Introduction

From Counting Machine to Computer

The Earliest civilizations already had concepts of number and counting . Representations vary from one civilization to another, thus, there is the Babylonian system, the Manyan system, the Egyptian system, the Hindu-Arabic system, the Roman system, and others. By

800 AD, the Hindu-Arabic and Roman, were used in trade and simple
calculations. But due to lack of convenient writing tools like pen and paper, these systems were not used in computation. Instead, the Romans used the abacus. It still used by the traditional Chinese and Japanese. Those who were using the Hindu-Arabic System.

Abacus

ABACUS (around 500 B.C.) Considered as the earliest device for calculation, the abacus is used by the Europeans, Chinese and Japanese for simple addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It is made up of a wooden frame divided into two parts by a beam. On its upper part is a deck of two rows of beads. A series of vertical rods allow the beads to slide.

Napiers Bone (1617)

NAPIERS BONE (1617) Named after its inventor, Scottish Mathematician John Napier, this tool is made up of multiplication tables inscribed in a wood or bone.

Slide Rule (1620)

SLIDE RULE (1620) Invented by William Oughtred, this is a single straight two-foot long ruler plotted with a logarithmic scale. Multiplication and division are done by using a pair of dividers.

Pascaline

PASCALINE OR PASCALS ADDING MACHINE (1642) This machine was the first operational calculating machine that could add large numbers. It was invented by Blaise Pascals, a French mathematician.

Step Reckoner

STEP RECKONER (1970) Gottfried von Leibnitz, a German baron, improved the Pascaline into device that could add, subtract, multiply, divide, and get square roots.

Difference Engine

DIFFERENCE ENGINE (1822) Charles Babbage was a British mathematician and inventor who built a machine that automatically calculated mathematical tables, such as logarithmic and trigonometric tables. He called this machine a computer.

Analytical Engine

ANALYTICAL ENGINE (1830) Thos was also invented by Charles Babbage. Compared to difference engine, the analytical engine was not only able to perform calculations but also to store data in the memory and perform logical comparison.

Holleriths Tabulating Machine

HOLLERITHS TABULATING MACHINE (1890) Invented by the American inventor Herman Hollerith, this machine was capable of representing, reading and assembling data.

Mark 1

MARK 1 Invented by Dr. Howard Akien, it is the first operating machine that could perform long computations automatically. It could execute addition and subtraction in a second; multiplication in six second, division in 15.3 seconds and logarithm and trigonometric functions in over one minute.

ENIAC

ENIAC or ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR and COMPUTER (1946) Developed by John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert, it was the first generate purpose electronic computer which was made up of vacuum tubes. It was used to process one problem at a time.

UNIVAC

UNIVAC1 or UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER (1961) It is the first commercially available computer that could perform about 1, 905 operations per second running on a 2.25 Megahertz clock. The complete system occupied more than 35.5m 2 of floor space.

Generations of Computers
FOURTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS These computers

are much smaller, faster, and more powerful than the earlier
models. The use of microprocessors make them more multifunctional. Consist of million of transistors, they can do millions of calculations per second. THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS Called

minicomputers, these computers were compact, reliable, and less expensive. Instead of transistors, they use integrated circuits (ICs) or chips which are much smaller compared to transistors

Generations of Computers
SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTERS Unlike the first-

generation computers, which used vacuum tubes, these

computers used transistors which were smaller, more efficient, and less-energy consuming.

FIRST-GENERATION COMPUTERS These computers were bulky, took up large space, and needed to be kept in a cool environment. They use wired circuits that had thousands of vacuum tubes, each of which was about the size of a light bulb.

Thank you for Listening

By: Group 1

Gretchen pamintuan Azrielle Flores Patricia manarang Mark Dave ramos Jeric Cabanisas