(...

:
()

2009

. . , ... , :

:
1 -

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8 C/I

3.9

. . , ... , :

3.10 x o
x
3.11
3.12 cluster
3.13 cluster
3.14 =7 =4
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22

4

4.1
4.2
4.3 -
4.4 FDMA
4.5 DMA
4.6 CDMA
5
5.1
5.2 To GSM DCS 1800
5.3 (cordless)
5.4 -UMTS-UTRAN
5.5 WCDMA
5.6 WCDMA
5.7 WLAN

1.

. . , ... , :

2.

1. GSM

1. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
2. H GPRS
UMTS
.1.
2. UMTS
GSM 900-DCS 1800
.1. GSM 900
.2.
.3.
.4.
. 5. DCS 1800

()
1.
2.
3. up-link
4. down-link

. . , ... , :

,
... .

.

, .


.
, ,

.

.


...

. . , ... , :

1
-

1.1
(mobile communications systems)


.
:
-

-
-
--.
,

, , . '
.
.
Hertz 1880
() . Markni
Hertz
.
1921 Detroit
.
1932.
2Hz.
'
. 1956 450Hz. 1978
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
850 MHz.
(mobile
telephony) 1970,
. 80
MJ . MJ 6
320 () 2400
. 6 225
1300 .

. . , ... , :

.
1,76 min, "
" B (blocking probability) MJ 50% MK
30%.
()
, (base station,
cell site) ,
(coverage)
.
,
.

.
,

.
.
(spectrum efficiency) M 0 (spectrum efficiency)

:
M0 =

(1.1)

. (radio capacity). MJ
6 320 . M 0=53/ MK 6
225 . M 0=37/.
,
:

()

'
.

. . , ... , :

(Single Side Band, SSB)

(cellular structure)
,

(
FM )

(spread spectrum system)

(coding)

.
,

. SSB
.

.
,
,
.
1.2
, ,
,
, (frequency re-use)
(). ,

(cells), . ,

,
.

(interference)
(frequency-reuse factor).

. . , ... , :

,
.
1.3

:

(mobile unit)
(Base Station (BS), cell site)

(Mobile Telephone Switching Office, MTSO).

, -.
(interface) M.T.S.O.
, -, .
(M.T.S.O.)
.
(PSTN)
.
:
,
.
GSM (Group Special Mobile).

GSM
.
( RF ).


.
-102 -104 dB.

() (omnidirectional)
.
.
,
(error correction bits)
(encryption).
, . ,

. . , ... , :

.

.
(equalizer) ,
,
. ,
.
(Base Station

Controller, BSC) (Base station

Transceivers,TRX), (combiners) .
.

.


(. ).
-104 dBm.
.

' .
(
GSM 890 915 MHz)
(combiners).
. ,

900 MHz. ,
...

.
VHF UHF ,
" " (leaky feeder cables) .
" "
.
.
900MHz 8mm 0.315dB/m.
(. (paging))
.

10

. . , ... , :

1.4
,
:

.
.

.
.
- (omnidirectional) ,
, ,
, .

( )
( ). ,
' , ,

. ,
,
.
1.5
, ,
:

()
(cochannel interference)

(Carrier-toInterference ratio, CIR)

( ) (hand-off hand-over)
(cell splitting).

1.6
,
.

11

. . , ... , :

(traffic intensity). ,
, ,
(trunks), ,
.
,
,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
. ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
. :

( )(min) ( )
(rlangs)

A=
(1.2)
60 min

Erlang (Erl) .
, Erlangs,
, .
1.7
:

R, Q,
(busy hours),

QT
Q =
(rlangs),
60

,
,
,

.

12

. . , ... , :

1.8

, - (clusters) ,
, ,
. , cluster
1/7
. clusters 1.1.

1.1 .


.
1.1,
,
D=4.6R, R . D
(frequency reuse distance).

O K cluster
, . ,

13

. . , ... , :

350 clusters (=7),

50 .
,
,
. , (urban area)
, (suburban area)
(open area) .
,
.
.
1.9
(trunking)
, ,
.
,

.
1.10
(locating)
,
, ,
,
.
1. 11
(Hand-off and-over)
() ,
,
.
:

14

. . , ... , :

.
:

,
:

.
, ,
. , .

,

. ,


.
1.12
(cochannel frequency reuse ratio)
q
:
q=

D
= 3K
R

(1.3)
D , R
cluster
. (1.3) =7, q=4.6.
D
. ,

15

. . , ... , :

2


2.1
,
MHz GHz.

.

.


.
,
.

:

(Reflection), (Diffraction) (Scattering).

.

.

.
,
:
(path loss), (shadowing) (multipath

fading).

16

. . , ... , :

, (urban),
(suburban) (open) ,
, () .

, ,
( ) (multipath). ,
, ,

, 2.1. , ,
,
"" .
,
,
. , ,
, , / (fadings).
, ,
(multipath channel) (fading channel).

2.1
.
, ,
, , ""
. ,

, (Line-of-Sight, LOS). ,
, ,

17

. . , ... , :

(statistical models).

2.2

,
(Ray Tracing Models). ,
, :
( ) (two-path model)
(general ray tracing).
, .
2.2.1
d,
2.2, u(t) .

ht

hr

2.2 .
r(t)
:
.

B , ,
, . ht
hr, Pr :

18

. . , ... , :

2

j
j
Pr = Pt

1
+
R

e
+
(1

R)

Ae
+
...
t
r
4 d

(2.1)
, Pt , R
,
, A (surface wave
attenuation factor) gt, gr (gain) ,
. R :
sin z
R=
sin + z
(2.2)

z=

0 cos 2
0

z = 0 cos 2

0 . d
, (2.1) :
2 h t h r
Pr = 4P0 sin 2

d
(2.3)
P0 (free space).
:
2

P0 = Pt
gt gr
4 d
(2.4)
:
h h
Pr = Pt g t g r t 2 r
d

(2.5)

(2.5) d
,
d. ,
40 dB/dec 12 dB/oct.
6dB/oct. , Pr
f,
Pr f n, 2 n 3.
2.2.2

19

. . , ... , :

,

.
.

, ,
, .

,
.
2.2.3
, ,
,

. ,

. ,

.
(fast
fading short-fading multipath fading) (envelope)

, , ,
, .
,
, ,
.
.
(shadowing slow fading long-term
fading)
,
. ,
, r(t)
:
r(t) = rf (t) rs (t)
(2.6)

20

. . , ... , :

rf(t) rs(t)
, . 2.3
.

2.3 .

2.3
,
,

. s(t)
:
s(t) = Re[u(t) exp(j2x0 t + 0 )]
(2.7)
u(t) , f0 , 0
Re [ . ]
. , r(t)
, , :
r(t) A

u(t i ) exp( j2 (f 0 f i ) t + i f i i )

(2.8)
i , Ri
, fi Doppler
, i (propagation delay), i
i ,

21

. . , ... , :

. ,

. (2.8)
.
2.4.

2.4.1.1
(2.8)

()
. ,
[0,2] ,
( r)
Rayleigh, (probability
density function):

2r
r2
,
r

0
p(r ) =
exp
r 2
r2

(2.9)
<r2> <.>
(average value). , --
(Gamma distribution) ,

:
1

p( ) = exp , 0

(2.10)

=<> --.
,
r Rice, :

r2 + A 2
A0
2r
r

0
r
0
p(r ) =
exp I0

2
2
2
2

r
r
r

2
2

(2.11)
0 0 (.)
Bessel (Modified Bessel function of first kind). , Rice
, A0

, Rayleigh
.

