cn ch rng Record ID khng phi l ch mc (index), cc thao tc xa Record trong RecordStore s khng gy nn vic tnh ton li cc Record ID ca cc Record hin c cng nh khng lm thay i Record ID ca cc Record c to mi, v d: khi ta xa record id 3 khi thm mt record mi s c id l 4. Data l mt dy cc byte i din cho d liu cn lu. Tn c dng phn bit cc RecordStore trong b cc MIDlet (MIDlet suite). Cn ch khi nim MIDlet suite l tp cc MIDlet c chung khng gian tn (name space), c th chia s cng ti nguyn (nh RecordStore), cc bin tnh (static variable) trong cc lp v cc MIDlet ny sc ng gi trong cng mt file .jar khi trin khai. Nu ng dng ca bn ch c mt MIDlet th cc RecordStore c s dng cng phn bit ln nhau bng cc tn. Tn ca RecordStore c th di n 32 k t Unicode v l duy nht trong mt MIDlet suite.

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ng lin th hin vic truy xut Record store do MIDlet to ra, ng nt t l Record store do MIDlet khc to ra. Trong MIDLET Suite One, MIDlet #1 v MIDlet #2 cng c th truy xut 4 Record store. MIDLET Suite One khng th truy xut Record store trong Suite Two. Trong MIDlet Suite One tn ca cc Record store l duy nhy, tuy nhin Record store trong cc MIDlet Suite khc nhau c th dng chung mt tn. Record Store cn c 2 thuc tnh l Version Number v Date/time Stamp, cc gi tr ny thay i khi thc hin thm, thay th hay xa mt record, ngoi ra cn c
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th dng c ch event handler (Listener) pht hin mi khi Record store b thay i. Version number l mt s integer, bit gi tr khi u cn gi hm getVersion() sau khi to mt Record store. Date/time Stamp l s long integer, l s miliseconds k t ngy 1 thng 1 nm 1970, chng ta c th bit c gi tr ny thng qua hm getLastModified(). 2. Cc Vn Lin Quan n RMS a) Hn ch v kh nng lu tr ca thit b di ng Dung lng vng nh (non-volatile memory) dnh ring cho vic lu tr d liu trong RMS thay i ty theo thit b di ng. c t MIDP yu cu rng cc nh sn xut thit b di ng phi dnh ra vng nh c kch thc t nht 8K cho vic lu tr d liu trong RMS. c t khng nu gii hn trn cho mi Record. RMS cung cp cc API xc nh kch thc ca mi Record, tng dung lng ca RecordStore v kch thc cn li ca vng nh ny. Do trong qu trnh pht trin cc ng dng J2ME lp trnh vin phi cn nhc trong vic s dng vng nh ny. b) Tc truy xut d liu Cc thao tc trn vng nh ny (non-volatile memory) tt nhin s chm hn nhiu khi truy xut d liu trn b nh RAM (volatile memory). N s ging nh tc c cng v tc c t RAM ca my tnh. V vy trong k thut lp trnh phi thng xuyn cache d liu v cc thao tc lin quan n RMS ch thc hin tp trung mt ln (lc khi ng hay ng ng dng). c) C ch lung an ton Nu RecordStore ca ch c s dng bi mt MIDlet th khng phi lo lng v vn ny v RMS s dnh ring mt Thread thc hin cc thao tc trn RecordStore. Tuy nhin nu c nhiu MIDlet v Thread cng chia s mt RecordStore th phi ch n k thut lp trnh Thread m bo khng c s xung t d liu.
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3. Cc Hm API Trong RMS RecordStore khng c hm khi to. RecordStore Class: javax.microedition.rms.RecordStore Method static RecordStore openRecordStore(String recordStoreName, boolean createIfNecessary) void closeRecordStore() static void deleteRecordStore(String recordStoreName) static String[] listRecordStores() int addRecord(byte[] data, int offset, int numBytes) void setRecord(int recordId, byte[] newData, int offset, int numBytes) void deleteRecord(int recordId) byte[] getRecord(int recordId) int getRecord(int recordId, byte[] buffer, int offset) int getRecordSize(int recordId) int getNextRecordID() int getNumRecords() long getLastModified() int getVersion() String getName() int getSize() int getSizeAvailable() RecordEnumeration enumerateRecords( RecordFilter filter, RecordComparator comparator, boolean keepUpdated) void addRecordListener (RecordListener listener) void removeRecordListener (RecordListener listener) Description M mt Recordstore, c tham s to Record store nu n cha tn ti. ng RecordStore. Xa RecordStore. Danh sch cc RecordStore trong MIDlet suite. Thm mt record vo RecordStore. t hoc thay th mt record trong RecordStore. Xa mt record trong RecordStore. Ly dy byte cha record. Ly ni dung ca record vo dy byte. Kch thc record. Ly record id ca record mi . S lng cc record. Thi gian thay i gn nht. Version ca RecordStore. Tn ca RecordStore. Kch thc ca RecordStore. S byte trng cho RecordStore. Xy dng enumeration dng duyt recordstore Add a listener to detect record store Remove listener.

