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Chng 5

Tnh c hiu ca enzyme

5.1. Khi nim chung
Do cu trc l ha c bit ca phn t enzyme v c bit l ca trung tm hot ng m enzyme c tnh c hiu rt cao so vi nhng cht xc tc thng thng khc. Mi enzyme ch c kh nng xc tc cho s chuyn ha mt hay mt s cht nht nh theo mt kiu phn ng nht nh. c tnh tc dng la chn cao ny gi l tnh c hiu hoc tnh chuyn ha ca enzyme. Tnh c hiu l mt trong nhng c tnh c bn quan trng nht ca enzyme.

5.2. Cc hnh thc c hiu

C th phn bit hai kiu c hiu: c hiu kiu phn ng v c hiu c cht. 5.2.1. c hiu kiu phn ng Phn nhiu mi enzyme u c tnh c hiu vi mt loi phn ng nht nh. Nhng cht c kh nng xy ra nhiu loi phn ng ha hc th mi loi phn ng y phi do mt enzyme c hiu xc tc. V d, amino acid c kh nng xy ra phn ng kh carboxyl, phn ng kh amin bng cch oxy ha v phn ng vn chuyn nhm amin, v vy mi phn ng y cn c mt enzyme c hiu tng ng xc tc theo th t l decarboxylase, aminoacid oxydase v aminotransferase. 5.2.2. c hiu c cht Mi enzyme ch xc tc cho s chuyn ha mt hoc mt s cht nht nh. Mc c hiu c cht ca cc enzyme khc nhau khng ging nhau, ngi ta thng phn bit thnh cc mc nh sau: - c hiu tuyt i Mt s enzyme hu nh ch xc tc cho phn ng chuyn ha mt c cht xc nh v ch xc tc cho phn ng y m thi. V d: Urease, arginase, glucoseoxydase v.v... i vi cc enzyme ny, ngoi cc c cht c hiu ca chng l ure, arginine, - D - Glucose (theo th t tng ng) chng cng c th phn gii mt vi cht khc nhng vi vn tc thp hn nhiu. Chng hn nh urease, ngoi ure n

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cn c th phn gii hydroxyure nhng vi tc thp hn 120 ln. Nh vy urease c th xc tc cho hai phn ng sau: H2N \ C=0 + H2O CO2 + 2NH3 urease / H2N ure HOHN \ C = 0 + H2O / H2N hydroxyure

urease

NH2OH + NH3 + CO2 hydroxyamin

i vi trng hp glucose oxydase: enzyme ny c trong cc loi nm mc, c kh nng oxy ha c hiu -D-glucose thnh gluconic acid -D-glucose gluconic acid Enzyme ny c kh nng phn gii 10 c cht song vi kh nng nh hn nhiu. V d: nu coi tc oxy ha tng i acid -D-glucose l 100% th .D.glucose ch bng 0,64 % (ngoi ra maltose 0,19%, D.galactose 0,14%). Hnh nh trong trng hp c hiu tuyt i, cu trc trung tm hot ng ca enzyme tng ng rt cht ch vi cu trc ca c cht n mc ch mt sai khc nh v cu trc ca c cht cng lm cho enzyme khng xc tc c. Nhng enzyme c tnh c hiu tuyt i thng c dng nh lng chnh xc c cht ca n. - c hiu nhm tuyt i Cc enzyme ny ch tc dng ln nhng cht c cng mt kiu cu trc phn t, mt kiu lin kt v c nhng yu cu xc nh i vi nhm nguyn t phn lin kt chu tc dng. V d: maltase thuc nhm glucosidase ch xc tc cho phn ng thy phn lin kt glucoside c to thnh t nhm OH glucoside ca - glucose vi nhm OH ca mt monose khc. Glucose oxydase