22

. . , ... , :

,
, , r
Nakagami ( m-), r
:
m

p(r) =

2 m
m
r 2m 1 exp r 2
(m)

(2.12)
(m) , =<r2> m 0.5
(shape factor),
. m :
m=

r2

(r

2 2

(2.13)
()

. (2.12) m
, . ,
m=1 Rayleigh, m=0.5
Gauss (one-side Gaussian distribution). , m , ,

. , Rice (log-normal
distribution) Nakagami
m.

,
, Weibull,
r :
1
br
b br
p(r) =
exp
r0 r0
r0

(2.14)

, , o

, r0 r b ,
:
2 2
b =
a

(2.15)
, =0.5, (2.14) Rayleigh.
=1, (2.14) . Weibull

23

. . , ... , :

Nakagami, .
Weibull
,
Radar.

2.4.1.2

, ,
.
(2.5),
d
. ,
(local
mean power), ,
,
.

, Pav
:
p (Pav ) =

1
P
1
exp 2 ln 2 av
2 Pav
2
Pav

(2.16)
<Pav>
(area mean) ,
(standard deviation) .

4 12 dB. ,
,
(2.16) Pav,
o (Normal, Gaussian distribution).
(smoothing out)
,
, (2.16).

2.5

24

. . , ... , :

,
.
,
,
.
,

.
,
(baseband impulse response) h(;t) , Gaussian
t.

,
. , h(1;2;t) h(;t)
:
h ( 1 ; 2 ; t) =

1 *
h ( 1 ; t) h( 2 ; t + t)
2

(2.17)
1 2
, t
h*(;t)
h(;t). ,
,
,

(Uncorrelated Scattering)
(Wide-Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scaterering Channel, WSSUS). ,
(2.17) :
1 *
h ( 1 ; t) h( 2 ; t + t) = h ( 1 ; t) ( 1 2 )
2
(2.18)
(t) (Delta function). , h(;t)
h()

25

. . , ... , :

t. (2.18) t=0, h(),
,
, P(),
(Multipath Intensity Profile, MIP) .
, h() 2.4.
2.4 .

, h() ,
(total multipath delay spread)
. ,

, .
, MIP ,
<> (mean delay time) d (delay
spread) :

< >= P( ) d
0

(2.19)

d = ( < >) 2 P( ) d
0

(2.20)

,
. ,

. ,
0.5 sec 3 sec
.
, <>
d
.

MIP, . , ,

.

26

. . , ... , :

,
:
p( ) =

exp
d
d

(2.21)
MIP .
, d
, ,

.

, t,
f (transfer function) H(f;t),

. , Fourier h(;t),
H(f;t) ,
:
+

H(f; t) =

h(; t ) exp(- j 2 f ) d

(2.22)
h(;t) Gaussian
H(f;t) . H(f;t)
:
h (f1 , f 2 ; t) =

1 *
H (f 1 ; t) H(f 2 ; t + t)
2

(2.23)
H(f;t) Fourier h(;t),
h(f1;f2;t) Fourier h(;t). t=0
f=f2-f1, h(f;0)=h(f) h(;0)=h(),
:
h (f ) =

( ) exp( j 2 f ) d

(2.24)
,
2.5.

27

. . , ... , :

C(f)
h()

Fourier
C(f)
h()

0
f

(f)=1/

2.5 h(f) h().

h(f)
,
.
Fourier h(f) h()

(coherence bandwidth) Bcoh
:
B coh

(2.25)
Bcoh :

, .
,
,
. , Bcoh
R(f) ,
f1 f2 , :
R (f ) = r (f 1 ) r (f 2 )

(2.26)

28

. . , ... , :

r(f1), r(f2) f = f 1 f 2 .
(f) ,
:
(f ) =

R (f ) r
R (0 ) r

2
2

(2.27)
Bcoh=f
(f) r(f1) r(f2):
(f)=0.5
(2.28)
coh,
, ,
. coh 0.1 3 MHz. ,
, -
(mobile-satellite communications),
100 nsec
10 MHz.
t
h(f;t) /
, Doppler, ,
. Doppler,
, Fourier Sh(f;)
h(f;t), t, :

S h (f; ) =

(f; t ) e
h

j22

d (t )

(2.29)
f=0, Sh(0;) Sh(). Sh()
,
( f).
, .
, Sh() ,
Doppler (Doppler spread) Bd .
Sh() h(t) Fourier,

d , coh (coherence time)

:

29

. . , ... , :

Tcoh

1
Bd

(2.30)

.
, , 0,
coh :
Tcoh

0
2

(2.31)
H
,
0. 0
0.3 m 5 50 km/h,
coh 11 110 msec.
coh , ,
,
. ,

,
.
. ,

Doppler
(static channel). ,
,
L (spread factor),
Doppler Bd, :
L = Bd
(2.32)
, L
.
,
,
,
. ,
,

30

. . , ... , :

,
, .
,
,
(Intersymbol Interference, ISI) .
, Rs ,

Rs<1/
, Rs<1/2
. , FDMA TDMA
(equalizers)
, .

31

. . , ... , :

3


3.1
, (spectrum

efficiency) ,
(channel efficiency)
.

. ,


.
3.2
(radio capacity) m

m=

Bs
B ch K

(3.1)
s , ch
.
, ch
. :
q = 3K K =

q2
3

(3.2)
(3.1), :
m=

3BS
BCH q 2

(3.3)
, :

32

. . , ... , :

C
q = 6
I

1/

(3.4)
(3.3) :
m=

3B s
C
B ch 6
I

(3.5)

, =4 ( ) (3.5) :
Bs

m=
B ch

2 C

3 I

( )

(3.6)

3.3
,

,
. ,
,
,
C I . ,
,
:
C
18dB 30 KHz
I
C
24dB 15 KHz
I
C
30dB 7.5 KHz
I

,

.
.

33

. . , ... , :

3.4
,

,
(cell splitting).

, .
() ,
. ,
. ,
, ,

.
, ( )
,
.
,
,
, ,
.
,
,

, .
3 Km 12 20 Km
. ,
,
(q = D/R),
.
3.5
R. , ,
PE POP , :
POP = PE R

(3.7)
R = R/2, :

34

. . , ... , :

= PE R
POP

(3.8)
PE .
, , ,
(3.7) (3.8) :
POP = POP

1
PE = PE
2

(3.9)

, = 4 (3.9) :
PE =

PE
16

(3.10)

, PE , 1/16
PE 12 dB.
3.6
, ,

, ,
.
,
.
, .
()
(Frequency Division Multiple Access, FDMA)
, .

,
()
(frequency reuse).
,
(cochannel interference).
, ,

, , ,
,
ner-end-far-end.

35

. . , ... , :

,
:

(Cochannel Interference)

(Adjacent Channel Interference, ACI)

(Intermodulation Interference)

(Inter Symbol Interference, ISI)

(Cross talk)
UHF (UHF TV Interference)

(Long distance interference).

.

3.7
( .. AMPS)
20 MHz,

30 Hz
. , ,
. ,
.
,
. ,
(cluster).
clusters . cluster
. K cluster

.

. ,

clusters. ,
, .

36

. . , ... , :

3.8

C/I

( ) .
, , ,
R
( )
D. ,
,
, ,

D
q=
R
(3.11)
(cochannel reuse ratio)
(cochannel interference reduction factor).
, q (,

), (3.11)
D,
m (
(3.3)), .
D :

( = 6)
C I (Carrier to Interference power

Ratio, CIR) .
C I :
C
=
I

C
KI

IK

K =1

(3.12)
I K -
(first tier).
(second tier),
. R
,
C = R :

37

. . , ... , :

C B = R C B =

1
R

(3.13)
C I i = D C I i =

1
D

(3.14)
C B R

C I i
D. (3.13),

(3.14) :

CB D
=
C Ii R
D C
q= =
R I i

(3.15)
i - .
(3.15) , q
. ,
0 = 6 , C I :

C
=
I

R
K0

D K

K =1

(3.16)

2 5 .
, , ,
,
.