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Chng ta hy cng xem qua v d n gin ca vic c ghi record trong RecordStore. V d: c v ghi i tng string (ReadWrite.java) /*-------------------------------------------------* ReadWrite.java */ import java.io.*; import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.rms.*; public class ReadWrite extends MIDlet { private RecordStore rs = null; static final String REC_STORE = "db_1"; public ReadWrite() { openRecStore(); // Create the record store // Write a few records and read them back writeRecord("J2ME and MIDP"); writeRecord("Wireless Technology"); readRecords(); closeRecStore(); // Close record store deleteRecStore(); // Remove the record store } public void destroyApp( boolean unconditional ) { } public void startApp() { // There is no user interface, go ahead and shutdown destroyApp(false); notifyDestroyed(); } public void pauseApp() { } public void openRecStore() { try { // Create record store if it does not exist rs = RecordStore.openRecordStore(REC_STORE, true ); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void closeRecStore() { try { rs.closeRecordStore(); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); }
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} public void deleteRecStore() { if (RecordStore.listRecordStores() != null) { try { RecordStore.deleteRecordStore(REC_STORE); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } } public void writeRecord(String str) { byte[] rec = str.getBytes(); try { rs.addRecord(rec, 0, rec.length); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void readRecords() { try { byte[] recData = new byte[50]; int len; for (int i = 1; i <= rs.getNumRecords(); i++) { len = rs.getRecord( i, recData, 0 ); System.out.println("Record #" + i + ": " + new String(recData, 0, len)); System.out.println("------------------------------"); } } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } private void db(String str) { System.err.println("Msg: " + str); } } } y l output ca v d 1:

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Hm m mt recordstore public void openRecStore() { try { // Create record store if it does not exist rs = RecordStore.openRecordStore(REC_STORE, true ); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } Vi tham s true, hm s to mt RecordStore nu n cha tn ti. Trong hm WriteRecord, trc khi lu vo RecordStore, cn phi chuyn i kiu string thnh dy byte: byte[] rec = str.getBytes(); ... rs.addRecord(rec, 0, rec.length); Trong hm ReadRecord, chng ta cng cn c mt dy byte: byte[] recData = new byte[50]; ... len = rs.getRecord( i, recData, 0 ); Cn lu l trong v d trn do bit trc kch thc ca string nn khai bo dy byte va , trong thc t ta nn kim tra kch thc ca record khai bo dy byte cn thit trnh pht sinh li, do hm ReadRecord c th sa li nh sau: for (int i = 1; i <= rs.getNumRecords(); i++) { if (rs.getRecordSize(i) > recData.length) recData = new byte[rs.getRecordSize(i)];
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len = rs.getRecord(i, recData, 0); System.out.println("Record #" + i + ": " + new String(recData, 0, len)); System.out.println("------------------------------"); } Nu ch cn c ghi nhng on text vo record, th v d trn l qu . Tuy nhin, thc t l ta cn lu nhng gi tr khc: String, int, boolean, v.v Trong trng hp ny, chng ta cn s dng stream c v ghi record. Vic s dng stream gip chng ta linh ng v nng cao hiu qu ca vic c v ghi d liu vo RecordStore. Chng ta s dng nextRecord() duyt n record sau , ngoi ra cn c previousRecord() gip duyt v record trc . Nu mun bt u ti v tr cui cng ca recordstore ta ch cn gi hm previousRecord() ngay khi m recordstore, n s tr v dng cui cng. RecordEnumeration c duy tr mt index ca cc record. Khi recordstore c s thay i th RecordEnumeration c th hot dng khng chnh xc, do chng ta cn phi gi hm reindex() mi khi recordstore c s thay i. RecordEnumeration API RecordEnumeration Interface: javax.microedition.rms.RecordEnumeration Method Description int numRecords() S lng record trong enumeration byte[] nextRecord() Record tip theo int nextRecordId() Record ID ca record tip theo byte[] previousRecord() Record trc int previousRecordId() Record ID ca record trc Kim tra enumeration c record k boolean hasNextElement() tip Kim tra enumeration c record boolean hasPreviousElement() trc void keepUpdated(boolean t enumeration reindex sau khi co keepUpdated) sthay i Kim tra enumeration c tng boolean isKeptUpdated() reindex() void rebuild() To li index void reset() a enumeration v record u tin void destroy() Gii phng ti nguyn c s dng bi enumeration
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4. Sp Xp Cc Record Vi interface RecordComparator Interface ny gip ngi lp trnh so snh hai Record theo mt tiu ch no . Interface ny nh ngha phng thc compare vi tr u vo l hai mng cc byte th hin hai Record cn so snh. Phng thc ny tr v cc tr sau c nh ngha trong interface: EQUIVALENT: Nu hai Record bng nhau FOLLOWS: Nu Record th 1 ng sau Record th 2 PRECEDES: Nu Record th 1 ng trc Record th 2 Do RecrdComparator l mt interface nn khi s dng cn phi implements n: public class Comparator implements RecordComparator { public int compare(byte[] rec1, byte[] rec2) { String str1 = new String(rec1), str2 = new String(rec2); int result = str1.compareTo(str2); if (result == 0) return RecordComparator.EQUIVALENT; else if (result < 0) return RecordComparator.PRECEDES; else return RecordComparator.FOLLOWS; } } Sau ta s dng lp Comparator bng cch gn kt n vi RecordEnumeration: // Create a new comparator for sorting Comparator comp = new Comparator(); // Reference the comparator when creating the result set RecordEnumeration re = rs.enumerateRecords(null,comp,false); // Iterate through the sorted results while (re.hasNextElement()) { String str = new String(re.nextRecord()); . Enumeration s s dng hm compare trong class Comparator sp xp cc record trong RecordStore. RecordComparator Interface: javax.microedition.rms.RecordComparator Method Description int compare(byte[] rec1, byte[] So snh quyt nh th t sp rec2) xp V d: chng trnh sp xp c bn
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/*-------------------------------------------------* SimpleSort.java */ import java.io.*; import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.rms.*; public class SimpleSort extends MIDlet { private RecordStore rs = null; static final String REC_STORE = "db_1"; public SimpleSort() { openRecStore(); // Create the record store // Write a few records writeRecord("Sand Wedge"); writeRecord("One Wood"); writeRecord("Putter"); writeRecord("Five Iron"); // Read back with enumerator, sorting the results readRecords(); closeRecStore(); // Close record store deleteRecStore(); // Remove the record store } public void destroyApp( boolean unconditional ) { } public void startApp() { // There is no user interface, go ahead and shutdown destroyApp(false); notifyDestroyed(); } public void pauseApp() {} public void openRecStore() { try { // Create record store if it does not exist rs = RecordStore.openRecordStore(REC_STORE, true ); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void closeRecStore() { try { rs.closeRecordStore(); }
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catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void deleteRecStore() { if (RecordStore.listRecordStores() != null) { try { RecordStore.deleteRecordStore(REC_STORE); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } } public void writeRecord(String str) { byte[] rec = str.getBytes(); try { rs.addRecord(rec, 0, rec.length); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void readRecords() { try { if (rs.getNumRecords() > 0) { Comparator comp = new Comparator(); RecordEnumeration re = rs.enumerateRecords(null,comp, false); while (re.hasNextElement()) { String str = new String(re.nextRecord()); System.out.println(str); System.out.println("------------------------------"); } } } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } private void db(String str) { System.err.println("Msg: " + str);
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} } class Comparator implements RecordComparator { public int compare(byte[] rec1, byte[] rec2) { String str1 = new String(rec1), str2 = new String(rec2); int result = str1.compareTo(str2); if (result == 0) return RecordComparator.EQUIVALENT; else if (result < 0) return RecordComparator.PRECEDES; else return RecordComparator.FOLLOWS; } } Trong on code trn trong hm readRecord(), khi to Enumeration ta tham chiu n i tng comp ca lp Comparator Comparator comp = new Comparator(); RecordEnumeration re = rs.enumerateRecords(null, comp, false); while (re.hasNextElement()) { ... } Khi enumerator to index cho RecordStore n s s dng hm compare() trn sp xp cc record. Output ca vi d:

