1



yv|

onnen no
nn
nn o
o } o { o
o o n n n o n
oo n
onn }o no
o o
o o n o
ornn oo
r o o ono
noronn} o}
rnnoo }r
oo {o
n 10,000 nno n
n }oo no o
on oooo}nn
e no }{n

nooon oo o
}noo no
onono noo no
ono

1.1 o
ooo 100 e {oono
n o n oo
8,816 110,000 n o
noo n
o o 1.1-1
oo oo
3,508 }o 39.79 oo
 
  
 
  
 

[  1 ] 
oo 1,713 }o 19.43
oo 3 oo
1,389 }o 15.76 oo
oo
45,803 n }o 41.73 o
37,412 n }o
34.08 o 3
10,460 n }o 9.53 o
ooo noo
o j }oon
j o 214 nn
}ooo
o
1.1-1 oo

yv|

r
o

o
o
() n (/.) n
342
1,389
675
549
77
1,713
69
3,508
494
8,816

3.88%
15.76%
7.66%
6.23%
0.87%
19.43%
0.78%
39.79%
5.60%
100.00%

4,832
10,460
1,137
2,451
324
6,994
350
37,412
45,803
109,763

4.40%
9.53%
1.04%
2.23%
0.30%
6.37%
0.32%
34.08%
41.73%
100.00%

ono n o
o on 6,306 o 8,816 }
o 71.5 no 31,014 n }o 28 o
o 4.9 n non
2,142 o 8,816 }o 24.3 o 78,432 n
}o 71 o o 36.6
n ooo 1.1-2

 
  
 
  
 

 
  
 
  
 

279
953
222
494
52
1271
59
2747
228
6,305

2,252.22
4,363.47
632.10
2,138.23
251.88
6,343.62
296.52
13,148.13
1,588.28
31,014.45

63
407
410
50
23
187
10
738
254
2,142

2,579.76
6,084.31
489.65
251.02
71.39
617.90
53.10
24,071.26
44,213.75
78,432.14

0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1

0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00

0
27
33
1
1
254
0
10
12
338

0.00
11.48
4.67
0.31
0.49
32.24
0.00
1.02
0.83
51.04

0
2
10
3
1
1
0
13
0
30

0.00
0.37
10.57
60.53
0.00
0.15
0.00
191.83
0.00
263.45

342
1,389
675
549
77
1,713
69
3,508
494
8,816

4,831.98
10,459.62
1,136.98
2,451.10
323.75
6,993.91
349.62
37,412.24
45,802.86
109,762.06

n
n

j
No data

() (/.) () (/.) () (/.) () (/.) () (/.) ()

(/.)

yv|

r
o

1.1-2 ooo



[  1 ]

[  1 ] 
on on
n o p n
no }noo 1.1-3
1.1-3 o n

o (%)
Max.
Min.
90
80
80

75
96
96

oo n } oon
o o r on}on
(Water Tube Boiler) o (Hybrid Boiler) oon
n 75 90 rr
on}oo} }o
n n}onn} Once Through Boiler
oonn 80 96 rr
opo} p(LPG) p(NGV)
oon n n Once Through Boiler
onn nn 80 96 rr
o n n o o
o
yv|

oooo noo
ooo o nn}oo
onooon oo
p noon}

 
  
 
  
 



[  1 ]

1.2 oo
nno oo no
ooo ooo
o o}
o
1.2.1 o
noooo
2
no }no
o } n o
o on no
oo
1) o
e .. 2549 oooon
ooo {
ooo }one .. 2549
4
x o
ooo
}o .. 2549
x ooo
o}o .. 2549
x rooo
o}o .. 2549
x o .. 2549

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

o
o
(1) oo no
o n
o
(2) oo on
o oooo}o o
noooo}o oooo
}o noo

[  1 ] 
(3) o
o o }
r (.) on ASME, JIS, EN
n
(4) oo
ooo}o n (Piping System) o
(5) foo ooo}
o
(6) rooo
(7) oo no

yv|

2) oo
o o o
o 1 o
o 21 2534
o o
(1) o o o o r o o
r
(2) ooroo
(3) ooonon}
no
(4) ooo
o {o
(5) o o n o o

(6) ooenn

(7) ooooo ooon

ooo
(8) o o n o o r j
n ooo
1.2.2 oo
o ooo }
noon no
oooo 2 no
o

 
  
 
  
 



[  1 ]

oon noo
o
1) oo
oooo {
3
x nn
nooo} .. 2549
x nn
no .. 2549
x n
.. 2549

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

2)
oooo {
6
x o ooo
o}nonn
x o n
nnooo
x o o
o o } n o n n

x o n
noo
x o o
o o } n o n n

x o
n

 2



 

  

 !

}oo }
o (Direct method) o (Indirect method)
onn nn
oo

2.1 oo
o o r o
oo o 2 (Direct
Method) o(Indirect Method)
2.1.1 (Direct Method)
o(Direct Method) o
oooo }
nn onono
o

yv|

2.1-1 oo

 
  
 
  
 



[  2 ] 

 

  
 !
o o
Boiler Efficiency

Boiler Efficiency

Heat Output
u 100
Heat Input

Steam flow rate u steam enthalpy  feed water enthalpy

u 10
Fuel firing rate u Gross calorific value

Steam flow ratr m s 

=
Steam enthalpy hs 
=
Feed water enthalpy hw 
=
Fuel firing rate m f 
=
Gross calorific value GCV  =

(kg/s)
e (kJ/kg)
ej (kJ/kg)
o (kg/s)
no (kJ/kg)

2.1.2 o(Indirect Method)

oo o
o (Indirect Method) o }no
o njo ono
o (%) = 100 (%) oo (%)
oo on on
onoo }o o
p oo
o
rr oo 2.1-2
oo 2.1-2
oo oo
o}
yv|

o (%)



= 100 - [() +
(p) +
() +
() +
(prr) +
(o) +
(o)]

 
  
 
  
 



 

  
 !

[  2 ]

o o o o n o
o ononoo(
oo) o(o)
oo(op
o o
oprr oo
oo) oon
on o
oo
6.

1.
2. H2
3.
4.
5. CO
7. o

8. o

rr

2.1-2 oo o

 
  
 
  
 



yv|

rnoo
1) o (Dry Flue Gas Loss)
on (Dry Flue Gas Loss)
oo ooooo
no oon
nn (nno) o
nnno
10 - 30% oo

[  2 ] 

 

  
 !
L1

m u C p u T f  Ta 
GVC of fuel

u 100

L1
m

Cp
Tf
Ta
GVC

= % o
= (kg/kg-fuel)
(o [CO2+SO2+N2 fuel+N2 air+O2 ])
= no (kCal/kg oC)
= (oC)
= o (oC)
= Gross Calorific Value (nooo
o no o n
o onoo
} on noo
n Gross Calorific Value nonon)

yv|

2) oo (Combustion Loss)
ooo} n r g
} n p } p n
p po p ono
o o n p } o o o o
oono
oon o}
o n o
nr ( non)
oo n r n n
o }o oo
onooo
rooo nonr
on
x onp (H2)
x o
x o
x oonr (Incomplete combustion)



 
  
 
  
 



 

  
 !

[  2 ]

2.1) on H2
onp (H2) o
onrnop}n
n pnn (O2) }
(H2O) nooo}
}oono n
oonro
L2

9 u H 2 u ^584  C p T f  Ta `
GCV of fuel

u 100

L2
H2

Cp
Tf
Ta
584

=
=
=
=
=
=

rrono
(kg/kg-fuel)
no (kCal/kg oC)
(oC)
o (oC)
no} (kJ Btu)

2.2) o
o o
nnoooon
onon o
on n}nno
L3

M u ^584  C p T f  Ta `
GCV of fuel

u 100

L3
Tf
Ta
GCV

M
584

rro
no (kCal/kg oC)
(oC)
o (oC)
Gross Calorific Value
no(kg/kg-fuel)
no} (kJ Btu)

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

Cp

=
=
=
=
=
=
=



[  2 ] 

 

  
 !
2.3) o
o o
o}no(Combustion -> Fuel + Air) oo
rno noo o
on}n n}
nono dr
}o
L4

AAS u humidity factor u C p u T f  Ta 

GCV of fuel

u 100

% o
no (kCal/kg oC)
(oC)
o (oC)
Gross Calorific Value
o (kg/kg-fuel)
humidity factor = kg / kgo
L4

=
Cp =
=
Tf
Ta
=
GCV =
AAS =

yv|

2.4) oonr (Incomplete combustion)

o } r n o o
o } o n r n n n n
o jno oo
o o}p
n 1030% oooonr nr noo
o}oon
n oono on
prr o (O2) n o
oronn onnor
o n n o }
oor o
onn () on
orno (o p
o n r ) } o p r r (CO)
}
prr (CO2)



 
  
 
  
 



 

  
 !

[  2 ]

oonro
L5

%CO u C
5744
u
u 100
%CO  %CO2 GCV of fuel

L5
CO
CO2
C

=
=
=
=

rro onr
CO n (%)
CO2 n (%)
nr (kg/kg-fuel)
GCV
=
Gross Calorific Value

gas analyzer n
L5

M CO u 5744

CO M CO 

CO

}n ppm

(noor)

CO  ppm  u 10 6 u M f u 28

Mf

= o (kg/hr)

 
  
 
  
 



yv|

3) on (Surface loss)
on oo
n}o nno n
ooo nonnn
onon
noonn 1%
on
ojo nooonn
o 10%
noono n
on }ooo (Heat Balance)
nn }no on
onrnon
nonon
no no (Output) o
oo onon
on

[  2 ] 

 

  
 !
o
n

rr
2.1-3 on (Radiation Heat)
n n n o o
}
x on nn = 1.5% 2.5%
x on nn = 2.0% 3.0%
x oj nn = 0.4% 1.0%
on o

yv|

L6

Ts 4 Ta 4
196.85Vm  68.9 
1.25
0.548 u

 1.957 u Ts  Ta  u

68.9

55.55 55.55

L6
Vm
Ts
Ta



=
=
=
=

rro n (W/m2)
n (m/s)
o (oC)
o (oC)

 
  
 
  
 



 

  
 !

[  2 ]

4) ooo
o o o n r o
on orrn
o n}o oon
n}n

oonn 0.03% - 0.07% oo
ognro oonn
n ono on
onrn o
ooo} 2 n on
4.1) oo (Unburned in fly ash)
o o j n n o o o
o
L7

Total ash collected / kg of fuel burnt u GCV of fly ash

u 100
GCV of fuel

L7

= rro o (unburned fly ash)

4.2) oo (Unburned in bottom ash)

oononooo
o
L8

Total ash collected / kg of fuel burnt u GCV of bottom ash

u 100
GCV of fuel

= rro o (unburned bottom ash)

o
ooo
n ono ( L1 L8 ) nn
no (o) o
o ooo 2.1-4 2.1-1

 
  
 
  
 



yv|

L8

[  2 ] 

 

  
 !

2.1-4 o
2.1-1 oo

yv|



kCal/kg-fuel

%
100

1) no

Fuel

1) o
2) o H2

=
=

L1

3) o
4) o
5) o o nr
6) o n
7) o o (fly ash)
8) o o (bottom ash)
no
o = 100 - ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 )

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

L3

 
  
 
  
 

L2

L4
L5
L6
L7
L8



 

  
 !

[  2 ]

2.2 o
o }oo
onn
o ooo
n o o
oooonn}o n 2
nnono onn
o oono
n (Pressure Drop) g
2.2-1

: Improving steam system performance , U.S. Department of Energy

2.2-1 o (Steam system)

x onn (Leak Loss)

x o (Steam Pressure Loss)

x ononn (Uninsulated Loss)
x on (Other Loss)
 
  
 
  
 



yv|

o
o(Indirect Method) ono
n (% = 100% n
%) o }rnnn
n} 5 on
x o (Steam Trap Loss)

[  2 ] 

 

  
 !
o 2.2-2

: Steam Pressure Reduction : Opportunities and Issues , U.S. Department of Energy

2.2-2 n (Steam System Loss)

yv|

1) o (Steam Trap Loss)

o n
(}r no o
}oo) ono n
nonoo on
n on no
n(r)ordo no
oo
SL1

>Steam Trap Leak kg / hr )@ u 100

>GCV kg / hr  uK @
Boiler

nno
SL1

>Vent rate u h  h u T @ u 100

>GCV kg / hr  uK @
vent

makeup

Boiler



 
  
 
  
 



 

  
 !

[  2 ]

= rro
Steam Trap Leak = no (kg/hr)
GCV
= noo (kJ/kg)
K Boiler
= oo 2.1
Vent rate = (kg/hr)
hvent
= e (kJ/kg)
hmakeup
= ej (kJ/kg)
T
= o (hr)
SL1

2) onn (Leak)
onn nn
onn nn o
nonn
o noo j
o onno

Steam Loss kg / hr 

P
199 u A u
V

0.5

u 3600 u n

Steam Loss
S / F 
Fuel Loss u T
u 100
GCV kJ / kg  u K Boiler

Fuel Loss
SL2

SL2

Steam Loss
Fuel Loss
S/F

P
V
n

GCV

rrno

o (kg/hr)
n
o (m2)
(barg r)
(m3/kg)
()
noo (kJ/kg)
o (hr)

yv|

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

3) o (Steam Pressure Loss)

 
  
 
  
 



[  2 ] 

 

  
 !
n n n
o non o
o
Steam rate kg / hr  900 u S u U u D 2 u V

Fuel Loss
SL3

Steam rate
S/F

Fuel Loss u T
u 100
GCV kJ / kg  u K Boiler

SL3

=
Steam rate =
Fuel Loss
=
S/F
=
D
=
U
=
V
=
N
=
GCV
=
T
=

% no
n (kg/hr)
o (kg/hr)
n
onrn (m)
n (kg/m3)
n (m/s)
()
noo (kJ/kg)
o (hr)

yv|

4) ononn (Uninsulated Loss)

nnoono oon
o o o n n
ooono o
nnno nnnn
5-10% ononn
oonno oo
n
o
time /
o =
o
T1
C
nno
=
D

onrn
=
L  n0.4   a (1.2)

n
=

L = n ()



 
  
 
  
 



 

  
 !

[  2 ]

= onnn L ()
= rnnn L ()

4.1) nonnoo
onnoon
onnoo nn
n T1 oC onrn D no
nnoon Qnoinsu kW/m noo
Qno insu

SL4

total

kWh / day 
Qno insu

Qno insu kW / m  u L m  u time hr / day 

total

GCV kJ / kg  u K Boiler

u 100

rrnonnoo
L
n (m)
GCV
noo (kJ/kg)
K Boiler
oo o
o
1 watts = 1 joules/sec
SL4

=
=
=
=

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  2 ] 

 

  
 !
4.2) nonoo
nono on
nnno T1 (oC) onrn D nn
onon
oo Qinsu n} W/m on o
Qinsu
SL5

total

kWh / day 
Qinsu

Qinsu W / m  u L m  u time hr / day  u 10 3

total

GCV kJ / kg  u K Boiler

u 100

SL5
L
GCV

K Boiler

=
=
=
=

rrnonoo
n (m)
noo (kJ/kg)
oo o
o

5) on (Other Loss)
on ( SL6 ) }
n}nnn n on

yv|

n} (Pipe Redundancy)
nn
on} r
on nnorno
ooo nn}noo
o on
n n r (Steam Traps) rnno
n nonon
n nnoo or
oooo
n (Drain Points and Layout Guidelines)
nononnnnnn}
noonoon on
}on (Pressure Drop) oon
o
(Water Hammer) on o r rnno



 
  
 
  
 



 

  
 !

[  2 ]

onn 30-45 n
nnnn
n o n n
no r
onn 45
(Strainers)
nnon }noo
nnn }
on oro
(Air Venting)
}}ro o
nnnoon pn
nnrn
ononon
no (Heat Transfer from Steam)
ndr (Film) oono
nnonn n
dr 3 drn (Condensate Film Layer) nndr
(Scale Film Layer) dr (Air Film Layer) n
on dr 3 }o n
o drno}on
o 60 - 70 n no}n
o 1,500 n

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  2 ] 

 

  
 !
onn
onnoonn
on ono ( SL1 SL6 )
nn n o ( ) o
nn o o
nn 2.2-2 2.2-2

2.2-2 nn
2.2-2 onn
o

kCal/kg-fuel

o
o

Ko

1.o

SL1

2.onn

SL2

3.o

SL3

4.ononn

SL4 SL5

5.on

SL6

1.no

yv|

no
=
= Ko - (SL1+SL2+SL3+(SL4SL5)+SL6)



 
  
 
  
 



 

  
 !

[  2 ]

2.3 o
o no r o
on}
oro o
n } oo
nnoro

2-12 o (nnro)
roo (End use)
K Boiler

100  L1  L2  L3  L4  L5  L6  L7  L8 

%End use

L1
L2
L3
L4

yv|

o (Ko)

= 100 - oo (L1+L2+L3+L4+L5+L6+L7+L8)
= Ko o(SL1 + SL2 + SL3 +
(SL4 SL5) + SL6)
= (K)

= % o
= % on H
= % o
= % o
 
  
 
  
 



[  2 ] 

 

  
 !
L5
= % oonr
L6
= % on
= % oo
L7
= % oo
L8
SL1 = % o
SL2 = % o nn
SL3 = % o
SL4 = % o nonn
SL5 = % oonn
SL6 = % o
%End use
= % nonnon r
o
o oo
oono o
n
2.4

yv|

2.4.1
o oon n o
o }o oo 13 o
on
1) n
2) jo Economizer
3) noo
4) onr
5) n
6) ono
7) rroo rr
8) n o
9)
10) or {
11) o
12) oo
13) on



 
  
 
  
 



 

  
 !