, C I
,
.
3.9

38

. . , ... , :

C I , 18 dB, :
C
= 18dB

I min

(3.17)
C I , 75%
90%
, . ,
, -
- .

3.10 x o
x

, q=4.6, K=7.
, =7,


. (worst case operation)


. , ,
R.
D ,
()
( ) :

C
R 4
=
=
I 2(D R ) 4 + 2(D) 4 + 2(D + R ) 4
=

2(q 1)

1
+ 2(q) 4 + 2(q + 1) 4

(3.18)
q=4.6 (3.18) C I =54 17 dB,
18 dB

39

. . , ... , :

.
, D-R
(
). (3.18) :

C
R 4
1
=
=
= 28 = 14.47
4
I 6(D R )
6(q 1) 4

dB

(3.19)

17dB 14 dB
C I
.
. ,
C I .
,
(q=4.6) .

40

. . , ... , :

3.1

).
=9 =12,
. q :

q=5.2 = 9

q=6.0 =12
(3.19) :
C
= 84.50 19.25 dB = 9
I

C
= 179.33 22.54 dB =12.
I
=9 =12 3.2.

41

. . , ... , :

3.2 =9 =12.

, K,
C I . ,
, .
,
.
3.11
,
,

. ,

. ,
=7 (

cluster) .

. ,
(sectors) ,
. , .
,
3.3.

42

. . , ... , :

3.3 .

3.12 cluster

3.4 ().

. ,
,
.
,
front-to-back ,
, 10 dB .
,
. C I
. C I , ,
,

D+0.7 D :

43

. . , ... , :

3.4 C I .
(a) 120 =7
(b) 60 =7.

C
R 4
( ) =
=
I
(D + 0.7R ) 4 + D 4
1
=
( q + 0.7) 4 + q 4
(3.20)
q=4.6 (3.20) :
C
(
I

285

24.5

dB

(3.21)
C I 1200 ,
(3.21) 18dB .
(3.21)

,
. , C I 6 dB
, (3.21), ,

44

. . , ... , :

.
.

18.5 dB

,
600 , 3.5 (b). ,
, , C I

, :
C
R 4
=
= (q + 0.7) 4
I ( D + 0.7 R ) 4

(3.22)
q=4.6 (3.22) :
C

= 794
I
(3.23)

29

dB

. , (3.21)
6 dB (3.23), 23 dB
.
,
.

.
600 .
3.13
cluster

C I

=7. 1200
, ,
=7. 3.5.
(3.20). =4 q = 3K = 3.46 , :
C
1
( ) =

20dB
= 97
I
( q + 0 .7 ) 4 + q 4

(3.24)
6dB
(3.24), 14 dB , .

45

. . , ... , :

3.5 =4
( ).

,
D+R. q=3.46 :
C
R 4
1
( ) =
=
= 359.5 27 dB
4
I
(D + R )
(q + 1) 4
6dB ,
21dB .
=4 cluster
600. .
3.14 =7 =4
=7
.

,
. ,
,
1200.

46

. . , ... , :

600,
.
,
, =7 =4 ,
=7 42 , =4 26
.
=4 600 ,
=7 1200.
600 :

,
, .

.
, ,
, ,
.
, front-to-back
. ,
. ,
=4 600, ,
(portable)
(narrow-beam). ,
=7 1200,
,
.
.
3.15
,
,

,
C I . ,

:

47

. . , ... , :

(locating)
,
.

3.16

(djacent Channel Interference,

ACI).

. .


(
).
3.16.1
(next channel interference),

,
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
6 dB/oct (voice band) 24
dB/oct .
24 dB, .
3.17
(cross talk)

(voice channels) .
, .
,
, ,

48

. . , ... , :

.
60 z 30 Hz
30 KHz .
- (two-wire-fourwire hybrid circuitry) ,
, . ,
,
.
3.18
(Intermodulation interference)

:
AM-PM

AM-PM
(feed-forward circuit).


. ,

(Interference-cancellation system).

3.19
(intersymbol interference, ISI)

. ()
(delay spread) ,
, (equalizers),
(encoding)
, .
3.20
( ) (diversity

methods) ,
,

49

. . , ... , :

. ,
" "

(transmission paths) ,
. ""
.
(combining) ,

"" , ,

,
.
3.21

. ,

, ,
.
. ,

coh ,
.
coh,
(narrow-band systems)
(broad-band systems) :

B < Bcoh1/:
(3.25)
B > Bcoh1/:
u(t) ,
,
coh , :

>

Bcoh

(3.26)
,

(frequency selective channel). T r(t)

50

. . , ... , :

""
u(t),
i u(t-i)u(t), i=1,,, .
, ,
, ,
coh . ,
""
u(t),
RAKE. ,
i, i=1,,, ,
. , r(t)
:
M

r(t) A

u(t i ) exp ( j 2 f 0 t + i )

i =1

(3.27)
Doppler fi u(t-i)
. (3.27) :
M

r(t)

i =1

u t exp( j 2 f 0 t + i )
B

(3.28)
R i. (3.28)
h() ,
coh,
:
h ( ) =

( - i )

i =1

(3.29)

h ( ) =

i =1

-
B

(3.30)

(discrete multipath channel). (3.30)
(delay line)
( ) i, i=1,...,M
1/B.
, (3.30),
i .

51

. . , ... , :

( ). ,
u(t)

.
3.22
,

,

. , ,
-

. ,
, (combining techniques)
. (linear diversity combining techniques)
:

(selective combining)
(maximal-ratio combining)

(equal gain combining)

(switched combining).

(space

diversity) .
,
.

.
,
. ,
, ,

, ,
, .
.
3.22.1
, ,
(weighted factor) i, (i=1,2,,M)

52

. . , ... , :

-- (Signal-to-Noise power Ratio, SNR),

. r
:
M

r=

ri

i 1

(3.31)
ri (i=1,2,,M) .
, NT
, :
M

NT = N

2
i

i 1

(3.32)
<ni2>=N
(i=1,2, M). , -- R ,
:
R =

r2
2N T

(3.33)
, i=i/<ni2>=ri/N, R
:
M

R =

i =1

(3.34)

Rayleigh, -- R
, :
p( R ) =

M 1

exp R
(M 1) !

(3.35)
R :
M

R =

= =M
i

i =1

i =1

(3.36)

53

. . , ... , :

4


4.1

, ,
.
, , D.

.
, ,
.

( ).
. '
.
4.2

. .

.

. '
, "" (borrowed).
.
.

.

54

. . , ... , :

4.3 -
4.3.1

,
. ,

. ,
,
. ,

. 4.1
.

4.1 .

. ,

.
,
.
.

55

. . , ... , :

,
, (Processing Gain, PG).
, , Gp
-- (S/N) (Signal-to-Noise power ratio)
-- (S/N)i , :
Gp =

(S/N )o
(S/N )i

(4.1)

G p = (S/N )o (S/N )i

dB:

(4.2)
, Gp
Bss Bs
(base band), :
Gp =

B ss
Bs

(4.3)
10 30d. ,

.
.
4.3.1.1

,
.
,
(Binary Phase Shift Keying, BPSK)
, 4.2.
, b(t), ,
Modulo-2 ()
c(t), .
b(t) ,
c(t).
b(t) c(t)
(convolution)
. ,
.

56

. . , ... , :

r(t)

b(t)
Modulo-2

BPSK

c(t)

4.2
PSK.

4.3. , r(t)
() ,
(local carrier)
,
.
, PSK.