V d trn ng trong trng hp d liu lu vo record l dng text, nu quay li ta ghi nhiu kiu d liu vo trong mt record: // Write Java data types to stream strmDataType.writeUTF("Text 1");
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strmDataType.writeBoolean(true); strmDataType.writeInt(1); th cc kiu d liu trn s c lu vo mt stream dng binary. Sau cc stream ny s c chuyn thnh mng v a vo recordstore: // Get stream data into an array record = strmBytes.toByteArray(); // Write the array to a record rs.addRecord(record, 0, record.length); on code trong v d trn s chy sai khi p dng vi kiu d liu binary. gii quyt, ta cn phi vit li hm compare() th c hin chc nng chuyn i chui byte v sp xp ng kiu d liu. Trong thc t, chng ta cn phi lu nhiu trng d liu trong mt record nh trong v d 2 (lu d liu kiu String, boolean, integer). Trong trng hp ny s c nhiu la chn sp xp cc record, v vic la chn ny ty thuc vo ng dng. Trong 2 v d sau y s thc thi interface RecordComparator sp xp record cha nhiu kiu d liu. Nhng v d ny s s dng cng d liu u vo, tuy nhin v d 4 s sp xp da vo kiu String, trong khi v d 5 s sp xp da vo kiu integer. y l d liu s lu vo recordstore: String[] pets = {"duke", "tiger", "spike", "beauregard"}; boolean[] dog = {true, false, true, true}; int[] rank = {3, 0, 1, 2}; Khi lu vo recordstore s c dng nh sau: Record #1 "duke" true 3 Record #2 "tiger" false 0
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Record #3 "spike" true 1 Record #4 "beauregard" true 2 y l l do v d trn khng p ng c yu cu, do d liu lu vo khng cn l dng text, v hm String.CompareTo() trn ni dung ca record khng th sp xp d liu theo mong mun. Do cn phi ly ra t mi record trng d liu m ta mun sp xp. V d 5: integer sort /*-------------------------------------------------* IntSort.java * ------------*/ import java.io.*; import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.rms.*; public class IntSort extends MIDlet { private RecordStore rs = null; // Record store static final String REC_STORE = "db_4"; // Name of record store public IntSort() { openRecStore(); // Create the record store writeTestData(); // Write a series of records readStream(); // Read back the records closeRecStore(); // Close record store deleteRecStore(); // Remove the record store } public void destroyApp( boolean unconditional ) {} public void startApp() { // There is no user interface, go ahead and shutdown destroyApp(false); notifyDestroyed(); } public void pauseApp() {} public void openRecStore() { try {
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// Create record store if it does not exist rs = RecordStore.openRecordStore(REC_STORE, true ); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void closeRecStore() { try { rs.closeRecordStore(); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void deleteRecStore() { if (RecordStore.listRecordStores() != null) { try { RecordStore.deleteRecordStore(REC_STORE); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } } public void writeTestData() { String[] pets = {"duke", "tiger", "spike", "beauregard"}; boolean[] dog = {true, false, true, true}; int[] rank = {3, 0, 1, 2}; writeStream(pets, dog, rank); } public void writeStream(String[] sData, boolean[] bData,int[] iData) { try { // Write data into an internal byte array ByteArrayOutputStream strmBytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); // Write Java data types into the above byte array DataOutputStream strmDataType = new DataOutputStream(strmBytes); byte[] record; for (int i = 0; i < sData.length; i++) { // Write Java data types
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strmDataType.writeUTF(sData[i]); strmDataType.writeBoolean(bData[i]); strmDataType.writeInt(iData[i]); // Clear any buffered data strmDataType.flush(); // Get stream data into byte array and write record record = strmBytes.toByteArray(); rs.addRecord(record, 0, record.length); // Toss any data in the internal array so writes // starts at beginning (of the internal array) strmBytes.reset(); } strmBytes.close(); strmDataType.close(); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void readStream() { try { byte[] recData = new byte[50]; // Read from the specified byte array ByteArrayInputStream strmBytes = new ByteArrayInputStream(recData); // Read Java data types from the above byte array DataInputStream strmDataType = new DataInputStream(strmBytes); if (rs.getNumRecords() > 0) { ComparatorInt comp = new ComparatorInt(); int i = 1; RecordEnumeration re = rs.enumerateRecords(null,comp, false); while (re.hasNextElement()) { // Get data into the byte array rs.getRecord(re.nextRecordId(), recData, 0); // Read back the data types System.out.println("Record #" + i++); System.out.println("Name: " + strmDataType.readUTF()); System.out.println("Dog: " + strmDataType.readBoolean()); System.out.println("Rank: " +
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strmDataType.readInt()); System.out.println("-------------------"); // Reset so read starts at beginning of array strmBytes.reset(); } comp.compareIntClose(); re.destroy(); } strmBytes.close(); strmDataType.close(); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } private void db(String str) { System.err.println("Msg: " + str); } } class ComparatorInt implements RecordComparator { private byte[] recData = new byte[10]; // Read from a specified byte array private ByteArrayInputStream strmBytes = null; // Read Java data types from the above byte array private DataInputStream strmDataType = null; public void compareIntClose() { try { if (strmBytes != null) strmBytes.close(); if (strmDataType != null) strmDataType.close(); } catch (Exception e) {} } public int compare(byte[] rec1, byte[] rec2) { int x1, x2; try { // If either record is larger than our buffer, reallocate int maxsize = Math.max(rec1.length, rec2.length); if (maxsize > recData.length) recData = new byte[maxsize]; // Read record #1 // We want the integer from the record, which is // the last "field" thus we must read the String
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// Free enumerator