[  2 ]

1) n
noo ono
pn np
nr r }n p
n 200 oC oo o
po ro ron
rn ooonno
no
2) jo Economizer
o 3 pn 200 300 oC
oo op
oo on 200 oC jrrp
n }no po
n p pd (LPG) no
}opn 200 oC
oo
onp 269 oC njoo Economizer
on 200 oC jo 15 oC no
o 3% o 3 op
} o Economizer n p 65 oC
oo 5 %
jo oo Economizer

o
Condensate jo 6 C j n
ooo 1%

 
  
 
  
 



yv|

3) noo
n o o } n n j o
o 1% oo 20 oC
onnnoooo {nn
ooo }on
Economizer joo

[  2 ] 

 

  
 !
4) onr
o n r o o n j
nn onr
on ooo
o onr oo
}{o {onr n
n nnn
Carbonization Spinner Plates oon
} rnoo o Grit
nn oon onr
n }oo n

yv|

5) n
oo on ono
r oo opn
non oo
o onr op
o o
o n n n
nnnp 5%
n oo 1 % 1%
p oo 1 %
no
1. orrp p o
Draft
nn}oo
rn ono 20%
2. orrpn n Draft
no 10 15%
3. orrp n
d Damper ono
o
6) ono
o no
no oooo



 
  
 
  
 



 

  
 !

[  2 ]

no} 1 3 o
oo onno
1.5 % oo noo 25%
no} 6% oo
on o nnnn
7) rroo rr
rrnnn }n
o oo 15 kg/cm2
rr 10% no
3% orrr
nj (Conductivity) n}-n (pH) o nor
drro ooon
rron

9)
nno 12%
nopo n
np nooo

o nno n
 
  
 
  
 



yv|

8) no
o o n } n
oo (Fireside) o on
o r n o o
(Waterside) o
o p n n
o o n o } o n o
p o ojo
o 22 oC
p 1% no on
o np 20 oC
nn po
n n 3 mm. ooo
o 2.5 % npo n
nn n oo economizer air preheater o

[  2 ] 

 

  
 !
o n o
noo o Carry Over o o
o }on qo
o nnn 20 % o

10) or {
r{o o
ooo nri o
(Draft Fan & Induced Draft Fan) rnonn o
no on r
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11) o
o n 2/3 o
o ooo n
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1. pnn p
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2. n 50% noon
or }op
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n 25% n}o

yv|

12) oo
no nn 65 85% o
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ono n
13) on
on
oo onon

1. ono
2. onon no



 
  
 
  
 



 

  
 !

[  2 ]

3. on no{
4. onoo
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yv|

2.4.2 o
oo }oo
x 22 oC p oo 1%
x 6 oC jo oo 1%
x 20 oC oo oo 1%
x 5% oon 1% p
oo 1%
x 10% rro 15 kg/cm2 o
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x 3 mm. non o
2.5%
x 1 mm. on o
5 8 %
x 0.25 mm. nn ono nn
330 mm.
x 3 mm. n 7 kg/cm2 o
32,650 ne
x n 8 kg/cm2 onr 150 mm. 100 m.
25,000 ne
x oonr 45 mm. oo 90 oC
no 70%

[  2 ] 

 

  
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o
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yv|

2.4-1 o

n
nn
o (House Keeping)
1
no
x noo
x nr
2
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3
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4
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nnn
x noo
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n
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x n
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x rrr (CaCO3) nn
50 150 ppm pH 8.3
x rr}n n pH n 12
x rrnn 25 ppm
x rron 40 ppm

10

11

12

13

n
nn

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

[  2 ]



[  2 ] 

 

  
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14

15

16
17

o
x n
x n
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x n
x nnoo
o
x nonn
n
x n
x n
noo
x njo
x no
x n Softener
x noon

x noon

yv|

18



 
  
 
  
 

n
nn



 

  
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19

20

21

22

23

n
nn
o (Process Improvement)
oo
x nro
x noro

rroo
x nrr
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x non
x non
x no
x nro
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nn
x noo
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o
x n nno
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Forced-draft Induce-draft n
x n r
x nno
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x nrr
x nn TDS rr

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

24

[  2 ]



[  2 ] 

 

  
 !

25

26

27

oo
x o
x o
no
x oo 50 oC
x no
x o
onn n
x o
x o
x nonno
njooo
x njonjoo
x noo

yv|

28



 
  
 
  
 

n
nn



 

  
 !

29

30

31

32

33
34

35

[  2 ]

n
nn

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

o (Machine Change)

x noo
x n

x n
x noo
Economizer
x nopo
x njo
x no o
n
x nopo
x nnnoo
on
x nopo
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x pn
onn
x nrno
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x rr
x norro



yv|

[  3 ] " 
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yv|

 
  
 
  
 



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3.1 o (House Keeping)

o }o oooo
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3.1.2 rnn
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3.1.3 oroooo
3.1.4 ono oo

3.1.5 onno
r
3.1.6 onn
3.1.7 nnno
3.1.8 nn
3.1.9 nnn
3.1.10 Draft oo
3.1.11 { Draft o
3.1.12 Draft n
3.1.13 rr
3.1.14 o
3.1.15 o
3.1.16 n
3.1.17 noo
3.1.18
3.1.19 roo



 
  
 
  
 

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[  3 ]

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[  3 ]

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o (bar)
30
40
50
60
70
5.0
2,623
2,581
2,539
2,498
2,456
6.0
2,631
2,589
2,547
2,506
2,464
7.0
2,638
2,596
2,554
2,512
2,471
8.0
2,643
2,602
2,560
2,518
2,476
10.0
2,652
2,611
2,569
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yv|

o (l/h)

= (kg/h) x o 1 kg (kJ/kg)
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1 7.0 bar j 40oC o 2,596 kJ/kg

o

=
[(5 x 1,000) x 2,596] / [38.18. x 0.85 x 1,000]
=
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ooo 1 o A o
= 400.00 x 1 x 300
= 120,000.00 ne



 
  
 
  
 

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[  3 ]

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[  3 ]

noon o
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n
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85%
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n
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17 n ooo
1 7.0 bar j 40oC o 2,596 kJ/kg
/kg

(/l) x o 1 kg (kJ)
no (MJ/l) x 1,000 x o
=
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=
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=

 
  
 
  
 



yv|

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[  3 ]

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[  3 ]

 
  
 
  
 



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non n 2 n
no Output on
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[  3 ]

Output oono no o
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[  3 ]

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[  3 ]

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x o
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[  3 ] " 
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3.1.5-1 ne 1 kg n
(bar)
5.0
6.0
7.0
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( C)
151.86
158.85
164.97
Enthalpy (kJ)
Sensible (kJ)
640.21
670.54
697.20
Lantent (kJ)
2108.5
2086.3
2066.3
Total Enthalpy (kJ)
2748.7
2756.8
2763.5

8.0
170.43

10.0
179.91

721.10
2048.0
2769.1

762.79
2015.3
2778.1

ooon on o
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[  3 ]

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[  3 ] " 
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ooo 1 r
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[  3 ]

3.1.6
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yv|

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2. }noon
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[  3 ] " 
#$    
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yv|

x oo.
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no noo
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no no
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" 
#$    
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[  3 ]

3. Blow down Blow down

nnnoo
4. onn oonnn
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(nonn r
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yv|

x o
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[  3 ] " 
#$    
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yv|

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" 
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[  3 ]

oo rr}n
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x nrr
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yv|

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[  3 ] " 
#$    
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yv|

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" 
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[  3 ]

no}or oo
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1.
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yv|

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[  3 ] " 
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yv|

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" 
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[  3 ]

on}ono
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yv|

1. rr
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[  3 ] " 
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yv|

2. rrp
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nonononn
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" 
#$    
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[  3 ]

nnoor

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x o
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yv|

4.rr
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(1200 oF) nnrroo oorr
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[  3 ] " 
#$    
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n o n o
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nn
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yv|

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" 
#$    
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[  3 ]

ro onp
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orn np
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yv|

x
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o nn n

[  3 ] " 
#$    
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yv|

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" 
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[  3 ]

n r p r r p o n
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3.1.6-1 oooo

x
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yv|

3. ooo noo
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[  3 ] " 
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yv|

2 no o
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" 
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[  3 ]

nonooo
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[  3 ] " 
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n on
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yv|

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" 
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[  3 ]

rr
nooo no
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rr p 3.1.6-2 3.1.6-6
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3.1.6-2 ro ( A)

yv|

3.1.6-3 ro ( C)

 
  
 
  
 



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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3.1.6-4 ro (p)

yv|

3.1.6-5 ro ()



3.1.6-6 ro (n)

 
  
 
  
 

" 
#$    
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[  3 ]

n
on 4,800 ne o A ()
1,920,000 ne 7.0 bar 5 ton/h n
npn 7% pn 300 oC
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p 4% pn 250 oC p
} 17% o A n 17 n neo
o (%) =
100 p (%)
=
100 20
= 80%
on (E1)
=
100 17
= 83%
o (E2)

ne =
=
=
=

one x (1 E1/E2) x nn
1,920,000 x [1- (80 / 83)] x 17.00
29,482 x $8.00
1,179,759 ne

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

or
: o 2-10% non rn
o nn nnn
n
n : ro
rr n 17,000 ($500) r
ron 10,000 ($300) nr
n 35,000 100,000 ($1,000 - $3,000) o
nnooo
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[  3 ] " 
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yv|

fo : noono
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" 
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[  3 ]

: n (Excess Air) o
}o
oo 1 n o 8-9 r
{r/n
roo no
o nn (%O2 on 8.9
6.8% Low Fire Medium Fire ) nn
nn o

Before
(@ 31/8/49)

Status

Medium Fire (Stage 2)

Low Fire (Stage 1)

Flue Gas Temp. (oC)

%O2
%CO2
ppm of CO
Air Ratio
Gross Efficiency
Combustion Loss
Surface Loss
Blowdown Loss
Other Loss
Boiller Efficiency

253.1
11.7
6.8
64
2.26
76.9%
23.1%
2.0%
4.0%
2.0%
68.9%

219.0
9.2
8.9
54
1.78
81.0%
19.0%
2.0%
4.0%
2.0%
73.0%

3.1.6-7 o (Low Fire)

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

1. nnn ooo

2. n, %O2 onno
3. o
4. }oonon
onn



[  3 ] " 
#$    
%
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After
(@ 21/9/49)

Status

Medium Fire (Stage 2)

Low Fire (Stage 1)

Flue Gas Temp. (oC)

%O2
%CO2
ppm of CO
Air Ratio
Gross Efficiency
Combustion Loss
Surface Loss
Blowdown Loss
Other Loss
Boiller Efficiency

244.7
6.0
11.1
15
1.40
84.5%
15.5%
2.0%
4.0%
2.0%
76.5%

209.4
3.9
12.6
15
1.23
87.1%
12.9%
2.0%
4.0%
2.0%
79.1%

3.1.6-8 o

yv|

n
x n Low Fire o %O2 on 3.9%
219.0oC 209.4oC o 73% } 79.1%
x n Medium Fire o %O2 on 6.0%
253.1oC 244.7oC o 68.9% } 76.5%
o
oo 0.0237 ktoe/e }nono
o 314,851 /e 28,000 0.09 e



 
  
 
  
 

" 
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[  3 ]

3.1.7
nnn

nnnn Air-fuel ratio }n
o no nnnn
n nnnnn
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o oo 3.1.6 o
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nn
non
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o
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yv|

x nnn
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nr o}on
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[  3 ] " 
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3.1.7-1 nonn

yv|

x nnnn
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onrn oo
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nnn onr
non



 
  
 
  
 

" 
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[  3 ]

2. {~o nnonr
nnon n} rnn r
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o (nn Damper pn
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n}on{
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yv|

x onrn
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n
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yv|

[  3 ] " 
#$    
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x nnnn
nnno
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nnn on
1. nnno
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" 
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[  3 ]

x onoj
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nn 2 3% nonnnono
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ononnno
noon on
noo
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yv|

x nnn
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o n o n n n o n o o o n
o
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n (o 3.1.6 or)
o noon
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[  3 ] " 
#$    
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onnonno o

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yv|

x p
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x no
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n o o n o o
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" 
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[  3 ]

ono o
n Jackshaft or} Jackshaft n o
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onn
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nn
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yv|

x nnnn
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[  3 ] " 
#$    
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x op}
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3.1.12
rr
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n) onnn on:
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3.1.7-2 }nooro (Available Heat) o
o nnonp
onn (% Excess Air) p (%O2) o
ooo onnooro (%AH)
o

yv|

% Fuel Saving



= 100 x [ (%AH Desired - %AH Actual) / %AH Desired ]

3.1.7-2 nooro (Available Heat)

 
  
 
  
 

" 
#$    
%
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[  3 ]

n
o n o p (NG) n n
pn 315 oC nnnn 10% (2.1 %O2
p) n n nn { n
50% (7.4 %O2 p)
Available Heat Chart oo nnooro
(%AH Actual) n 72% nooro (%AH Desired)
n 76% o

= 100 x [ (76 72) / 76 ]

= 5.3 %

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

or
: 1 10% non
n : rno 3.1.6
ooonnnon 1 1
Man-hour o o 1 Man-day o
no onoon
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: nnno 2 o
noo 3.1.6
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r
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: on n} onoo
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[  3 ] " 
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yv|

3.1.7-3 oo A

1. ooo Fuel Flow Meter

2. o nn O2
p
3. r Damper
ooo
4. o
5. ro
6. o
7. r



 
  
 
  
 

" 
#$    
%
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[  3 ]

n oo A nn
O2 np 11.2% n 5%

3.1.7-4 Hot Oil Burner n 13

oo 0.0251 ktoe/e }non

oo 507,459.78 /e 8,000 0.02 e

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

3.1.7-5 o



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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3.1.8
nn
n

yv|

}oo
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noono

x
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nonn o
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no o r
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rrnn noo po
n opnonooo o
pone nn
nnn opn
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" 
#$    
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[  3 ]

2. Orifice Orifice oo}

o nnn n on
Orifice 1 e 2 e

3.1.8-1 oon

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

3. n nn
o n r r d n
r r
n nn
nnor nnr
nr n}n
on oo
noo
4. oro
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nr
5. nd ddonn n
on no

6. oi n} }o
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yv|

[  3 ] " 
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3. n n n o
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4. nr o
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on no o
nnononoo
no nn}n n
noooo
5. p nno
p }nnoo
n on
p p
n oo nn
6. n on
ono
noon n
on {o}o



 
  
 
  
 

" 
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[  3 ]

nnon n
non
7. n n n o n }
noonr poonrnn
nonon n
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on{ odon
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8. }
nnooo n{
on o n
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9. o onnnn
on {}{ nn o
noon
x nnn
on on
nn o 3.1.7 non

3.1.8-1 o

one
(%)
(GJ/year)
1
6,590
2
13,023
3
19,295
 
  
 
  
 

yv|

rr
r
Full load
Part load o 3-4 o
n } n o
oo



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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n
oon 5 ton/h
o{n 79% (E1) o A 1,920,000 ne
17.00 n }n 32,640,000 ne
oo 2%
ne

=
=
=

o x x (1 E1/E2)
1,920,000 l/yr x 17 /l x (1-(79/81))
805,925 ne

or
: 0.5 10% o
n : oo oo
o }
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yv|

: fn} o
o rnnooo
rn }oooon
o Checklist ooo
no
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" 
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[  3 ]

: n
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3 n nnn o
nn

ononoo o
n
o o oo

n oo o
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o 20 n 1 3 o
o 60 n o 0.01762 ktoe/e }
nonoo 432,244.8 /e n

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

3.1.8-2 nro



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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3.1.9
nnn

ooooop
o oon
ooo onon
jno
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o{o
oonnno ojno
nn
nnoo non
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n oon
onooonnp

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x
o o
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o no
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n }onn
o n n n o n o
n oonoi
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x onp
o onp nop
n o n n o o n n
n oonnnn
o{~onno{
ono 3.1.7
oi on{
onnno
o {n} ono



 
  
 
  
 

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[  3 ]

i on
nnonn
or
: 10,000 ne ($300)
on nno non
nnnn ono
no{o
n : oo
: ono

: n}
n n e}o

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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3.1.10
Draft o

yv|

n Draft ooo
Draft o}n nno
n oo Draft oo
nno po ro
Draft
x Draft
o Draft nnno n
nopono

1. oonoo
2. on
3. opoono
4. npoonnp
Draft nnooo nn
Draft no
nno Draft onron nn
onn Venturi nnpno Draft oo Draft
nnnn}o{ Draft
n
1. Draft
Draft po op
n }}
no on onnn
npoon poo
o
o Draft } n n p
o opooon o
no Draft on np}onno
Draft onnnooo
pn no onp
n



 
  
 
  
 

" 
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[  3 ]

o Draft poo
n no p
opnnoo npo
no pno pnnonono
Draft onp}nnnp
} Draft oo
nn oonoo Draft 4 non
o nooo Forced-draft o
on nnp n 3 o
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2. Draft
o 4 Draft onooo Draft
oo n Output o
nnn}o oio
oonnoon o Draft
Draft nopoo
o Draft out put
nooo Draft no Draft
o Draft onp}np
o

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

3.1.10-1



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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yv|

oo}i Forced-draft } Induced-draft

Forced-draft ononnd non
oo o Induced-draft o
nno nnono
oo nnoo Forced-draft o
no Induced-draft Induced-draft
Forced-draft ooonno Induceddraft n jpoonnnoo
onon n
ononoponn
ponno Draft ro
nooop o
}nnoonp
x Draft
Draft o Draft
Draft on o
n Draft o}n
oo Draft np}rno Draft
{ Draft n o
{ o{ npoo
Draft ono Draft nonp
Draft no
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Draft npoono
np Draft }o
nono
r o Induced-draft out put
Draft nnno n Draft

n ono} n
no Draft o non
nnopooono
o {nog o Draft



 
  
 
  
 