57

. . , ... , :

r(t)

PSK

b(t)

c(t)

BPSK

4.3
PSK.

(4.3) :
G p, DS =

Tb
TC

(4.4)
Tb bit , TC bit ( "chip")
,
, "DS" .

4.3.1.2

58

. . , ... , :

.

( )
. , (jammer)

.

,
,
. 4.4
.
N= 2 m ,
f1=1/Th, Th
.

f2
f1

0
Th

2T h

4.4 .

N , Bss,FH
:

59

. . , ... , :

B ss, FH N f 1 =

N
Th

(4.5)
"FH" . bit
Tb,
Mh
bit (frequency hops/bit), :
Mh =

Tb
Th

(4.6)
Gp,FH :

G p, FH =

B ss, FH
Bs

N Mh

(4.7)

(Mh>1) bit ,
(Fast Frequency Hopping, FFH). ,
bits

, (Slow
Frequency Hopping, SFH).
4.5
, (digital
frequency synthesizer) .
m = 2 m
. m
, m-1 ,
, ,
. , bit
, ,
(error correcting coding).

. , ,
, (Frequency Shift Keying, FSK)
. , ,
(frequency multiplier),
.
, Gp,FH :

60

. . , ... , :

G p, FH =

B ss, FH
Bs

K Mh N

(4.8)
.

r(t)

b(t)

1 bit

m-1 bits

4.5 .

(noncoherent detection).
. , o (coherent reception) ,
.
, ,
.

. FSK (FSK

demodulator),
( 4.6). ,
(error correction) . ,

61

. . , ... , :

, (frequency
clock). ,
.

r(t)

b(t)

FSK

m-1 bits

4.6 .

4.4 FDMA
,

,
.
(mobile station) ,
. ,

62

. . , ... , :

,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.

,
, . 4.7
, {f1}
D .
(omni-directional antennas) ,
, (multipath)
. ,
.
,

.

{f1}

{f1}

{f{1 }f1}

D
D

{f1}

{f1}

{f1}

63

. . , ... , :

4.7 .

FDMA
1970,
AMPS. , AMPS FM 30
KHz, 12 7,
.
4.5 DMA
,

,
. ,
(frame)
(downlink)

(uplink). , ,
, , ,
,
.

TDMA
, , GSM, IS-54, PDC DECT.
GSM 50 MHz 900 MHz
. 200 KHz,
TDMA
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK). IS-54, 30

KHz TDMA
, /4 DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying, DQPSK).
4.6 CDMA

.
FDMA,

64

. . , ... , :

, ,
CDMA,

. ,
,
,
, .
CDMA

.
4.8
{Ci}.
, P ,
Iintra-cell (Intra-cell
Interference) Iinter-cell (Inter-cell Interference)
, .

{C1}
{C10}
}

{C7}
I

{{C
f1}3}

{C5}
{C12}

P
I

I
Iinter-

Iintra-cell

cell

{C4}

{C
I 4}

{C9}

{C13}

{C2}
{C10}

{C6}

{C6}

{C5}

{C9}
{C8}

65

. . , ... , :

4.8 CDMA.

. qa

:
D 2R
qa = =
=2
R
R
(4.9)
D , 2R.
qs
,
. ,

, . H
qs 1.
CDMA,

(DS-CDMA) (FH-CDMA). ,
FH-CDMA
(hopping pattern).
, IS-95 CDMA
, 64


. IS-95,
, Hadamard-Walsh.
,


DS-CDMA FH-CDMA.
FDMA,
.
4.6.1
DS-CDMA

66

. . , ... , :

(synchronous cooperative operation mode)
DS-CDMA. ,

(time-synchronization) ,
,

. ""
,
.

(power control). ,

"-" (pilot signal). -,

,
. ,
,
,
. ,
,

.
4.6.2
DS-CDMA
,
(asynchronous non-cooperative operation mode)

. ,
,
, . ,
"-"

.

, .
, ,

, .

67

. . , ... , :

4.6.3 FH-CDMA
,

,
. ,
. ,

(shifts)
. , ,

, . ,
,
,
.
,
FH-CDMA,
.
,
,
, ,
, .
, (SFH),
(FFH)


. , SFH
GSM.

68

. . , ... , :

5

5.1
.

TDMA CDMA,
FDMA. :

.

:
(MHz)

800

ARDIS

824-894

IS-54

864-868

CT-2

810-960

GSM, JDC

900

RAM

930-931

930

1400-1500

JDC

69

. . , ... , :

1700-2000

DECT, PCN,

DCS, PHP
5.2 To GSM DCS 1800

CEPT, 1982

Group Special Mobile

. GSM

(Global System for Mobile Communications).

,
(.. fax, e-mail ...). TDMA
8 (timeslots) ().
( 0,57 msec) .
GSM (22.8

Kbps 8 (frame)) (11.4 Kbps

16 ). ,
9.6, 4.8 2.4 Kbps
.
modem (V. 22bis V. 3) ISDN.
8
.
.
, , ... .
200 z.
GSM
(training sequence)
.
Viterbi.
,
. .. ,
( )
(frequency hopping).
GSM 1993 ,
.

900MHz. 1989, .
150 z
1.8 GHz (Personal Communications Networks,
PCN). DCS 1800 (Digital Cellular System 1800).

70

. . , ... , :

5.2.1 A GSM
5.1, GSM.
,
(Public Land Mobile Network, PLMN).
PLMN

,
.
, (Home Location Register, HLR)
PLMN . ,

HLR
(Mobile Switching Center, MSC). MSC
.
MSC, (Base Station Subsystem, BSS)
interface.
BSS MSC,
MSC, (Visitors Location Register, VLR).
,
Gateway-MSC (GMSC). GMSC, HLR
MSC,
. MSC
.
, BSS
.
,
GSM, GSM
.
BSS.

71

. . , ... , :

AuC
H
PSTN
H LR

D
E IR
F
G

VLR

M SC

B SS
BSC
A b is
B TS

A b is
BTS

Um

M S

5.1 GSM.

Panafon, Telestet Cosmote (DCS

1800). IS-54 , PDC ..

5.3 (cordless)
cordless

.
(PSTN)
.

5.3.1 cordless
1984 cordless
. 20KHz

, 20W.

.

72

. . , ... , :

. .
1984 ( CT0).
CEPT/CT1.
5.3.2 cordless
cordless

.
cordless:
CT2:
(TDD).
(Adaptive Differential

Pulse Code Modulation, ADPCM)

2msec. 40 FDMA
100KHz 864-868 Hz.
DECT (Digital

European

Cordless

Telecommunications):

(pico-cells).
, , . DECT
cordless.
TDMA/TDD 12 .
DECT
. ,
.
10 1880-1900MHz
ADPCM. cordless CT2+, PHS, PACS.

5.4 -UMTS-UTRAN

, ,
. :

1. ( , UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth .).

2. (Fixed Mobile Convergence,
FMC),

73

. . , ... , :

. ,
.

3. - (Fixed Mobile Integration

FMI)
.

. FMI ,
.

.
,
, . ,

. ,
, ,
, ,
.
, . ,
FMI , ,
. ,
(. IST, Eurescom),
( Telcordia) .
5.4.1 FMI

FMI ,
. all-IP
FMI
all-IP UMTS. FMI
5.2.

74

. . , ... , :

GSM/
GPRS
UMTS
mobile network

Internet
All-IP core
network

PSTN/ADSL

Bluetooth
wireless access
WLAN
access

5.2 FMI .
5.4.2 UMTSUTRAN

To UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)

3 ,
UE (user equipment) (CN). UTRAN
.
5.4.2 UTRAN

To UTRAN (radio network

subsystem RNS) UMTS.