// and boolean to get to the integer strmBytes = new ByteArrayInputStream(rec1); strmDataType = new DataInputStream(strmBytes); strmDataType.readUTF(); strmDataType.readBoolean(); x1 = strmDataType.readInt(); // Here's our data // Read record #2 strmBytes = new ByteArrayInputStream(rec2); strmDataType = new DataInputStream(strmBytes); strmDataType.readUTF(); strmDataType.readBoolean(); x2 = strmDataType.readInt(); // Here's our data // Compare record #1 and #2 if (x1 == x2) return RecordComparator.EQUIVALENT; else if (x1 < x2) return RecordComparator.PRECEDES; else return RecordComparator.FOLLOWS; } catch (Exception e) { return RecordComparator.EQUIVALENT; } } } Trong v d ny tiu ch sp xp l theo kiu integer, do trc ht ta phi ly d liu trong dy byte. Tuy nhin, c mt lu l do d liu ta cn ly nm cui cng trong dy byte do ra cn phi c theo th t, tc l phi c kiu String, boolean ri mi n integer: // Read record #1 // We want the integer from the record, which is // the last "field" thus we must read the String // and boolean to get to the integer ... strmDataType.readUTF(); strmDataType.readBoolean(); x1 = strmDataType.readInt(); // Here's our data // Read record #2 ... strmDataType.readUTF(); strmDataType.readBoolean();
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x2 = strmDataType.readInt(); // Here's our data // Compare record #1 and #2 ... Output ca v d