" 
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[  3 ]

ooo Draft n
Draft

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

x Draft
Draft }rnnonp
nnpo Draft n 3 on
1. Draft Hood
}nnondpono
o Hood onnnnnopo
onp
Draft hood }onp Draft oo
nnno Draft hood o Draft o Draft
hood onnn Draft Boiler ono
oooo
o Draft np nn
oo Draft hood onno n
Draft hood on Draft hood oonon
o njn
o Draft hood njopnnpo
roonp
nopn o Draft hood o
ooooog
2. Damper
Damper p o d d {~ p
Damper oooop}n Draft
n o Damper no Damper
o}noo
noon
Damper o Draft hood oo Draft
op Damper o
djpoo oo}
Damper non Draft hood Damper n
o Damper nnnDrafto
oo Damper nj
no Damper ooo
n



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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3. Damper por
o npo Damper
Draft no Damper nononn
pono
o Damper d o n o Damper
n Damper oroo
ooon
d Damper nn
d Damper }nn Damper o
n nnndnoo
Damper o n Damper n
donooon o
Draft
oooon
n

yv|

4. Induced-draft o
oo Induced-draft Draft o
n
Draft hood Damper nooonp
onn{n onoonn
n Draft oonn
ooon

x Draft
r Draft n Over-fire Draft nn
oo Draft oo
o Overfire Draft Draft
Draft o Draft o n p on
Draft npon
Draft o Draft } nn
Draft o Draft nn
Draft no
oo



 
  
 
  
 

" 
#$    
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[  3 ]

on Draft nno
onno Draft oo}o
no
onnoo oonn o
onn
1. Overfire draft
oo Draft }
nnnnn
Draft opoonon
Overfire draft no p
ojnnnj
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0.02
Overfire draft no built in
oo o n
o Draft nnopoo
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Overfire draft o Power n} }
opno nnon Burner Power no Draft
nnnnno
o
Overfire draft ono n
odn }oo flange nd
ooonn

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

2. Draft Draft
Draft 2 Draft hood Draft r
nr Draft on Draft n
n oonnp
Draft oooo Draft npo
n
oo Draft hood n}o Overfire Draft
onn Draft hood oo Damper
Damper no Overfire Draft o Damper
non
Damper n Damper onn
Damper on



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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oo Damper oro Damper
Overfire Draft o n}o Draft Damper n

o Induced-draft oo
Overfire draft noo
3.Draft np
Draft np onpon
o r Draft np n Draft
nnnpno
Draft n p n o n o o n
opo
npo nn o
noonpoo
Draft np no{
Draft np no
np Draft o Draft np
n nn 2-3 nonrnp
n Draft oo
ononoo n}noo n
p

yv|

x Draft
Draft Draft }

x o{o Draft {~p

n Draft oo{no Draft n
}o Draft o
or
: 2 %
n : Draft on 3,500 ($100) oo
o Draft o
: Draft }oo



 
  
 
  
 

" 
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[  3 ]

o : n Draft op
ooooo
: Draft }nnoono
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: o Draft o
Damper Damper p o
rn }oooe

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  3 ] " 
#$    
%
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3.1.11
oopo
no{ Draft

Draft nnoon
nn oonn
{n Draft nno{oo
opono o no
oo
{o Draft { Draft o
p o o nnp
{ Draft n o
{n

yv|

x rn
on Draft n
o Draft o no
nn Draft nn 2
n

x { n n o
Draft
Draft npn Draft o {
Draft Draft non o
noon Draft Draft
onn Draft n
x Draft p
Draft n p } {
noro nn ono
npon
Draft}onnp n
nonr no
Draft



 
  
 
  
 

" 
#$    
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[  3 ]

x { Draft pn
Draftnnn
nnpnp o{o{
Draft nn
1. pnn nnno
npo nonoo
n o 90 o } o n o
no
2. Induce Draft oo Inducer o n
n}o Induce Draft o
opn no
pondd
o
3. np
4. o Draft n

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

x {np
nnDraft npno
no no
non nnp {
n}{ npnno
no
op noo Draft oo
non o no
onooono
o
oo{ np
o nnp
onnpoo
Draft no{oo non
onnpno n Induced-draft n
ono
on}o
nn Draft nno
{ Draft o



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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yv|

x {oo
no nn
o nd o}
n oonnnn
o
noonnd
do {ooo
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x {ndn
non o
nonoo nndnn ndn
noonoo ndn
noooo n
o
ndoro nd
1 n o 1,000 BTU/hr n ()
ond ond} 2 3 nn
oond nooo
o{ n n o onn d o
o }o }
oo
}no onnooo
onono }o }

oo Damper Draft hood oood

onrn nooo
n Hood Damper nooo nd
oon pon
x {oo
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ooooo oo
np nrno n
ono{~i Draft o
o{ no Draft n
n onnd non



 
  
 
  
 

" 
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[  3 ]

n nd o
oo ondono n
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n : noon{
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r{ : { Draft ronnon
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yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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3.1.12
Draft n

yv|

n}o o
{noo
x n
oono o
pnn oon
o no onon
o oo}n on o
n Stand by loss 2 o no o
no Purge n
1.
oono
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onono ono
r j no o
n n no
o
non ooodn o
nno onnpo
no{o ooodoi
Power nnn r n}
odn
o o r {~pdoon
o on r n o
po} ooo
oo o
10% o ono
n
oon Turndown ratio
oono o
odo



 
  
 
  
 

" 
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[  3 ]

2. Purge
Purge }oooi
r Purge n oono
o oonnno
} ooon
no oo
onooo
no
Purge oo n Postpurge r Post-purge no
o }ono Draft o
pnooo Post-purge }o
{~o Purge n
n Purge }nd
d o Purge oo Turndown ratio
onod

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

x nno
n{oo nn
n { n
o o Purge
d d d d n o
rnono
oono onooon
rnnornnoo
o
Purge
noo
nooro
Post-purge onn
x o
opoon n
nnpooo r o
no r nodnn
Pre-purge Post-purge o r no
opoonoo



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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oo}n
n
or
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n : Draft on 3,500 ($100) oo
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: Draft }oo

yv|

o : n Draft op
ooooo
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noo}n
: o Draft o
Damper Damper p o
rn }oooe



 
  
 
  
 

" 
#$    
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[  3 ]

3.1.13
rr

rr no
o ngno
noo (nn}n
)n onnono
} nn

rrno rrrr
noog o oo
rrrr oog rr
rro
r r n no o
o onnn o
rro o o
rron oo
oon rronn dr
rrnnoon rro
rro onn
rroo
orr }o n
3.2.10 }rr
rronn

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

x oono (Top Blow and Bottom Blow)

}nnoo n
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oo
gn gnn g
n g
rr oonn n rro
r



[  3 ] " 
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3.1.13-1 rr rro o
ooogrro
nrron gn
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on rron}on
rr ononn
ono

x rr
rronoogo

rr

yv|



x [n TDS j]
(n TDS o - n TDS j)

TDS (ppm)
rr n n kg/hr

nn o n TDS jn 5 % TDS oo r
rn 5 % o 1,000 kg/hr r
ron 52.6 kg/h

 
  
 
  
 

" 
#$    
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[  3 ]

x rr
rr}nno
rr (ono }}
n) nn oon 7.0 bar o
n165 oC n 35 oC oo
onn 535.60 kJ o 130 oC
nno norr}
no rr}no nrr
o
x rroo
rrn TDS (Total Dissolved
Solid) non 1 onn
(ppm) noo oo TDS oro
oo

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

- rron
rr nrrn rr
n norr {rr
rr odrrrn rr
oo ondrrr nrro

rroonn}o oo
rr orrnn n TDS
o o rr 2-3
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n }norr TDS
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nr TDS
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oorr drrrn n 10
n TDS r TDS n TDS n
oorrnn orrrnnor
TDS oojnnrnn



[  3 ] " 
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orroo rr
n 3.3.8
x rrono
rr nnn
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x orro
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nooj non
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2) on}j

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rr
rr non r
rn oo no
o ojoorro
rrr}o
n
rr rr 8% 6%
on o A }, 7.0 bar , 5.0
ton/hr j 60 oC o 80% o 17 n non 0.02
n o 16 300 ne o 80%
o
jon
=
5,000 / (1 0.08)
=
5,434.78
kg/hr
jo
=
5,000 / (1 0.06)
=
5,319.15
kg/hr
jo
=
5,434.78 - 5,319.15
=
115.63
kg/hr
Enthalpy of Boiler Water (@ 7.0 bar)
=
697.20
kJ/kg
o
=
251.11
kJ/kg
Enthalpy for Makeup water (@60 C)



 
  
 
  
 

" 
#$    
%
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[  3 ]

697.20 251.11
446.09
kJ/kg
no
115.63 kg/hr x 4,800 h/y x 446.09 kJ/kg x 17 /l
(0.80 x 38.18 x 1000)
=
137,802.55
/y
nj o
=
115.63 kg/hr x 4,800 h/y x 0.02 /l
=
11,100.48
/y

=
148,903.03
/y
rroonoro n n
Conductivity noo Chlorides n TDS }o

oo

=
=
=

or
: 0.1-2 rroo n
o
n : o
:

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fo : orr o
o nnon

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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: rr
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o 1 3
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}n on} 7 bar(g) n
rro rr 3
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3 no 1,600 ppm (n) n
nn non 3,500 ppm 0 20 r
nrro} o
on
n TDS o
1,650 ppm

n TDS o
2,550 ppm

yv|

3.1.13-2 n TDS on

rr
1. onooo
2. rr oo
oonon
3. ro

rro 3 rr 1
r/ onoooon
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o }o 0.01519 ktoe/e }nono
o 55,974 /e n



 
  
 
  
 

" 
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[  3 ]

3.1.14
o

n,
oo{ o no
oo n o
nnon oo n}n
nn 1-6 n nn
n o
n
no
1)
2) onoo n
3)

4) {ro
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noo
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3.1.14-1 rnno
 
  
 
  
 



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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x n
ono n }o
onr onro
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nno Boiler no o
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nn }nn
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oo n o o
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x n
o o noo
n no
nn n r 5 nnnn 150-800
SSU (oon
150 SSU) oo} no
no

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onn
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" 
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[  3 ]

n
- SSU : Saybolt Seconds Universal o o 38qC
- SSF : Saybolt Seconds Furol o o 50qC
nn
on n
nn
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onn n
n no

 
  
 
  
 

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o
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[  3 ] " 
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1. jn
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or
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n : ro n 3,500 ($100) r
nnn}oo
: Boiler o

fo : nonno o
nn o



 
  
 
  
 

" 
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[  3 ]

: no
}o
oo 2 3 2.4 o C
noj rn 18 kW
{r/n
nnnoj noon
n o

47OC
62OC

100OC

145OC

Burner

54OC
Heater

56OC

3.1.14-2 n
ono 145 OC n C
n 110 OC oooj

n 145 OC } 125 OC n
jo

no o
oonrn o 0.001
ktoe/e }o 18,000 /e n
 
  
 
  
 

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3.1.14-.3 non



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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3.1.15
o

}oor
n o on

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on nn r
(Water Hammer)
o o o o
ooo o
oooo
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o
o ordn
o rrnro o
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(Saturated Steam) no 5
1. (Storage Tanks) n} 2
oo Ball float (FT)
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Coil non Balanced
Pressure (BP) Bimetallic (SM)
2. n (Steam Mains Drainage)
Thermodynamic (TD)
3. o( Heat Exchanger), oo (Jackets), o ( Air Heaters),
(Flash vessels), (Rotating Cylinders)
Ball float (FT) o Inverted Bucket (IB) n Air vent no



 
  
 
  
 

" 
#$    
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[  3 ]

4. nn (Tracers and Jacketed pipe) n} 3

(Instrument) Balanced Pressure
(BP) Thermodynamic (TD)
j(Frost Protection)
Balanced Pressure (BP) Bimetallic (SM)
(Critical) Thermodynamic (TD)
Balanced Pressure (BP)
5. oo n} 4
Coil }n Balanced
Pressure (BP) Ball float (FT)
o(Radiators)
Balanced Pressure (BP)
(AHU), oo (Unit Heaters) ,o (Calorifiers)
Ball float (FT)
o Inverted Bucket (IB)n Air vent no
n (Radiant Panels) Ball float
(FT) Balanced Pressure (BP)
(Superheated Steam) no 2
1. o( Heat Exchanger), oo (Jackets), o ( Air Heaters),
(Flash vessels) , (Rotating Cylinders)
Ball float (FT) o Inverted Bucket (IB) n Air vent n
o
2. n (Steam Mains Drainage)
Thermodynamic (TD) Bimetallic (SM)

yv|

3.1.15-1 rr
 
  
 
  
 



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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x o

oo

r
rno

yv|

n o n n



nn
o
n
o
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" 
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[  3 ]

oo
n
o Lift Fitting

Lift fitting

nn
nn
o
ono

n n
nn

n n n n
n o

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

rnn
n
r
n on



[  3 ] " 
#$    
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oo 2
on o

ooo
o
nor
(Regulating Valve)

n
nonnn

yv|

Collector

Collector

nnnn
o

o
o (Back Pressure)

or
: oo 1-30 %
r
n : Ball float (FT) o Inverted Bucket
(IB) n 3,500 17,500 ($100 - $500)
: n 2 n 2 e

: on
o



 
  
 
  
 

" 
#$    
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[  3 ]

: r 2
}{o
no 2 steam guard r 20
nno

3.1.15-2 non

1. steam guard
2. r
3. }o
4.
5.

roon o
o 0.0508 ktoe/e }nonoo 725,421 /e
470,000 0.60 e
yv|

 
  
 
  
 



yv|

[  2 ] 

 

  
 !



 
  
 
  
 

 4
*++%
&'

 
  
 
  
 

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r o o o o o n
non roon on
onnnooo o
on ooo o
ro }nnoo ooo n
}oro}rnooo

x o (Boiler Technology)
- 1st Generation Super Boiler Technology
- 2nd Generation Super Boiler Technology
- o (Supercritical Boiler)
- o Once-Through
- or (Fluidized Bed Combustion, FBC)
- o (Hybrid Boiler)
x ro
- Regenerative Burner
- Self-Recuperative Burner
-
- pd (Gasification)
x
- Economizer Tube & Fin
- Economizer
- Economizer no (Heat Pipe)
- Recuperative Air Preheater
- Rotary Air Preheater
- Steam Air Preheater
- Xthermal Air Preheater
x
- Coal Water Mixture (CWM)
- orn Contact Catalyst
- o Slag



[  4 ] *++%
&'

x
x

- n
- n (Clean Coal Technology)
jo
- jo Reverse Osmosis (RO)
- jo
- jo Electro-Magnetic

- Deaerator
- Steam Trap
- Mechanical Pump
rr (Blowdown)
- Automatic Blowdown Control System

- o
- oo
- or
- oo
- Steam Trap o

- jon (Cogeneration)
- Combined Cycle
- Repowering

yv|

ooonoo
o -o o o n
n



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.1 o (Boiler Technology)

oo}no on
o}oonn o
no 2 n (Water Tube Type) nnop
ooon nn n (Shell or Fire
Tube) o onnoo 2
nonon oon
oon on
4.1.1 : 1st Generation Super Boiler Technology
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj

5
5
p 5

r :
5

n
........................

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

:
Super Boiler noon n
ooon 94% HHV no
Super Boiler ooor o
on Super Boiler oroon
Transport Membrane Condenser (TMC) Humidifying Air Heater (HAH) o
onpooor }
o o}n

r ponn HighPressure Economizer ron }

onjoo pnn
Low-Pressure Economizer ron
nnj Deaerator Deaerator n High-Pressure



[  4 ] *++%
&'
Economizer n pn TMC TMC o
nj Low-Pressure Economizer nn
HAH njooo HAH
j TMC npn

yv|

4.1.1-1 r Transport Membrane Condenser (TMC)

4.1.1-2 r Humidifying Air Heater (HAH)



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

oo o Gasifier n
o} 2 oo
onr op
nno on noo
onon oo}or
o onn 4.1.1-4 n
oon 18 n

4.1.1-3 o Gasifier
yv|

4.1.1-4 non
 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'

yv|

4.1.1-5 o Super Boiler



4.1.1-6 roon Super Boiler

 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.1.1-7 Super Boiler

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

4.1.1-8 no Super Boiler



[  4 ] *++%
&'
4.1.1-1 ono Super Boiler
Combustion : Two-Stage Emissions Data
Firing rate , million Btu/h 0.88 (light-off)

1.54

2.22

3.02

3.41

Staging
Steam pressure , psig
O2 , Vol%

1
-

2
114.0

2
114.0

2
105.0

2
38.0

2
49.0

8.8

1.1

3.1

2.8

2.3

1.6

NOX , ppmv (ref 3%O2)

3.8

3.0

4.1

4.4

4.2

5.0

CO , ppmv (ref 3%O2)

25

13

13

12

12

16

THC , ppmv

152
0.1
0.3
5.4

326
-0.1
0.4
4.6

343
-0.3
1.1
10.4

351
-0.4
1.8
16.6

309
2.1
3.3
20.6

332
2.6
4.1
25.6

Flue gas temperature , oF

Stack pressure , "WC
Turning box pressure , "WC
Windbox pressure , "WC

yv|

:
- NOX 5 ppm at all loads
- Excellent burnout at low excess air
- 4.5 to 1 turndown
- Able to fire up to 4 million Btu/h (33% overfire)
- No noise, pulsation, or instability



r o o :
- > 94% HHV o < 84%
o 10% oooon {
o
- NOx < 5 ppmV }nn }n{o
o {}{inr on
n o
no}rro
- 40% o oo
rno
r :
- TMC }rn o
on no o
 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

- HAH }rn o
on no o
- Economizer }ron o o

- (Control System) noon o

o
- Gasifier }o }on
on n
:
x :
-
- ooo Single-Stage
300 HP TMC HAH }
roon
- o 2549
- }

x
-

o
2549
o 93-95%
NOx 7 ppmv
n 2,400

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

on :
- Cleaver-Brooks: Dan Willems, Vice President R&D
Tel: 414-438-5460
E-mail: dwillems@cleaver-brooks.com
- Southern California Gas Company



[  4 ] *++%
&'
4.1.2 : 2nd Generation Super Boiler Technology
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj

yv|

r :
5

5
5
p 5

n
........................