(UE)

UTRAN. RNS (Radio Network Controller)

(Node B). RNS UE
Uu, Iu. 5.3
UTRAN.
Core Network
Iu

Iu

RNS

RNS
Iur
RNC
Iub
Node B

RNC
Iub

Iub

Node B

Node B

Iub
Node B

5.3 UTRAN.

75

. . , ... , :

5.4.3 UTRAN

Node B:

.
(FDD - frequency

division duplex mode) , (TDD - time division

duplex mode) , . Node B
Uu RNC
Iub. Node B

. (. , , ).

.
RNC:
(RNS)
, Node Bs RNS .

RNC
. UTRAN-UE
RNS RNC
:
o - ( SRNC, serving RNC ) : SRNC
RNC Iu
o - (DRNC, drift RNC): RNC ,
SRNC, .
5.5 WCDMA

1 2
,
,
.
2
,
video ,
, 3 .

,
. 3
:
2Mbps

76

. . , ... , :

, (..
, video, ),

, 10% FER
(Frame Error Rate) 10-6 BER

2 3

Y
(.. web browsing
)

FDD TDD .

3
. 384 kbps 2 Mbps
(circuit-switched connections)
(packet-switched connections) .

2 3 .
radio bearer.
(throughput),
.
WCDMA DS-CDMA
3 . bits
bits
chips CDMA .
( 2 Mbps),
multicode connections.

Y Bandwidth
on Demand (BoD). 10 ms
. ,
.
WCDMA
coherent detection ,
pilot symbols common pilots.

77

. . , ... , :

/ multiuser detection
(smart adaptive antennas).

5.4

WCDMA GSM
UMTS GSM
.

5.5.1 (FDD, TDD)

WCDMA : Frequency Division

Duplex (FDD) Time Division Duplex (TDD). WCDMA FDD 3,84 Mbps
, 5 MHz. TDD
. TDD 3,84 Mbps 5 MHz
, WCDMA TDD, TDD 1,28 Mcps 1,66
MHz . TDD
,
. WCDMA TDD

WCDMA FDD ,
FDD/TDD operator.
TDD FDD 5.5.

78

. . , ... , :

5.5 TDD FDD WCDMA.

WCDMA FDD, .

, 190 MHz.
CDMA .
TDD, ,
.
.
WCDMA .

79

. . , ... , :

UTRA TDD

Multiple
method

UTRA FDD

access TDMA, CDMA (inherent CDMA (inherent FDMA)

FDMA)

Duplex method

TDD

FDD

Channel spacing

5 MHz (nominal)

Carrier chip rate

3.84 Mcps

Time slot structure

15 slots / frame

Frame length

10 ms

Multirate concept

Multicode,
orthogonal

multislot and Multicode and OVSF

variable

spreading factor (OVSF)

Forward
correction

error Convolutional coding R=1/2 or 1/ 3 constraint length K= 9,

(FEC) turbo coding (8- state PCCC R= 1/ 3 ) or service specific

codes

coding

Interleaving

Inter- frame interleaving (10, 20, 40 and 80 ms)

Modulation

QPSK

Burst types

types:

traffic

random
access
synchronization burst
Detection

Coherent,

based

bursts, not applicable (DTX time mask

and defined)
on Coherent,

midamble

based

on

pilot

symbols

Dedicated channel Uplink: open loop; 100 Hz fast closed loop;

power control
or 200 Hz Downlink: closed rate = 1500 Hz
loop; rate 800 Hz
Intra-

frequency Hard handover

Soft handover

handover
Inter-

frequency Hard handover

handover
Channel allocation

Slow

and

fast

DCA No DCA required

supported
Intrainterference

cell Support for joint detection

Support for advanced receivers

at base station

cancellation
Spreading factor

1,2,4,8, 16

4 ... 512

80

. . , ... , :

5.5.2

WARC'92 3
.
2 . 5.7
3 , , .
2*60 MHz (1920-1980 MHz uplink, 2110-

2170 MHz downlink) WCDMA FDD , 25MHz (1900-1920 MHz & 2020-2025
MHz) TDD , 10 MHz (2010-2020 MHz)
TDD (SPA, Self Provided Applications).
1850

1900

1950

2000

1885 1900

ITU Allocations

1980

2050

2010 2025

2100

2150

2110

2200
2170

2250 MHz

2200

IMT 2000

MSS

IMT 2000

MSS

UMTS

MSS

UMTS

MSS

IMT 2000

MSS

IMT 2000

MSS

1880

Europe

GSM 1800 DECT

WLL

China

GSM
1800

WLL

IMT 2000

MSS

1893 1919

Japan
Korea (w/o PHS)

PHS

IMT 2000

MSS
1990

North
America

2160

PCS
A D

1850

B E F C

1900

D B

1950

E F C

M
Reserve D
S

MSS

2000

MSS =
Mobile Satellite
Services

2050

2100

2150

MDS =
Multipoint Service/
Mobile Data Service

MSS

2200

2250 MHz

5.6 3 .
5.6 WCDMA

o
WCDMA.
5.6.1
WCDMA 5 MHz.
. , 144 384

kbps, 3 ,
5 MHz .
2 Mbps .
,

2 .

81

. . , ... , :

(multipahts),
(diversity) .
5.6.2
operator

5 MHz,
(hierarchical cell layers). (carrier spacing)
4.4 5 MHz 200 Hz.

. operators
inter-operator .
5.6.3 (Frame Length)
(,
...) .

(fading channel)
(transmission delay

requirement) . WCDMA 10
ms.
5.6.4
WCDMA (Hierarchical
Cell Layers - HCS).

.
.
:
.


. .
( ),
.
5.6.5 (Power Control)
WCDMA

82

. . , ... , :

,
(near-far problem).
WCDMA
(power control).
, ,
.
(uplink),

. , near-far .

. ,
.
: (Open Loop),
(Closed Loop) (Outer Loop).

(beacon signal)
.


( WCDMA FDD). ,
.
,
(SIR)
SIR. SIR
,
. 1500
(1.5 kHz - fast closed loop power control)

Rayleigh
. (>100km/h)

(.. )
.
.
(FER)
, 1%, .
15 20 ms (slow closed loop power control).

83

. . , ... , :

SIR

BER FER.
RNC
SIR.
5.6.6
, ,

, ,
.
(intercell handover).
,
. (intracell

handover).
: )
)
.
hard, soft softer
handover. hard
. soft

. WCDMA
,
.

, .
,
, . softer

.
, ,

,
. softer
.
, soft softer .

84

. . , ... , :

RNC .
, . hard
WCDMA
hard .. WCDMA FDD WCDMA
TDD GSM DECT.

.
5.6.7

bits (BER) .

1/3 1/2 (constraint length) 9

BER 10-3 .
.
BER 10-6
,
(outer) Reed-Solomon ( 4/5) outer

interleaving. (high quality

services) turbo .

5.7 WLAN
5.7.1 WLANs
IEEE 802.11 (1997)

IEEE 802 , o 802.11

ISO , (physical layer)
(Data Link Layer), 5.7.

85

. . , ... , :

5.7 ISO.

To 802.11 1 2 Mbps
FHSS DSSS 2.4 GHz.
WLANs
:

2.4000-2.4835 GHz

2.4000-2.4835 GHz

2.471-2.497 GHz

2.4465-2.4835 GHz

2.445-2.475 GHz

802.11 :
(infrastructure network) Ad-Hoc . 5.9 5.10
:

86

. . , ... , :

5.8 To .

5.9 To Ad-Hoc.

To 802.11 :
(wireless station) PC
wireless network interface (NIC) access point (AP),
.
infrastructure WLAN access point
.
access point.

access point. access point

Basic Service Set (BSS). BSS
Distribution System DS , Extended
Service Set ESS. To DS Ethernet,
802.11. DS access
points. H WLAN, IEEE 802.11,

802. LAN portal. portal access

87

. . , ... , :

point DS. , 802.11 LAN

802. LAN portal.
Ad-Hoc ( BSS, Independent BSS)
access

point .
AP
.