5. Tm Kim Vi B Lc RecordFilter Ngoi vic sp xp cc record (s dng RecordComparator), enumerator cn cung cp c ch lc (tm kim cc record tha mn mt iu kin no ). Khi s dng RecordComparator tt c cc record trong RecordStore u c lu trong mt result set. Nhng khi dng RecordFilter, ch c nhng tha mn iu kin mi c trong enumerator result set. class SearchFilter implements RecordFilter { private String searchText = null; public SearchFilter(String searchText) { // This is the text to search for this.searchText = searchText.toLowerCase(); } public boolean matches(byte[] candidate) { String str = new String(candidate).toLowerCase(); // Look for a match if (searchText != null && str.indexOf(searchText) != -1) return true; else return false; } }
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Trn y l mt class n gin thc thi interface RecordFilter. Class ny sc gn vi mt enumerator, v khi enumerator s dng hm matches() duyt ht recordstore ly ra nhng record cn tm: // Create a new search filter SearchFilter search = new SearchFilter("search text"); // Reference the filter when creating the result set RecordEnumeration re = rs.enumerateRecords(search,null,false); // If there is at least one record in result set, a match was found if (re.numRecords() > 0) // Do something RecordFilter Interface: javax.microedition.rms.RecordFilter Method Description boolean matches(byte[] Tm kim record tha mn mt iu kin candidate) no Sau y ta s xem qua chng trnh tm kim n gin s dng interface RecordFilter: V d /*-------------------------------------------------* SimpleSearch.java * */ import java.io.*; import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.rms.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; public class SimpleSearch extends MIDlet implements CommandListener { private Display display; // Reference to Display object private Form fmMain; // The main form private StringItem siMatch; // The matching text, if any private Command cmFind; // Command to search record store private Command cmExit; // Command to insert items private TextField tfFind; // Search text as requested by user private RecordStore rs = null; // Record store static final String REC_STORE = "db_6"; // Name of record store public SimpleSearch() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); tfFind = new TextField("Find", "", 10, TextField.ANY); siMatch = new StringItem(null, null); cmExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1);
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cmFind = new Command("Find", Command.SCREEN, 2); // Create the form, add commands fmMain = new Form("Record Search"); fmMain.addCommand(cmExit); fmMain.addCommand(cmFind); // Append textfield and stringItem fmMain.append(tfFind); fmMain.append(siMatch); // Capture events fmMain.setCommandListener(this); //-------------------------------- // Open and write to record store //------------------------------- openRecStore(); // Create the record store writeTestData(); // Write a series of records } public void destroyApp( boolean unconditional ) { closeRecStore(); // Close record store deleteRecStore(); } public void startApp() { display.setCurrent(fmMain); } public void pauseApp() {} public void openRecStore() { try { // Create record store if it does not exist rs = RecordStore.openRecordStore(REC_STORE, true ); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void closeRecStore() { try { rs.closeRecordStore(); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void deleteRecStore() {
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if (RecordStore.listRecordStores() != null) { try { RecordStore.deleteRecordStore(REC_STORE); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } } public void writeTestData() { String[] golfClubs = { "Wedge...good from the sand trap", "Truong dai hoc Cong nghe ", "Putter...only on the green", "Hoc mon LTUDM rat bo ich!"}; writeRecords(golfClubs); } public void writeRecords(String[] sData) { byte[] record; try { // Only add the records once if (rs.getNumRecords() > 0) return; for (int i = 0; i < sData.length; i++) { record = sData[i].getBytes(); rs.addRecord(record, 0, record.length); } } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } private void searchRecordStore() { try { // Record store is not empty if (rs.getNumRecords() > 0) { // Setup the search filter with the user requested text SearchFilter search = new SearchFilter(tfFind.getString()); RecordEnumeration re = rs.enumerateRecords(search, null, false); // A match was found using the filter if (re.numRecords() > 0) // Show match in the stringItem on the form siMatch.setText(new String(re.nextRecord())); re.destroy(); // Free enumerator
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} } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable s) { if (c == cmFind) { searchRecordStore(); } else if (c == cmExit) { destroyApp(false); notifyDestroyed(); } } private void db(String str) { System.err.println("Msg: " + str); } } class SearchFilter implements RecordFilter { private String searchText = null; public SearchFilter(String searchText) { // This is the text to search for this.searchText = searchText.toLowerCase(); } public boolean matches(byte[] candidate) { String str = new String(candidate).toLowerCase(); // Look for a match if (searchText != null && str.indexOf(searchText) != -1) return true; else return false; } } Sau khi vit class SearchFilter, ta to mt instance search, khi khai bo class RecordEnumeration s tham chiu n instance trn. Khi ch c nhng record tha mn iu kin (trong hm matches()) mi hin th trong result set: // Setup the search filter with the user requested text SearchFilter search = new SearchFilter(tfFind.getString()); RecordEnumeration re =rs.enumerateRecords(search,null,false); // A match was found using the filter if (re.numRecords() > 0) siMatch.setText(new String(re.nextRecord()));
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Output:

6. Nhn Bit Thay i Vi RecordListener pht hin cc thay i cng nh thm vo cc Record trong RecordStore, RMS cung cp giao din RecordListener. Giao din ny nh ngha 3 phng thc, cc phng thc c 2 tr vo l mt i tng kiu RecordStore v mt s int cha recordID. Cc phng thc l: RecordListener Interface: javax.microedition.rms.RecordListener Method Description void c gi khi thm 1 record recordAdded(RecordStore recordStore, int recordId) void c gi khi record bi thay i recordChanged(RecordStore recordStore, int recordId) void c gi khi record b xa recordDeleted(RecordStore recordStore, int recordId)

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V d : s dng RecordListener /*-------------------------------------------------* RmsListener.java * */ import java.io.*; import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.rms.*; public class RmsListener extends MIDlet { private RecordStore rs = null; static final String REC_STORE = "db_8"; public RmsListener() { // Open record store and add listener openRecStore(); rs.addRecordListener(new TestRecordListener()); // Initiate actions that will wake up the listener writeRecord("J2ME and MIDP"); updateRecord("MIDP and J2ME"); deleteRecord(); closeRecStore(); // Close record store deleteRecStore(); // Remove the record store } public void destroyApp( boolean unconditional ) {} public void startApp() { // There is no user interface, go ahead and shutdown destroyApp(false); notifyDestroyed(); } public void pauseApp() {} public void openRecStore() { try { // Create record store if it does not exist rs = RecordStore.openRecordStore(REC_STORE, true ); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void closeRecStore() {
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try { rs.closeRecordStore(); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void deleteRecStore() { if (RecordStore.listRecordStores() != null) { try { RecordStore.deleteRecordStore(REC_STORE); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } } public void writeRecord(String str) { byte[] rec = str.getBytes(); try { rs.addRecord(rec, 0, rec.length); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void updateRecord(String str) { try { rs.setRecord(1, str.getBytes(), 0, str.length()); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString()); } } public void deleteRecord() { try { rs.deleteRecord(1); } catch (Exception e) { db(e.toString());

