GafkM)aMgrbs;Exr

hun Esn lk;Cati kat;TwkdIeGayyYn

Garmkfa (Preface)

esovePAenHsresreLIgkgeKalbMNgedIm,Idas;sartI kUnecAExrCMnan;eRkay RbCaBlrdExr

TaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab;kgsgm TaMgkg nigeRkARbeTs RBmTaMgRbCaCatiTaMgGs;enAkgtMbn; Edl
rgeRKaHedaysarkareKobsgt;CiHCan;BIyYnkumynis eGayPJak;rlwkemIleXIjBIeRKaHfak;RbeTs Cati
CaBiesscg;bgajBI bsKl;bBaa Edl)annigkMBugekItmanenAkgRbeTsExrbcb,n. kgnam
eyIgCakUnExrmYyrUb EdlkMMBugGanesovePAenHenAkgd eyIgRtUvrYbrYmKaKitKUrBIGayuCIvitRbeTsCati
rbs;eyIg edayminRtUvbeNayeGay Cati sasna RbCaCatiiExr enArgTukevTna Fak;cUleTAkg
kNab;dyYnkumynis dUcRbeTscm,a: nig km<CaeRkameLIy. eyIgCaExrRtUvBicarNafa etIeyIgrs;
enAelITwkdIExr smCaBUCExrsagGgrbeT? ebIsinCa eyIgmin)ansagGIVCaRbeyaCn_CUnCati EfmTaMg
eyIgminGackarBarplRbeyaCn_Cati karBarekrmtkrbs;dUntaeyIgEdl)ansagTuksMrab;kulbuRtExr
eGay)anKg;vgSenaH? eyIgminRtUvbeNayeGayCnBukrlYy mYykab;tUc bMpajCati lYcCatiyk
eTAeFIVCaRbeyaCn_pal;xn bbMerIplRbeyaCn_neya)ayeGaybreTsbneToteLIy. eyIgTaMgGs;Ka
minRtUvbeNayeGayRbeTsExr CatiExrkayCakm<CaeRkamTI2 tamneya)ayRtCak;rbs;yYn Edl
manrbbpac;kar hun Esn CYybiT)aMgenaHeLIy. esovePAenHlatRtdagbgajbsKl;nbBaaenA
kgRbeTsExr edIm,IeGayRbCaCatiExrTaMgGs;)aneXIjnUvGIVEdlCnpac;kar BYkkumynisxitxMlak;
)aMgkb;Tuk mineGayRbCaBlrdExryl;dwgBIEpnkarneya)aydexARkxVk;rbs;yYnkumynis Edlman
mhictaelbykTwkdIExr. edaysarmhictaneya)ayyYnkumynisenHehIy Edl)aneFIVeGay
RbCaBlrdExr ExreRkam nigRbCaBlrdkgtMbn;rgeRKaH sab;)at;bg;CIvitrab;lannak;kngmk.
Cak;Esg bcb,neyIgeXIjRsab;ehIyfa bBaaCaeRcInkMBugEtekItmanenAkgRbeTsExr dUcCakar
kab;rukranRBeQI CIkEr: kayPM rwbGUsdIFIRbCaBlrd BukrlYy biTsiTiesrIPaB CnGenaRbevsn_
yYnxusc,ab; kgTByYnTaMgksNan TaMgsIuvilenAkgRbeTsExr Etrbbpac;kar hun Esn enH
KanqnBitR)akdedaHRsayrkyutiFmCUnRbCaBlrdExr nigKankarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiExr eyIg
eLIy. ma:gvijeTot tamryesovePAenHEdr GkniBncg;bgajGMBIGIVEdlRbCaBlrdExrcg;)an
RbCaBlrdcg;eXIjkarpas;brneya)aydwknaMRbeTsnigemdwknaM BIrbbkumynispac;kareRkamyYn
RtYtRta eTACaRbeTsmYyman kraC sniPaB siTiesrIPaB nigRbCaFibetyBitR)akd.
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

RbCaBlrdExrCaCnrgeRKaHBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; edaysarEtemdwknaMrbs;xnelaPln;
GMNac KitRbeyaCn_pal;xnCagplRbeyaCn_Cati suxelIKMnrTukRbCaBlrd CaBiessdUcBYkemdwknaM
kumynispac;karbcb,n hun Esn ehg sMrin Ca sIum )anlg;kgmenaKmn_kumynisyYn.
yYn)anykliTikumynisenHCameFa)ay mksabeRBaHelIExr eGayExrEbk)ak; eRbobdUcTwkexAmYy
tMNk;EdlRsk;elITwksatlbrisuT eRBaHEtcg;deNImrwbGUsykplRbeyaCn_BIExr elbTwkdIExr .
yYnmanectnarMelIgbsKl;ExreGayFak;exSay enAkgrbb b:ul Bt edIm,IbMeBjmhictaelbTwkdIExr
ehIyRtYtRtaExrtaMgBIf7 mkra 1979 mk.
RbeTsExrCaRbeTstUcmYy Edlsm,redayFnFanFmCati esIrEtRKb;Ebbya:g b:uEnCa
Gkusl eRkamkardwknaMrbs;BYkRtYtRtabcb,n Edlsuxcitnk,aleRkamyYnRtYtRta eGaymkbMpaj
FnFanFmCatiExr nigrwbGUsykeTARbeTseKKansl; manCaGaT dI RBeQI Er: RtI stVRB
nigCaeRcIneTot. yYnkumynis)aneFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfIelIRbeTsExr edayeRbIsinisBaaxusc,ab;
Edl)aneFIVeLIgCamYy hun Esn Ca sIum ehg sMrin taMgBIqaM 1979 1982 1983 1985
sIBImitPaB sniPaB shRbtibtikar nigcuHhtelxasinisBaabMeBjbEnmfTI 10 Extula qaM2005.
eyIgeXIjehIy rdaPi)albcb,npl;dIsm,TaneGayRkumhunyYn EdlmanryeBl 99 qaM Gs;cMnYn
45 PaKry eRkamBakfa vinieyaK nigGPivDn_. karrwbGUsdIEdleFIVeLIgedayRkumhunyYnenH

)aneFIVeGayb:HBal;dl;CIvPaBRbCaBlrdExrRkIRkya:gxaMg
)ayrbs;BlrdRkIRk.

eRBaHdIERsdIcMkarenaHehIyCaqaMg

eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;Cnpac;kar hun Esn CaCnlYcCati lk;Cati dUcr)aykarN_kbl

viFENs)anpSBVpSay eyIgeXIjfa BYkenHmin)ankarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiExr min)anbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayRbCaBlrdExrTUeTAeT pyeTAvij BYkenHRbRBwtGMeBIBukrlYy lYcCati lk;Cati
eGayyYn EdlCnCMBUkenH ebItamkarbeRgonrbs;RBHsmasm<Tfa mRnIraCkarEdlGyutiFm BukrlYy

KWCaecarEdl eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdevTna BYkCnRbePTenH GaRkk;CagecarFmtaeTot BIeRBaHfaBYkenH

lYcTaMgRTB sm,tiCati nigRTBsm,tiRbCaBlrd ehIyeFIVeGayCatimanbBaa minecHcb; RbCaBlrd
Camas;GMNac mansiTieBjelj edIm,IdkmRnITaMgenaH nigdak;TNkmBYkeK.

niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

ebIsinCaRbCaBlrdExr)andwgehIy BehIy eXIjehIy minrYbrYmKaedaHRsaybBaaenH eGay

cb;eT vasnaExrnigrgTukevTnadUcCaExrenAkm<CaeRkam tkUn tecA eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; yYnEkg
ePTCaExr CaminxaneLIy.
cugbBab;enH rIkrayTTYlnUvkarriHKn;EklmRKb;Ebby:agBIGs;elakGkGan nUvral;kMhusqg
TaMgLayNa EdlmanenAkgesovePAenH.
sUmTMnak;TMng tamGIuEm:l sar_dharmmarainsey@yahoo .com
(2)

niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

esckIepIm

(Introduction)

RbeTsExr CaRbeTsmYymanTItaMgsitenAGasIuPaKGaeKy_ manpdIcMnYn 181 035 KIL

Em:Rtkaer: RBMRbTl;xaglicCab;RbeTsf xageCIgCab;RbeTsfnigRbeTsLav nigxagekItCab;RbeTs
yYn. RbCaBlrdExrmancMnYn 14 5 00 000 nak; kgenaHmanCnCatiyYncMnYn 4 500 000 nak;
kMBugrs;enAkgRbeTsExr nigmYycMnYneTotCacarkmyYnEkgePTCaExr kMBugRtYtRtaExrenAkgRksYg
sMxan;sBVf manTaMgsIuvil eyaFa nigb:UlIseTotpg. ExrPaKeRcInCaGkkan;RBHBuTsasna
nigExrcMnYntictYckan;sasna GIusam nigRKws. RbeTsExrbcb,nenHRtYtRtaedayrbbpac;kar
hun Esn EdlyYnelIkbnbeLIgeGayeFIVCaGay:g kan;GMNactaMgBITsvtS 1980. enAqaM 1999
RbeTsExr)ankayCasmaCikeBjsiTirbs;smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKy_ ehAkat;fa Gasan.
RbeTsExrFab;)anyYnRtYtRtamgmkehIy enAkgrCkalescGgmIu cenaHqaM 1835-1841
EtRtUvExrerIbMr:HrYcBIGaNaniKmn_enH edayExrrYbrYmsamKIKa egIbeLIgedjyYnecj kalenaHemTByYn
eRTOg mijya:g CaGkkan;kab;RbeTsExr. eRkaymkeTot Exr)anFak;;kgGaNaniKmn_)araMgenAcenaH
qaM 1863-1954 cab;BIesc neratm rhUtmkdl;esc neratm sIhnu. ExrkFab;enAeRkamkar
RtYtRtarbs;Cb:unmYyryeBlxI enAkgsmysRgamelakelIkTI2 Edr. eRkayBIExr)anrYcBIGaNa
niKmn_)araMgmk RbeTsExr)anFak;cUlenAkgsRgam\NcinelIkTI2 . enAkgeBlenaH BiPBelak
sitenAkgdMNak;kalsRgamRtCak; rvagkumynis nigesrI shPaB sUevot nig shrdGaemrik .
cMENkRbeTsExr)angakeTArkb:UlfImYyeTot Rbkan;neya)ayGBaRkit mincUlbkSsm<n KWcin.
eBlenaH sRgam\NcinelIkTI 2 )ancab;epImeLIg EdlmanyYnxageCIg yYnkumynis dwknaMeday
hU CImij KaMRTeday cin )ancab;epImeFIVsRgamCamYyeyokNamxagt,gdwknaMeday eg:a Dijyim
EdlKaMRTedayshrdGaemrik enAqaM1958 edIm,IbRgYbbRgYmeyokNamTaMgBIr. eKalbMNg
BitR)akdrbs;yYnkumynismanmhicta vatTITwkdIcUlmkkgTwkdIExr edIm,Ikan;kab;\NcinTaMgmUl .
kalenaH sIhnu nig sa Ltsr b:ul Bt CaGkKaMRT CYyxagkumynis eyokkug edIm,IRbqaMg
ExrsaFarNrd ln; nl; EdlKaMRTedayshrdGaemrik. eBlEdleyokkug)anTTYlCyCMnHelIExr
saFarNrdenAelITwkdIExr enAfTI17 Exemsa qaM1975 yYn)anbMBak;CyCMnHenH nigelIkGMNac
eTAeGay sIhnu nig b:ul Bt EdlbMerIxagkumynis. 13feRkayBIeyokkugQHelIrbb
niBneday s FmrgSI