:
{nooo o
n}ooo Super Boiler n
}on nonon}on
oo
Super Boiler n 2 oon
ooon 94% n no
rn TMC HAH orn Flash
Evaporation Cooler (FEC) Direct-Fired Super Heater (DFSH) rn
o (> 1,500 psig, 1,500F)
Super Boiler nooo Two-Stage Intercooled
n
ooooo
Superheater }o (Superheated Steam) n
Interstage Cooling Pass (ICP) }no
n Superheater
ono
ooo Superheater jo
Convective Pass (CP) noo CP
j Superheater
pnn High-Pressure Economizer
r}oonp
High-Pressure Economizer n ICP CP



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

pnn Low-Pressure Economizer r

o Deaerator Deaerator nn High-Pressure Economizer
o pn TMC r p
o TMC n Low-Pressure Economizer HAH HAH
onoojo
o nn TMC pnn
4.1.2-1 oon
Heat Recovery : Energy Efficiency from Model
Plant condensate return Conventional boiler no heat recovery
Super Boiler with TMC/HAH
Case
wt% of total
stack temp/ boiler Fuel-to-steam stack temp/ boiler Fuel-to-steam
feed water
dewpoint efficiency efficiency dewpoint efficiency efficiency
1
2
3
4

None
25
50
75

440/137
440/137
440/137
440/137

80.2
81.3
81.0
81.4

80.6
83.4
85.0
87.3

118/110
126/117
132/124
138/130

93.5
92.2
91.0
89.8

94.0
94.8
95.8
96.8

:
- Natural gas : 93.7% CH4, 2.8% C2H6, 0.6% C3H8, 2% N2, 0.9% CO2
- ISO combustion air (60%RH at 59oF)
- 10% excess air combustion
- 60oF make up water / 180oF condensate return / 440oF flue gas from boiler vent
- Surface loss = 0.77% of steam output

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'

yv|

4.1.2-1 Super Boiler n

r o o :
- > 94% o <84%
o 10% oooon {
o
- n NOx < 2 ppmv n CO < 2 ppmv n VOC < 1 ppmv }
nn }n{oo {}{
inr on
n ono}r
ro
- o oorn
o



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

r :
- TMC }rn o
on no o
- HAH }rn o
on no o
- FEC
- DFSH
- Economizer }ron o o

- (Control System) noon o

o
- Gasifier }o }onon
n
:
Rohm and Haas, Inc.
- op 11%
- 8%
- o 2 o/e
- 2.6 e (
5 o)

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

on :
- Cleaver-Brooks: Dan Willems, Vice President R&D
Tel: 414-438-5460
E-mail: dwillems@cleaver-brooks.com



[  4 ] *++%
&'
4.1.3 : o (Supercritical Boiler)
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj

yv|

r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5
5

n
........................

:
} o o
ooonn n
nprr}noo
on{
o} Mark Benson
e .. 1922 oo 3
n ne .. 1924 Siemens oo
Benson oon Pressurized Valve nn
n} ne .. 1930 oo Benson Boiler n
Pressurized Valve o}oo o
o no Benson nono
o on}o Benson Boiler { n
1950 oojoo n{
nn nn 1960
iooon
onn 593qC oo
nprro {no}

oo}o (Subcritical Boiler) n
n 160-200 n onn
n o (Steam Drum) non
n o (Supercritical Boiler)



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

n 220 n (n 220 bar 22 MPa 3,200

psi) o}n n}o
(nonon Once-Through Boiler
non Supercritical Cycle) nro
oono {nor
r (Martensitic Alloy Steels) n
9-12% n 600qC {n
nnoo 700qC 300-400 n

o o o n }
on (Pulverised Coal Combustion, PCC) n }
oo}n jn
on nonnjnono
o o 1,200-1,700qC nn
oon oor
n ono o or o
orno n o} }o p
oprr} rr
p prr (SOx) ooo}
prr (Desulphurization) npr
(NOx) o on
nnnooon
rp (Low NOx Burners) pr
rpr{pono
oo
nooo Babcock-Hitachi
253.7 bar 604qC 4.1.3-1
yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'

yv|

4.1.3-1 oo



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

o :

yv|

4.1.3-2
 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'

yv|

r o o :
o
- }o oo
- nprr
- o
o
- ono
on :
- The Babcock & Wilcox Company
800 Main Street, 4th Floor
Lynchburg, VA 24505, USA
Website: http://www.babcock.com
- Foster Wheeler Service (Thailand) Limited
Regional Sales/Service Office
9th Floor, Maneeya Building
518/5 Ploenchit Road
Lumpini, Pathumwan
Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Tel: 66-2-652-0760, Fax: 66-2-652-0763
Website: http://www.fwc.com
- Babcock-Hitachi Dongfang Boiler Co., Ltd
No.4 Qiao, Chengnan Road
Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China 314050
Tel: 0573-262-5170, Fax: 0573-262-5032
Website: http://www.hitachi.com.cn/
- Shanghai Boiler Works, Ltd.
250 Huaning Road
Minhang, Shanghai, China 200245
Tel: 8621-64302391
E-mail: sbwl@sbwl.com
Website: http://www.sbwl.com
- Dongfang Boiler Group Co., Ltd.
No.150, Huangjueping Road, Wuxing Street, Ziliujing District
Zigong, Sichuan, China 64300
Tel: 86-813-473-2523



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.1.4 : o Once-Through
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5

n
........................

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

:
o Once-Through on nn n}r
}n o o}}n n
joo oon Once-Through Boiler o
on nnooi e ..
2498 ioo Single-Tube Type Steam Generators on
oinon JIS Code nn The
Safety Rule of Boiler and Pressure Chamber Structural Code
o no Small-Sized and Once-Through Type Boilers o
oo Once-Through }nn}oo
o oonoeoon
oo
1. }n
2. oon 10
3. o 10 n
noo Once-Through
x n : 40 - 2,000 n
x o : n 87%
x oo : p p
x :
o Once-Through oonn
onn ( 3-10 n) ooo



[  4 ] *++%
&'
o :

yv|

4.1.4-1 o Once-Through
r o o :
o
- o
- o
- on }
o
- o oorno
r :
o oonoo
no onn o
oooo



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

on :
-
121/40 .6 no
10220
r: 66-2-998-4303 : 66-2-963-5586
E-mail: info@mdboilers.com

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'
4.1.5 : or
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj

yv|

r :

5

p

n
........................

:
or (Fluidized Bed Combustion, FBC) o}no
ooo o
non on
NOx o }no
rn nnnoo SOx
NOx
o nnooo
onoo}no nno
no o }no
oo o
n 4.1.5-1
or
- Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB) Boiler or
n nno oo
oon 100 MW no 4.1.5-2
- Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) Boiler or
n pnoo
ono no 4.1.53



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.1.5-1 rn
o Circulating Fluidized Bed po
ono ojonoo
oonr no
- o
- oono oono
- onon
- oon 100-500 MW

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

orornn oon
o oj
nooo 90 ooo
npoo pj
n
on o
jr r r



[  4 ] *++%
&'
o :

yv|

4.1.5-2 Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB) Boiler

4.1.5-3 Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) Boiler



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

r o o :
orooo o
non }
on}onnnoo
SOx NOx

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'
4.1.6 : o (Hybrid Boiler)
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj

yv|

r :
5

5
5
p 5

n
........................

:
o o o } n o n n n
n o (Hybrid Boiler or Composite Boiler)
no o}oo (Waste
Heat) r}d o
oo ooonoo
n nn n opooon
noonnooo pono
ooro
{o}or
nonon (Incinerator) nn
oo (Waste Heat Boiler) no
oo{n {o
ooooo
o}oo o
oonn



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

o :

oo 2
on
on

oo

r o o :
oo
o}oo

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

4.1.6-1 o (Hybrid Boiler)



[  4 ] *++%
&'

yv|

on :
- r
95 . 15 .o
. . . 10540
r: 66-2-738-3605-7, 66-2-738-3537-9 : 66-2-738-3608
E-mail: info@lkboiler.com
Website: http://www.lkboiler.com
- Hurst Boiler & Welding Company, Inc.
P.O. Drawer 530, Highway 319 N.
Coolidge, GA 31738, USA
Tel: 229-346-3545, Fax: 229-346-3874
Website: http://www.hurstboiler.com
- George K. Moss Co., Inc.
P.O. Box 380156
Birmingham, AL 35238, USA
Tel: 205-408-2929, Fax: 205-408-4337
Website: http://www.coalfiredboilers.com
- Patterson-Kelley Co. Boiler Sales
P.O. Box 458
100 Burson Street
East Stroudsburg, PA 18301, USA
Tel: 570-476-7261, Fax: 570-476-7247
E-mail: pkboilers@patkelco.com



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.2 ro
oon oo}o
npo n
ooo o
}oo
onro{ o
o 4 n
4.2.1 : Regenerative Burner
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
p

5
5
5

n
........................

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

:
(Regenerative Burner) o
oooo pooo
oonopoo
oo oooo o
oooo oo
o
oo o
oo or n 2
r 1 1
jor 1 pon
2 or 2 r
jo norn o
o 2 o r 10-60



[  4 ] *++%
&'
1 2 onno
poooooo
oono
po 1,400 oC o
ooo 1,000-1,200oC no
on oo
oo 40-50% oo
o 4.2.1-1

yv|

4.2.1-1 rnrr

n ooo o
oo oo
} (Batch) no
o o n
(Continuous) ooro



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

o :

4.2.1-2 oo Regenerative Combustion System

r o o :
opononoo
nooo n}{
oo
r :
ono oo
no}o
nro on
- n o
-
- o

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

on :
- Daido Steel Co., Ltd.
Urbannet Nagoya Building 1-10, Higashisakura 1-chome
Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 461-8581, Japan
Tel: 81-52-963-7501
Website: http://www.daido.co.jp



[  4 ] *++%
&'

yv|

- BTS Engineering GmbH

Heinrich-Hertz-Strae
28 D-40699 Erkrath
Tel: 49-0211-240-871-10, Fax: 49-0211-240-871-29
E-mail: info@bts-kutzner.de
Website: http://www.ch4-bts.de



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.2.2 : Self-Recuperative Burner

ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
p 5

5
5
5

n
........................

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

:
mr (Self-Recuperative Burner) }
onn oo}
nooo p
ooo oo}
ro
omro
ooo pnrp (Flue Gas
Eductor) opnn}ro
pooonn
ro
ooo o
oo oo
} (Batch) no
o o n (Continuous)
ooro
o 600oC (o 1,250oC)
o 25-30%



[  4 ] *++%
&'

4.2.2-1 rnrr

on oo
mroo 20-30% o
oo

yv|

o :

4.2.2-2 o p n n } r
o
r o o :
opononoo
nooo n}{
oo



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

r :
mr o o
oo no (n
750oC) o}pg o
{ n p }o
mrrnoo
n {
mr r o
(Regenerative Ceramic Burner) on oo

nro on
- n o
-
- o

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

on :
- Combustioin (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
65/1 Moo 6, Tarang
Bangkhen, Bangkok 10220
Tel: 66-2-948-2299, 66-2-948-1431, 66-2-948-1168, Fax: 66-2-948-2647
Website: http://www.combustion.co.th
- WS Thermal Process Technology, Inc.
719 Sugar Lane
Elyria, OH 44035, USA
Tel: 440-365-8029, Fax: 440-365-9452
E-mail: wsinc@flox.com
Website: http://www.flox.com
- Eclipse Combustion (Thailand) Ltd.
1213/336 Srivara Town in Town
Ladphrao 94 Rd., Wangthonglang
Bangkok, Thailand
Tel: 66-2-559-0605, 66-2-559-0606, Fax: 66-2-559-0438
E-mail: drevill@eclipsenet.com
Website: http://www.eclipsenet.com



[  4 ] *++%
&'
4.2.3 :
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj

5

p

5
5
5

r :

n
........................

yv|

:
oo
o }no }
npn n

on 15 jono
o o o o } p (Gasification)
joo noopo (LPG) n
nn onon
no n oo
90% r}rorr p
o}r oo
100 n 40
4.2.3-1 non



no
(Cal/kg)
nn
(n)
nn
()

9,900

8,600

p LPG
RDF (kg)
RPF (kg)
(kg)
n 60%
11,000-11,500 10,500-12,000 4,000-5,000 n 6,000

15.90

24.37

9.50

12.45

19.05

27.34

9.50

16.81

 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

o :

4.2.3-1
r o o :
oo}
n o n
on
r :
o n n
ro on
-
- n

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

on :
- GR Technologies Co., Ltd.
201 Samsung Anytel Building
837-17 Yeoksam-Dong, Kangnamgu
Seoul 135-937, Korea



[  4 ] *++%
&'
4.2.4 : pd (Gasification)
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj

yv|

r :
5

5

p

5
5
5

n
........................

:
o}no
on 10-15% nnor
noo n 3050% o oo n nn n o
}nooo n
o
pd (Gasification) }}opr (Gasifier)
ooo oonrr op on
rr (CO) (H2) } p (CH4) o p
oo }r
j pdoonj
no 3
1. }
on do n
2. }
on (n{r
) }
3. }p
n p p
o}n on n



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

oppno} 4 o
1. o (Combustion Zone) n Oxidation Zone Heat Zone
C + O2
CO2
2H2O
H2 + O2
2. (Reduction Zone)
2CO
C + CO2
CO + H2
C + H2O
CO2 + 2H2
C + 2H2O
CO2 + H2
CO + H2O
CH4
C + 2H2
3. (Pyrolysis Zone)
+ o
n + CO + CO2+ H2O + CH4
+ C2H6 + o +
4. o (Drying zone)
+ o
o +

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

4.2.4-1 nn opr (Gasifier)



[  4 ] *++%
&'
prno} 3
1. Fixed Bed Gasifier
1.1 Counter-Current Fixed Bed (Updraft Gasifier)
1.2 Co-Current Fixed Bed (Downdraft Gasifier)
1.3 Crossdraft Gasifier
2. Fluidized Bed Gasifier
3. Entrained Flow Gasifier
1. Fixed Bed Gasifier
pr n n
p Fixed Bed Gasifier n
o 3

yv|

1.1 Counter-Current Fixed Bed (Updraft Gasifier)

joonoo on
n} Combustion Zone n
Drying Zone po Combustion Zone n
ononn Reduction Zone Pyrolysis Zone n
Updraft Gasifier o npp
rp r} rpg
pojn H2 CO n
Combustion Zone n}oj
o j np
n Specific Gasification Rate (SGR)
n SGR np 1 (kg/h) n
o (m2) n p
r n SGR ponn 100-300 kg/h-m2



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.2.4-2 Counter-Current Fixed Bed (Updraft Gasifier)

1.2 Co-Current Fixed Bed (Downdraft Gasifier)
ror
Pyrolysis Zone n Combustion Zone o}pn
p rpr nrp 300-500oC
Downdraft Gasifier Combustion Zone
j n Combustion Zone oo
joonr no
on 6% n 20% n Downdraft Gasifier o
p pn SGR n
n 2,900-3,900 kg/h-m2

yv|

4.2.4-3 Co-Current Fixed Bed (Downdraft Gasifier)

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'
1.3 Crossdraft Gasifier
} }
Combustion Zone Reduction Zone no pon
n onp no
o Crossdraft Gasifier n
Tuyeres nno Combustion Zone
no rpp
g ReductionZone o
CO2 }} CO no rrpnoo nj
nnrrrrp CO2 }} CO
ooo

yv|

4.2.4-4 Crossdraft Gasifier

2. Fluidized Bed Gasifier
n
n o o r
(Bed)
800-900oC noo
Fluidized Bed Gasifier n} 2 o o
oo (Steady State) n
n n op
o r n Fluidized Bed Gasifier o
n rp
i



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.2.4-5 Fluidized Bed Gasifier

3. Entrained Flow Gasifier
n Moving Bed Gasifier }no
noo Fluidized Bed Gasifier n
n 482-593oC Entrained Flow Gasifier n
p n n n
n

yv|

4.2.4-6 Entrained Flow Gasifier

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'
pdn o
ono non
pd}p (rp Syngas) n
oo oo o}
noo
non}opd
n IGCC o o} 65%
4.2.4-1 nono n

no (kJ/kg)

()
1 .. 2550

r
{

44,000

28

no

42,000

29

no

n
()

28,000

2,200

17,000

1,000

90

Efficiency (%)

80

70



an

ur
e

ge
Sl
ud

/p

G
ra

ss

ed
at
U

nt
re

la

w
oo

w
d
te
ea
Tr

nt
s

d
oo

w
ra
St

ge
ta

bl

oi

oa

ls

50

Ve

yv|

60

Based on Lower Heating Value

Based on Chemical Exergy

Based on Chemical & Physical Exergy

4.2.4-7 opdn

 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

Overall efficiency (%)

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
10

15

20

25

30

35

W a t e r i n b i o m a s s a f t e r d r y in g ( w t % )
E f f ic ie n c y b a s e d o n L H V
E f f ic ie n c y b a s e d o n C h e m .E x e r g y
E f f ic ie n c y b a s e d o n C h e m .+ P h y s .E x e r g y

4.2.4-8 rn

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

4.2.4-9 pd



[  4 ] *++%
&'

4.2.4-10 oopr

yv|

r o o :
o
- on 80%
- o no
- o
-
- o
o
- rpo
}{{
o n 50 % o
nno nnon
r :
- rpr (Gasifier Reactor)
- (Cyclone)
- n (Cooler)
- (Filter)



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

:
2 MW Biomass Gasification Plant in Gssing (Austria)

4.2.4-11 ro Biomass Gasification

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

4.2.4-12 nprro



[  4 ] *++%
&'
4.2.4-2
Type of Plant

Demonstration project

Fuel input power

Electrical output
Thermal output
Electrical efficiency
Thermal efficiency
Electrical/Thermal output
Total efficiency

8,000 kW
2,000 kW
4,500 kW
25.00%
56.30%
0.44
81.30%

4.2.4-3 or

yv|

Cost category

Amount

Investment cost
Funding (EU , national)
Operation cost/year
Price for heat (into grid)

10 Mio
6 Mio
10-15% of investment costs
2.0 -cents/kWhth

Price for heat (consumer)

3.9 -cents/kWhth

Price for eletricity

16.0 -cents/kWhth

on :
- Alternative Energy Solutions
312 Laura Street
Wichita, KS 67211, USA
Tel: 316-201-4143
Fax: 316-264-7827
Website: http://www.aesenergy.net
- Thai K. Boiler Co., Ltd.
134 n 6 91
n 74110
r: 66-2-420-8046-9
: 66-2-420-2358



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.3
onn}o
nro noon
nn}n ono
{ oo 7 n
4.3.1 : Economizer Tube & Fin
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5

n
........................

yv|

:
Economizer Tube & Fin on
onnjn Economizer o
noo nnnoojjnn
Economizer Tube & Fin n 2 n (Cylindrical Economizer)
n (Rectangular Economizer)
n n}on
o

4.3.1-1 Economizer n (Cylindrical Economizer)

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'
n nn}
ononn no n

4.3.1-2 Economizer n (Rectangular Economizer)

yv|

Economizer o 5-7% n
o o o



4.3.1-3 o Economizer

 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

o :

4.3.1-4 ro Economizer Tube & Fin

r o o :
opononoo
nooo n}{
oo
6 3 e
r :
Economizer Tube & Fin or o{
n n Economizer

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

:
Altivity Packaging, Santa Clara, CA, USA
- ooo 1,300 GPM
- oo 58,178,00 Btu/h

- o 3,263,000 ne



[  4 ] *++%
&'
Toyota Motor Manufacturing
- nroo
o
- ooo 80F } 180F
- 1.5 e

Heinz, Inc., Stockton, CA, USA

- o Economizer o
350 HP
- oo 1,264,00 Btu/h
- o 105,900 ne
- n CO2 732 ne
- oo 544,530 ne

yv|

Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd.