802.11
:

1) 2.4 GHz FHSS DSSS ISM (Industrial,

Scientific, Medical)
2) ( 850nm 950nm)
, 1 2
Mbps.
WLAN,
.

DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
. bits bits
, XOR, ,
PSK ( DBPSK),
1 Mbps, QPSK ( DQPSK),
2 Mbps. T 5.10:

5.10 .

O (correlator) PRN
bits . H spreading code.
802.11, CDMA

88

. . , ... , :

, spreading code. bit

chip. chips bit
spreading ratio. spreading ratio
. spreading ratio
. FCC spreading ratio
10, 802.11 spreading ratio 11
1 2 Mbps, 100. 14
( 11) 22 MHz.
, ,
25 MHz, 3 ,
5.11.

5.11

FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) o

75 (1MHz).
,
frequency sequence. 802.11 79 -

23 .
, ,
dwell time. hopping sequence
. FCC dwell time 400msec. 802.11
,
26 26 .
6 MHz,
.
100mW
(20dBm) (ETSI) 1W (30dBm) . ,

802.11 1mW.


802.11 850
950 nm. 1 Mbps 16-PPM, 4 bits
16 bits .

89

. . , ... , :

2 Mbps 4-PPM, 2 bits

4 bits .

802.11 :

Logical Link Control (LLC) Media Access Control (MAC). 802.11

802.2 LLC 48-bit 802 LANs,
MAC WLANs. To MAC :

PDUs (Protocol Data Units)

802.11 :
=>

AP, ,
=> CP

CFP
.

90

. . , ... , :

1.
()

,
(, , ..).

.
, , .

, ,
.
.

,
. (, , ,
..)
.

,
,
.

.

.
mW/cm2.

.

(Specific Absorption Rate) (SAR)
(W/Kg). SAR

, ,
,
..

.

91

. . , ... , :

.
70% .

.
.
36 37
. ,
,
36 37 .

. .

( , ).

4 W/Kg ( )
. SAR=4W/Kg
.
10mW/cm2.

SAR (hot spots).

.
2.

, .

, ,
. ,
,

.
37 42
,
.
. .

120mW/cm2 20min.

92

. . , ... , :

, .
,
.
,
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen,
60Volt/m, 0.16A/m.
,
.
,
.
, ,
().


. 70% ,
,
. ,
.
()
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
.
,
, ,
. /4, 400
. ,

. /2,
. 1987 Carant Antenn AB
Aaborg.
,
,
1943 1976. , 1953
.
0.018mW/cm2

93

. . , ... , :

600MHz 9.5 GHz.

5000
.

.

900 MHz ,
, .
,
. ,

.

1A/m2 ,
, 0.1
1A/m2.

. 900 MHz
, 1Hz 300Hz,
,
:

1mA/m2 10mA/m2
10mA/m2 100mA/m2

100mA/m2 1A/m2

1A/m2 ,
.
400Hz,

.
, , 100
250 .
, ,
/100 A/m2,
KHz . /250 A/m2.
10Kz
100MHz .

94

. . , ... , :

,
1000Tesla.

0.1Tesla. ,

400 Volt ,
100Tesla.

95

. . , ... , :

1. GSM

GSM (Group Special Mobile Global System for Mobile communications)

.
Bell Labs 70,
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service).
80 ,
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) TACS (Total Access

Communications System).
.
,
(Frequency Division Multiple Access FDMA).
:


,
,

,
.
1982

CEPT (Conference on European Posts and Telegraphs),

.
,
, 900MHz,
. 1990, .,
GSM-900, DCS-1800 (Digital Cellular System 1800)

GSM-1800, 1800MHz.
GSM :


(roaming) ,

,
,

96

. . , ... , :

,
,

, GSM
(ETSI European Telecommunications Standards

Institute), 3 .
2000, -
3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project).
GSM :


(Mobile Station MS),

(OSS Operation Subsystem),

(BSS Base Station Subsystem),

(NSS Network Switching Subsystem)

. 0. GSM .

AuC
H
PSTN
HLR

D
E IR
F
G

VLR

M SC

BSS
BSC
A b is
B TS

A b is
B TS

Um
MS

. 0. GSM.

97

. . , ... , :

:


(Mobile Termination MT),

-,

(Terminal Equipment TE),

,

o (Terminal Adapter TA), o

,

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module),

, ,
(International Mobile Subscriber Identity - IMSI).

(BSS) :


(Base Transceiver Station BTS),

,

(Base Station Controller BSC),

(handover).

(NSS) :


(Mobile Switching Centre MSC),

,

(Home Location Register HLR),

,


(Visitor Location Register VLR),

HLR
BTS,


(Authentication Centre AuC),

,

(Gateway Mobile Switching

Centre GMSC),
MSC.
, (SS) ,
,
(Telecommunications
Management Network TMN). HLR

98

. . , ... , :

AuC,
(Equipment Identity Register - EIR),
.

99

. . , ... , :

1. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

GPRS
GSM,
(data traffic) .
GPRS GSM.
:

, GSM.
GPRS , GSM .

(packet-switched).
(NSS- Network

Switching System) - (BSS Base Station System)

.

bps 171.2 kbps.

,
(active)

.
-

.
Point-to-Point (PTP) (connection

oriented connectionless) Point-to-Multipoint (PTM).

PTM-Multicast (PTM-M) PTM-Groupcast (PTM-G) .
PTP ,
PTM .

(Packet Data NetworksPDNs) : IP (.. Internet), X.25,

( Public Land Mobile Networks
PLMNs)

GPRS Internet,
video. .1.
GPRS.

100

. . , ... , :

WWW

FTP

E-mail

Telnet

Video
RTTI

(Real Time Traffic

Information)

.1. GPRS.
2. H GPRS

GPRS
GSM . , GSNs (GPRS Support Nodes)
GPRS
:

SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)

(Mobile Stations MSs) .
SGSN :

1. Authentication, ciphering.
2. (Mobility Management ).
3. (Logical Link Management)
SGSNMS.
4. .
5. .
6. GPRS (HLR, VLR, EIR).

GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)

. :

1. (Mobility Management ).

101

. . , ... , :

2. .
2 : IP X.25.
3. PLMNs.
4. .
SGSNs GGSNs , ,
IP . GPRS (GPRS
backbone GPRS core).
SMS-GMSC
SMS-IWMSC

SM-SC

C
Gd

MSC/VLR

HLR
D

Gs

Gr

Gb
TE

MT
R

BSS
Um

SGSN

Gn

SGSN

Gc
Gi
PDN

GGSN
Gn

Gp

TE

Gf
EIR

GGSN
Other PLMN

Signalling Interface
Signalling and Data Transfer Interface

.2. GPRS.

, SGSN GGSN GPRS

MSC GMSC GSM.
(SGSN GGSN) (MSC GMSC)
.
.2. (interfaces)
GPRS . GPRS
GSM .
(BSS) GPRS .
(HLR, VLR, EIR) GSM
GPRS
. To GPRS ETSI (European Telecommunication
Standardization Institute) (http://www.etsi.org/).

102

. . , ... , :

UMTS
.1.

(ITU International Telecommunications

Union http://www.itu.int/home/- ETSI- European Telecommunications Standards Institute

http://www.etsi.org) 1990,
(3G). H ITU IMT-2000
(International Mobile Telecommunications 2000), ETSI UMTS

(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) (http://www.umts-forum.org/).