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saFarNrdExr ln; nl; KW enAfTI 30 Exemsa qaM1975 yYnkumynis)anbBab;sRgamrvag

yYnxageCIg nigyYnxagt,gPam. Rtg;enHbBaak;eGayeXIjfa sRgamEdlyYneFIVeLIg maneKal
bMNgvatTITwkdInigplRbeyaCn_rbs;CatieK edIm,Idak;RbeTsTaMgGs;eGayeTACacMNuH shBn\N
cin. dUecH f 17 emsa 1975 CafCyCMnHrbs;BYkkumynis\Ncin EdlmanyYneFIVCaemekag.
enAkgrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety yYn)anerobcMEpnkarlitln;tameKalkarN_shBn\Ncin mkkkUr
sankarN_kgRbeTsExrkgrbbenH rYmCamYyExrkumynisTaMgBIrRkum EdlyYn)anbMBak;bMb:n
menaKmn_kumynisrYcCaeRsc. ktaTaMgGs;enHehIy CabuBVehtueFIVeGayRbeTsExrFak;eTAkgeRKaH
mhnraymYyya:gFn;FreTAkgrbbRblyBUCsasn_. yYnykliTikumynisCameFa)ay eFIVeGay
Exr TaMgExreRkam nigExrbcb,n sab;rgalGs;rab;lannak; kgcenaHqaM 1975-1979. enAcenaH
eBlenaHRbeTsExrdwknaMeday neratm sI hnu nig saLt s ehAfa b:ul Bt. kgsRgamCamYy
ExrsaFarNrd ln; nl; eyokkug)anesokBak; nigBak;rUbqaylksemc edIm,IykQHxag
citsaRs bMPnRbCaBlrdExreGayKaMRT edayEkgeFIVCakgTBsIhnu. eRkayBIQHExrsaFarNrd
yYn)anbrexaGavBIeyokkug eTAesokBak;exaGavexAbMPnCaExrRkhmvij rYmCamYyRkumExrRkhm
EdlbNHbNalBIhaNUy)ansmab;bBavnExr GkR)aCJExr GkeshaCatiExr eFIVeGayRbeTs
vikvrenAkgrbb b:ul Bt. eRkaymk yYn)anpas;brneya)ayfI bBankmaMgTB cUlmkQanBanExr
kan;kab; TwkdIExrenAfTI7 Exmkra qaM1979. CemaHrvag yYn nig cin )aneFIVeGayyYnedaHdBIcin
ehIy)angakeTATMnak;TMngCamYysUevot cMENkneya)ayExrvij yYn)anbrExrkumyniscas;Edl
niymcin nigelIkExrkumynisfIniymyYn dUcCa ehg sMrin hun Esn Ca sIum CMnYsvij eGaykan;
GMNacbMerIneya)ayeGayxn. RbeTsExr)anFak;cUleTAkgsRgam\NcinelIkTI3 rvagyYn
QanBan nig rbbkumynis hun Esn xusc,ab; CamYynigRkumExreshaCati ExrGktsUtamCayEdn.
sRgamenH minxusBIsRgam\NcinelIkTI 2 EdlmanExrmagkumynisyYn sIhnu nig b:ul Bt
enATsSvtS 60-70 cMENkExrmageTotxagesrI ExrsaFarNrd ln; nl; esrImteLIy.
sRgamenH)anbnrhUtdl;sRgamRtCak;rvagkumynis nigesrI bBab;enAqaM 1989. yYnk)andkkg
TBksNaneyaFaecjBIRbeTsExr Etbgb;TukkgTBesokBak;sIuvilRtYtRtaExrbneTot enAkgCYr
KNbkSRbCaCn hun Esn edayminGnuBaateGayGgkarshRbCaCatiRtYtBiniteLIy. rhUtdl;kic
RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIsfTI23 Extula qaM1991 ExrbYnPaKI)ancuHhtelxa elIkicRBmeRBogsniPaB
niBneday s FmrgSI

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ebIkkaseGayyYnedaHdecjBIqakGnrCati rYcxnBIkarecaTRbkan;fa yYnQanBanExr eRBaHyYn

man hun Esn nig sI hnu CakUnGuk eFIVeGayGnrCatiemIleXIjfa sRgamEdlekItmanenAkg
RbeTsExr CasRgamsIuvileTAvij. enAqaM 1993 RbeTsExrTTYl)anBnWnliTiRbCaFibety tam
rykarerobcMe)aHeqatedayesrI nigyutiFm EdlerobcMeLIgedayGgkarshRbCaCati. xNeBl
enaH GgkarshRbCaCatiminTan;bBab;ebskkmeBjeljpg Rsab;EteBlEdl hun Esn caj;eqat
enAqaM1993 hun Esn )anbegIttMbn;Gb,Kmn_enAeRtIyxagekIt KMrameFIVsRgam eRBaH hun Esn
sMGagyYnenABIeRkayxg EdlkalenaHmanneratmcRkBgS CaGkdwknaMeFIV. esc sIhnu )anedj
GgkarshRbCaCatieGaydkecjBIRbeTsExr ehIyEbgEckGMNaceGayBYkkumynis hun Esn
eFIVCanaykrdmRnITI2. b:uEneTaHCaya:gNakeday RbCaBlrdExrKanvasnaTTYl)annUvsuxsniPaB
RbCaFibety nigkarGPivDn_BitR)akd dUcGIVEdlGgkarshRbCaCatixitxMenaHeLIy eRBaHenAf
5-6 kkda 1997 Cnpac;kar hun Esn )aneFIVrdRbhardeNImGMNac smab;GkeshaCatiExr
GkRbCaFibety enAkgKNbkShViunsIunbiuc nig smaCikelakta sWn san Gs;Cag 280nak;. enHCa
emeronExrRtUvcgcaMfa BYkkumynisminEdlcat;TukExrGkeshaCati CaExrenaHeT vaEtgEtsab;
ecAhVayyYnrbs;va eRbIl,ice)akR)as;Exr eGaycUleTAkgRTug bnab;mkeKcab;smab;Exrtamcit.
bBaaTaMgenHkedaysarkarlg;eCOemdwknaMe)akR)as;dUcCnkumynis sI hnu mgehIymgeTot.
cMENkkare)aHeqateRkaymkCabnbnab; vaCakarerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn edIm,IbMPnEPkCati
nigGnrCatiEtb:ueNaH lTple)aHeqatTaMgGs;enaH minEmnecjBIqnRbCaBlrdExrBitR)akdeT.
karerobrab;bgajxagelI)ansreGayeXIjfa RbeTsExrbcb,nkMBugEtFak;eTAkgrbbpac;kar hun
Esn eRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfI EdleFIVeGayRbCaBlrdExrrgTuk\tElrhUtmkdl;eBlenH.

3
niBneday s FmrgSI

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esckIEfgGMNrKuN

(Acknowledgement)

CabzmsUmelIkhtfVaybgM RBHBuT RBHFm RBHsg CaTIskardx<g;x<s; nigCamb;dRtCak;

sMrab;sgmCatiExrRKb;smykal. sUmRkabfVaybgM elakBuk Gkmay EdlCaGkmanKuN
delIslub )anpl;kMeNIteGaykUnekItCaCatiExr ciBawmbI)ac;EfrkSakUn edayKanKitkarenOyht;.
sUmEfgGMNrKuNdl; elakRKU GkRKU saRsacarTaMgGs;Edl)anxitxMGs;BIkmaMgkaycit edIm,Ipl;
cMeNHdwgdl; nigsisSanusisSRKb;rUb edIm,ICaRbTIbmYysMrab;bMPWpvkgCIvit. CaBiess sUmEfg
GMNrKuNdl;bgbnCnrYmCatiExr GkeshaCatiExrTaMgGs;Edl)ancUlrYm]btmKaMRT edIm,IeGay
esovePAenHelcecjCarUbrageLIg kgkarpl;cMeNHdwgfI dl;RbCaCatiExrTaMgGs; EdlminFab;
)aneXIj minFab;)anBBIerOgra:vRbeTsrbs;xnkngmk edaysarEtkarlak;)aMg karbMPnsMrab;
cMeNjneya)ay plRbeyaCn_pal;xn GMNac nigEpnkarrbs;yYnhaNUy edIm,ImkelbykTWkdI
ExreyIgEtmg.
esovePA bsKl; 7 mkra Edl)ancgRkgeLIgenH CakarrMlwkKuNdl;virPaBGk
eshaCatiExrRKb;smykal Edl)antsUedIm,IbuBVehtuCatiExr TaMgGkEdl)an)at;bg;Civit nigGk
EdlenAmanCivitEtBikar nigrgeRKaHepSgedaysarBYkkumynisyYn nighun Esn. vaCakUn
esovePAtUc mYysMrab;rYmcMENkkgkarpl;cMeNHdwg CaksarsMrab;GksikSaRsavRCav eGayyl;dwg
bEnmEpk neya)ay ehIyCYyykBtmanenHeTApSBVpSaydl;RbCaCatiExrTaMgGs; GkeshaCatiExr
GkCatiniym GkRbCaFibety eGayemIleXIjbBaaBitR)akdEdl)annwgkMBugekItmanenAkgsgm
Exr. GaRsyehtuenH eyIgCaExrRtUvhanegIbeLIg ebCJacitTaMgGs;KaedaHRsay bsKl;bBaa
enHeGaycb; hanlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:gedIm,I buBVehtu Cati sasna RbCaCatiExr rbs;eyIg
edayminbeNay eGayCnmYykab;tUc EdleGank,albMerIneya)ayeGayyYnkumynis dUcKNbkS
RbCaCn hun Esn lk;Cati bMpajCati eGayrlay tamEpnkarshBn\NcinenaHeLIy.
cugbBab;sUm]Tisdl;vtskisiTiTaMgGs;EdlEfrkSaRbeTsExr CYyEfrkSabgbnCnrYm
CatiExr CaBiessGkeshaCatiExrTaMgGs; EdlhanegIbeLIgRbQmmuxedaHRsaybBaaRbeTsCati
eGay)anesckIsuxcMerIn suPmgl manCIvPaBFUrFar tamkarb:gR)afa. cMeBaHbgbnCnrYmCatiExr
EdllHbg;CYyftcMlgesovePAenHpSBVpSaybneGayRbCaBlrdExr sUmeGayGs;elakTTYl)an
buNkusleRcIn CYbEtsuxsuPmgl rYcputBITukevTnanigeRKaHcRgepSgEdlekItmanbcb,n nig
GnaKt.
eFIVenATIRkug)agkk fTI 9 Ex kBaa qaM 2009
s FmrgSI
niBneday s FmrgSI

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matika
esckIepIm ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
Garmkfa ------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
esckIEfgGMNrKuN ----------------------------------------------------------- 7
CMBUkTI 1
bsKl;bBaa
I-edImkMeNItExrkumynisenAkgRbeTsExr ----------------------------------------- 11
II-bsKl;nrbbRblyBUCsasn_Exr --------------------------------------------- 20
III-ehtuGIV)anCaExrFak;kgrbbRblyBUCsasn_ ------------------------------------- 21
IV-bsKl; f 7 mkra ------------------------------------------------------- 25
V-yYnkumynisQanBanRtYtRtaExr f 7 mkra 1979 ------------------------------- 26
VI-sRgamrvagExrGktsU CamYyyYnQanBan nigrbbkumynis hun Esn xusc,ab; ----------- 27
VII-snisBaaTIRkug)a:rIs ------------------------------------------------------ 28
VIII-kMeNItliTiRbCaFibetyenAkgRbeTsExreLIgvij ------------------------------- 29
IX-karFak;cuHliTiRbCaFibety ------------------------------------------------- 30
X-RbeTsExrFak;kgrbbpac;kar hun Esn eRkamGNaniKmn_yYnEbbfI ------------------- 31
XI-KantulPaBxagnitibBati nitiRbtibti nigtulakar -------------------------------- 32
1-Btman ---------------------------------------------------------- 32
2-karGb;rM---------------------------------------------------------- 33
3-kare)aHeqat ------------------------------------------------------- 34
4-esrIPaBbeBajmti --------------------------------------------------- 34
5-c,ab; ------------------------------------------------------------- 35
XII-emdwknaMpac;karbcb,n)aneFIVGIVxH b:HBal;RbCaBlrd ------------------------------ 35
1-karbeNjRbCaBlrd rwbGUsykdI -------------------------------------- 35
2-GMeBIBukrlYy -------------------------------------------------------36
3-PaBRkIRk -------------------------------------------------------- 37
4-kat;eTasExrRkhm ------------------------------------------------- 37
5-GaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfI ------------------------------------------------ 39
6-FnFanFmCati ------------------------------------------------------ 39
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CMBUkTI 2
bBab;bBaa
I-etIRbCaBlrdExrcg;)anGIV? --------------------------------------------------- 42
II-etIExrRtUveFIVGVIxHedIm,ICYyseRgaHExr? ------------------------------------------ 42
III-etIRbCaBlrdkgtMbn;EdlrgeRKaH Lav m:ug cam Exr RtUveFIVdUcemc? ---------------------- 43
IV-etIshKmn_GWr:ub nigshrdGaemrik CYyGIVxHdl;RbCaCatirgeRKaH? ----------------------- 43
V- RbeTsExrRtUvdwknaMtameKalkarN_RbCaFibetykraCBitR)akd - ------------------- 44
1-nitibBati ---------------------------------------------------------- 45
2-tulakar ---------------------------------------------------------- 45
3-nitiRbtibti -------------------------------------------------------- 45
4-Btman ----------------------------------------------------------- 45
5-bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy --------------------------------------------------- 46
6-begInCIvPaBRbCaBlrd ----------------------------------------------- 46
7-KNbkSneya)ay--------------------------------------------------- 46
8-KNkmkarerobcMe)aHeqat -------------------------------------------- 46
9-CnGenaRbevsn_ nigcarkmyYn ------------------------------------------ 47
VI-karsnidan -------------------------------------------------------------- 47
ksareyag --------------------------------------------------------------- 48

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CMBUkTI 1

niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

bsKl;bBaa (The Root of Problems)