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} } public void db(String str) { System.err.println("Msg: " + str); } } class TestRecordListener implements RecordListener { public void recordAdded(RecordStore recordStore, int recordId) { try { System.out.println("Record with ID#: " + recordId + "added to RecordStore: " + recordStore.getName()); } catch (Exception e) { System.err.println(e); } } public void recordDeleted(RecordStore recordStore, int recordId) { try { System.out.println("Record with ID#: " + recordId + "deleted from RecordStore: " + recordStore.getName()); } catch (Exception e) { System.err.println(e); } } public void recordChanged(RecordStore recordStore, int recordId) { try{ System.out.println("Record with ID#: " + recordId + "changed in RecordStore: " recordStore.getName()); } catch (Exception e) { System.err.println(e); } } }

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7. Cc Ngoi L Pht Sinh Trong RMS Cc phng thc trong API ca RMS ngoi vic pht sinh cc ngoi l thng thng n mi trng chy (runtime enviroment). RMS cn nh ngha thm cc ngoi l trong gi javax.microedition.rms nh sau: InvalidRecordIDException: Ngoi l ny pht sinh ra khi khng th thao tc trn Record v RecordID khng thch hp. RecordStoreFullException: Ngoi l ny pht sinh ra khi khng cn vng nh. RecordStoreNotFoundException: Ngoi l ny pht sinh ra khi m mt RecordStore khng tn ti. RecordStoreNotOpenException: Ngoi l ny pht sinh ra khi thao tc trn mt RecordStore bng. RecordStoreException: y l lp cha ca 4 lp trn, ngoi l ny m t li chung nht trong qu trnh thao tc vi RMS.

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Chng IV: KHUNG KT NI CHUNG (Generic Connection Framework - GCF)

Trong phin bn J2SE, h tr cc giao thc kt ni mng c cc gi java.io v java.net vi tng dung lng hn 200KB bao gm hn 100 lp v giao din. Qa tht vi b nh nh b v hn ch trong x l, vic a nhng gi ny vo trong ng dng vit bng J2ME l mt iu hon ton khng kh thi. Chnh v vy, khi m rng phm vi h tr giao thc mng v h thng tp tin, ngoi ta khng dng li cc lp ca J2SE m xy dng mt khi nim mi c gi l Khung kt ni chung (Generic Connection Framework - GCF). GCF l mt tp hp cc lp v giao din c thit k nhm ta thun tin cho vic truy xut n cc h thng lu tr v kt ni mng. Mc tiu ca GCF khng phi l to ra mt tp cc lp mi hon ton m n cung cp mt tp con ca J2SE mt cch c chn lc. Tp con ny c gii hn v ti u ph hp vi nhng rng buc v khc bit ca nhng thit b di ng. 1. Cy phn cp Connection Khi a ra khi nim cy phn cp, ngi ta ch to ra mt lp c kh nng m mi loi kt ni bao gm: file, http, datagram, Tn ca lp ny l Connector. Nh vy nu s dng Connector m kt ni, chng ta ch cn gi mt phng thc open c nh dng nh sau: Connector.Open(protocol:address; parameter) C ch m GCF dng m nhiu loi giao tip ch bng mt phng thc chung duy nht ny chng minh tnh uyn chuyn ca GCF. C ch ny hot ng nh sau: Trong thi gian thc thi, mi khi c yu cu m mt giao thc, Connector s tm n lp tng ng ci t giao thc y. Qu trnh tm kim ny c thc hin thng qua phng thc Class.forName(). V d nh yu cu m kt ni HTTP trong J2ME, yu cu s c vit nh sau:
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Class.forName(com.sun.midp.io.j2me.http.Protocol); Khi tm thy lp tng ng, Class.forName() s tr v mt i tng c ci t giao din Connection (trong lp Connector v giao din Connection c nh ngha sn trong CLDC) Sau y l cy phn cp Connection, n bao gm cc lp m mi lp c nh ngha nh l mt giao din

Trong kin trc ca cy phn cp, ci t tht s ca c giao thc u nm mc hin trng. Trong MIDP 1.0, HttpConnection h tro mt tpj con HTTP phin bn 1.0. Do khi lp ny m rng ContentConnection, n c cung cp sn hn 20 phng thc chuyn bit giao tip thng qua giao thc HTTP. Mc d DatagramConnection cng xut hin trong cy phn cp nhng ngi ta khng bt buc ci t MIDP h tr giao thc ny.