2Mbps
,
, (..,
, , ..).

Internet,

IP

(http://www.IETF.org/),
(ITU ETSI),
.
IP-based All-IP . IP
IP, . IP
,
, .
(Voice over IPVoIP)
.
. , VoIP,
, ,
PCM
64 Kbps.
. , IP -- ,
UMTS,

, , ,
.
,
:

: , , .

103

. . , ... , :

: (animation).
: video.

:

UMTS. (. IP)
,
. ,
,
.
2. UMTS
UMTS
3GPP (http://www.3gpp.org) IP-based .

3GPP .
GPRS,
(gateways) , Internet,
(PSTN-- Public Switched Telephone Network) 2 .
, General Packet
Radio Service (GPRS),
, UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN),
.
SGSN, GSM,
HLR IP
. , 3GPP IP-overGPRS, ( UTRAN)
.

104

. . , ... , :

Gi

AuC

GGSN

Gc

PSTN
HLR

Gn
D

Gr
EIR

F
G

VLR

MSC

Gf

SGSN

Gp
CN

luCS

luPS

Gb
BSS

UTRAN
BSC
Abis

BTS

RNC

Abis
BTS

Um

lubis
Node B

lu

RNC

lubis
Node B

Uu

.1. 3GPP UMTS.

, IP
UMTS :

(.. GSM,
GPRS).

Y ,
UMTS IP.

(.. IP ) ,
, SMS
.

,
GSM,

UMTS .

: ,
,
.
.
,
.

105

. . , ... , :

,
, P .
UMTS
.
Conversational:

(.. ).
Streaming:
(.. Video,
RealAudio).

Interactive:
(.. ).

Background: ,
(.. ).

, UMTS,
(QoS-- Quality of Service),
,
,
, .

106

. . , ... , :

GSM 900-DCS 1800
.1. GSM 900

CEPT1 1982 Group Special Mobile
GSM (Global System for
Mobile communications).
GSM
(22.8 kbps 8 ) (11.4 kbps
16 ).

.
9.6, 4.8 2.4 kbps
.

.2.
GSM :

,
.

.

.
, .

.3.
11

CEPT (Confrence Europenne des Postes et Tlcommunications):

(standards).

107

. . , ... , :

GSM
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
(Frequency Hopping)
GSM 100 bits,
(burst).
. ,
(slots). 200 kHz
(FDMA) 0.577 ms (TDMA).

, .
(uplink)
(downlink)
uplink downlink
3 (Burst Periods, BP = 0.577 ms).
.4.
GSM GMSK (Gaussian Minimum
Shift Keying) BT=0.3.

GSM Viterbi,
,
, .
. 5. DCS 1800
.5.1
.

DCS 1800 :

1710 1785 MHz : - (uplink)

1805 1880 MHz : - (downlink)
RF 200 kHz.
:

Fuplink(n) = 1710.2 + 0.2*(n-512) MHz

512 n 885

Fdownlink(n) = Fuplink(n) + 95 MHz

(1)
(2)

108

. . , ... , :

To n Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN). 512

885 .
DCS 1800

GSM. 1993.
DCS 1800 ,

.
,
GSM.

,
,
( Doppler, ).

GSM , DCS 1800, 75 MHz

(1710 1785 MHz, 1805 1885 MHz) 25 MHz GSM.
200 kHz
200 Hz .
GSM
:

2
5

bis
, .

, DCS,

.

. 5.2
(Mobile Station, MS) DCS 1800
GSM.

109

. . , ... , :

2dB
.

Class

GSM 900

DCS 1800

20 W

43 dBm

1W

30 dBm

8W

39 dBm

0.25 W

24 dBm

5W

37 dBm

2W

33 dBm

0.8 W

29 dBm

(Base Tranceiver Station,

BTS) DCS 1800
GSM. ,

. ,
6 2dB
.

GSM 900

DCS 1800

320 W

20 W

160 W

10 W

80 W

5W

40 W

2.5 W

5.3
O , o bit error
residual bit error rate (frame)

[ETSI, TS 100 910, V6.2.0, 1998-07,

Table 1]. (sensitivity) ,
.
,

110

. . , ... , :

,
, :

DCS 1800 class 1 class 2 MS

-100 / -102 dBm

DCS 1800 class 3 MS

-102 dBm

GSM 900 small MS

-102 dBm

GSM 900 MS normal BTS

-104 dBm

GSM 900 micro BTS M1

-97 dBm

GSM 900 micro BTS M2

-92 dBm

GSM 900 micro BTS M3

-87 dBm

DCS 1800 micro BTS M1

-102 dBm

DCS 1800 micro BTS M2

-97 dBm

DCS 1800 micro BTS M3

-92 dBm

111

. . , ... , :

. 5.4
( C/IC

C/IA), o bit error residual bit error rate

(frame)
[ETSI, TS 100 910, V6.2.0, 1998-07, Table 2].
,
.
,
. , BTS MS, :

C/IC = 9 dB

(200 z)

C/I1 = -9 dB

(400 z)

C/I2 = -41 dB

(600 z)

C/I3 = -49 dB

20 dB
,
GSM.
.

. 5.6 (Handover)
(handover)

.
,
.

. ,

.

.
-100 dBm.
-100 dBm, -100 dBm + dB
.

112

. . , ... , :

,
.
, -100 dBm +
dB -100 dBm ,
.
,
-100 dBm.
, .
n
(R).
n N(R) :

L( d ) L f (

d n
)
do

(3)

: , 3,5 n 5

d0

Lf
: d0 LOS (Line Of
Sight)
L
Line

: , LOS NLOS (Non-

Of Sight)
N(R ) 2f m

(4)

fm

: Doppler
: R/Rrms, R Rrms

113

. . , ... , :

. 5.7 (Frequency Hopping)

GSM

(Slow Frequency Hopping, SFH),

.
,

(combat jamming).

(Fast Frequency Hopping, FFH
) SFH. GSM
(burst) SFH.
(frequency hopping)
.

(frequency diversity) (
Rayleigh,
MS).
SFH
.
, ,
( )
(577 s)
TDMA.
1 ms
.
, . ( 1 2 s)
200 kHz
, ,
.

.

.

114

.5.8

LNA

1. 486
2. HP 8594E
3. (BPF: 1600-1900 MHz)
(
)

4. Log Periodic EMCO-USA Model 3104C

(

5. AC 220 Volts
6. DC (0-25Volts) ESCORT EPS 3250.

115

,
.
+37 dBV/m
.

..

.
,
.
( )
front-to-back ratio. ,
Log Periodic EMCO USA Model 3104C.
9 dBi 25 dB ( 10
) 1500 2000 MHz .

(CF center frequency)

3 dB (3 dB BW)

(Insertion Loss)

.
,

1700 1900 MHz. BPF: 1600900

z .. (coupled lines),
flatness .
.
flatness
,
.

(Low Noise Amplifier,

LNA) :

3 dB
(Noise Figure)

VSWR (Voltage Stationary Wave Ratio)
,
.
.
, .
,
.
VSWR ( 1),
, .

LNA
. , ZHL-1724 HLN
Mini Circuits.

, ( dBm
). ( HP 8594)
, [8] 30 kHz 2,9 GHz,
-115 dBm +30 dBm.
,
. , ,

.
,
. ,
DCS

117

1800. .
,
, ,
PC .

.
.
:

SPAN:

.
.

MAX HOLD:

, .
,
( TRACE SAVE),
.

SWEEP TIME:

( ).
.
SPAN .
SPAN .