I

-edImkMeNItExrkumynisenAkgRbeTsExr

(Origin of Khmer Communism in Cambodia)

kgdMNak;kalEdlliTikumyniskMBugEtrIkraldalxaMgenATIVbGWur:ub ekItmansRgamelakelIk
TI 2 ehIysRgamenH)anbBab;enAqaM 1945. GgkarshRbCaCatiRtUv)aneKbegIteLIg edIm,IedaH
RsaybBaaBiPBelak kgenaHmanRbeTssMxan;CasmaCikGciRny_ dUcCa shrdGaemrik
shPaBsUevot cin Gg;eKs nig)araMg. BiPBelak)anFak;eTAkgsRgamRtCak;. kalenaH
BiPBelak)anEbgEckCaBIr kumynis nigesrI. RbeTskumynismancMnYn 97 RbeTs nigmYycMnYn
epSgeTotCa RbeTskan;liTiRbCaFibetyesrI. kumynismanRbPBedImecjmkBIRbeTsr:UsSIelnIn
salIn GaLWm:g; GIuEt kalma:kS GIutalI GWur:ubxagekIt )araMg cMENkRbeTskan;liTiRbCaFibety
esrIvijKWman shrdGaemrik Gg;eKs nigRbeTsmYycMnYneTot. liTikumynis)anrIksayPay
enAGWur:ubnig mktMbn; GasIu kgenaHmanRbeTscin emA: esTug RbeTseyokNam hU CImij
nigRbeTsExrCaedIm Edl)anykliTikumynismkGnuvtn_. RbeTsExr)aneFIVtammenaKmn_kumynis
eBlEdleyokNamykliTienHmkpSBVpSay cab;taMgBIExrenAkgsmyGaNaniKmn)araMg. enAeBl
enaH eyokNamdwknaMeday hU CImij eFIVbdivtn_pas;bresc e)A day nigrMedaHRbeTseGayrYcecj
BIGaNaniKmn_)araMg. edayrs;enAeRkamGaNaniKmn_)araMg KansiTiesrIPaB Bi)akevTna eBlenaH
escyYn e)A day )anmanKtibNitTukfa eFIVCaRbCaraRssamBakgRbeTskraC mansiTiesrIPaB
RbesIrCageFIVesc mRnIeRkambreTsRtYtRta. eTIbenAqaM 1945 e)A day )andak;raCRbKl;eGay
hU CImij dwknaM. hU CImij )anpas;brrbbRKb;RKgBIrbbraCaniymeTACasaFarNrdsgmniymeyok
Nam ehIybntsUedj)araMgecjBITwkdIrbs;xn. nisSitExrmYycMnYn Edl)anecjeTAeronenA
eRkARbeTs CaBiess nisSitEdl)aneTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMg dUcCa saLut s eGog sarI )annaMyk
liTikumynismksabeRBaHenAkgRbeTsExr. liTikumynisenHminEmnecjBIqnneya)ayrbs;xn
BitR)akd Edlman\sSrHPaB kraC edIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatiExreLIy EtCaliTikumynissaxa
rbs;bkSkumynis\Ncin Edl)anerobcMdwknaMedayyYn hU CImij. GkdwknaMmanyYneQaH swug
g:ukmij ehAGacar emon bnMxneFIVCabn swug g:ukfaj; CaRbFanbkSkumyniskm<Ca saxabkS
kumynis\Ncin. TU samut nig sa Ltsr )ancUleTAeFIVkareRkambkSkumynisenaH. eBlenaH
ehIyEdlyYn)anykliTikumynisenH mkbNHbNaldl;kUnecAExr EdlekgxI minTan;dwg
GMBIRbvtisaRs nigneya)ayc,as;las; edIm,IeGayExrbMerIneya)ayrbs;eK kgeKalbMNgRtYtRta
elbTwkdIExr enAtMbn;\NcinTaMgmUl.
niBneday s FmrgSI

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kgdMNak;kalEdlRbeTsTaMgbI Exr eyokNam Lav enAeRkamGaNaniKm)araMg edayman

CMnYyBIbkSkumyniscin KUmIgtaMg nigRsbeBlEdl hU CImij )ancUlCasmaCikbkSkumynis
GnrCati yYn)anerobcMeFIVbdivtn_mYyedIm,Iedj)araMgecjBITwkdI\Ncin. yYn)anykliTikumynis
CameFa)ay GMBavnaveGayRbCaCnkgtMbn;cUlrYmtsUedj)araMgecjBITwkdI\Ncin edIm,IRbeTs
TTYl)ankraC. sUmbBaak;fa menaKmn_kumynisEdlyYnbNHbNalExrenaH KWCamenaKmn_
kumynisxusTwssMrab;bMerIneya)ayeGayyYnb:ueNaH. kareFIVdUcenH eRBaHyYncg;rMelIgCatiExreGay
exSay dUcCaenAkgrbb b:ul Bt edIm,IelbykTwkdIExr. yYnkumynis)ancUlmkbBaHbBalExrCa
smat;enAkgTwkdIExr bNHbNalExrenAkgTwkdIExr edIm,IeGayExrcUlCasmaCikbkSkumynisyYn
cab;taMgBIqaM1946 . eRkaymk yYn)ancab;kUnExrcMnYn 3 500 nak; eTA 4 000 nak; ykeTA
bNHbNalmenaKmn_viCakumynisenATIRkughaNUy. BYkekgExrTaMgenaHenAekgxIxagRbvtisaRs
nigneya)ay eFIVeGayExrTaMgenaHlg;kgmenaKmn_kumynisyYn ehIybMerIneya)ayeGayRkug
haNUy ekobsgt;CiHCan;CatigCabnbnab;mkrhUtdl;sBVf.

emdwknaMyYn eQaH egVog Gkuk hU CImij

bkSkumynis\NcinRtUv)an hU CImij begIteLIgenATIRkug hug kug naf 3 kum 1930.

bkSkumynisenHmankarKaMRTBIcin nigbkSkumynisGnrCatir:UsSI. cin)anbNHbNalkmaPi)alyYn
pl;CMnYyEpkesdkic smarsBVavuF nigpl;kEnghVwkhat;eGay hU CImijenAPaKxagt,gnRbeTscin
xageCIgRbeTsf RbeTslav cMENkrU:sIuvijCYyxaghVwkhat;kmaPi)alyYnsMxan;. hU CImij
)anyklTikumynis BIma:kS elnIn mksabeRBaHenAtMbn;\Ncin eRkayBIxn)ancUlCasmaCik
bkSkumynisGnrCatimYyenH. hU CImij )andwknaMRbeTsTaMg 3 enA\Ncin edIm,IrMedaHRbeTs
ecjBIGaNaniKmn_)araMg nigpas;brkardwknaM RbeTsrbs;xnBIrbbraCaniymeTACarbbsaFarNrd
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

sgmniym EdlkalenaH RbeTseyokNamsit enAkgkardwknaMrbs;esc e)A day enAeLIy.

TIbBab; hU CImij )anTTYlCyCMnHescelI e)A day enAqaM1945 brRbeTseTACasaFarNrd. hU
CImij )anbnneya)ayrbs;xnedIm,IedjGaNniKmn_ )araMgecjBI\NcineTot. hU CImij maneQaH
TaMgGs; 19 nigCaGkmanRbCaRbiymYyrUbkgcMeNamRbCaCnevotNam . hU CImij ekItenAfTI 19
Ex]sPa qaM1890 enAkgPUmi KIm elon kgext ejGan RbeTseyokNam. enAqaM 1911 hU CImij
)ancakecjBIRbeTsevotNameTARbeTs)araMgtamka)a:l;Twk edayeFIVCacugePArbs;)araMg. hU CImij
)ankayCasmaCikbkSkumynis)araMgenAqaM 1920 ehIy)anbreQaHeTACa egVog Gkuk mannyfa
GkeshaCati. enAqaM 1921-1929 hU CImij )ancUlrYmskmPaBneya)ayCamYybkSkumyniis
GnrCati nigpSBVpSayesovePAmYymancMNgeCIgfa pvbdivtn_ enAqaM 1927. enAqaM 1923 hU CImij
)aneTAshPaBsUevot edIm,IEsVgrkkarKaMRT GMBIbuBVehtunkartsUrbs;Kat;kgcMeNamCnCati eyok
Nam EdlCaGkRbqaMg ehIy)annireTseTAeRkARbeTs. hU CImijk)aneFIVdMeNIreTAkan;RbeTscin
PUma nig\NapgEdr. clnaneya)ay yYneyokmij)ancUlmkeFIVclnasat;enATwkdIExr Edlkal
enaHmanyYnPaKeRcIn eFIVCakmkrekAsU EtBYkeKCaCnkumynisdMbUg cUlmkeFIVclnaneya)ay
enARbeTsExr dUcCaenAtamextkMBg;cam extkMBt nigextmYycMnYneTot. yYn)ancab;epIm
eFIVkareXasna nigeFIVcitsaRsCamYyExr EdleFIVkmkrenATIenaH edIm,IeGayExrcUlCasmaCik
rbs;bkSkumynis\Ncin bMerIneya)ayeGayBYkkumynisyYn. tamrykareXasnayYnkumynis
eyokmijeFjexA ExrmYycMnYn)anlg;eCO cUlbMerIskmPaBneya)ayeGaybkSkumynisyYnenaH.
enA cenaHqaM 1946-1954 ekgExr CaeRcInBan;nak; 3500-4000nak; RtUv)aneKcab;ykeTAbMBak;
bMb:nmenaKmn_kumynisBIRkughaNUy EdleBlenaH ExrehAfaRbma:t;Rbm:g; eRkaymkeTotyYn
enAEtbnykkUnExreTAbNHbNalCabnbnab;. hU CImij )aneFIVkartsUCamYy)araMgrhUtdl;QH
sRgamenA eDon ebonPU enAqaM 1954 ehIy)ancab;Tahan)araMgCacMNab;xaMg bgMeGay)araMg
cuHhtelxa RbKl;kraCmkeGay\Ncin enAfTI20 Exkkda qaM1954. yYncab;epImbneFIV
neya)ay edIm,IRtYtRta\NcinCMnYs)araMgbneTot.

kUnExrEdlyYnkumynis bMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumynis eGaysmab;Exr

niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

cMENknisSitExrEdlTTYl)anGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMgvij dUcCa sa Lt sr
eGog sarI CYn mMu hU nwm hU yn; )ancab;GarmN_nigesovePARkhmrbs;kumynis ma:kS elnIn
EdlkalenaHRTwsIkumyniskMBugEtmanRbCaRbiyenATIVbGWur:ub. enAeBlenaHnisSitExrTaMgGs;enaH
)ancab;ykliTikumynis eFIVkarRbqaMgneya)ayCamYyrbbskiPUmirbs;semc sI hnu . TIbMput
neratm sIhnu )ankat;pac;GaharUbkrN_rbs;nisSitmYycMnYn kgenaHman sa Ltsr EdlCaGk
RbqaMg neratm sIhnu . enAqaM 1951 eBlEdl sa Ltsr RtLb;mkRbeTsExrvijTaMgminTan;
eroncb;EpkxageGLicRtUnicpgenaH sa Ltsr )aneFIVCaRKUbeRgon nigbegItsalaeronkCneQaH
km<CbuRt. sa Lts )aneFIVclnaneya)ayRbqaMgneratmsIhnuCasmat; . eBlEdlEbkkarN_
neratm sIhnu )anRbkasecaTRbkan;edjcab; sa Ltsr nigbkSBYkmYycMnYn bnab;mkRkumrbs;Kat;
)anrt;cUlRB cUlrYmtsUCamYybkSbdivtn_RbCaCnkm<Ca EdlCasaxarbs;bkSkumynis\Ncin.
bkSbdivtn_RbCaCnkm<CaenH dwknaMedayyYneQaH suwg g:ukmij ehAfa Gacar emon EdlbnMeFIVCa
Exr. karEdlyYndak;eQaH swug g:ukmij KWedIm,IbMPnExrfaCabnrbs; swug g:ukfaj; mkdwknaMExr
BIeRBaH swug g:ukfaj; CaemdwknaMExr manRbCaRbiymYyrUbEdlRbCaBlrdExrsal;faCaGk
eshaCatiExrnasmyenaH. bkSbdivtn_RbCaCnExrenaH )ankayCaKNbkSRbCaCnkm<CadwknaM
eday ehg sMrin Ca sIum hun Esn naeBlbcb,nenH. dUcenH tamkarsegteXIjfa enAfTI28
Exmifuna qaM 2009 CaqaMKMrb;xYbTI 58 rbs;KNbkSRbCaCnkm<Ca.
eRkayBIsinisBaa TIRkughSWENv RbeTsTaMgbI Exr Lav yYn enA\Ncin)anTTYlkraC
BI)araMgenAqaM1954. eyokmijEdlenAkgRbeTsExr RtUv)aneKtMrUveGaydkecjBIRbeTsExr.
eBlEdlyYneyokmijdkecjeTA yYn)ancab;ykkUnExrmYycMnYneTAbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumynis
xusTws nigExrmYycMnYn)aneTAtamk)a:l;yYn. ExrTaMgGs;enaHehIy EdlyYnbBanmkRbeTsExrvij
edIm,IeFIVCaBiCXatsmab;Exr enAkgrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety. ExrEdlyYnbNHbNalTaMgGs;enaH

ehIy CabsKl;nkarRblyBUCsasn_Exr eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdExrRbmaNCag 1>7 lannak;sab;