- oro 180,00 lb/h
70F } 180F
- oo 20,700,000 Btu/h
- 1 e
- oo 11.4 one
on :
- Cameron Veitch Combustion & Energy Systems Ltd.
Tel: 905-415-9400, Fax: 905-415-9482
E-mail: camveitch@combustionandenergy.com
- Cain Industries
P.O. Box 189 W194 N11826 McCormick Dr.
Germantown, WI 53022, USA
Tel: 262-251-0051, 800-558-8690
E-mail: sales@cainind.com
Website: http://www.cainind.com



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.3.2 : Economizer
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5

n
........................

:
Economizer }pooo
n (Cyclone) op no
np po o
o n nonoo
o Economizer oo 15-35%
o :

4.3.2-1 o Economizer

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

r o



[  4 ] *++%
&'
r o o :
o
- no o
- n p
- 1-3 e
o
- noo
- n
r :
- Pressure Vessel
- Pump
- Blower
:

yv|

NRG, San Francisco, CA, USA

- > 13 MBtu/h
- > 8 one
- CO2 o > 8,000 ne
- > 2,000 n
- < 1.3 e

Seattle Steam Company

- > 14 MBtu/h
- > 9 one
- CO2 o > 9,000 ne
- > 2,000 n
- < 2 e



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

on :
- Thermal Energy International Inc.
36 Bentley Avenue, Ottawa,
Ontario K2E 6T8, Canada
Tel: 613-723-6776, Fax: 613-723-7286
Website: http://www.thermalenergy.com
- Kemco Systems
11500 47th Street,
North Clearwater, Florida 33762, USA
Tel: 800-633-7055, Fax: 727-573-2323
Website: http://www.kemcosystems.com

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'
4.3.3 : Economizer Heat Pipe
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5
5
5

n
........................

:
Economizer Heat Pipe rno}ron
ononoo no
noo ono}n no
jnoon nnooo
ooon oonn noo
oono nor
Economizer Heat Pipe r o on
oonnno r
ooonnojn
o o nooo

yv|

o :

4.3.3-1 Economizer Heat Pipe



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.3.3-2 r Economizer Heat pipe

r :
no}ronno
oo nn}on n
n o o n n ono}
no n nonn}o o{~
on nonn
 
  
 
  
 

yv|

r o o :
o
nno n n{ n noj no
}o no
ooo n
o
o



[  4 ] *++%
&'

yv|

on :
- Noren Products, Inc.
1010 OBrien Drive
Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Acrolab Ltd.
7475 Tranby Avenue
Windsor, Ontario N8S 2B7, Canada
- Hamada Boiler
Huarong Building, Room 1705
3880 Jiangnan Road, Hangzhou City,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
Tel: 86-571-87655979, 87655989
Fax: 86-571-87655969



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.3.4 : Recuperative Air Preheater

ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5

n
........................

:
r o
n n n n }nojno
Recuperative Air Preheater }op
o }ron (Plate Heat
Exchanger) o (o 97%)
o :

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

4.3.4-1 op



[  4 ] *++%
&'
r o o :
o
nn{~ n
o
n Rotary
r :
Air Preheater nnoon Economizer }o
pon oo opo
nnpo Air Preheater onpon no
nnn Air Preheater no

yv|

on :
- BD Heat Recovery, USA
Website: http://www.bdheat.com
- Kamal, USA
Website: http://www.kecindustries.com



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.3.5 : Rotary Air Preheater

ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5

n
........................

:
Rotary Air Preheater } Air Preheater nn Regenerative Air Preheater
o Ljungstrom Air Preheater non{~ o
nnnnn{~ ( 1-3 rpm)
{} 3 Bisector Trisector Quadsector Trisector
n} 3 o on n Quadsector n} 4 oo
oojj
o :

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

4.3.5-1 non Rotary Air Preheater



[  4 ] *++%
&'
r o o :
o
no nonon
o

o
o nooj
r :
Rotary Air Preheater nnoon Economizer o
onjno Air Preheater

yv|

on :
- Allstom, USA
Website: http://www.airpreheatercompany.com
- BD Heat Recovery, USA
Website: http://www.bdheat.com
- Paragon, USA
Website: http://www.paragonairheater.com



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.3.6 : Steam Air Preheater

ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5
5

n
........................

:
Steam Air Preheater or (Steam Coil) n
oonjono onn}
ro oonr nrn
oon o oo
on (noooooo
)
o :

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

4.3.6-1 noonoor



[  4 ] *++%
&'
r o o :
o
no }oono
}r
o
noo n o
o
r :
ronnoro n
ornoonr n
ioono o
oon

yv|

on :
- Delta T, Canada
Website: http://www.deltathx.com



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.3.7 : Xthermal Air Preheater

ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5

n
........................

:
o } n d
ooo onon
nn 1.5oC o Xthermal n
nno} oopoon
nooon po
opoo o
on nooo

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'

yv|

o :



4.3.7-1 nonpon Xthermal Air Preheater

 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

r o o :
- o
- o
- no
- n
- n
-
r :
ro Xthermal Air Preheater ono
n Economizer o o n n j
noro
on :
- AcmeE, USA
Website: http://www.acmee.net

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'

4.4
oooonn
nno n
nnoo } (Soild) (Liquid) p
(Gas) }ono (Commercial Fuel) o
on noo
o nrn on n rn
(British Coal) rp (British Gas) on
}o (By-Product) n on
}oo
r o}oo o
nn ono
no }o n nn
oo
on{ oo 5
n
4.4.1 : Coal Water Mixture (CWM)

yv|

ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5

p

5
5
5

n
........................

:
Coal Water Mixture (CWM) n Coal Water Slurry (CWS) Coal Water
Fuel (CWF) ono
n (Additives) n 2 (Dispersant) (Stabilizer) o
nnon o}
o o}oj



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

}nn (Pulverized Coal) nr

(NOx) on CWM n}n (Clean
Coal Technology) noon
nn o np
x (Burner/Atomizer System)
CWM
}o

(Burner/Atomizer) nn}
nn}
(Atomization) oonnjnon
n (Burner Tip) (Nozzle) o
n rr rr nnorn
o o i
o CWM o CWM
nnn Turndown Ratio nn 3:1 4:1 o}
(Atomizing Medium) no}n o
noon o}o
on CWM o
on (Pulverized Coal) no CWM o}n
x np
rr (SOX) no
n SOX o CWM onr
nnr (NOX) r
o ooo NOX o
n n CWM NOX onn
o

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

x o (Derating)
CWM n rono (Noncombustible
Content) n nonnnp o CWM
o n}o
oonoo
o{
1) o CMW } r (Residence Time)
ooo



[  4 ] *++%
&'
2) ooon on
onnnoo (Convection Section) jo
(Fouling)
(3) CWM o oo
onnnoo }onn
oon (Water Tube) n oo
x CWM
4.4.1-1 CWM
Coal concentration (wt%)
Higher heating value (kcal/kg)
Lower heating value (kcal/kg)
Apparent consistency (mPa-s)
Specific gravity
Ash content (wt%)
Sulfur content (wt%)
Grain of 200 mesh or less (%)

68-70
5,000-5,200
4,600-4,800
1,000
1.25
6
0.2
80-85

yv|

o :

4.4.1-1 o Coal Water Mixture (CWM)



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

r o o :
o
- o}o
- }n nnoo
n
o
- oron
- oonoo
- CWM }n nr
n on { r onn
nojo
r :
oon nn
o CWM }on (Minor Modification) Atomizer
oopon
(Major Modification) oo n o Soot Blower o
o Bag Filter nnno on Atomizer o

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

no CWM n
x
Polk Power Station, Polk County, Florida }jn Tampa
Electric Co. 316 MWe 250 MWe on
CWM 2,300 n} (o CWM 55-60% no
o) o Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) }
o Texaco Coal Gasifier no Combined Cycle j
nrn 95% on
onjo n on SO2 NOx i
n Polk IGCC Power Plant n}jon
(Coal-Based Power Generation Facilities) n nn
300 o (n) n 303 n
r



[  4 ] *++%
&'

yv|

x
CWM Svenska Fluid Carbon nrn
(Beneficiation) oro CWM n 250,000
ne n Malmo Harbor no (e .. 1984 )
ooo n
1. Energy Utility of Lund Project:
onoo } Rotary Cup
Burner oon
2. KF/Foodia AB Project:
onn n
30%
3. SAB NIFE Factory:
ono CWM n n{
oonn o Baghouse Filter Economizer
n



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.4.2 : orn Contact Catalyst

ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
p

5
5
5

n
........................

:
rn Contact catalyst Catalyst
o n
rnoo oor
(o) no
r r (} o
orrr) rrr
r rrr}jno
r o}r n
n (
ro)

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'
o :

Area used for making

hot water, hot air, or

Fuel catalyst

Burner

Install here

Combustion
Chamber

Oil Nozzle

Oil pump that

delivers oil from
the fuel tank

Oil from
4.4.2-1 rn Contact Catalyst or

yv|

r o o :
o
- noor
- o 5-15%
- np 10-30%
r :
}ro onon non
onoo
on :
- r
o 25 6/84 . o 25
o 10900
r: 66-2-938-9944, : 66-2-938-3319
E-mail: parichart_mee@mastercom.co.th



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.4.3 : o Slag
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
p

5
5
5

n
........................

:
oooog n
rn oooo Slag n
oo Vanadium Pentoxide (
675qC) Sodium Oxide oo
on onoo
nno ooo
}n Slag n oo
} }onon }j
n Slag oo o
Magnesium Othrovanadate noo on
n Slag on
n

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

r o o :
o
- njn Slag oo
- nno n
/no
- no



[  4 ] *++%
&'
r :
no
ooo

yv|

on :
- Liquid Minerals Group, Inc.
P.O. Box 1700
New Waverly, TX 77358, USA
Tel: 936-291-2424
Fax: 936-291-2224, 281-855-8959
Website: http://envirochemsolutions.com
- Aderco Chemical Products, Inc.
370, de la Seignerie Ouest, Bureau 200
Blainville, Quebec J7C 5A1, Canada
Tel: 450-979-2528, Fax: 450-979-2302
E-mail: info@aderco.com
- Aderco Asia
Singapore Land Tower
37th Floor, 50 Raffles Place
Singapore 048623
Tel: 65-6829-7059, Fax: 65-6829-7070
E-mail: info@adercoasia.com



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.4.4 : n
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
p

5
5
5

n
........................

:
nonoo
oo }n
(Fuel Cluster) no}
or
o :

Inter Molecular
Force is removed.

4.4.4-1 n

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

Completely
Burnt



[  4 ] *++%
&'
r o o :
o
- o nor
- nono
- nonoo 10-30%
r :
nor o

yv|

on :
-
36/38 3 n
10120
r: 66-2683-0091, : 66-2683-0092
E-mail: info@combusto.co.th
- r ( )
773/20 r
o 10320
r: 66-2-691-2608-11, 691-3659, 691-3671
: 66-2-276-1583
E-mail: unique@uniquecorp.co.th
- Aderco Chemical Products, Inc.
370 de la Seignerie Ouest, Bureau 200
Blainville, Quebec J7C 5A1, Canada
Tel: 450-979-2528, Fax: 450-979-2302
E-mail: info@aderco.com



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.4.5 : n (Clean Coal Technology)

ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5

p

5
5
5

n
........................

:
n
nno orn noo
nonor
on} n}o
noo o on
noo on
x nno (Pre-Combustion)
x no (Combustion) or
x no (Post-Combustion)

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

1. nno
}nno }
nonno n Coal Preparation, Coal
Beneficiation Coal Upgrading on

1.1 }no n i
r n Pyritic Sulfur (r}n)
n onnnn
noon n non
1.2 }oon
rno n
o n on Molten-Caustic Bleaching



[  4 ] *++%
&'
1.3 } o
n nn o}
nnnn r
nonno

yv|

nnn
(Coal Upgrading) n o Liquid-Phase Cracking with Solvent, Hot Water Drying, Coal-WaterFuel, Coal Briquette }o



2. noor
2.1 no }oon
o on
o non

Pulverized Fuel (PF) Combustion no ono
o noono {
o o n
o 40 }o55

Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) o n
noooo n
nonoo
no oo o
onoo
nooo 90
oono r
o

Pressured Fluidized Bed Combustion }onr
o ooo npo
opjn
on
onro (Bubbling Type
PFBC) o
2.2 n }n (Coal
Conversion) o}p (Coal Gasification) (Coal
Liquefaction)

Coal Gasification Technology }nn
npo
oop (Fuel Gas) orr }
 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

nn poon po
o} pnno
nonn n Underground Gasification
onn
nn ooon
p p n n n
o

Coal Liquefaction Technology (CLT) }non
(Liquid Fuel) nor
o n Carbonization Pyrolysis
n Liquefaction on
orr n
n (Solvent) n
o} 2 (Direct Liquefaction) }
n}o (Single Process)
o (Indirect Liquefaction) }nn
pn}
2.3 r Dimethyl Ether (DME) }o
n LPG pro
op (n CH4 40% 60 %)
rr (oo) noo
n r r
p r p r o
rro Amine Absorption njonr ro
Dimethyl Ether rr

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

3. no
nonoo o
o n on
3.1 i on

Electrostatic Precipitator ojro oi
jij
i

(Cyclone) oi op
i onor o
Pulverized Coal

ri (Bag Filter)



[  4 ] *++%
&'
3.2 prr (Flue Gas Desulphurization) }
prrop no} e
o o ne} nno}
Limestone-Gypsum prrpn
op }}o
ro
3.3 prp on
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) o
pr }
o :
n (Clean Coal Technology)
A Positive Role for Coal

on

no
np CO2, SOx,
NOx i
CO2
Flue Gas Desulphurization(FGD)
Selective Catalytic Reduction
Cyclone
Electrostatic precipitation
Bag filter

r
n Dimethyl Ether (DME)
orro
on
or p CO2

no (Coal Usage)
ojo
Advanced Pulverized Coal, PC
Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion
Combined Cycle, PFBC
Advanced PFBC Combined Cycle Power
Generation, A-PFBC
Integrated Coal Gasification Combined
Cycle Power Generation, IGCC
Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell
Combined Cycle Power Generation, IGFC

Coal Combustion

o
Fluidized Bed Combustion
Coal Gasification

Coal Liquefaction

yv|

nno (Coal Beneficiation)

o

Physical Cleaning

Coal Washing
Hot Water Drying (HWD)
Coal-Water-Fuel
Coal Desulphurization &
Demineralization
Coal Briquette

Chemical Cleaning
Biological Cleaning
o
o
o

(Coal Mining)
Coal Bed Methane
np
(Green House Gas)
n

o
n
on

4.4.5-1 n (Clean Coal Technology)



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

r o o :
nor
on} }onoo
o on n
nonono
no} nn
noro

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'

4.5 j
nnnn }n ono
oooonn n o
nooo
jn}o
noo n o
o }ono on
oon oono
no
onj{ oo
3 n
4.5.1 : jo Reverse Osmosis (RO)
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj

yv|

r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5
5

n
........................

:
(Osmosis) }rn Semipermeable Membrane
} onr 0.0001 0.1
(Solvent) oon Membrane
oo noo
n on (Osmotic Pressure)
} n}
nnoo oo
noo 4.5.1-1



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.5.1-1 r (Osmosis)
r (Reverse Osmosis, RO) }oor
o (Hydraulic Pressure) noo o
oooo
noonn RO o 4.5.1-2

4.5.1-2 (Osmotic Pressure)

4.5.1-1 n r
Rejection

Rate Range

Laboratory Tests

Field Tests

Nitrates

83-92%

92%

Tatal Dissolved Solid

95-99%

60-99%

Sulfates

90-98%

60-98%

Sodium

87-93%

60-93%

Contaminants
yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'
x RO jo (Boiler Feed Water)
jnno oo
n}o ojoo
no o n
o jo{ on jn
o (Water Softener) jn n
(Corrosion) on (Deionization) o
n (Resin) onn o
n}n (Soft Water)
RO oj n
o ono}n nn (Total Dissolved
Solid, TDS) nn o{ Foaming Carry Over
nrrn RO oj
no on r
r on nnono
o
o :

yv|

4.5.1-3 rr (Reverse Osmosis)



r o o :
o
-
- rr
- on
- nnono

 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

r :
jo Reverse Osmosis (RO)
on :
-

Business Success Co., Ltd.