RESOLUTION BANDWIDTH: IF (Intermediate

Frequency) 3 dB 1 kHz, 3kHz, 10kHz,

30kHz, 100kHz, 300kHz, 1MHz 3MHz. RES BW ,
(SWEEP TIME) ,
(amplitude calibration).

DEMODULATION: FM AM,

118

. 5.9

in situ.
,
, .


.

, .

,
, .


.

,
.

,
.
.

,

.

119

.

. ,
. ,
( , ,
), .

(
), .

.
, .
, ,
, (, ) .
,
/ ( ,
) , . ,

, .

.
LNA , ,
/
, .
,
, .
, (
), .
,
,
. ,
.
,
.

120

 .

.
,

.

3.
calibration () , .
,
.
,
. , LNA
,
. .

( DSC 1800).

uplink (1760-1785 MHz)
,

, .

. ( ),
DCS 1800.
,
.

,
DCS 1800

..

DCS 1800, ,
.

121

 AM, FM
, .
,

.
,
.
( ) .
, /FM
.
DCS 1800 (),
DCS 1800. ,
( ) ,
.
, ,
,

( data ).

. ETSI

.
,
DCS 1800.

.

( ),
RF (, FM, PM, , RADAR )

(Frequency and Amplitude Calibration) (
), (
,
):

122

1. (LNA) (
)
( ) (
).

2. (positive peak
detection), .
3. (SP)
. SP
(auto).

4.
3600 max hold.
copy
.

5. 4.
6. resolution bandwidth SP
auto.
4 5.

7. sweep time SP
auto.
4, 5 6.

8. 4,5,6 7
RF ,

. RF
( ),
SP (resolution bandwidth, sweep time)
RF .

9. ,
(center frequency) SP
span
SP .

10. SP max hold (

)
SP
.

11. .
12. 10 11.

123

13. ,
10, 11, 12
.

14. , resolution
bandwidth sweep time SP,
.
15. ,
(
, , ( radar, , )).

16.

(Fine Tuning).

17. ,
(AM, FM) analog
mod/demod .

18.
,
.

19. 9 18
8.
20.
max hold duration,


.

21. radar (max hold)

( (RPF)
radar),
.
(Start Frequency,

Stop Frequency, Span, Resolution Bandwidth, Sweep Time, Max Hold)

,
.
GPIB PCI (IEEE-488 )


.

124


/
.
To ASCII format
. Hz
(dBm) .
(1.2345+2),
.
"." .
, .

. , .
, ,
, .
5 "#".

Backup
M
(Laptop)

( 5.1, 5.2, 5.3)

(backup). , CD-ROM
.

1

o (1760785 MHz, 18551880

MHz).
. DCS
1800 (1710-1760 MHz 1805-1855 z)

.
.
2
radar
MAX HOLD ( ),

125

 ( 6 ), PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency) radar

, .
RES BW 300 Hz.
3
,

(24 )
( ).

downlink
.
.
4

.
PC ,
, .
,
.
(. ), ,

(. , ),
.

126

. 5.10

, .

volts/, :
E = 120P

(5)

: rms volts/

: watt/ 2

120 : ohms

, ,
.
watt/ m 2 :
P=

PT
4r 2

: watt/m2

PT

: watt

127

(6)

. . , ... , :

(volts/m)

( d) .
.

.

(calibrated) .
volts/m volts,
.

. ,
,
.

128

. . , ... , :

K = 20 log f G dB 29,8 dB ( 50 )

(7)

: dB/m

: MHz

: dB ( )

, :

Ar =

G 2
(m 2 )
4

(8)

, :

Pr = P A r =

P G 2
(watts)
4

:
P

: watts/2

(9)

(5) :
Pr =

E 2 G 2
480 2

(10)

129

. . , ... , :

, :
Vr2
Pr =
Z0

(11)

:
Vr

Z0

:
Vr2 E 2 G
=
Z0
480 2

(12)

300
f (MHz)

(13)

:
(m ) =

:
E=

Vr f
30
75
Z0 G

(14)

:
E
Vr

(15)

f
30
75 Z 0 G

(16)

K=
:
K=

, :
= 20logf (MHz) - GdB 29,78 dB (Z0 = 50 )

(17)

75 , :
= 20logf (MHz) - GdB 31,54 dB (Z0 = 75 )

(18)
130

. . , ... , :

dBm.
. dBV (dB 1 V)

107 dB dBm. :
dBV = dBm + 107dB ( 50 )

(19)

dBm

dBV

50

47

107

75

48,75

108,75

dBmV

10 . 8 dB
-80 dBm 320 z.

131

. . , ... , :

(17)
P (dB)
PSA (dB)
GAntenna = 9,5 dBi
BF

LNA

Spectrum
Analyzer

GCable&BF = -3,18 dB
GLNA = 30 dB

:
K = 20 log f G dB 29,8 dB

K = 20 log(320) 8 29,8
K = 12,3 dB/

(20)

107 dB dBV:

80 dBm + 107dB = 27 dBV

(21)

E = 27 dBV + 12,3 dB/ = 39,3 dBV/

(22)

*.dat) PSA (dBm)

. P (dBm)
PSA (dBm) ,
.

P (dBm) = PSA (dBm) GLNA (dB) Gcable&BF (dB) GAntenna (dbi)

P (dBm) = PSA (dBm) 30 ( 3,18) 9,5
P (dBm) = PSA (dBm) 40,88 (dB)

(23)

132

. . , ... , :

P (dBm) (dBV/m) (
).
(
).
.
SI, GSM 05.05 version 6.2.0, 7/1998 GSM
05.05-ETS300577 version 4.23.0, dBm dBV/m
(5.3) (5.15) :
E(

dBV
) = P(dBm) + 107(dB) + 20logf MHz 29,8(dB)
m

(24)

(23) (24) ,
:
E(

dBV
) = PSA (dBm) + 20logf MHz + 40,88(dB)
m

(25)

50.

133

. . , ... , :

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[2] W. C. Jakes, Microwave Mobile Communications, IEEE Press Classic Reissue, 1974.
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[4] W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals, New York: Howard W.
Sams, 1986.
[5] W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Engineering, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982.
[6] J-P. Linnartz, Narrowband Land-Mobile Radio Networks, Artech House, 1993.
[7] " ", . , . , ... 1988.
[8] " GSM ",
. , , 1992.
[9] " ", . , ... ,
, 1995.
[10] " ", . , . , ,
, 1997.
[11] . , "
", 1999.
[12] W. C. Y. Lee, "Overview of Cellular CDMA", IEEE Trans. on Veh. Technology, vol. 40,
no. 2, pp. 291-302, May 1991.
[13] K. S. Gilhousen et al. "On the capacity of a cellular CDMA system", IEEE Trans. on
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134

. . , ... , :

[18] G. R. Cooper and C. D. McGillem, Modern Communications and Spread Spectrum,

McGraw-Hill, New York, 1986.
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May 1982.
[21] . , "
(CDM)- ",
, 1992.
[22] R. L. Pickholtz, L. B. Milstein and D. L. Scilling, "Spread Spectrum for Mobile
Communications", IEEE Trans. on Veh. Technology, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 313-322, May 1991.
[23] B. Sklar, Digital Communications, Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice Hall
International Editions, 1988.
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[25] F. Adachi, M. Sawahashi and H. Suda, "Wideband DS-CDMA for Next-Generation
Mobile Communications Systems", IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 56-69, Sept. 1998.
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[28] H. Holma, A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS, Willey, 2000.
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[30] Joseph Shapira, Microcell Engineering in CDMA Cellural Networks, Trans. On
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[32] Ad Kamerman, Coexistence between Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 CCK Solutions to
avoid mutual interference.
[33] IEEE Standard for Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
(PHY) Specifications, IEEE Std 802.11b-1999.
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135

. . , ... , :

136