1975-1979. cMENkvasnakUnExrTaMgGs;enaH kRtUvyYnerobcMEpnkarsmab;bMbiTPstag

Cabnbnab; eRkayBIyYneRbIR)as;Gs;plRbeyaCn_ehIy edIm,IkMueGayxUcEpnkarRkughaNUy Edlman

bMNgelbTwkdIExr.
enAqaM 1958 yYnkumynis)ancab;epImeFIVsRgamCamYyyYnxagt,geTot edayman
eKalkarN_fa edIm,IbRgYbbRgYmRbeTsTaMgBIr rvageyokNamxageCIg nigeyokNamxagt,g.
EttamkarBit sRgamenHyYnmaneKalbMNgBRgIkTwkdI vatTIenAtMbn;\NcinEtb:ueNaH. yYn
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

kumynis)anecaTyYnxagt,gEdldwknaMeday eg:a DijyIm faCaGay:gbrivarbs;GaemrikkaMg.

yYneyokkugsMueGayExrCYypl;CMrkdl;TBeyokkugRCkenAelITwkdIExrPaKxagekIt edIm,IeFIVsRgam
edjGaemrikkaMg. eRkamelsfa eFIVsRgamedjGaemrikaMg BYkRbtikiriyaecjBITwkdI\Ncin sI hnu
)ancuHhtelxasat;CamYy hU CImij enAqaM1965 GnuBaateGayyYndak;kgTBeyokkugenAkg
TwkdIExrPaKxagekItman extRkecH mNlKIrI RBEvg sVayerog nigkMBg;camCaedIm. yYndak;TBenH
edaysMueGayExrCYy edIm,IvayyYnxagt,g nigedjGaemrikaMgecj EtenHCal,icxIpvedIr edIm,I
xb;ykbUrIrbs;yYnkumynisEtb:ueNaH eRBaHfayYn)anBRgIksRgam enaHFak;mkelIRbeTsExr. smr
PUmisRgamBitR)akdKW TwkdIExr eRBaHmUldanTBRByYneyokkugtaMgenAelITwkdIExr ehtuenH TaMg
yYnxagt,g nigGaemrikaMg)anvaylukcUlmkkgTWkdIExr eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdExrsab;)at;bg;Civit
nigrgeRKaHya:gxaMg.
enAfTI 9 Ex kBaa qaM 1969 hU CImij )anTTYlmrNPaB ehIysaksBRtUv)aneKrkSaTuk
rhUtmkdl;bcb,n. emdwknaMExrman sIhnu nig hun Esn keGank,aleKarBsBhUCImijEdr. enApH
hun Esn )anerobcMGasndak;taMgrUb hU CImij fVaybgM eRbob)andUcCaRBHBuT.

sIhnu kMBugeKarBexachUCImij
sRgam\NcinelIkTI2 enH yYnTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn plRbeyaCn_TaMgenaH man
dUcCa EpkhirBavt Epksmar nigsBVavuF nigTwkdIExr.l. kalEdlhUCImijRtUvsab; BIeRBaHyYn
RtUvedaHdecjBIcin edaymin)ansgbMNulepSgeTARbeTscin EdlCYyyYntaMgBIqaM 1930 .
yYn)anplRbeyaCn_BICMnYyBIGaemrikaMg EdlCYyyYnxagt,g eg:a DijyIm nigcMeNjTwkdIExr
ExreRkam TwkdIlav. edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_TaMgGs;enH yYn)angakeTAcgsm<nCamYyshPaB
sUevotvij. dUcenHeyIg segteXIjfa yYnTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_CaeRcInBImhaGMNacTaMg3 ehIy
nigplRbeyaCn_BIRbeTstUc dUcCa lav Exr nigcamCaedIm. kgeBlsRgamenaH yYneyokkug)an
CMritesdkicExr tamkare)aHBum<luyEkgkay TijTMnijExr )aj;eKaRkbIExr eFIVCacMNIGahar xIdI
nigesdkicExr edIm,IciBawmkgTB. cMENkyYnxagt,gvij )anTTYlCMnYyBIGaemrikkaMg nigkan;kab;
TwkdIExrenAkm<CaeRkam. hUCImij suxcitlHbg;Civitsab;enAqaM 1969 edIm,IplRbeyaCn_Cati eyok
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

NamTaMgmUl edaymincaM)ac;sgsMNgTaMgLayeTAeGaycin nigGaemrikehIypas;neya)ay gak

eTArkRbeTsrU:sIS edIm,IRbqaMgnigshrdGaemrik nigbM)at;kicsnarvag sI hnu nig hU CImij
edIm,I)anRKb;RKgelbTwkdIExreTotpg.

sIhnu CYypl;es,ogeGayyYn nig pl;CMrkeGayyYn kumynis beyokkug

hU CImij CasmaCikkumynisGnrCati KU mIgtaMg . edIm,IBRgIkkumynisenAtMbn;GasIu hUCImij

CasmaCikmYyrUbrbs;bkSkumynisGnrCatiEdlerobcMbegItedaycin )aneTARbeTsf m:aeLsIu
nigsigbUrI edIm,IeFIVCaGFibtIkgkarbegItsaxabkSkumynisenAkgRbeTsTaMgenH. shPaBsUevot
)anRbKl;eGay hU CImij TTYlxusRtUvbegItsaxabkSkumynisenAkgRbeTsExr nigLav EdlCaEpk
mYynbkSkumynisGnrCati tamkaryl;RBmpl;mUlniFiedayshPaBsUevot. GIVEdlCaEpnkarrbs;
hU CImij begIteLIgedIm,IBRgIkTwkdIevotNameGayFMedayQanBanRbeTsExr lav ehIyeRkay
mkeTot RbeTsenAGasIuGaeKy_ dUcGIVEdlsalIn nigrU:sSI)aneFIVeLIg cMeBaHRbeTsCitxagrbs;eK
kgkarbegItshPaBsUevotEdr. enAkgsRgam\NcinelIkTI 2 edaymanCMnYy]btmnigGnuBaatBI
neratm sIhnu yYn)aneRCotcUlTwkdIExrkan;EteRCAeTABaseBjTwkdIExr edayyYn)anxITwkdIExr
edIm,IeFIVCasmrPUmiRbyuT e)aHBum<luyEkgkay edIm,ITijTMnijsac;es,og dUcCa Ggr RCUk eKa
ykeTAciBawmkgTBeK. cMENk sI hnu min)anenAedaHRsaybBaaEdlkMBugEtvikvrenAkgRbeTseT
dUcCa)atukmdutsanTUteyokkug eyokkugenABaseBjRbeTs edayRtUvmehsI mU:nic nig mayekk
naMeTAkMsanenARbeTs)araMgeTAvij. tMNagraRs 2 rUb)aneTAyagRBHGgmkBIRbeTs)araMg edIm,IedaH
RsaybBaaTaMgLay EdlRBHGg)anbegIteLIg dUcCakgTBeyokkuglukluycUlTwkdIExrPaKxag
ekIt nigBIkMBg;esam rhUtmkdl;kMBg;s<WCaedIm. b:uEnRBHGgminRBmyagRtLb;mkvij edaysab;tam
eyabl;mayekk nigmehsI EdlelIkeCIgbeBaarfa RBHGgCaGkmanbuN CaRBH)aTFmik Kan
nrNaeFIVGIVekIteT. eTaHCaRBHmata kusm TUrsBeTAedIm,Iyagmkkeday ksIhnucecs minsab;
niBneday s FmrgSI

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eyabl;GkNaTaMgGs;. ehtuenHehIyeTIb ln; nl; esrImt )anTMlak;semc sIhnu enAfTI 18

ExmIna qaM 1970 edaykare)aHeqatdkesckITukcitBIsPa edIm,IedaHRsaybBaakgTByYneyokug
EdlkMBugEtQanBanelITwkdIExrPaKxagekItnRbeTs. eRkayBI sI hnu Fak;BIGMNacRBHGgmin
RBmKg;enAesomenaHeT eTaHCaeKsnafanigRbKl;GMNacmkeGayRBHGgvij eRkayBIedaHRsay
bBaaeyokkugQanBanecjBITwkdIcb;keday. RBHGg)anyageTARbeTs r:UsSI nig RbeTscin edIm,I
EsVgrkkarKaMRT. eBlenaHcin)anKaMRT yYnCaGkCYyBIeRkayxg snadeNImraCblgmkeGay
RBHGgvij. tamkarjHjg;rbs;BYkkumynis sIhnu eGaybegItrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<Ca enAfTI 23
ExmIna qaM 1970 edayRBHGgCaRbFanrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<Ca rYmCamYyBYkExrRkhm EdldwknaM
eday b:ul Bt eGog sarI exov sMpn. cMENkyYnkumynisvij CaGkCYyExrRkhmxagRKab;rMesv
kaMePIgtUc FM es,og kmaMg nigkarhVwkhVWneFIVeGaymanCyCMnHelIExrsaFarNrd enAfTI 17 Exemsa
qaM1975. eRkayBITTYl)anCyCMnHelIBYksarFarNrdExr ln; nl; yYn)anelIkGMNaceGayExr
Rkhm Exrkumyniis. yYnEdl)anEkgePTeTACaExr nigExrEdlyYnbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_
kumynisenaH )anTTYlbBaaBIhaNUy eGaymke)assMGatExrsaFarNrdEdlRbqaMgyYn CaehtunaM
eGaymanrbbRblyBUCsasn_Exrrab;lannak;ekItmanenAkgRbeTsExr
nigExrenAkm<CaeRkam
enAkgrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety. edIm,Icab;ExrGkRbqaMgnigyYnkumynis eKrkelsecaTRbkan;
TMlak;kMhus dUcCa eKecaTRbkan;faPak;gar sIu Gay eG rbs;Gaemrik ka es eb bxaMgrbs;bdivtn_
ehIycab;ykeTAsmab; . ExrPaKeRcInenAkgsaFarNrdExr mannisSit bBavn GkeshaCati
RtUveKkab;smab;Gs;enAkgrbbenaH. rbbRblyBUCsasn_enH eFIVeGayExrxUceQaHya:gxaMgenA
elIqakGnrCati faExrCatisasn_eXaeXA smab;Catisasn_g cMENkyYncMeNjTaMgTwkdI nigRTB
sm,tiExr edayfTI 7 Exmkra qaM1979 yYn)ancUlmkbrneya)ayfI elIkbnbExrevotmij
EdlyYn)anbNHbNal dUcCa Eb:n suvN can; sIu ehg sMrin hun Esn Ca sIum eGayeFIVtam
neya)ayrbs;xn.

f 7 mkra 1979 minEmnCafEdlyYnrMedaHExreT b:uEnCafEdlyYnQanBanExr bn;RTB

sm,tiExr bnkab;smab;ExrtamyuTsaRs edayecaTfa b:ul Bt nigbBanExreGaysab;enA tMbn; k
5eTot. yYn)andak;kgTB 120 000 nak; eFIVGaNaniKmn_elITwkdIExr ehIyEkERbneya)aytam

sankarN_ Cabnbnab;rhUtmkdl;bcb,n. BYkkumynisEdlRbqaMgyYnExrRkhm RtUvpas;brfI

edayBYkkumynisExrRkhmniymyYn ehIyyYnhaNUyelIkbnbeGaykan;GMNac dUcmanBYk hun
Esn ehg sMrin nigCa sIum Edl\LvenH BYkenHkMBugEtRtYtRtaRbeTsExr.
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

dUcenHbkSkumynis\Ncin hU CImij )ancab;epImneya)ayGaNaniKmn_EbbfIelIRbeTsExr

nig RbeTslav edaycat;TukCnCatievotNamPaKeRcInEdlrs;enAkgRbeTsTaMgenH CaCnCatiExr b
CnCatilav . karGnuvtEpnkaredIm,IRtYtRtaExrenH eK)anbBalPak;garyYnkumynisEdl)anGb;rM

bNHbNalenAhaNUyrYcehIy edIm,IbegItmuxrbrepSgedayxneKenAkgRbeTsTaMgenH ehIy\Lv

enHkUnRbus nigkUnRsIrbs;CnCatievotNamTaMgenaH)anerobcMdwknaMrebobkumynisenAkgRbeTsExr
niglav. eRkayBIcb;sRgam\NcinelIkTI 3 yYn)anrkSaTukkgTByYnenAkgRbeTslav mancMnYn
ya:geRcInedIm,ICYykumynisRbeTsLav kgkarbRgabBYk m:ug EdlKaMRTedayshrdGaemrik.
cMENkRbeTsExrvij eRkayBIkarcrcarKa nigcuHhtelxa elIsnisBaaRkug)a:rIs 23 tula 1991
yYn)andkEtkgTBksNan edayyYn)anbgb;TukkgTBsIuvilCaeRcIneFIVkarenAkgRksYgsMxan; enA
kgRbeTsExr tamkarGnuBaatedayKNbkSRbCaCnkm<Ca kgkarbRgabBYkGkRbqaMgnigyYn
kumynis . cMeBaHRbCaCnyYn)anhUrmkrs;enAelITwkdIExr CaCnGenaRbevsn_xusc,as;ya:g GaNa
Fibety manGtsBaaNbNCaCnCatiExreTotpg dUcCaenA bwgTensab c,arGMeBA GkelOg RkecH
kMBg;qaMg nigkMBg;camCaedIm. karbRgabrbs;yYnkumyniseTAelIBYkRbqaMgTaMgBIrRbeTsEdleK
ecaTfaCabrivaGaemrikaMg bBYkRbtikiriya KWeKeFIVdl;bsKl;vaEtmg EdlmanBakesakeKniyayfa
CIkesACIkTaMgbs mannyfasmab;GkRbqaMg brivaGaemrikkaMgeGayGs; enHCaBakmenaKmn_
EdlyYnsabeRBaHelIExr edIm,IeGayExrsmab;Exr edaymindwgxn EtpyeTAvij yYnCaGkcMeNjkg
karelbTwkdIExr eBlEdlGkR)aCJ bBavnExrsab;Gs;.