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2. Kt ni HTTP HTTP l giao thc duy nht chc chn c h tr bi MIDP 1.0. Chng ta c th giao tip vi my ch hay bt k thit b t xa no c h tr giao thc ny nh vo lp HttpConnection. Lp Connector cung cp cho ngi dng by phng thc to kt ni ti my ch. Ba phng thc trong s l cc bin th ca phng thc open(). Cc phng thc ny c m t trong bng sau: Cc phng thc ca lp javax.microedition.io.Connector Phng thc static Connection open(String name) int mode) static Connection open(String name, int mode, boolean timeouts) static InputStream openInputStream(String name) static OutputStream openOutputStream(String name) static DataInputStream openDataInputStream(String name) static DataOutputStream openDataOutputStream(String name) M t To mt kt ni c ch READ_WRITE c ch nh To mt kt ni vi ch c ch nh, thm ngoi l time out To kt ni lung nhp To kt ni lung xut To kt ni lung nhp kiu DataInputStream To kt ni lung xut kiu DataOutputStream

static Connection open(String name, To mt kt ni vi ch

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Di y l on code m kt ni thng qua stream // Create a ContentConnection String url = http://www.corej2me.com; ContentConnection connection = (ContentConnection) Connector.open(url); // With the connection, open a stream InputStream iStrm = connection.openInputStream(); // ContentConnection includes a length method int length = (int) connection.getLength(); if (length != -1) { byte imageData[] = new byte[length]; // Read the data into an array iStrm.read(imageData); } Tht ra chng ta c th ta mt kt ni InputStream m khng cn s c mt ca ContentConnection. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c hn ch l khng cung cp phng thc xc nh chiu di d liu Di y l cch m mt kt ni dng HttpConnection: String url = http://www.corej2me.com/midbook_v1e1/ch14/duke.png; HttpConnection http = (HttpConnection) Connector.open(url); Sau khi c m, kt ni ny cung cp truy xut n rt nhiu loi lung m InputStream v DataInputStream l hai trong s . Tuy nhin th mnh thc s ca kt ni HttpConnection li nm ch n c kh nng gip cho lp trnh vin loi b cc gnh nng ca cc cu lnh HTTP. Di y l v d n gin, u tin MIDlet s download v hin th hnh nh ti v. MIDlet s d dng ByteArrayOutputStream cha d liu ti v bi v ta khng dng ContentConnection nn khng th bit kch c d liu ti v

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/*-------------------------------------------------* DownloadImage.java * */ import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; import javax.microedition.io.*; import java.io.*; public class DownloadImage extends MIDlet implements CommandListener { private Display display; private TextBox tbMain; private Form fmViewPng; private Command cmExit; private Command cmView; private Command cmBack; public DownloadImage() { display = Display.getDisplay(this); // Create the textbox, allow maximum of 50 characters tbMain = new TextBox("Enter url", "http://localhost/intel.png", 55, 0); // Create commands and add to textbox cmExit = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); cmView = new Command("View", Command.SCREEN, 2); tbMain.addCommand(cmExit); tbMain.addCommand(cmView ); // Set up a listener for textbox tbMain.setCommandListener(this); // Create the form that will hold the image fmViewPng = new Form(""); // Create commands and add to form cmBack = new Command("Back", Command.BACK, 1); fmViewPng.addCommand(cmBack); // Set up a listener for form fmViewPng.setCommandListener(this); } public void startApp() { display.setCurrent(tbMain); } public void pauseApp() { } public void destroyApp(boolean unconditional) { } public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable s) {

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// If the Command button pressed was "Exit" if (c == cmExit) { destroyApp(false); notifyDestroyed(); } else if (c == cmView) { // Download image and place on the form try { Image im; if ((im = getImage(tbMain.getString())) != null) { ImageItem ii = new ImageItem(null, im, ImageItem.LAYOUT_DEFAULT, null); // If there is already an image, set (replace) it if (fmViewPng.size() != 0) fmViewPng.set(0, ii); else // Append the image to the empty form fmViewPng.append(ii); } else fmViewPng.append("Unsuccessful download."); // Display the form with image display.setCurrent(fmViewPng); } catch (Exception e) { System.err.println("Msg: " + e.toString()); } } else if (c == cmBack) { display.setCurrent(tbMain); } } private Image getImage(String url) throws IOException { InputStream iStrm = (InputStream) Connector.openInputStream(url); Image im = null; try { ByteArrayOutputStream bStrm = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); int ch; while ((ch = iStrm.read()) != -1) bStrm.write(ch); // Place into image array byte imageData[] = bStrm.toByteArray(); // Create the image from the byte array im = Image.createImage(imageData, 0, imageData.length); }
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finally { // Clean up if (iStrm != null) iStrm.close(); } return (im == null ? null : im); } } Mt textbox s cho php nhp a ch URL