121/40 Moo 6, Tahrang
Bangkhen, Bangkok 10220, Thailand
Tel: 66-2-998-4303, Fax: 66-2-963-5586
Website: http://www.bizsucceed.com
Hava Clear Water Company
2115 Swanson Ave.
Lake Havasu City, AZ, USA
Tel: 928-453-3514
Website: http://www.havapure.com/clean.html

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'
4.5.2 : jo
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5
5

n
........................

yv|

:
o nn n
ooo oo}no
n noo o
nn} non
roo
o } }
n Oracle Chemical o (Water Treatment
Chemical) n j (B-11) } (Phosphate)
no (Hardness) noo j
n (B-1122H) }n Hydrazine n
r ooon o
oo
r o o :
o
- B-11 B-1122H nj Calcium Carbonate,
Calcium Phosphate }o
- B-11 B-1122H nn pH oo o{n
o
- B-11 B-1122H odrj njn
}drr
- B-11 B-1122H nnj (o Load
)



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

B-1122H rnon on

r :
jo
on :
- Oracle Chemical Ltd., Part.
82/151 Moo 20, Bangpleeyai
Bangplee, Samutprakran 10540
Tel: 66-2-755-4271-2, 66-2-330-5288
Fax : 66-2-330-5289
E-mail: sale@oraclechem.com
Website: http://www.oraclechem.com

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'
4.5.3 : jo Electro-Magnetic
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5
5

n
........................

yv|

:
r ETROMAC Electro-Magnetic Water Treatment Unit rj
() on jon
on 120 ppm r
nnon n
j } on
no} on}
o n rn nn
o

4.5.3-1 r Electro-Magnetic o}
ETROMAC jnn
r ETROMAC n
}ooono
o no}ono
Blow Down Bleed Off }noo



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.5.3-2 orr
o :

r o o :
- n () n
- nn
- no
- no }o

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

4.5.3-3 ETROMAC o



[  4 ] *++%
&'
- } no
jnn }

- nnono{
- norn
- nn
r :
joor ETROMAC
on :

yv|

- o ()
15 .r
n 10120
r: 66-2-249-7331-5 : 66-2-249-7336
E-mail: info@bekathai.com



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.6
(Consensate) nnon
on 20% o
}n nno
o on nng
no}-no
oj }nonjn
o 20% o
rnon o
non (Condensate Recovery System) on
nnnnonnn
non nn r ron
o onoonn
ng ooo
}no ooo (Over
Heat) o rngo
o o o n (Heat
Recovery
Equipment) no ooo o
nnonoon o
o
on{ o
o 3 n
4.6.1 : Deaerator

r :

5
5
p 5

5
5
5
5

n
...}n...

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj



[  4 ] *++%
&'
:
Deaerator }ropnjono
Deaerator
j n p
rronno oon 5
ppm jnn 200 psi nrr
Deaerator ooooo Deaerator
pn no nn}
n Deaerator n
oo{~i on np
nnnnn

4.6.1-1 n Deaerator

yv|

o :

4.6.1-2 o Deaerator



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

r o o :
o
- npn nno
r
- nprr nno
r
- njono
- nono pnno
oo 4 n pnno
oo
- noo (Flash Steam) o}r o
onnn
- n}
n}onon
r :
Deaerator }rod r}o
o}dnoro
on :
- Hurst Boiler & Welding Company, Inc.
Website: http://www.hurstboiler.com

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'
4.6.2 : Steam Trap
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5
5

n
........................

yv|

:
Steam Trap }rono
o no
3 n on
1. d
2. dj
3. dpnn

4.6.2-1 n (Steam Trap)

}n :
1. ron n ono o
no}o
n nn no
no onon



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

nn n
n n "r (Steam Hammer)" }
rn oo
onn ono
on onon
(Corrosion) nro }r
(Electrolyte) n n Generalised Corrosion, Oxygen Pitting,
Condensate Grooving }o oon
jn } o
n
2. }jo o
on n o
n
o (Cavitation) {o
3. opnnn
noon opno
pnnn n pnn
noo ono
pnonn pn
n n prr o}
}n Condensate Grooving Generalized Corrosion
3 nnoo nn
odd n (Head) n
nooo}o no 3
on Thermostatic Trap, Mechanical Trap Thermadynamic Trap

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

x Thermostatic Trap
Thermostatic Trap ( 4.6.2-2) n
n} r
nnn}nr }
}r (Wax) Thermostatic Trap
no oonr
d} o
n r d
noo (Upstream) no (Downstream)



[  4 ] *++%
&'

4.6.2-2 Thermostatic Trap

{ Thermostatic Trap
n ondo
15-35oF (8-19oC) nn
180oF (82oC)

yv|

x Mechanical Trap
Float & Thermostatic (F&T) Invert Bucket n Mechanical
Trap ( 4.6.2-3) on}

F&T }ddd (Orifice)

odd od d
dnon ojo
oro
Mechanical Trap Invert Bucket Trap oo F&T
nooo ddno
j o oo
dd }o
nnono n
o oo



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.6.2-3 Mechanical Trap

x Thermodynamic Trap
Thermodynamic Trap ( 4.6.2-4) n Disc Trap
(Disc) Flat Seat }n
nonn
}dd Thermodynamic Trap
nno o
n nnnno
noo on
o oonno}
d Thermodynamic Trap ooo (Superheated Steam)
goon

yv|

4.6.2-4 Thermodynamic Trap

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'
r o o :
-
- pnn pnono
onoo
r :
oo{on
}no n o
o F&T Trap o
noon j
rro }o }
on o}
oooono no
{ o Vacuum Breaker no
ono Vacuum Breaker (n
o) nn
o o (Hydrostatic Head) n
oo

yv|

on :



- Oracle Chemical Ltd., Part.

82/151 Moo 20, Bangpleeyai
Bangplee, Samutprakarn 10540
Tel: 66-2-755-4271-2, 66-2-330-5288, Fax: 66-2-330-5289
- Armstrong International
816 Maple Street
Three Rivers, MI 49093
Tel: 269-279-3601, Fax: 269-279-3150
Website: http://www.armstronginternational.com

 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.6.3 : Mechanical Pump

ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5
5

n
........................

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

:
nnono
20% o }n
nnoo on
nng no
}-nooj }nonjn
o 20% o
nono{ (Condensate
Pump) n {on {n
oj o o o
n
1 {nonro{ r
rodn
2 {oo rdnd ro
d {ooo
3 rrd n
rodo{



[  4 ] *++%
&'

2
4.6.3-1 {

{{ jo
non ooro n
o{ o {jno }o
{ (Cavitation) (Vapour Locking) {
joo no{n {joooo
n} onn joonno{j
oo ononoo
jon

yv|

4.6.3-1 nooj



(C)

(Suction Head)

86
90
95
100

1.5
2.1
3.5
5.2

 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

o :

4.6.3-2 o Mechanical Pump d

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

4.6.3-3 o Mechanical Pump d



[  4 ] *++%
&'
r o o :
} Mechanical Pump n}oo
j{j
r :
Mechanical Pump o{jonno}

yv|

on :
- TLV PTE Ltd.
66 Tannery Lane
#03-10B Sindo Building 347805, Singapore
Tel: 65-6747-4600, Fax: 65-6742-0345
Website: http://www.tlv.com
- Cemline Corporation
P.O. BOX55 Cheswick
Pennsylvania 15024
Tel: 724-274-5430, Fax: 724-274-5448
Website: http://www.cemline.com



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.7 rr
}oo (TDS) oon
o nonoojon
TDS n nnnonono
ooo onon
ooo o
} ooon}n
TDS o}ooo nn
noo}oo
oono 50% r
ooooo
onrr{ oo
1 n
4.7.1 : Automatic Blowdown Control System
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5
5

n
........................

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

:
o}} njno
n o o } o o
ooo oo
onno n{nno
noon
o n o n n o
n oo
on nnon



[  4 ] *++%
&'
o}o }no
n (Continuous Blowdown) ooon
roooorno
o r o o n (Surface
Blowdown) }
}o ooonon
oo no} n
o oon noor
ooonjonro
4.7.1-1
Automatic Blowdown Control System }
n rno TDS
}ddrrr

yv|

4.7.1-1 ro



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.7.1-2 oorr
Recoverable Heat from Boiler Blowdown
Blowdown

Heat Recovered, Million Btu per hour (MMBtu/hr)

Rate, % Boiler

Steam Pressure , psig

Feedwater

50

100

150

250

300

2
4
6
8
10
20

0.45
0.9
1.3
1.7
2.2
4.4

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
5.0

0.55
1.1
1.7
2.2
2.8
5.6

0.65
1.3
1.9
2.6
3.2
6.4

0.65
1.3
2.0
2.7
3.3
6.6

oorr ono
oorr orrno
njoo rr nooo
o
o Automatic Blowdown Control System o
rr 100,000 lb/h orr 8% 6%
joo 2,300 lb/h
4.7.1-2 oor
Saving Through Instaltion of Automatic Blowdown-Control System
Blowdown Reduction

Annual Saving, $
Fuel

Water and Chemicals

Total

1,000
2,000
4,000

27,200
54,400
108,800

4,200
8,400
16,800

31,400
62,800
125,600

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

lb/hr



[  4 ] *++%
&'
o :

4.7.1-2 rorr
r o o :
oo

yv|

r :
Automatic Blowdown Control System o
on :
- Bryan Steam LLC
783 N. Chili Ave.,
Peru, Indiana 46970, USA
Tel: 765-473-6651, Fax: 765-473-3074
E-mail: bryanboilers@iquest.net
Website: http://www.bryanboilers.com
- Forbes Marshall
PB#29, Mumbai-Pune Rd.
Kasarwadi, Pune 411 034
Tel: 91-20-27145595/39858555, Fax: 91-20-27147413
E-mail: corpcomm@forbesmarshall.com
Website: http://www.forbesmarshall.com



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.8
on{ oo
5 n
4.8.1 : o
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5
5

n
........................

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

:
on 100-300 o n
o}n noo
o o n
nonr n} on
o oonnno
o or}no nno
} }
oo rnn
oon
o
ro o
oonoo oon
oo on o
o}onr o
o noronn
oo oon on
o



[  4 ] *++%
&'
o :

4.8.1-1 o
r o o :
onn} }no}
n n}or onnor
nn
r :
}oror
o

yv|

on :
- Emerson Process Management Power & Water Solutions
- MicroMod Automation, Inc.



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.8.2 : o
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5

n
........................

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

:
nno }}
ono oooonr
noo oooron
oono o
onon r
p n n n n o n
nrn oo onoo
nr nn nn
oonon o
nn nnn
o
rnn
r oononooo
n o ooo no
o nn



[  4 ] *++%
&'
o :

4.8.2-1 ooo
r o o :
nooor n} n
oo}n oon nn
n n
}orrnoo
nonon

yv|

r :
}oror
o
on :
- Emerson Process Management Power & Water Solutions
- MicroMod Automation, Inc.
- Washington State University Energy Program
- Energy Technology & Control (Thailand) Co., Ltd.



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.8.3 : r
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5

n
........................

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

:
nno }}o
n o o o o o n r n o
o o o o r o n
oono o
ononr p
n n n n o n n
r n o o o n o o
nr nn nn
oonon o
nn nnn
o
o n n o n n
oo o
nrn on
o o j on
n r o n n o j n o
nn }orn



[  4 ] *++%
&'
o :

4.8.3-1 r oo
r o o :
nooor n} n
oo}n oon nn
n n
n}orrnoo
nonono

yv|

r :
}oror
o
o n :
- Energy Technology & Control (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
- MicroMod Automation, Inc.



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.8.4 : oo
ro :
o
on
on
o
ooj
r :
5

5
5
p 5

5
5
5

n
........................

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

:
n }ooonn
n n n o
on oo no
dooo noon
} onr
oooo
o o ron
ooo oon}
o o o on
o oo }n
oo o
oo o
oooo nno
nnjn}or o
oo



[  4 ] *++%
&'
o :

4.8.4-1 ono
r o o :
on} o
n noono n
oro n o
o} 3-4 n on o
nn

yv|

r :
}oro rn r
on
on :
- Energy Technology & Control (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
- MicroMod Automation, Inc.



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.8.5 : Steam Trap o

ro :

on
5
on
5
o
5
ooj
5
r :
5

o
5
5
p 5

n
........................

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

:
}rno nnn
odnon nnonono
nnoonnon n}
nnn onn
nno }o
oneo o
nro}
Intelligent Autonomous Steam Trap no
o ooooo{ {o
d ndno ono
on}noro n
n IAST r r
oroo ron
n n 60oC nn o n
nn} nrnnonno r
oooo}nn}o
n ooo o



[  4 ] *++%
&'

yv|

o :

4.8.5-1 o Steam Trap o

r o o :

doo ooro
{ n}on}nroro



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

r :
oo
on :
- Purgadores De Condensado S.L.
Condesa de Venadito, 16
2027, Madrid, Spain
Tel: 3491-404-8087
Fax: 3491-404-4875

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'

4.9
4.9.1 jon (Cogeneration)
} Hybrid System nn 2
n } }
(j) oo n Dual-Purpose Electricity and
Steam Generation
oorp r p n
nnon (nn Extraction Turbine Back Pressure
Turbine ) o r
Stirling Engine o}oo
rpnn
no}n
ooo (j)
oo (o
ooo ) ooo}
oor ( {o ) no ({ n
) o ( o ) }o
oo po rp
rooo on}o
nnon 30% o
ono nnno
ooo
oo

yv|

op



p
o

jo

4.9.1-1 no

 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

ono }ono
jno or
non}o Cascade nro
noon
nooro o
on 80% o}nj no
oonnj }ro
ooo 4.9.1-1 no
4.9.1-2 n
4.9.1-3 no
j 27

o
100

o
45
o
nor
28

o
j
77

o
133

onor (61%)
n (4%)

o
o
56

onor (19%)

4.9.1-2 n

5%

j 30.8%

o
27.4%

p 10.7%
o

oo
27.4%

8.6%

yv|

100%

4.9.1-3 no
 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'
o
o ooo
oro o
onn
- (jo)
- -jjn
- oo
o on oo
njo rjonn
o o
nnjoon n
o ojono
n o oo o
(Capacity) o
ono

oo

yv|

4.9.1-4 nonjoo
4.9.1-1 on o
}n no
n n on}}



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

4.9.1-1 on
o
r
rp
o
( 10,000 kW) - ( 5,000 kW)

j
o
o

j
NOx

[  4 ]

p
A
30-45%

25-40%

p
-n
( 15,000 kW)
p p

20-35%

o}

o}

70-85%
o

70-85%
o

70-85%
o

nn

p
n
o

Lean Burn
Three-Way Catalytic
Converter
o

n
Premix Lean Burn
o

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  4 ] *++%
&'

yv|

4.9.2 Combined Cycle

pp Simple Open Cycle n

ooro oooo
o Waste Heat Boiler o}ooino
opo o
on Cogeneration n Combibed
Cycle
Combined Cycle o n oo}
(Topping) oj Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Power Generation n
p o}n}o} n
o}n (Bottoming) n
j Combined Cycle opnnn
nooo 4.9.2-1 opo
npo p
550-600C ooopn oo
noo}o} n { Exhaust Gas
Reheating o Repowering jonj
4.9.2-1 Combined Cycle no
jo Combined Cycle }oon
ooooo
o oonn}
oo {}joo n
o Combined Cycle oop Simple Open Cycle
po 1,100C 43% op
1,350C o 48% n {
pnn 1,500C o 53%



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.9.2-1 Combined Cycle n

o p o
onj

opo}
oo
oo

o
o

p
ooo Waste Heat Boiler
oo

np
po Waste Heat
Boiler o
o

o
Waste Heat
Boiler

o
Waste Heat
Boiler

p 100%

12%
n 26%
30%

p
32%

4.9.2-1 Combined Cycle no

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

o
Waste Heat
Boiler



[  4 ] *++%
&'

yv|

{roj
o pno} o
n on}rn
30 n r 37-40% r
40-44% o Combinde Cycle oo 50-55%
po n j Combined Cycle n
nonj Coal-Gasification }j

n p o
j Combined Cycle n nojopoo
o no
j Combined Cycle on{n} 2 on pn
n o
p 1 nnono
j n n nn
jo (Base Load)



 
  
 
  
 

 *++%
&'

[  4 ]

4.9.3 Repowering
Repowering n o j
jo j
n o n n p o j o
Combined Cycle ono 4.9.3-1
joo C }o
n Repowering n
o } n n
oo }o

o
o

oj

4.9.3-1 n Repowering System

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



yv|

[  4 ] *++%
&'



 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



yv|

[  2 ] 

 

  
 !



 
  
 
  
 

 5


&,- .

o }roo
on oo o} or
n oo oo o
oo} on
noo p n

no

onroo
nr roon
nooo
nn o o
5 on
1. o o og
2. o o n
3. o o
4. o o
5. o op po (LPG-Liquid Petroleum Gas)

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

}
oo
r{oo o
{
oo o o
oorn on j
j n o o
o nnn rr }o
on

o onop
}nnrpr (CO2 Equivalent)



[  5 ] 
&,- .