RbFanaFibtIGaemrik rIqat nicsun Bnl;BIkarQanBanrbs;yYnkumynisenA\Ncin

bcb,nenH yYn)anbnneya)aykumynis\Ncinrbs; hU CImij edIm,IRtYtRtaExr nig lav
edayeFIVeGayeKemIleXIjfa RbeTslavCaextmYyrbs;yYnxageCIg. cMENkRbeTsExrvij yYn)an
rkSaTukkgTBesokBak;sIuvilcMnYn 3000 nak; edayrYmbBalTaMgPak;garcarkm nigkmaMgBiess
EdlmanrfeRkaH nig]TmcRksitenAcMgayRbmaN 2 KILEm:RtknHenAeRkATIRkugPMeBj Cab;TYl
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

RksMag Ek,rtaexA CaBiessTahanyYn EdlesokBak;sIuvilmkeFIVCakmkrcMkarekAsU nigtamry

rUbPaB RkumhunvinieyaK deNImrwbGUsykdIRbCaBlrdExrCabnbnab;. TahanyYnmanenATIenaH edIm,I
FanaGegtemIlfa Gay:grbs;haNUy hun Esn mingakerBIneya)ayrbs;RkughaNUykMBugdak;
GaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfIenAelIRbeTsExr. cMENkGgrkSrbs; hun Esn EdldwknaMeday Gwug bun ehog
CaCnCatiyYnlayLMCamYyExrmancMnYn 40 000 nak;.
kumyniseyokNam)ancab;epImdak;GaNaniKmn_EbbfIelIRbeTsExr nigRbeTslav tam
eKalneya)ayBRgIkTwkdIrbs;xn edaydMbUgeKykkgTBmkkan;kab;TwkdIRbeTsTaMgBIr ehIybnab;
mkeKykRkumRKYsarrbs;eKmktaMgCMrkenAkgTwkdIfI. eRkaymkeTot yYnpas;brkgTBTaMgenaH eTA
esokBak;CasIuvil eFIVCaRbCaBlrdsamBa nig)anpas;brTahanTaMgenaHCakgTBmYyfI edIm,IBRgIk
kmaMgbEnmeTot.
enAqaM 1989 eRkayBIyYn)ancaj;eRbobxagneya)aykarTUtrbs;clnatsUTaMg 3 RkumenA
tamRBMuEdnExrf yYn)anbgMGay:g hun Esn eGaycuHhtelxaxusc,ab;GnuBaatpl;dIPaKxagekIt
nRbeTsExreGaykgTByYn nigBlrdevotNamTaMgenaHCag 500 000 nak; dUckalEdl sI hnu
cuHhtelxasat;eGayeyokkugenAqaM1965 Edr. ehtudUecHehIy yYnnUbnIykmenAkgRbeTsExr
ekItmantaMgBIyYn)ankan;kab;RtYtRtaExrenAf 7 mkra 1979 mk. yYnbgMeGayrbbGay:g
RkugPMeBjecjpSayenAqaM 1982 saracrN_elx 240 sr mc hh nigsaracrN_GMBavnav
eGayRbCaBlrdExrTaMgGs;BicarNaGMBIkarBRgIksamKIPaB CamYyRbCaBlrdevotNam nigParkic
rbs;eKkgkarCYyCnCatievotNamedIm,IRCkekanenAkgRbeTsExr. enAqaM 1989 cMnYnCnCatiyYn
taMgCMrkenAkgRbeTsExrmanrhUtdl; 1 250 000nak;. eRkaymkyYn)anbegItEpnTIfI bgitRBMEdn
fIBRgIkrhUtdl; 40 KILEm:RtcUlmkTwkdIExr nigTwkdIlav. hun Esn )ankat;dItamRBMEdn kat;
ekaHRtl; nigekaHesHTaMgenaHeGayRkughaNUyCapvkar tamrysniisBaaCabnbnab; nigfIbMput
snisBaabMeBjbEnmelIsnisBaaxusc,ab;naTsvtS 1980 EdlcuHhtelxaenAfTI 10 tula 2005
edayRBHmhakSRt neratm sIhmunI. RbCaBlrdyYnPaKeRcInenAxagekItnRbeTsdUcCa
ext sVayevog nigRBEvg.
yYnkumynis)anbnneya)ayrbs;xneFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfI edayBRgIkmktamRBMEdn dUcCa
tameqrsmuRT nigekaH ekaHRtl; ekaHRkckesHtamsnisBaaxusc,ab;EdlrbbGay:gRkugPMeBj
)aneFIVxusrMelaPelIsnisBaaTIRkug)a:rIs.
\LvenH GgkarmitPaBkm<CaevotNamEdlmaneQaHfa rNsirSrYbrYm edIm,IksagCati nig
karBarkm<Ca CarNsirSrbs;yYn)anbegIteLIgenAextRkugTaMgGs;enAkgRbeTsExr. rNsirSenH
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

eRbobdUcCarNsirSrMedaHCatiEdlbegIteLIgeday haNUy GMLgeBlsRgamevotNam EdlehAfa

sRgam\NcinelIkTI 2Edr.
enAeBlfIenH naqaM 2004 evotNam)anbBaaeGayrbbkumynisGay:g lav nigExr
cuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBogGPivDn_tMbn;RtIekaN. kicRBmeRBogenHeFIVeGayyYnBRgIkTwkdIeday
Rsbc,ab;eq<aHmkTwsxaglic mkext cMnYn 3 enAPaKxag|sannRbeTskm<Caman swgERtg rtnKIrI
nigmNlKIrI ehIyext 3 nRbeTslav man GatW BW eskug nig sarava:n;. RkumhuncMkarekAsU
nigRkumhunepSgcMnYn 400 Rkumhun EdlCaKMrbbiT)aMgkgTByYncUlmkenAkgRbeTsExr eFIVCa
kmkr ehIynigviTyYn EdlniyayPasayYnenARkugRBHsIhnuCaedIm.
eTaHbICa hU CImij sab;eTAehIykeday kb:uEnEpnkarrbs;hUCImijenAEteKykmkGnuvt
Cabnbnab;rhUtmkdl;bcb,n edayyklMnaMtamrebobshPaBsUevot. RbeTsExr\LvenHRKb;RKg
edayGay:grbs;haNUy hun Esn nig RtYtRtaBIeRkayxgminecjmuxedayyYnkumynis.
II

-bsKl;nrbbRblyBUCsasn_Exr

(The Root of Khmer Genocide)

rhUtmkdl;eBlenH RbCaBlrdExrPaKeRcInenAEtmancml; nigmin)andwgc,as;GMBImUlehtu

nkarsab;BlrdExrRbmaNCag 1>7 lannak;enAkgrbb b:ul Bt . CaBiessExreyIgmYycMnYn Edl
)ak;s,atedaykarKMramkMEhgrbs;BYkkumynis EdleFIVRKb;Ebbya:gmineGayExryl;dwgBGMBIerOg
neya)ay niyayerOgneya)ayCati KwtKUrerOgCati edayBYkvaxitxMlak;)aMgRbvtisaRsBitrbs;Exr.
BYkkumynis)anBgVk;eGayExrvegVgtamkarbMBulmenaKmn_epSg kareXasna EdlCakarerobcM
rbs;BYkkumynis . BYkvaeFIVeGayExrenAvegVgCamYykarbMPnrbs;kumynisyYn nigkareRbIkll,ic
eXasna rMlwkEtsmy b:ulBt edIm,IeGayExrcgkMhwgnigExrKag Ebk)ak;samKI ehIydwg
KuNyYnf 7 mkra 1979 faCaGklmkCYyseRgaHExrCaedIm. EtBYkenHmin)anlatRtdag GMBI
RbvtisaRsBitR)akdrbs;Exr taMgBIsmysgmraRsniym saFarNrdExr cab;BITsvtSqaM 60
rhUtmkdl;bcb,n edIm,IeGayExr)andwgenaHeT. eRBaHfa ebIniyayBIkarBitenAkgRbvtisaRs
vab:HBal;GkmanGMNacsBVf nigneya)ayQanBanrbs;yYnkumynis. cab;BIeBlenHeTAExrQb;
vegVgeTotehIy kalBIeBlEdlBYkyYnkumynis eyokkugQanBandeNImCyCMnelIExrTaMg
Rsug enAf 17 emsa 1975 BYkeK)anbMpaj Km<Irk,nxat nigsmab;ExrGkecHecalGs; edIm,I
pac;bsKl;Exr mineGaydwgGMBIRBwtkarN_ nig RbvtisaRsekIteLIgcenaHeBlenaH. BYkyYnkumynis
CaGkerobcMEpnkareGayExrFak;eTAkgrbbRblyBUCsasn_enH edayyYn)anyklTikumynis Ca
meFay)ay mksabeRBaHbNHbNalelIExr KYbpSMCamYyemdwknaMExr dUc sI hnu nig b:ul Bt
EdlelaPln;GMNac lg;eCOkare)akR)as; cin nigyYn eFIVeGayExrekItklyuK RkLab;cak;Fak;cuH
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

kab;smab;Ka. kl,icxIkmaMgExr tamkareRbImenaKmn_enHehIy eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdExr eyIgenAEt

yl;RcLMfa Exrsmab;Exr rhUtmkdl;sBVf. yYnkumynisEkERbneya)aybnicmg tamryeRbI
hun Esn CakUnGuk bnRtYtRtaExr edayminecjmux. eBlEdlExrFak;cuHexSaydl;kMritsUn KanKm<Ir
ksar sab;GkecHdwgGs;ehIy yYngayRsYlRtYtRtaExr EkERbRbvtisaRs edIm,IelbykTwkdIExr
nigdeNImplRbeyaCn_BIExrdUcsBVf. dUcenHGkEdlsmab;Exr KWyYnkumynis bkumynis\Ncin
EdlykliTikumynisCameFa)ay bMBak;bMb:nExr eGaysmab;Exr nigemdwknaMExrmYycMnYn Edllg;
kgGMNac raCblg bMerIeFIVCa]bkrN_yYn edIm,IeFIVeGayExrvwkvr kab;smab; elbykTwkdIExr
tamEpnkarshBn\Ncin. edIm,IrMelIgCatiExreGayFak;exSay gayRsYleKRKb;RKgRtYtRta
ksarRtUveKbMpajecal bBavnRtUveKsmab; cMENkRbvtisaRsExreRkaymkeTot RtUv)aneK
lak;)aMg EkERbbM)at;kgeKalbMNgcMeNjneya)ay CaBiessKWksar RbvtisaRsneya)ay
Bak;BneTAnwgemdwknaMkumynispac;karnaeBlbcb,n. ehtudUecHehIy bsKl;nrbbRblyBUC
sasn_Exr KWCaEpnkarrbs;yYnkumynisEdlykliTikumynisCameFa)ay BgVk;emdwknaMExr
Edlmanesc sIhnu b:ul Bt hun Esn eGayedIrtammenaKmn_kumynis EdleKalbMNgcugeRkay
KWedIm,IelbTwkdIExr dak;CacMNuHyYntamEpnkarshBn\Ncinrbs;yYnhaNUy.
III

-ehtuGIV)anCaExrFak;kgrbbRblyBUCsasn_?