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- c hiu nhm tng i Mc c hiu ca cc enzyme thuc nhm ny km hn nhm trn. Enzyme c kh nng tc dng ln mt kiu lin kt ha hc nht nh trong phn t c cht m khng ph thuc vo cu to ca cc phn tham gia to thnh mi lin kt . V d lipase c kh nng thy phn c tt c cc mi lin kt este. Aminopeptidase c th xc tc thy phn nhiu peptid - c hiu quang hc (c hiu lp th) Hu nh tt c cc enzyme u c tnh c hiu khng gian rt cht ch, ngha l enzyme ch tc dng vi mt trong hai dng ng phn khng gian ca c cht. Enzyme ch tc dng vi mt trong hai dng ng phn quang hc ca cc cht. V d phn ng kh nc ca malic acid to thnh fumaric acid di tc dng ca fumarathydratase ch xy ra i vi L malic acid m khng tc dng ln D - malic acid : COOH CH COOH | || fumarate HO CH HOOC CH | hydratase CH2 | COOH L-malic acid Fumaric acid Enzyme cng th hin tnh c hiu ln mt dng ng phn hnh hc cis hoc trans. V d: enzyme fumarathydratase ch tc dng ln dng trans ca fumaric acid m khng tc dng ln dng cis to thnh L malic acid : COOH | fumarate HOOC CH HO CH || hydratase | CH2 CH COOH | COOH fumaric acid (dng trans) L-malic acid

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Trong t nhin cng c cc enzyme xc tc cho phn ng chuyn ha tng h gia cc cp ng phn khng gian tng ng. V d, lactatracemase ca vi khun xc tc cho phn ng chuyn ha ln nhau gia D v L lactic acid, aldo - 1 - epimerase xc tc cho phn ng ng phn ha - D - glucose thnh - D - Glucose, maleinat cis - trans isomerase ca vi khun xc tc cho phn ng ng phn ha gia maleic acid (dng cis) v fumaric acid (dng trans)v.v... Cc enzyme ny c vai tr quan trng khi sn xut cc cht dinh dng bng phng php ha hc, v chng c th chuyn cc cht t dng c th khng th s dng c thnh dng c th hp th. Enzyme cn c kh nng phn bit c 2 gc i xng trong phn t ging nhau hon ton v mt ha hc. V d, hai nhm - CH2OH trong phn t glycerin, glycerophosphatkinase xc tc cho phn ng chuyn v gc phosphate t ATP n C3 ca glycerin (ch khng phi C1).

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TI LIU THAM KHO

Ti liu ting Vit
1. Nguyn Hu Chn, 1983. Enzyme v xc tc Sinh hc. Nxb Y hc, H Ni. 2. Phm Th Trn Chu, Trn Th ng, 2000. Ha sinh hc. Nxb Gio dc, H Ni. 3. Ngc Lin, Phm Th Trn Chu, 1972. Enzyme I, II. i hc Tng hp, H Ni. 4. Nguyn Tin Thng, Nguyn nh Huyn, 1998. Gio trnh sinh ha hin i. Nxb Gio dc, H Ni. 5. Nguyn Xun Thng, o Kim Chi, Phm Quang Tng, Nguyn Vn ng, 2004. Ha sinh hc. Nxb Y hc, H Ni. 6. L Ngc T, La Vn Ch, Phm Trn Chu, Nguyn Ln Dng, 1982. Enzyme vi sinh vt. Nxb KH&KT, H Ni. 7. L Ngc T (ch bin), L Vn Ch, ng Th Thu, Phm Quc Thng Nguyn Th Thnh, Bi c Hi, Lu Dun, L Don Din, 2000. Ha sinh Cng nghip, Nxb KH&KT, H Ni.

Ti liu ting nc ngoi

1. Bermeyer H. U, Bermeyer J. and Grasel M. (editors). 1983. Methods of enzymatic analysis. Vol II. Verlag chemie Weinheim. 2. Lehringer A. L., 2004. Principle of Biochemistry, 4th Edition. W.H Freeman, 2004. 3. Pelmont J., 1993. Enzymes. Presses universitaires de grenobe. 4. Stryer L., 1981. Biochemistry. W.H.Freeman and company. San Francisco. 5. Biochemical information, 1973. Boehringer Mannheim GmbH. Biochemica.