5.1 1 o on
5.1.1 oo
r oo 2 1 }o
n 10 ton/hr on} 2 }o
n 6 ton/hr on} {no
n

# 2

# 1

B-1

yv|



B-2

HEADER

j
Soft

5.1-1 o

 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

5.1.2 r{oo
1. r nn iron n
n (n iron oon 1 ppm) } o
nnn o
iron o
nnn }ono
nonoo
o : onn
nnn n o
Demineralization Reverse Osmosis }o oon
ro
2. nojno
(Deaereator tank) jn 91 C
ojnnn
o : njo 103-105 0C }n
j }jnoo n
oo

3. rrono 1 /
30 (rrono 2 / 30
 
  
 
  
 

yv|

5.1-2 j Deaereator



[  5 ] 
&,- .

) rr}oor
r
o : rrn norr }
jorro
4. oon oo
10 ton/hr o 5 ton/hr o o
o o
o : oo o 6 ton/hr
no noon o 6 ton/hr o
oon{
oo
n o 6 ton/hr o
oro

yv|

5.1.3 ro
r
no
} o
o n
) o
{r/n
o 7 bar(g) onnr
r on 5 bar(g) n o
}o ooooo

5.1-3 n 7 bar(g)



 
  
 
  
 


&,- . [  5 ]
1.
2. nnoo
3. ro

o no
10 o 6.5 bar(g) ooo
o (n) o 4,099.15 kg/e

5.1-4 6.5 bar(g)

o
}

1
14,756.94
0.00256
-

/e
ktoe/e
e

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

o
ro o



yv|

[  5 ] 
&,- .

r
7 bar(g) } 6.5 bar(g)
4,042 kg/hr onn 70 % 24 / 300
/e n (n) 3.6 /kg
o
= oo
MJ/y
Qs
mst
=
kg/hr
hg1
= non
kJ/kg
= no
kJ/kg
hg2
H
=
hr/Day
D
=
Day/y
V
= o
%
HV
= no (n)
MJ/kg
n
= 7.0
bar(g)
hg1
= 2,769.10
kJ/kg

= 6.5
bar(g)
hg2
= 2,766.50
kJ/kg
Qs
= mst x (hg1 - hg2) x H x D / 1,000
= 4,042 x (2,769.10 - 2,766.50) x 24 x 300 / 1,000
= 75,666.24
MJ/y
o = Qs / [(V / 100) x HV]
= 75,666.24 / [(70.00 / 100) x 26.37]
= 4,099.15
kg/e
}o = 4,099.15 x 624.19 / 1,000,000,000
= 0.00256
ktoe/e
} o = 4,099.15 x 3.60
= 14,756.94
/e



 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

) rr o
{r/n
nooo 10 no
1,750 ppm nnn non 3,000-3,500
ppm nrro}
oon

5.5 nnoooo 1,750 ppm

rr o 10 on
oooon 2,850 ppm o
ono (n) o 49,322.14
kg/e
 
  
 
  
 

yv|

rr
1. onooo
2. rr oo
oonon (3,000-3,500 ppm)
3. ro



[  5 ] 
&,- .

5.6 noooo 2,850 ppm

yv|

o
noo o } r
ooonon (3,000-3,500 ppm)
r
rr noo
o 1,750 ppm } 2,850 ppm noojoo
n 200 ppm joo 30 oC 4,042 kg/hr
7 bar(g) onn 70 % 24 / 300
/e n (n) 3.6 /kg
o
Qs
= oo
MJ/y
m
= rr
kg/hr
= rr
kg/hr
mb
=
kg/hr
mst
= ooj
ppm
Cf
= oorr
ppm
Cb
= err ( 7 bar(g))
kJ/kg
hf
o
= ej ( 30 C)
kJ/kg
hw



 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

H
D
V
HV
n
Cb

Cb
mb
mb (n)
mb ()
m

Qs

[  5 ]

=
=
=
=

o
no (n)

hr/day
day/y
%
MJ/kg

1,750

ppm

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

2,850
[Cf / (Cb - Cf)] x mst
[200 / (1,750 - 200)] x 4,042
521.55
[200 / (2,850 - 200)] x 4,042
305.06
mb (n) - mb ()
521.55 - 305.06
216.49
m x (hf - hw) x H x D / 1,000
216.49 x (709.70 - 125.61) x 24 x 300 / 1,000
910,437.44
Qs / [(V / 100) x HV]
910,437.44 / [(70.00 / 100) x 26.37]

ppm

49,322.14
49,322.14 x 624.19 / 1,000,000,000
0.03079
49,322.14 x 3.60
177,559.70

kg/hr

kg/hr

MJ/y

kg/e
ktoe/e
/e

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

=
}o =
=
} o =
=

kg/hr



[  5 ] 
&,- .

yv|

roo
oo oo o
1. o oo
o 14,756.94 /e 0.00256
ktoe/e
2. rro
o 177,559.7 /e 0.03079 ktoe/e

non
-
= 192316.6 /e
ne (Annual cost savings)
(Pay back Period) e
o
o = 0.03335 ktoe/e
p (Green House Gas) =



 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

5.2 5 o oog
5.2.1 oo
noo 2 o o
n 8769 n (kg/hr) oog} o
7,200 n (kg/hr) o A } jo
5.2.1

5.2-1 o
5.2.2 r{oo
1. orrn

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

{ : non orrn
o : Flow Meter j r
r
2. nn 300 n
oo
{ : onn o
o ooj o
}o
o : Temperature Sensor r
o (Alarm) no
3. n noo
{ : n
o
nr



[  5 ] 
&,- .

o : o o oo
jo
4. on
{ : on o
o n
o : Modulating value oo n
oooo
5. ono ono oo
e r oo check value n
n
{ : ono check value
oono oo
o : check value onon
5.2.3 ro
r
no
} o
o n

yv|

) oo
{r/n
o n by pass no
n no
0.5 barg { 6 barg
j



 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

n 6 barg

onoon
noro
o oo nooog
o
6 barg
0.5 barg nro{n on
{ no n
{

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  5 ] 
&,- .

6 barg 5.5 barg

5.5 barg

1
8,208.20
-

0.003881

ktoe

yv|

o
on}

r
6 barg
e hg nn
e hf nn
5.5 barg
e hg nn
e hf nn
ne 6 barg



= 2,757
= 670.5

kJ/kg
kJ/kg

= 2,752.7
= 655.4
= 2,757 670.5

kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg

 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

= 2,086.3
kJ/kg
ne 5.5 barg
= 2,752.7 655.4
kJ/kg
= 2,097.36
kJ/kg
ne
= 2,086.3 2,097.36
kJ/kg
= 11.05
kJ/kg
o 8.7 n 80 % }
= 7.395
/hr
o
= 71.8
%
n Heating Value og
= 15,980
kJ/kg
kg
kJ
7.395tonx1,000 x11.05
ton
kg
C o
=
kJ
0.718 x15,980
kg
= 7.13
kg/
(T)
= 8
/
(D)
= 300
ne
rro
= 60
%
og o
= 7.13 x 8 x 300 x 0.6
= 10,260.26
kg/e
og
= 0.8
/kg
} o
= 10,260.26 x 0.8
= 8,208.20
/e
}
= 0.003881
ktoe/e

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  5 ] 
&,- .

non
nnon
) nn
{r/n
o n n o
n oo
ro }oo
nnn }o

yv|

rnnro
o
o } n
on o r
n
1. o n}
170 cm 1
2. no 1 on
rnnn



 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

3. oi o
n
4. ro

nnon
oo ooo
o

1
10,000
32,492.73
0.31

0.01536

ktoe

r
n j 45 oC
n 6.0 barg 1,700
 
  
 
  
 

yv|

o
n ro }
}j



[  5 ] 
&,- .

o 8 n 300 /e rr 60 % n
n oonogo nog
0.8 /
r
(Pst)
e Pst (hf) *
ej (hw)

(S) **
oj (Qw)

o}
(Qs)

yv|

o (QL)



r
r
(h)
1 e

no (LH)
***
o

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

on
6.0
670.56
188.45
1,700
126
hf - h w
670.56 188.45
482.11
hfg ( 6
bar)
2,086.30
S x (Qw + Qs)
126 x (482.11 + 2,086.30)
323,619.66
o

= 71.8
= 1,440
= og

bar
kJ/kg
kJ/kg

kg/hr

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/hr

%
/e

= 15.98
MJ/kg
= (QL x 1 e / 1000)
/ [(h / 100) x LH]
= (323,619.66 x 1,440 / 1000) / [(71.8 / 100) x 15.98]
= 40,615.91
kg/e

= 1

o = 40,615.91x 1
= 40,615.91
kg/e
 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

oo

n
} o

non

=
=
=
=
=
=

40,615.91x 15.98
649,042.24
0.01536
0.8
40,615.91 x 0.8
32,492.73
= 10,000
= 10,000 / 32,492.73
= 0.31

[  5 ]

MJ/e
ktoe/e
/kg
/e

e
e

) bypass n
{r/n
nno n header no
ron o by pass n oo
o nni nr
d

nnonn
header r on o
o

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

Header no



[  5 ] 
&,- .

by pass n

o
ktoe/e

by pass n
1 (o 2552)
8,000

15,625.87

0.00613

0.51

yv|

ooo

r
} by pass n o o
onnr
ro

o
n nominal diameter



mm

dn

nr
Header
Valve

Header

1
100.00

2
100.00

3
50.00

4
50.00

 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

n
o

0.20

75.00

0.20

30.00

F10

12.00

4.00

8.00

2.00

le

4.80

1.60

3.20

0.80

6.00

2.00

2.00

1.00

le

7.20

2.40

2.40

1.20

1.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

le

1.20

0.00

2.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

le

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Le

13.40

79.00

7.80

32.00

kg/cm2

PU

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

tb

158.85

158.90

158.85

158.85

Flank 10 kg/cm le = 0.4 x n

r

G10

Flank Globe Valve 10 kg/cm2 le

= 1.2 x n
r

Gt10

Flank Gate Valve 10 kg/cm le =

1.2 x n
r

C10

Control Valve 10 kg/cm

le =
1.2 x n
nn

[  5 ]

Le = L + le
nr
n

Ts

157.40

157.00

157.40

157.40

h/y

wh

1,440.00

1,440.00

1,440.00

1,440.00

mm

t_insl

50.00

50.00

50.00

50.00

71.80

71.80

71.80

71.80

Pg

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

Ta

35.00

35.00

35.00

35.00

no

kJ/kg

GH

15,980.00

/kg

0.80

15,980.0
0
0.80

Tw

45.00

45.00

45.00

45.00

Enthalpy n
PU
Enthalpy o Pg

kJ/kg

hfg

2,086.30

2,086.30

2,086.30

2,086.30

kJ/kg

hg

2,756.80

2,756.80

2,756.80

2,756.80

onrn

mm

110.00

110.00

60.00

60.00

onrn

mm

di

97.00

97.00

50.00

50.00

Emissivityn

0.56

0.56

0.56

0.56

Emissivity

0.33

0.33

0.33

0.33

kg/cm

15,980.0 15,980.0
0
0
0.80
0.80

 
  
 
  
 

yv|



[  5 ] 
&,- .
Convective coefficient inside

W/m2/
K
W/m/K

hci

5,000.00

ks

34.00

34.00

34.00

34.00

Ti

158.85

158.90

158.85

158.85

T2

39.00

37.50

37.53

39.60

on
noo
o
Eff

55.24

55.24

55.24

55.24

hc

7.62

7.62

8.87

8.87

W/m2/
hr
K
-8
4
hr = 5.6697 x 10 x V S x [(Ts + 273) - (Ta +
273)4]/(Ts-Ta)
on
noo
Overall coefficient
W/m2/
h
K
h = hc + hr

6.57

6.56

6.57

6.57

14.19

14.18

15.44

15.44

Conduction of steel
Temperature inside

5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00

Eff = V B x hfg/(hg-Tw)
Convective coefficient

W/m2/
K

hc = 1.32 x ((Ts-Ta)/(d/1000))0.25
Radiation coefficient

W/m2

HFs

1,736.86

1,729.96 1,889.86 1,889.86

W/m

Qs

600.22

597.83

356.23

356.23

d2

0.00

210.00

0.00

0.00

hc1

0.00

2.45

0.00

0.00

W/m2/
hr1
K
-8
4
hr1 = 5.6697 x10 x V i x ((T2 + 273) - (Ta+

0.00

2.21

0.00

0.00

Heat flux
HFs = h x (Ts - Ta)
on

yv|

Qs = HFs x V x d / 1000
on
o
onr = 2 x
mm
t_insl + d
Convective coefficient
W/m2/
K
0.25
hc1 = 1.32 x ((T2-Ta)/d2)
Radiation coefficient



 
  
 
  
 

59.25


&,- .

[  5 ]

273)4)/(T2-Ta)
Overall coefficient ho = hc1
W/m2/
+ hr1
K
on
o
Thermal conductivity of
W/m/K
insulation
ki = 0.0314 + 0.00016 x (T2 +
Ts)/2
Thermal conductivity of insulator
m2K/
+ wall
W
Rs = ln(d2/d)/(2 x V V x ki) + ln(d/di)/(2 x
V x ks)
U value
W/m2

ho

0.00

4.66

0.00

0.00

ki

0.00000

0.04700

0.00000

0.00000

Rs

0.00

2.19

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.35

0.00

0.00

HF

0.00

11.65

0.00

0.00

ono
W/m Qinsl
0.00

Qinsl = (2 x V x (Ti Ta))/[(2/(dixhci))+(ln(d/di)x(1/ks))+(ln(d2/d)x(1/ki))+(2/(d2xho)]

C
Tin
0.00

49.24

0.00

0.00

51.02

0.00

0.00

356.23

356.23

U = 1/(2/(V x di x hci) + Rs + (2/(V x d2

x ho)))
Heat flux HF = ho x (T2 - Ta) W/m2

Tin = Ta + Qinsl /(V x ho x d2)

W/m

Qsave

600.22

49.24

1,361.
92

oo

MJ/y

Hsave

41,694.64

20,165.5
5

14,404.2 59,094.2 135,35

3
8
8.70

Hsave = Qsave x Le x wh x
3.6/1000
oo

MJ/y

Hfsave

58,070.53

28,085.7
2

20,061.6 82,304.0 188,52

0
1
1.86

Qsave = Qs - Qinsl

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

Hfsave = Hsave / (V B/100)



[  5 ] 
&,- .
o

kg/y

Fsave

3,633.95

1,757.55

1,255.42

5,150.44 11,797
.36

/y

Bsave

2,907.16

1,406.04

1,004.34

4,120.35

Fsave = Hfsave x 1000/GH

nono

9,437.
89

Bsave = Fsave x P

nnro
og o
11,797.36
}
0.00320
ktoe/e
og
0.8
} o
9,437.89

yv|

Enthalpy Feed Water (hf)

Enthalpy Stream (hs)
Energy Loss

o (h)
1 e

no (LH) ***
o

oo



=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

kg/e

/kg
/e

24
kg/h
188.45
kJ/kg
2,756.4
kJ/kg
L x (hs hf)
24 x (2,756.40 188.45)
61,630.80
kJ/h
71.8
%
1,440
/e
og
15.98
MJ/kg
(QL x 1 e / 1000)
/ [(h / 100) x LH]
(61,630.80 x 1,440 / 1000) / [(71.8 / 100) x 15.98]
7,734.98
kg/e
7,734.98x 15.98
123,604.98
MJ/e
0.002926
ktoe/e

 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

n
} o

ktoe/e
og
} o

/kg

= 0.8
= 7,734.98x 0.8
= 6,187.98

o
og o
}

[  5 ]

=
=
=
=
0.8
=
=

non
nnnn
=

=
=

/e

11,797.36 + 7,734.98
19,532.34
0.00320 + 0.002926
0.00613

9,437.89 + 6,187.98
15,625.87

8,000
8,000 / 15,625.87
0.51

kg/e
kg/e
ktoe/e

/kg
/e
/e

4.

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

non
18,000.00
ne (Annual cost savings)
= 56326.80 /e
(Pay back Period) 0.32 e
o
o = 0.03 ktoe/e
p (Green House Gas) =



[  5 ] 
&,- .

5.3 3 o o
5.3.1. oo
noo 2 Package Boiler o
MP Boiler 10 bar 6,000 kg/hr 6,000 kg/hr
Heating Surface 58 m2 e 2001 o Sunray/Rotary Burner/RBS 4A o Modulate o 5.5-8
bar 15 / 330 /e 5.3 -1
Oil
tank

Feed
tank

Boiler 3 TON

Oil heater
2 (n)
1 (n)

Header

Outter
Oil
tank

Boiler 6 TON
Oil heater

Feed
tank

no

yv|

5.3-1 o
5.3.2 r{oo
{
o TDS >5,000 ppm. Chloride Ion >600-900 ppm. pH >12.1
Total Hardness >15 ppm. nnn o{oo
n on o
on n
o n Water Hammer
nno



 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

njoo
n o r nonr
n Softener
x nor Chloride Ion >30 ppm. }n
rn
x n Softener Total Hardness >16-26 ppm. }n
Chloride Ion

x on o TDS o

5.3-2 n
o r

5.3-3 or Softener
o

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

oj{ 2
. noo o }
j
noo n
o r nonr n
Softener
x r rnn
x o oo 5%
o n
x Manganese Greensand n
o Softener n



[  5 ] 
&,- .

x on Softener o >2 ppm.

oo
x TDS >200 ppm. Chloride Ion
o Reverse Osmosis (RO ) ,
Demineralization
. o

yv|

5.3-4 o
~240-290 0C Economizer
n ~160 0C
TDS o



5.3-5 on
oooo o~ 80-90
0
C { oooo

5.3-6 Intermittent Blow down Valve

5.3-7 Continuous Blow down
x Intermittent Blow down Valve Blow

 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

x down dro TDS oo

nn 3500 ppm on
TDS no { (Carry Over)
ooo noo Blow down

x r n (Continuous Blow down Valve)

o (Surface Blow down)
Electric Conductivity Sensor nn r
oo EC oo Flash
Vessel o n njon
oo Heat Exchanger o
jo {
no Blow down on o

5.3.3 ro
r
no
} o
o n
) n
{r/n
o nnnoo
o o oo
n noooo

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

5.3-8



yv|

[  5 ] 
&,- .

r
n nnono 3 bar }
onr 2.5 mm o 15 330 /e
o (P)
3 bar
(D)
2 mm

= 0.4 D 2 ( P  1.013)n kg/h

= 0.4x22 (3+1.013)x3

= 19.26
kg/h
o
= 79.59 %
noo 8 bar
= 2774.00
kJ/kg
o
kJ/kg
nojo 95 C = 397.86
no C
= 41,280
kJ/kg
o = 19.26 x (2774.00 397.86)/(79.59/100 x 41,280)
= 1.39
/

= 4,950
/e
} o
= 1.39 x 4,950
= 6,881
= 250,588
MJ/e
= 0.005932 ktoe/e
C
= 18.53
/
} o
= 6,880.50 x 18.53
= 127,495.67 /e
non
n

roo
oo oo oo

non
ne (Annual cost savings)
= 127,495.67 /e
(Pay back Period)
- e
o
o
= 0.005932 koe/e
p (Green House Gas) =



 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

5.4 4 o o
5.4.1 oo
o Package Boiler n o HOVAL 94363
11 bar 1000 kg/hr Heating Surface 15.45 m2 e ..
2538 Pressure Atomize o High Fire-Low Fire o
o 7 bar o
rn r 5.4-1

HWG
Feed Water

Warming

Condensate

Feed Water
Tank

Lanudry

Washing

Header
Boiler

Diesel

5.4-1 o

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

5.4.2 r{oo
r 7/4/2552 n 321 0C ,
p O2 = 2.7% , CO2 = 13.5% , CO = 777 ppm
{
x O2 , CO2 nr n CO no o
n
x o Low Fire n



[  5 ] 
&,- .