(Why Cambodia fell in Genocide?)

dUc)anerobrab;xagelImkehIyfa kumynisExr manedImkMeNItmkBIbkSkumynis\Ncin

EdlCasaxarbs;bkSkumynisGnrCati begIteLIgedayyYn hU CImij enATIRkug hug kug fTI 3 kum
1930. bkSkumynis\NcinenHmankarKaMRT pl;hirBavtBIkumynisGnrCati. bkSkumynis
\Ncin)anbegItsaxarbs;xnenARbeTsExr nigenARbeTslav KWbkSkumynisExr nigbkSkumynis
lav RBmTaMgsaxaenARbeTsmYycMnYneTot dUcCa f ma:eLsIu nigsigbUrICaedIm. karEdlExrsab;
TaMgExreRkam nigExrkngmk vaCaEpnkardexARkxVk;rbs;yYnkumynis kgkarrMlayBUCsasn_Exr
edIm,IbMeBjmhictarbs;xnkgkarelbTwkdIrbs;RbeTsCitxagenAtMbn;\NcinEtb:ueNaH. BYkeK)an
eRbIviFIbMPnlak;)aMgExr EkRkLRbvtisaRsExreTACaRbvtisaRs\Ncin sRtUvbgbn eGaykUnExr
eron eFIVtamRKb;meFa)ay eKobsgt;ExrmineGaymansiTiesrIPaB mineGayExrdwgBIneya)ay
niyayBIerOgRbeTsCati edayecaTRbkan;tamviFIepSgcMeBaHGkEdlniyaykarBit bRbqaMg. eFIV
eGayExrxac mineGayExrniyayGMBIerOgneya)ay nigRbvtisaRsrbs;xn edaymankarKMramkMEhg
cab; nigsmab;tamkareRbIvIFIRKb;Ebbya:g. bkSkumynisExrdwknaMedayyYnbnMxn eFIVCaExreQaH swg
g:ukmij bGacar emon nigTUsamut sa Lutsr EdlCasaxarbs;bkSkumynis\Ncin.
yYnkumynis)ancUlmkeFIVclnaneya)ayCasmat;enAkgTwkdIExrenAtMbn;cMkarekAsU extkMBg;cam
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

enAsMLt nigkMBt cab;taMgBIqaM 1946. yYn)aneXasnaeGayExr niglavcUlrYbrYmCamYyeK

edIm,IedjGaNaniKmn_)araMgecjBITwkdI EtenABIeRkayxgneya)ayenH yYn)anerobEpnkarRtYtRta
\NcinCMnYs)araMgvij eRBaHyYnman cin nigsUevot CaGkenACYyBIeRkayxg. enAqaM1954 )araMg)an
cuHhtelxaenATIRkughSWENv RbKl;kraCmkeGay\Ncin eBlEdlyYn)aneFIVsRgamQH)araMgenA
eDon ebonPU. eRkayBIyYnTTYl)ankraCBI)araMgehIy tamsnisBaaRkughSWENv)antMrUveGay
kgTByYn eyokmij dkecjBIRbeTsExr niglavTaMgGs;. eBlenaHyYn)andkecjBIRbeTsExr
edayyYn)ancab;kUnExrtUceTACamYypg edIm,IykeTAbNHbNal enATIRkug haNUy.
cMENk sa Ltsr EdlTTYl)anGaharrUbkrN_eTAsikSaRbeTs)araMgEpkGKIsnI)ancab;
GarmN_erOgneya)ay ehIy)anGanesovePAkumynisesovePARkhmenARbeTs)araMg. dMbUg
eLIy sa Ltsr )andwknaMeFIVkartsURbqaMg nigkardwknaMrbbskiPUmirbs; neratm sI hnu taMgBI
Kat;kMBugsikSaenARbeTs)araMg eRkaymkesc neratm sIhnu )ankat;pac;GaharUbkrN_vij edayKat;
minTan;eroncb;pg kRtLb;mkRbeTsExrvij. eRkayeBlEdlKat;mkdl;RbeTsExr edaykarmin
eBjcitnigrbbskiPUmi dwknaMeday sIhnu Kat;)anerobcMeFIVneya)aybdivtn_enAkgRbeTsExr ehIy
Epnkar)anEbkdwgdl;GaCJaFr sIhnu eTIb sIhnu )anRbkasedjcab; sa Lts nigGkcUlrYm
kgkickarenHmYycMnYneTot mancMnYn 63 nak;kgenaHman sun esn Edr. eBlenaH sa Ltsr
)anrt;cUlRBehIy)ancUleTAeFIVCaelxarbs; TU samut EdldwknaMeday swug g:ukmij. eyIgeXIjfa
yYn)anCYyExrRkhmeGayRbqaMg nigneratm sIhnu

sIhnu CaemExrRkhm bMerIneya)ayeGayBYkkumynis yYn nig cin

EtBIeRkayxgmageTotyYn)ansMueGay sIhnuu CYypl;es,ogGarhar nigTwkdICMrkdl;yYn

eyokkugedIm,IeFIVsRgamCamYyeyokNamxagt,g nigshrdGaemrik. sRgamenH)anFak;mk
elIRbeTsExr eFIVeGayvinasGnray dUcykePIgmkdutpHxng. yYnxageCIgcab;epImsRgamCamYy
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

yYnxagt,gtaMgBIqaM 1958 ehIysRgamenH)anrIkraldalenAelITwkdIExrCabnbnab; cab;BIqaM 1965

edaysarEt sI hnu )anGnuBaatpl;TwkdIExrPaKxagekItcMnYn 5 ext eGayyYneyokkugdak;TBcMnYn
60 000 nak; eTA 80 000 nak; eFIVsRgamEdlkalenaHkgTBExrmanEtcMnYn 30 000 nak; .
cMENkExrenAkm<CaeRkam RtUv)anyYneXasnaeGaycUlbMerIxagyYnkumynis edayyYnkumynisyk
eQaH sIhnu eTAeXasnafarMedaHTwkdIkm<CaeRkam ExreRkammYycMnYneTot)ancUleTAxagyYnxagt,g
esrI edIm,IRbqaMgnigkarQanBanrbs;BYkyYnkumynis. yYnkumynisykrUbftsemc sIhnu nig
fasftsemg edIm,IeFIVkareXasnaeGayExreCO sIhnu cUlrYmCamYysemc edIm,IeFIVsRgamrMedaHExr
km<CaeRkam. ehtuenHExrCaGksab;TaMgsgxag kumynis nigesrI edayyYnxIdExrsmab;Exr.
cMENkExrxagelIvij ExrmagxagsaFarNrd ExrmageTotxag sIhnu b:ul Bt nigkumynisyYn.
BYkyYneyokkug)anykrUbsBaa sIhnu Bak;bMPnExreGayKMaRTfaCakgTB semc edIm,IeGayExr
KaMRT. sRgamrvagyYnxageCIg nigyYnxagt,g)anbBab;enAf 30 emsa 1975 KW 13 fb:ueNaH
eRkayBIyYnkumynisQHExrsaFarNrdenAf 17 emsa 1975. yYnTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_
cMeNjCaeRcIn dUcCa CMnYyBIcin EdlCYyyYnkumynis CMnYyBIGaemrik EdlCYyyYnxagt,gesrI
EtExreRkam nigExrsab;rab;lannak; ebIkkaseGayyYnlukluy cUlmkkan;kab;elbTwkdIExr
bcb,neTot. eBlEdlkgTBeyokkugenABaseBjTwkdIExrPaKxagekItnigtamRkugRBHsIhnu dl;
extkMBg;s<W sI hnu min)anenAedaHRsaybBaakgTByYnenAelITwkdIExr EdlxnGnuBaatCasmat;
enaHeT EtEbrCacakecjeTAedIrkMsanenARbeTs)araMgCamYyPriya mU:niceTAvij . RBHmata kusm
)ansresrsMbuRt eTAyagRBHGgmkvij EtRBHGgsuxcitsab;Priyanigmayekk min)anyag
RtLb;mkvij edIm,IedaHRsayeyokkugenAeBjTwkdIExr eTaHbICaRBHGg)ansnaCamYyGktMNag
raRsfa RBHGgnigyagmkRbeTsExr enAfTI 17 ExmIna qaM1970 edIm,IedaHRsaybBaaenaHkeday
EtpyeTAvij RBHGg)anbdiesFkgkaryagRtLb;mkvij. ehtudUecH edIm,IedaHRsayyYnkumynis
EdlkMBugEtQanBanTwkdIExr eTIbenAf 18 mIna 1970 sirimt ln; nl; eFIVkarRbCMusPa
TMlak;neratm sIhnu ecjBIGMNac edIm,IedjyYneyokkugecjBITwkdIExr. eRkayBI ln; nl;
TMlak;esc sIhnu mk sIhnu )aneFIVdMeNIreTARbeTsr:UsIS nigbnab;mkeTARbeTscin edIm,IEsVgrkkar
KaMRT deNImGMNac raCblgmkvij . edaymancin nigyYnenABIeRkayxg cin)anbBaHbBaleGay
saLt s nigsIhnurYbrYmKabegItCarNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<CamYyenATIRkugeb:kaMg enAfTI 23 ExmIna
qaM1970 eFIVsRgamCamYyExrsarFarNrd Edlman ln; nl; nigesrImt CaedIm. kgenaH
cinCaGkCYy xagsBVavuF es,og cMENkyYnCaGkCYyxagbeckeTs hVwkhat; bBalmenaKmn_
nigCYykmaMgc,aMg dl;ExrRkhm. edIm,IEtGMNac nigraCblg sIhnu min)anKitBIplRbeyaCn_
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

RbeTsCati nigGayuCivitrbs;RbCaBlrdExrEdlsab;enaHeLIy. kgTBeyokkug EdlmanenAkg

TwkdIExrRsab;)anBak;pakrUbPaB sI hnu R)ab;RbCaBlrdExrCakgTB semc edIm,IeGay
RbCaBlrdExrCYyKaMRT eRBaHyYndwgfaeBlenaHesc sIhnu enAmanRbCaRbiycMeBaHRbCaBlrdExr
enAeLIy. ExrPaKeRcIn)anCYyKaMRTCYyyYneyokkugTaMgenaH edIm,IeFIVsRgamCamYykgkmaMgExr
saFarNrd ExrGkeshaCati Edlman nisSit bBavn RBHsg RbCaBlrdExr)anrYbrYmKaeLIg.
cMENkExrmYycMnYneTotlg;eCO kareXasnarbs;yYneyokkug EdlykeQaH sIhnu mkeRbI
nigkarRbkasrbs; esc sIhnu eGayExrrt;cUlRBma:KI edIm,Ic,aMgdeNImGMNac nigraCblgmk
eGayRBHGgvij. TIbMputBYkExrRkhm Edl RbqaMg nerat sIhnu )anrYbrYmKa edayman cin nigyYn
eyokkugCaGkCYy edIm,Ic,aMgnigExrsarFarNrd ln; nl; EdlRtg;cMNucenH Exr)anedIr
eRkamyuTsaRsrbs;BYkkumynis eFIVtamBYkkumynis xIdExr eFIVsRgamCamYyExr ExrCaGkxat
RbCaBlrdExrCaGksab; TwkdIExrRtUvbMpajedaysarsRgam TIbMputRbeTsExrRtUvFak;kgkNab;d
yYnkumynis.
eBlEdlkgTBshrdGaemrik)andkecjBI\Ncin eRkayBIcuHhtelxaCamYyyYnenATIRkug
hSWENvenAqaM1973 edIm,IbBab;sRgam\NcinelIkTI 2 yYn)anenAEtbneFIVsRgamQanBanExreTot
eRkampak sIhnu nigExrRkhm CaGkbiT)aMgeGayGnrCatiemIleXIjfa sRgamsIuvil rhUtdl;yYn
kumynis)anQHsaFarNrdExrenAf 17 emsa 1975 ehIyelIkCyCMnHenaHeTAeGayExr Rkhm
Edlman sIhnu nigb:ul Bt CaemdwknaM cMENkyYnvij)anpas;brexaGaveyokkugeTABak;Gav
bnMxneFIVCaExrRkhm bnsmab;Exr. enAeBlEdlExrRkhmTTYl)anCyCMnHenaH kalenaHExrRkhm
manbIRkumTI1 ExrRkhm EdlyYncab;eTAbNHbNaledayRkughaNUy BYkenHsMrab;eFIVCa
BiCXatsmab;ExrEdlRbqaMgyYnedaykarecaTRbkan;epSg dUcCaecaTfa Pak; sIu Gay eG kareseb
nig brivaGaemrikaMgCaedIm. TI2 ExrRkhmEdlKaMRT sIhnu TI3 ExrRkhmEdlKaMRT b:ul Bt
ExrTaMgbIRkumenH suTEtbNHbNalmenaKmn_viCaneya)ayxusTws BIhaNUy cgkMhwgnigExr
smab;ExrEtKaMRTyYn. ehtudUcenHehIy GkEdlbgvinasskmsmab;ExrenAkgRbeTsExrenAkg
rbbenH KWRkumBiCXatEdlyYn)anbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumynismk ehIyBYkBiCXatTaMgenaHRtUv
)aneKbBanCabnbnab; BIRkughaNUycUlmkkgrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety edIm,Ismab;Exr yYnyk
liTikumynisenHCameFa)ay xIdExreGaysmab;Exr edIm,IbMPnExreGay emIleXIjfaExrsmab;Exr
cMeNjneya)ayyYn 7 mkra 1979. RkumTaMgenHTTYlEpnkar pal;BIRkughaNUy edIm,Ismab;Exr
CIkesACIkTaMgbs. menaKmn_rbs;BYkkumynisyYn RbqaMgnigBYkRbtikiriya brivar EdlsMedArMelIg
bsKl;rbs;CatiExr eGaydYlrlMFak;cuH eFIVeGayExrRcbUkRcbl; CaehtunaMeGayExrRkhmxag
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