Sau khi ti v, hnh nh sc hin th

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3. Client Request v Server Response C HTTP v HTTPS u gi request v response. My client gi request, cn server s tr v response. Client request bao gm 3 phn sau: Request method Header Body Request method nh ngha cch m d liu s c gi n server. C 3 phng thc c cung cp sn l GET, POST, HEADER. Khi s dng Get, d liu cn request s nm trong URL. Vi Post d liu gi t client sc phn thnh cc stream ring bit. Trong khi , Header s khng gi d liu yu cu ln server, thay vo header ch request nhng meta information v server. GET v POST l hai phng thc request kh ging nhau, tuy nhin do GET gi d liu thng qua URL nn s b gii hn, cn POST s dng nhng stream ring bit nn s khc phc c hn ch ny. V d v vic m HTTP Connection thng qua GET String url = "http://www.corej2me.com?size=large"; HttpConnection http = null; http = (HttpConnection) Connector.open(url); http.setRequestMethod(HttpConnection.GET); Nhng Header field s cho php ta truyn cc tham s t client n server. Cc header field thng dng l If-Modified-Since, Accept, and User Agent. Bn c tht cc field ny thng qua phng thc setRequestProperty(). Di y l v d dng setRequestProperty(), ch c nhng d liu thay i sau ngy 1 thng 1 nm 2005 mi c gi v t server: String url = "http://www.corej2me.com\somefile.txt"; HttpConnection http = null; http = (HttpConnection) Connector.open(url); http.setRequestMethod(HttpConnection.GET); // Set header field as key-value pair
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http.setRequestProperty("If-Modified-Since", "Sat, 1 Jan 2005 12:00:00 GMT"); Body cha ni dung m bn mun gi ln server. V d v s dng POST v gi d liu tclient thng qua stream: String url = http://www.corej2me.com; tmp = "test data here"; OutputStream ostrm = null; HttpConnection http = null; http = (HttpConnection) Connector.open(url); http.setRequestMethod(HttpConnection.POST); // Send client body ostrm = http.openOutputStream(); byte bytes[] = tmp.getBytes(); for(int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) { os.write(bytes[i]); } os.flush(); Sau khi nhn c v s l yu cu t pha client, server s ng gi v gi v pha client. Cng nh client request, server cng gm 3 phn sau: Status line Header Body Status line s thng bo cho client kt qu ca request m client gi cho server. HTTP phn loi status line thnh cc nhm sau y: 1xx is informational 2xx is success 3xx is redirection 4xx is client error 5xx is server error Status line bao gm version ca HTTP trn server, status code, v on text i din cho status code. V d: "HTTP/1.1 200 OK" "HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request" "HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error"
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Header. Khng ging nh header ca client, server c th gi data thng qua header. Sau y l nhng phng thc dng ly thng tin Header m server gi v: String getHeaderField(int n) Get header field value looking up by index String getHeaderField(String name) Get header field value looking up by name String getHeaderFieldKey(int n) Get header field key using index Server c th tr v nhiu Header field. Trong trng hp ny, phng thc u tin s cho ly header field thng qua index ca n. Cn phng thc th hai ly ni dung header field da vo tn ca header field. Cn nu mun bit tn (key) ca header field, c th dng phng thc th 3 trn. Sau y l v d v 3 phng thc trn, trong trng hp server gi v chui "content-type=text/plain". Method http.getHeaderField(0) type") http.getHeaderFieldKey(0) "content-type" Return value "text-plain"

http.getHeaderField("content- "text-plain"

Body: Cng ging nh client, server gi hu ht nhng thng tin trong phn body cho client. Client dng input stream c kt qu tr v t server. The HttpConnection API Nh cp trn, ta s s dng HttpConnection API thit lp kt ni trong MIDP. Di y l nhng API trong HttpConnection: Method long getDate() long getExpiration() Description Get header field date Gets header field expiration
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String getFile() int getHeaderField(int n) String getHeaderField(String name) long getHeaderFieldDate(String name, long def) int getHeaderFieldInt(String name, int def) String getHeaderFieldKey(int n) String getHost() long getLastModified() String getPort() String getProtocol() String getQuery() String getRef() String getRequestMethod() String getRequestProperty(String key) int getResponseCode() String getResponseMessage() String getURL() void setRequestMethod(String method) void setRequestProperty(String key, String value)

Gets filename from the URL Gets header field value looking up by index Gets header field value looking up by name Gets named field as a long (representing the date) Gets named field as an integer Gets header field key using index Gets host from the URL Gets last-modified field value Gets port from the URL Gets protocol from the URL Gets the query string (only valid with GET request) Gets the reference portion of URL Gets the current setting of the request method (GET, POST or HEAD) Gets the current setting of a request property Gets the response code (numeric value) Gets the response message (text value) Gets the entire URL Sets the request method (GET, POST or HEAD) Sets a request property (header information)

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Chng V: TNG KT
Hin nay, lp trnh trn in thoi di ng l mt lnh vc mi ang thu ht nhiu lp trnh vin. Vic xy dng cc ng dng trn thit b cc thit b ni chung v trn in thoi di ng ni ring l rt cn thit do s pht trin ca cng ngh di ng. Trong phm vi ti, em ch trnh by nhng phn c bn nht v cng ngh J2ME v k thut lp trnh cho in thoi di ng. Nhng phn ny c nghin cu, tm hiu qua qu trnh hc tp cng nh lm vic. Hi vng ti ny s tr thnh mt cng c tham kho c ch cho nhng ngi ang tham gia tm hiu v cng ngh J2ME. Tuy vy, do nhng hn ch v trnh cng nh thit b nn em khng th trnh khi nhng vng mc v sai st trong qu trnh tm hiu, nghin cu. Em rt mong c s nh gi v chnh sa ca cc thy hng dn cng nh cc bn sinh vin c qua ti liu ny. Em xin chn thnh cm n. H ni, ngy 26/11/2007 Bi Duy Thnh

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Ti liu tham kho

[1]. Phng Lan, Java tp 3, NXB Lao ng X hi, 2006. [2]. Nguyn Th Bch Ng, Nn tng cng ngh J2Me & MDP, NXB Giao thng Vn ti, 2006. [3]. Nguyn Hu Mai, Tng quan v J2ME, javavietnam.org, 2004. [4]. L Ngc Quc Khnh, Pht trin ng dng J2ME v J2ME Wireless Toolkit, 2004. [5]. John W. Muchow, Core J2METM Technology & MIDP, Prentice Hall PTR publisher, 2001. [6]. Kim Topley, J2Me in a Nutshell, OReilly publisher, 2002. [7]. Gwenal Le Bodic, Mobile Messaging Technologies and Service, John Wiley & Sons publisher, 2003.

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