1. 2552 n nne oo

5.4-2 oo

yv|

{
x oo } on
? n ?
n
on
x { one 2551 o
2. { 1 2 oonndoo
n oo} Reversing Chamber n
nonnno n~50 cm n n



5.4-3 ooo

 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

{
x }on
ooo
Reversing Chamber ooo o
r r noor
o o
nnooo ?
CO p 690 ppm n ?
o n n ?
3. {o 1 , 2 3 odro
n n n
5.4-4

5.4-4
{
x ? n on?

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

x e 2550 nnnn o
n o
n oo ogn

x {o nn {e 2551
gono
oj{
x ng
nn o o



[  5 ] 
&,- .

yv|

4. n 180 0C
.. 52
{
x n o n
? nn? rn
n ?



o
x rno }
o n
{ ono (o
o) }
on n
rn o
noe
5. 8.00 . o 10.00 . oo ~7
bar no on 8.00 -12.00 .
{
x n n 1 en {n
oo nooo
no noo
oo noponn
o n ?
o
x ono nor g
oj
x rjo
o
o
x oo

or
n o 1 mm oo
ono n
nooo

 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

{
x oo} Reversing Chamber ponnnn
on pon
oo n nooponn

ponn
n ? oponn{~ i (Turbulence
Flow) n ?
o
x n 48.3 mm. 1890 mm. 46 n }n
noo~150 mm.
pon ({o n)
one 2549

5.4-5 npo

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

on
x n{} ponn
on oponoo }
oo on



yv|

[  5 ] 
&,- .



o
x oo nno o ~2.5-5.0
mm. onn n nno
op o{~ i (Turbulent Flow) nn }
ponn
no
x non oop
o ono or
non
6. jn
(Deaerator)
njoo
~1000C
{
x on o Condensate
rr jn n n
no

x 1 n (Deaerator)
n noo nr
non n
nrn }
x 2 n (Deaerator)
on drn ( by pass
valve) oo
o
x 1 n}oo od
o
x 2 on }
drn ( by pass valve) oo
{
x n (Deaerator) { ~1-2 m n
~100 0C o{noo

 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

x n (Deaerator) {on
on} Cavitation o{
o j
on ~100 0C n (Deaerator) o{ no
n~5.0 m nj
5.4.3 ro
r
no
} o
o n
) n
o nnnoo
o o oo
n noooo
{rn
o nnnoo

onnoo
no
ooo
}ooo
r

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

5.4.-6



[  5 ] 
&,- .

5.4-7

yv|

-
o
15,131.51

}
0.00056
ktoe

e
o
orn nn} o
o ooo
r
n nnono o 2 bar }
onr 3 o 2 365 /e
o
2 bar
(D)
3 mm

1
(Q)
= 0.4xD2x(P+1.013)x n kg/h
= 0.4x32x(2+1.013)x1 kg/h
= 10.85
kg/h
o
= 78.98 %
noo 8 bar
= 2769.10
kJ/kg
o
kJ/kg
nojo 95 C = 397.86
no
= 36,420
kJ/kg
o = 10.85 x (2769.10 397.86)/(78.98/100 x 36,420)



 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

} o

} o
non

= 0.89
= 730
= 0.89 x 730
= 650
= 23,662
= 0.00056
= 23.29
= 650 x 23.29
= 15,131.51
n

[  5 ]

/
/e

MJ/e
ktoe/e
/
/e

roo
oo oo

non
-
ne (Annual cost savings)
= 15131.51 /e
(Pay back Period) e
o
o = 23,662 MJ/e 0.00056 ktoe/e ()
p (Green House Gas)

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[  5 ] 
&,- .

5.5 5 o opo LPG

5.5.1 oo
o Package Boiler o Cleaver Brooks 10 bar
2,400 kg/hr Heating Surface 69.7 m2 e 1995 p
o Modulate LPG o 7 bar 5.5-1

5.5-1

yv|

o
5.2.2 r{oo
1. { o
8.00 . o 10.00 . oo ~7 bar
no on 8.00 -12.00 .
o
ono nor go
j
rjo oo
2. jn (Deaerator) njoo
0
~ 100 C



 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

on o Condensate
rr jnn n no

1 n (Deaerator)
n noo nrnon
n
nrn }
2 n (Deaerator)
on drn ( by pass valve) oo
o
1 n}oo od o

2 on }
drn ( by pass valve) oo
3. jn (Deaerator) n~100 0C n
{~1-2 m o noo {n

n (Deaerator) no n
{o on} Cavitation o{ }
oj n

oj
on~100 0C jn (Deaerator) o
{non~5.0 m onjo n o
n 90 0C
4. { o(Condensate) o (no)
} Flash Vessel onoo n
~10.00 . ~2.5-3.0 barg. nonn
o odrn Steam Trap n Condensate

1. ~10.00 . ooo o o
no~60 0C Thermostat od
r j oo



[  5 ] 
&,- .

yv|

2.o n } Condensate
Flash Vessel o Flash Vessel
on o Condensate oo n
onno dr by pass Steam Trap oo n

oo
} Condensate Flash Vessel o
nn ~2.0-3.0 barg. o
1.o o nn Flash Vessel nn
onn nor
2.onjn (Deaerator) nnon
no 5 j Cavitation
5.5.3 r
r
no
} o
o n
) nno
oo n O2 n
ooon 6% nn %O2
o n 1-2 % p no

5.5-2 no

o
po nnoo no
oo 4.16%



 
  
 
  
 


&,- .

[  5 ]

5.5-3 o

1
80,000.00
87,328.20
0.000119
0.92

ktoe
e

o
o}oo
nr nnonon
oo 1-2%

 
  
 
  
 

yv|

r
ooo
on O2 nooo n 6.0%
o 80.0% } 4.16% o} 85.2%
o C oo LPG }no
1 e n 7693,739.66 MJ/e
n

6
%

199.2 oC
o
80
%



[  5 ] 
&,- .

yv|

4.16 %

191.8 oC
o
85.2 %

o
7,693,739.66
MJ/e
oor 0.50
}o o (85.2-80.0)/85.2 x 7,693,740 x 0.50
= 234,785.48
MJ/e
no LPG
= 46.70
MJ/kg
o
= 234,785.48/46.70
= 5,027.53
kg/e
LPG
= 17.37
/kg
} o
= 5,027.53 x 17.37
= 87,328.20
/e
non
= 80,000.00

= 80,000.00/87,328.20
e
= 0.92
e

roo
oo oo

non
80,000
ne (Annual cost savings)
= 87,328.20 /e
(Pay back Period) 0.92 e
o
o = 234,785.48 MJ/e
p (Green House Gas)



 
  
 
  
 

$
"

yv|

[ / *0"  ]



 
  
 
  
 



$
"

Mass Equivalents

n ()
n

pound

ounce

gram

kg

slug

stone

tonne

pound
ounce
gram
kg
slug
stone
tonne

1
0.0625
0.0022
2.2046
32.174
13.988
2,204.6

16
1
0.0353
35.274
514.785
223.99

453.6
28.3495
1
1,000
14,593.9
6,350.0

0.453597
0.028349
0.001
1
14.5939
6.35
1,000

0.031
0.0019

0.0135

0.0004536

0.0685
1
0.4351
68.5213

0.157
2.29825
1
157.48

0.001
0.014594
0.00635
1

Metric tonne n Tonne n = 1000 kg

US ton n Short Ton n = 0.907185 Metric Tonne
UK ton n Long Ton n = 1.01605 Metric Tonne
Length Equivalents

n
inch

ft

inch
ft
yard
mile
cm
metre
km

1
12
36
63,360
0.3937
39.3701
39,370

0.08333
1
3
5,280
0.032808
3.28084
3280.8

yard

mile

cm

0.027778
2.54
0.333333
30.48
1
0.0005682 91.44
1,760
1
0.010936
1
1.093613 0.0006214 100
1,093.613 0.62137 100,000

km

0.0254
0.3048
0.9144 0.0009144
1609.344 1.609344
0.01
1
0.001
1,000
1

 
  
 
  
 

yv|



[ / *0"  ]

$
"

Area Equivalents

n
n

inch

inch2
2
ft
acre

1
144

cm2
2
m

ft2

m2

cm

0.006944
6.4516 0.0006452
1
929.0304 0.0929
43,560
1
4,047
0.155
6.2288
1
0.0001
1,550.003 10.76391 0.000247 10,000
1
Velocity Equivalents

n
n

mm/s

ft/min

cm/s

ft/s

m/s

mm/s
ft/min
cm/s
ft/s
m/s

1
5.08
10
304.8
1,000

0.19685
1
1.9685
60
196.85

0.1
0.508
1
30.48
100

0.003281
0.016667
0.032808
1
3.2808

0.001
0.00508
0.01
0.3048
1

yv|



acre

 
  
 
  
 

$
"

Density Equivalents

nn
n

lb/inch3
3

lb/inch
3
lb/ft
gram/cm3
3
kg/m
slug/ft3

lb/ft3

1
1,728
0.0005787
1
0.03613 62.4281
0.0000361 0.06243
0.019
32.17

gram/cm3

kg/m3

slug/ft3

27.6799
0.01602
1
0.001
0.51538

27,679.9
16.01846
1,000
1
515.379

53.708
0.31081
1.9403
0.00194
1
Volume Equivalents

n
n

US.gallon UK.gallon

inch3

ft3

1
0.83267
231
0.13368
1.2009
1
277.42 0.16054
0.004329 0.003604
1
0.000579
inch3
3
7.4805
6.2288
1728
1
ft
liter
0.26418 0.21997 61.024
0.0353
3
264.17
219.97 61,023.74 35.3147
m
barrel
42
34.977
9702
5.614
* }n (Oil barrel ), 1 Barrel = 42 US. Gallons

US. gallon
Im. gallon

[ / *0"  ]

liter

m3

barrel *

3.7853
4.5459
0.0164
28.316
1
1,000
158.983

0.00378
0.00455
0.000016
0.02832
0.001
1
0.15876

0.02381
0.02859
0.0001
0.17813
0.00629
6.2899
1

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[ / *0"  ]

$
"

Volumatic Flow Rate Equivalents

n
n
GPM(US)
GPM(UK)
3

ft /min
3
ft /sec
3
m /hr
m3/min
liter/sec

GPM(US) GPM(UK)
1
1.201
7.481
448.83
4.403
0.2642
15.85

0.8327
1
6.229
373.7
3.666
0.22
13.2

ft /sec

m /hr

m /min

liter/sec

0.1337
0.1605
1
60
0.5886
35.3147
2.119

0.00223
0.002676
0.01667
1
0.00981
0.5886
0.0353

0.2271
0.27275
1.699
101.94
1
60
3.6

0.003785
0.004545
0.02832
1.699
0.01667
1
0.06

0.06308
0.0758
0.4719
28.32
0.2778
16.667
1

Power Equivalents

n
n

HP

ft-lb/sec

Watt

kW

Btu/hr

HP
ft-lb/sec
Watt
kW
Btu/hr

1
0.00182
0.00134
1.34
0.00039

550
1
1
737.6
0.2161

745.7
1.3558
1
1,000
0.2931

0.7457
0.00136
0.001
1
0.00029

2,544
4.626
3.412
3,412
1

yv|



ft /min

 
  
 
  
 

[ / *0"  ]

$
"

Pressure Equivalents

n
n

PSI

kPa

kg/cm

cm H2O

PSI
kPa

1
0.1450377
14.223343
0.0142229
0.433515
0.4911542
0.0193368
0.0361263
14.696
14.5038
145.0377

6.894757
1
98.06694
0.0980634
2.968961
3.386389
0.1333225
0.2490819
101.32535
100
1,000

0.070307
0.0101972
1
0.001
0.0304791
0.0345316
0.0013595
0.0025422
1.033231
1.019716
10.197

70.306927
10.19745
1,000.026
1
30.48
34.53253
1.359554
2.54
1,033.2633
1019.7466
10,197.45

kg/cm
cm H2O*
feet H2O*
inches Hg*
mm Hg*
inches H2O*
Atm.
Bar
mPa

feet H2O inches Hg

2.306723
0.3345618
32.809312
0.032808
1
1.132957
0.0446046
0.08333
33.8995
33.4833
334.56

2.03602
0.2952997
28.95901
0.0289581
0.882646
1
0.0393701
0.0735539
29.9213
29.53
295.299

mm Hg inches H2O
51.71486
7.50061
735.5588
0.7355372
22.4192
25.4
1
1.8682683
760
750.0626
7500.61

27.68068
4.01472
393.71181
0.3937
12
13.595484
0.535255
1
406.794
401.8596
4014.74

Atm.

Bar

mPa

0.068046
0.0096692
0.9678416
0.0009678
0.029499
0.0334211
0.0013158
0.0024583
1
0.986923
9.669

0.0689476
0.01
0.9806649
0.0009806
0.0296896
0.0338639
0.0013332
0.0024908
1.0132535
1
10

0.00689
0.001
0.09806
0.00098
0.00298
0.00386
0.00013
0.000249
0.1013
0.1
1

* (H2O) 68 F (20 C) (Hg) 32 F (0 C)

on oono (Strength & Stress) o
n
n

Celsius
o

Fahrenheit

Raumur

Kelvin

F = (oC x 1.8) + 32

K = oC + 273.15

C = K - 273.15

K = ( F + 459.67) / 1.8

F = ( K x 1.8) - 459.67

C = Re x 1.25

C = ( Ra - 32 - 459.67) / 1.8
o

F = ( Re x 2.25) + 32

K = ( Re x 1.25) + 273.15

Ra = F + 459.67
o

Ra = K x 1.8
-

K = Ra / 1.8
o

Temperature Equivalents
Raumur

Ra = ( oC x 1.8) + 32 + 459.67

F = Ra - 459.67
o

Rankine

C = ( F - 32) / 1.8
o

Kelvin
Rankine

Celsius

Fahrenheit

Ra = ( Re x 2.25) + 32 + 459.67

Re = oC x 0.8
o

Re = ( F - 32) / 2.25
o

Re = ( K - 273.15) x 0.8
o

Re = ( Ra - 32 - 459.67) / 2.25
-

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[ / *0"  ]

$
"

yv|

rn o
Relationships between size of stud bolts and size of bolt holes
o
UNC
Size of bolt holes (mm)
Size of UNC stud bolts (inch)
15.8
1/2
19
5/8
22.2
3/4
25.4
7/8
28.5
1
31.8
1 1/8
35
1 1/4
38.1
1 3/8
41.1
1 1/2
44.5
1 5/8
47.8
1 3/4
50.8
1 7/8
53.8
2
60.5
2 1/4
66.5
2 1/2
73.2
2 3/4
79.2
3
91.9
3 1/2



 
  
 
  
 

ISO
Size of ISO stud bolts (mm)
M 14
M 16
M 20
M 24
M 27
M 30
M 33
M 36
M 39
M 42
M 45
M 48
M 52
M 56
M 64
M 70
M 76
M 90

$
!

yv|

[ / *0"  ]



 
  
 
  
 


 
$
!

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



$
!

yv|

[ / *0"  ]



 
  
 
  
 

 *
66$
""" *
'

yv|

[ / *0" * ]



 
  
 
  
 




*
6 6$
""" *
'

ro

1. r
o

r
r
o
p ro
on %CO, %CO2, %O2
n (Excess Air)
o (Combustion Efficiency)
oon
r
oro
ro on o
}o

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[ / *0" * ]

*
66$
""" *
'

2. j
(TDS Meter)

yv|

3.

r
onj (Conductivity) n
oo (Total Dissolved Solid,
TDS) nnoj
o }o ro
j }n
rnn
oo
o TDS oo
nr }n
nro
o
(Stream Trap)



 
  
 
  
 

 *
66$
""" *
'

[ / *0" * ]

4.

r
o
oo

5.

o
oo

yv|

 
  
 
  
 



[ / *0" * ]

*
66$
""" *
'

r
ooj

7 j
(kW recorder Meter)

onrn j
n kW, kWh, Volt, Amp, P.F. r
o j (Load
Profile Curve) oj
on

yv|

6 j j