b:ulBt mankarsgSy ehIybegIteGaymankarkab;smab;tbtvij eRkayBIyYnkkUrsankarN_kg

sgmExr enHCakareRKagTukrbs;yYn eRkayBIExrRcbUlRcbl;vikvrkgRbeTsehIy yYn)ancUlmk
EkERbneya)ayfI 7 mkra 1979. eBlEdleKsmab;Exr GkecHdwgGs;ehIy dUcenHRbeTsRtUv
Fak;kgkarRKb;RKgrbs;BYkkumynis\NcinEdlmanyYnCaemekagrhUtmkdl;eBlenH. cMeBaHExr
EdlenAsl;sBVf xac)ak;s,at minhanniyaykarBit manEtkarQWcab;eFVIKr eFIVfg;minhanniyay
bBaaBitEdlekIteLIgenAkgsgm nigeGank,aleRkamyYnedIm,ICivitrs; edaykarekobsgt;RKb;Ebb
ya:gtamkareRbIGMNacpac;karrbs;BYkkumynissBVf etIeyIgbeNayTukeGayCatiExrTaMgmUlRtUv

rlay)at;bg; ehIyTukevTnaRtUvFak;elIkUnecAeyIgCMnan;eRkayeTot bmYyya:gNa?.

-bsKl; f 7 mkra

IV

(The Root of 7 January)

dUc)anerobrab;xagelImkehIyfa neya)ayrbs;yYnkumyniseFIVtamEpnkarrbs;hU CImij

EdlerobcMtaMgBIqaM 1930. edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdCaeRcInrbs;xnrs;enARsYl yYnRtUvvatTITwkdIenA
tMbn;\Ncin dUcmanRbeTs lav Exr cam nig ExrenAkm<CaeRkam edIm,Idak;CacMNuHrbs;
shBn\Ncin. yYnkumynis)aneFIVsRgam lukluyRbeTsExr eRbIl,ickl, yuTsaRsRKb;viFI
edIm,IeFIVeGayCatiExrFak;exSay. yYn)anerobcMEpnkar pac;bsKl;CatiExreGaydYlrlMFak;exSay
enAkgrbbb:ul Bt dUcCakardutKm<Ir k,nxat lubbM)at;RbvtisaRs nigsmab;GkR)aCJ bBavnCaedIm.
sUmbBaak;fa rbbExrRkhm EdlmansIhnu CaRbFanrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<CaeFIVkarshkarCamYy b:ul
Bt enH KWmanyYnRkhm kumynis behAfaeyokkugnigcin CaGkCYyRKb;Ebbya:g rab;taMgBIkar
bNHbNal pl;sBVavuF RKab;rMesv CYyc,aMgCamYykgTB ln; nl; esrImt rhUt)anCyCMn
enAf17 emsa1975. BYkeyokkugTaMgenH )anelIkCyCMneGayBYk ExrRkhm Exrkumynis.
eyokkugEdlenAkgExrRsab; nig ExrEdlyYnbNHbNal brexaGaveTAesokBak;exaGavexA bnM
eFIVExr Rkhm edIm,IbMPneGayeXIjfa Exrsmab;Exr enAkgrbbenH. eRkayBIyYnkkUrsankarN_
eGayFak;cuHdl;kMritsUnehIy yYn)anbrneya)ayfI vaylukQanBanExr kan;kab;TwkdIExrTaMgRsug
bnkab;smab;ExrfTI 7 mkra 1979Etmg. karbMpajexcxIKm<Irk,nxat smab;GkR)aCJ GkecHdwg
EdlCaRKwHya:grwugmaMrbs;Catisasn_Exr ehIybnSl;TukGkEdlecHdwgBIneya)aytictYc. bnab;mk
BYkeKxitxMEkRkLRbvtisaRsfIeGaykUnecAExrCMnan;eRkayeron. edIm,IcMeNjneya)ayelbTwkdI
yYnlak;)aMgRbvtisaRsBitR)akd mineGayExrCMnan;eRkay)andwgc,as;las; eFIVeGayExrvegVgrkkar
BitmineXIj. \LvenHtamRKb;salaeron nayksalaeKbgMeGaykan;KNbkSRbCaCn hammin
eGayExreronRbvtisaRs niyayBIRbvtisaRsBitR)akd hamR)amRKUmineGayniyayBIerOgsgmBit
nig RbvtisaRsBit. ebIelakRKUGkRKUNahanniyaykarBit enaHeKecaTfaerOgneya)ay bbeRgon
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

neya)ay. EteKkMBugEtbeRgonRbvtisaRs\NcinCMnYsvij yYnCaGkmanKuN CYyrMedaHExr

CaedIm. dUcenHehIy eyIgeXIjfabsKl;rbs; f 7 mkra KW yYnkumynis shBn\Ncin
Edl)anyklTikumynismksabeRBaHelIExr. yYnQHExr taMgBIf 17 emsa 1975 eday
eRbIneya)ayTaMgRtCak;TaMgekA eRbIBYkExrkumynis bExrRkhmEdlniymyYn ehg sMrin Ca sIum
hun Esn eGaykan;GMNacCMnYs rhUtmkdl;bcb,nedIm,IelbTwkdIExr sMerctamEpnkarshBn
\Ncin.

CnCatievotExrlavrYmsamKImWunqa
-yYnkumynisRtYtRtaExr f 7 mkra 1979

(Vietnamese Communist Colonize Cambodia on January 7, 1979)

cab;BIfTI 7 Exmkra qaM1979 yYn)anpas;brneya)ayfI edayyYn)anpas;brExr Rkhm

kumynisniymcinecjBIGMNac elIkbnbExrRkhm kumynisniymyYnvij eGaykan;GMNac. BYk
kumynisEdlniymyYnmandUcCa Eb:n suvN can; sIu ehg sMrin hun Esn Ca sIum say bUfg
nigCaeRcIneTot. yYnelIkExr edIm,IeFIVCa]bkrN_neya)ayeGayxn eRBaHyYn)angakBIcin ehIyPab;
TMnak;TMngCamYyr:UsIu. cinmanCemaHCamYyr:UsIu cin)anbrTMnak;TMngeTArkshrdGaemrikvij. Cak;Esg
enAeBlEdlyYnelIk Eb:n suvN nig can;sIu eGayeFIVCaGay:g bMerIneya)ayrbs;xn EtEb:n suvN
nigcan; sIu mineFIVtamneya)ayrbs;xn yYn)ancak;faM can; sIu smab;enAelIynehaHEdleTABa)al
enARbeTsr:UsIu. cMENk Eb:n suvNvijRtUv hun Esn nig say bUfg XubXitCamYyyYn cab;;yk
eTAdak;KukenATIRkughaNUy cMnYn 10 qaM 52f enHedaysaEb:n suvN manRbBnyYnCakUnRbsar
paMva:n;dug em:HRtUvsab;dUc can; sIu. yYn)anelIkbnbCnelaPGMNacdUc hun Esn Ca sIum nigehg
sMrin eGaykan;GMNacrhUtmkdl;bcb,n. yYn)anQanBankan;kab;TwkdIExr rwbGUsbn;ykRTB
sm,tiExr cab;BIeBlenaHmk ehIyEfmTaMgedjsmab;ExrEdlRbqaMgnigyYn rbbGay:gyYn eday
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

ecaTfaBYk b:ul Bt. cMENkGkEdlenAesssl;Rbus EdlCaGkmankmaMg va)ancab;bgMeGay

eTAeFIVCaTahan nigxHRtUvcab;mkeFIVCaBlkr eTAsab;enAtMbn;k 5 PaKeRcInsab;edaysarCmWRKuncaj;
Can;mInCaedIm. enAkgeBlenaH yYnkumynisCaGkkan;kab;RbeTsExrTaMgRsug. yYn)anedjsmab;
ExrGktsUenAtamCayEdneTot edayeFIVsRgame)assMGat smab;ExrEdltsUCamYyyYnenAtam
CayEdnenAqaM 1984. TIbMputExrtsUtamCayEdn)ancaj;yYn ehIy)anRbmUlKaeTArs;enA
CMrMsayFU nigsayb CaedIm. enAqaM 1985 eTIbshrdGaemrikcab;epImpl;CMnYydl;GktsU eday
pl;TwkR)ak;RbmaN 5 landula pl;smarswk nighVwkhat;TahanenAkaMgdug . cMENkyYnRtUv)an
GnrCati nigRbeTskgtMbn; dUcCa cin Gasan efaleTasedaysar karQanBanrMelaPGFibety
PaBRbeTsExr elIkElgEtRbeTs\NensIuenACaGaBaRkit cMENkRbeTsr:UsSIb:ueNaHEdlKaMRTyYn.
eRkayBIkardYlrlMrbs;shPaBsUevotenAqaM 1989 sUevotQb;pl;CMnYyeGayyYn eRBaHr:UsISman
vibtihirBavt edayGs;fivkaBITunbMrug. karGs;fvikaBITunbMrugenH eRBaHEtshPaBsUevotBRgwg
EpkeyaFaxaMgeBk CaBiess xatCaeRcIncMeBaHneya)ayenA\Ncin EtcMeNjenAxagGWur:ubxagekIt.
yYncaj;eRbobxagkarTUt cMeBaHkmaMgGktsU EdlCYy]btmedayshrdGaemrik cin nigGasan.
b:uEntamkarsikSaRsavRCaveXIjfa kgTBGktsUExr BMumanbeckeTsRKb;RKan;kgkareFIVsRgam
eFIVeGaycaj;eRbobkgTByYnEdlmankarhVwkhat;c,as;las; sBVavuFRKb;RKan;. eBlenaH eK)anbBan
kgkmaMgtsUExreGayeTAeronenA m:aeLsIu nigRbeTsf . eRkaymkeTIbkmaMgtsUmaneRbob
elIyYnkumynis nigBYkGay:g ehg sMrin hun Esn eRBaHsUevotEdlCasm<nmiRtrbs;yYn
)ancaj;GaemrikkgsRgamRtCak; sUevot)angakeTArkshrdGaemrikvij enAkgrdaPi)al kU )aqUv
edIm,IeGayesdkicrbs;xndMeNIrkarlvij. ehtudUcenHehIy eTIbyYn)anpas;br\riyabfeGay hun
Esn nigsIhnu ccarcuHsnisBaasniPaBTIRkug)a:rIsnaf 23 tula 1991 edIm,IRbmUlExr
GkeshaCati cUlkgRTugeGayBYkkumyniscab;Exrsmab;mgmYymgmYy Cabnbnab;rhUtmkdl;
bcb,n.
VI-sRgamrvagExrGktsU

CamYyyYnQanBan nigrbbkumynispac;kar hun Esn xus c,ab;

(The War between Khmer Resistances with Vietnamese Aggressor and Illegal Dictactor Hun Sen)

cab;taMgBIsRgam\NcinelIkTI 2 naTsvtSTI 60 yYnEtgEteRbIExr eRbIemdwknaMExrEdlelaP

GMNac Ca]bkrN_bMerIneya)ayeGayxn. dUckalBIqaM 1970 yYn)aneRbI sI hnu nig b:ul Bt
Ca]bkrN_ CaKMrbeGayGnrCatiemIleXIjfasRgamEdlekIteLIgCasRgamsIuvil . cMENkenAqaM
1979 yYn)aneRbIBYkkumynis hun Esn Ca]bkrN_sMrab;bMerIneya)ayeGayxn xIdExr
eFIVsRgamCamYyExreTot dUckalEdlyYneFIVsRgamkalBIqaM 1970 EdlyYnxIdExrRkhm b:ul Bt
nigExrRkhm sIhnu mkeFIVsRgamCamYyExrsaFarNrd. enAeBlenaH yYn)anlukluyRbeTsExr
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

BaseBjpRbeTs ehIycab;epImeFIVneya)ayyYnnUbnIykmenAkgRbeTsExr edayTahanyYn)an

ykRbBnExr cMENkRsIyYn)anykbIExr ehIyyYncMnYn 5 nak;enATIRkug bTIRbCMuCn 1 nak;
cMENkenAtamCnbTyYn 1nak;Exr 5 nak;. dMNak;kalenH KWmni xusBIsRgamsmysaFarNrd
b:unaneT eRBaHExrmagKaMRTedaykumynisyYn EdlmanBYkGay:g hun Esn ehIymageTotKaMRTeday
cin GaemrikkaMg Gasan CaehtueFIVeGayGktsUtamCayEdnmaneRbobelIyYn nig rbbkumynis
hun Esn xusc,ab;. eBlEdlshPaBsUevot)andYlrlM ehIybBab;sRgamRtCak;CamYyGaemrik
enAqaM 1989 cMENkRbeTsGalwm:g;)ankayeTACaRbeTsEtmYy sUevot)anQb;CYy]btmyYn
eBlenaHyYn)ansMerccitdkkgTBesokBak;ksNanecjBIRbeTsExrmun EtyYn)anbgb;TukkgTB
yYn EdlesokBak;sIuvilCaeRcInenAkgRbeTsExrvij. yYn)aneRbI hun Esn eTAcrcarCamYy
sI hnu Cabnbnab;rhUtdl;mankicRBmeRBogsniPaBTIRkug)a:rIsenAf 23 tula 1991. yYneFIVdUc
enH edIm,IedaHdBIkarefaleTasBIGnrCati fayYnQanBanExr eFIVeGayGnrCatiemIleXIjfaCa
sRgamsIuvilrvagExrnigExr. ebIeyIgRkeLkemIlenAkgrbbExrRkhmEdlmanExrsab;rab;lan kyYn
eFIVdUcenHEdr edayyYnykExreTAbNHbNalmenaKmn_kumynis eFIVCaBiCXadmksmab;Exr ehIy
eRbIExrRkhm sIhnu b:ul Bt edIrtamneya)ayrbs;xn bMPnExreGayvegVgrhUtmkdl;sBVf.
karcrcarrvag sIhnu nig hun Esn Cabnbnab;enA )a:taya: RbeTsf enAya:kata RbeTs\NensIu
ehIyenATIbMputenA TIRkug)a:rIsRbeTs )araMgenAf 23 tula 1991.
VII

-snisBaaTIRkug)a:rIs

(Paris Agreement Treaties)

snisBaaTIRkug)a:rIs)aneFIVeLIg eRkayBImankarcrcarCabnbnab;rvag sIhnu nig hun Esn

cab;BIqaM 1987 mk. cMENksRgamRtCak;rvagkumynis nigesrI)anbBab;enAqaM 1989.
shPaBsUevoteRbImenaKmn_kumynis cMENkshrdGaemrikeRbImenaKmn_esrI nigRbCaFibety.
shPaBsUevotCaGkKaMRTyYnkumynisTaMgxagbeckeTs GkCMnajkar nigsmarsBVavuF. kgeBl
enaHCMnajkarsUevotTaMgclt nigGciRny_CaeRcInRbmaN 1 Esnnak; eFIVkarenAkgRbeTs
eyokNam. cMENkRbeTscin shrdGaemrik nigGasanCaGkKaMRTclnatsUExrTaMg 3Rkum.
ExrTaMg3Rkum enaHmanRkumTI1 rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdExrdwknaMeday elakta sWn san RkumTI
2 km<Ca RbCaFibetydwknaMeday exov sMpn cMENkRkumTI3 hVinsiunbiuc dwknaMeday neratm sI
hnu. edaysarcin shrdGaemrik nigGasan )andak;sm<aFkarTUteTAelIrda)alRkughaNUy
nigenAeBlEdlshPaBsUevot)andYlrlM minGacKaMRTyYnbneTAeTot eFIVeGayyYncaj;eRbobExr
GktsUxagkarTUt nigneya)aykgRbeTsyYn)andkkgTBesokBak;ksNanRtLb;eTAvij EtTuk
kgTBesokBak;sIuvil bgb;TukenAkgRbeTsExr tamrykarbiT)aMgrbs;KNbkSRbCaCnkm<Ca hun
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

Esn. yYn)aneGay hun Esn mkcrcarCamYy sI hnu EdltMNagGktsUExrCMnYsvij. eBlenaH

yYn)anedaHdecjBIkarefaleTasBIqakGnrCati edayGnrCatiemIleXIjfasRgamEdlekIteLIgenA
RbeTsExrCasRgamsIuvil minEmnCasRgamQanBanenaHeT. karcrcarKaCabnbnab; rvag hun Esn
nig sIhnu rhUtQaneTAdl;kicRBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs enAf 23 tula 1991 Edlman \NensIu nig
)araMg eFIVCashRbFankgeBlcuHhtelxasnisBaasniPaBbYnPaKI sWn san tMNagrNsirS
CatirMedaHRbCaBlrdExr neratm rNriTi hVinsIunbiuc exov sMpn km<CaRbCaFibety nig hun Esn
rdkm<Ca. kalEdlRbeTsTaMg 2 enH eFIVCashRbFanenaH BIeRBaHRbeTsTaMg2 enH CaRbeTs
GBaRkitenAkgsRgam\NcinelIkTI3enH edayminKaMRTxagyYn bKaMRTxagExrGktsU. kicRBm
eRBogTIRkug)a:rIs)annaMeGayRbeTsExr Qb;)aj;Ka nigeFIVeGayRbeTsQaneTArkliTiRbCaFibety
sniPaB tamrykarerobcMe)aHeqatEdlerobcMedayGgkarshRbCaCati ehAkat;fa Guntak;enAqaM
1993. enAeBlenaHKNbkShVinsiunbiuc dwknaMeday neratm rNriTi CaGkQHeqat TTYlsemg)an
58 ekAGI . KNbkSRbCaCnkm<Ca)ancaj;eqatTTYlsemg)an 51 ekAGI. hun Esn erobcMeFIV
Gb,Kmn_enAeRtIyxagekItTenemKg edIm,IeFIVsRgam. sI hnu )anedjGgkarshRbCaCatiecjBITwk
dIExr ehIyEckGMNaceGayBYkkumynis hun Esn EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxgeFIVCanayk
rdmRnITI2.
kicRBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIsf 23 tula 1991 CacMNucrbt;neya)aymYyya:gsMxan;sMrab;
RbvtisaRsExr nigCakIsgwmsMrab;RbCaCatiExrTUeTA BIeRBaHfa kicRBmeRBogenH )annaMExrQan
eTArksniPaB nigliTiRbCaFibetyBitR)akd. b:uEnpyeTAvij kicRBmeRBogenaHRtUv)anlubbM)at;
ecal ERbCa\tny edayCnkumynispac;kar hun Esn mineKarBtamkicRBmeRBogenHeLIy EfmTaMg
eFIVrdRbharsmab;GkeshaCatiExr GkRbCaFibety enAf 5-6 kkda 1997 rMelaPsiTimnusS
Cabnbnab;. Cnpac;kar hun Esn EdlCa]bkrN_neya)ayrbs;yYn )annaMRbeTsExreGayFak;cUl
kgrbbkumyniseRkamyYnRtYtRtadEdl.
VIII

-edImkMeNItliTiRbCaFibetysareLIgvij

(The Democracy Was Reborn)

edImkMeNItliTiRbCaFibetysareLIgvij KWenAeBlEdlGgkarshRbCaCati )anerobcM

e)aHeqatedayesrI nigyutiFmenAkm<CanaqaM 1993. RbeTsCatiRtUvxatbg;CaeRcInenAkgsRgam
lukluyrbs;yYnenH yYnCaGkcMeNjRKb;Ebbya:g rab;cab;taMg RTBsm,ti elIdI eRkamdI EdlyYn
qk;bn;ykeTARbeTseK )at;Twk )at;dI tamsinsi Baaxusc,ab;rvagGay:gyYn nigBYkQanBan.
karBlICivitrbs;ExrGkeshaCati nigbgbnCnrYmCatiExrTaMgGs; ERbCa\tny edaysaremdwknaM
qtlIla tamExSjak;neya)ayrbs;yYnkumynis dUcesc sIhnu nig hun Esn. eyIgsegt
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

eXIjfaenAqaM 1993 RbCaBlrd)aneTAe)aHeqatya:geRcInkuHkr edaysarcg;eGayRbeTsmankar

pas;brRbeTsCatimankarrIkcMerIntamRbCaFibety BIeRBaH RbCaBlrdExrrs;enArgnUvkareKob
sgt;CiHCan; eFIVTukbukemj biTsiTiesrIPaB BIBYkGay:g hun Esn nig yYnkumynis CayUrmkehIy.
GgkarshRbCaCati CaGkerobcMkare)aHeqatmYyedayesrI nigyutiFm. BIeRBaHExr EdlFab;rs;enA
rgkareKobsgt;CiHCan; eFIV)abRKb;Ebbya:grbs;BYkGay:g nigyYnkumynis. b:uEnRbCaBlrdExr
Gs;sgwm edaysar sI hnu )anedjGgkarshRbCaCatiecjBIRbeTs ehIyRbKl;GMNaceGay
BYkkumynis hun Esn vij. kalenaH eKeXIjRbeTsExrdwknaMedaynaykrdmRnI 2 KWnaykmRnITI1
neratm rNriTi nig naykrdmRnITI2 KW hun Esn. cab;BIqaM 1993 mkdl;qaM 1997
RbeTsExr)ansal;enABnWRbCaFibetymYyryeBlxI EteRkaymkBYkkumynis hun Esn)an
eFIVrdRbharsmab;GkRbCaFibety GkeshaCatiGs;RbmaNCag 280 nak;. matuPUmiCaTIesha
rbs;eyIg )anFak;cuHsnSwmbnicmg cUleTAkgkNab;drbs;Cnpac;kar hun Esn EdlsitenAeRkam
yYnRtYtRtaminecjmux rhUtmkdl;bcb,n.
-karFak;cuHRbCaFibety

IX

(Declining down the Democracy)

karFak;cuHRbCaFibetyeTAkgkNab;drbs;BYkkumynisKWcab;taMgBI hun Esn eFIVrdRbhar

deNImGMNacBIKNbkShVnsiunbiuc dwknaMeday neratm rNriT enAfTI 5-6 kkda 1997 emH.
hun Esn elIkbnb Gwug hYt CatuktaCMnYsvij. kareFIVrdRbharenH CaEpnkarrbs;BYkkumynis
EdlmanyYn Caemekag edIm,Ipac;bsKl;GkeshaCati GkRbCaFibetyEdlmankmaMgxaMgeGayGs;
edIm,IgayRsYlyYnnig BYkGay:g eFIV)abRbCaBlrdExrdUcbcb,n. kalenaHeKeXIjmanGk
RbCaFibety nigGkeshaCatiCaeRcIn enAkgKNbkShVnsiunbiuc nig KNbkSRbCaFibety
esIrIniymRBHBuTsasnarbs;elakta sWn san RtUveKcab;ykeTAsmab;dUcCa hY sux RkUc eyOm ecA
sm,ti Ca riTIQut nigCaeRcInnak;eTot RbmaNCit 300nak;. cMENkGkEdlrYcxnenAEss
sl;)anrt;eTAkan;tMbn; GUsac; ehIyeFIVkartsUCamYyBYk hun Esn nig yYnkumyniseTot. BYk hun
Esn )anelIkGMNac xl;eTAeGay Gwug hYt CMnYsvij dUckalEdlyYncUlmkQanBanExr f 7
mkra 1979 ehIyelIkGMNacxl;eGay ehg sMrin nig hun Esn Edr. eBlEdlBYk hun Esn
minGacvayEbkRkumGktsUenAGUsac;RbmaN 300nak; . eBlenaH RBwTsPashrdGaemrik r:UNa
EbKr )ancuHmkRtYtBinitpal;dl;tMbn;GUsac; dMNwgenH)aneFIVeGay sIhnu R)ab;kUnneratm rNriTi
eGayehA jwk bunq xan; saevOn RtLb;cUleTAkgRbeTsvij edaysnafaeGaytMENgCaedIm
EtTIbMputGMNacenaH RtUvBYkkumynisdkbnicmgrhUtdl;cb;Etmg. GIVEdlRbCaBlrdExrenAEt
PnRcLMenaHyl;fa esc sIhnu CaGkRsLaj;kUnecARbCaBlrdExrBitR)akd EdlGkeshaCatiExr
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

GkRbCaFibetyxMdEgrtamRBHGgtaMgBItsURBma:KI tsUtamCayEdnExr-f edaykaryl;RcLMsan

faesc sIhnu bMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayCatiExr RsLaj;karBarRbCaBlrdExr EtTIbMput esc sIhnu
CaCnkumynis EdlEkgxneTAtamCMenarneya)aybMerIeGaykumynis tamkarjak;RbmUlExr
GkeshaCati mkeGayBYkkumynissmab;CafI . sI hnu b:ul Bt hun Esn suTEtCaCnkumynis
EdlehAfa Exr Rkhm.
dUecHehIy eyIgeXIjfa kare)aHeqatEdlekIteLIgCabnbnab;eRkayBIrdRbharqaM 1997
CakarerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCnkm<CaEtb:ueNaH lTple)aHeqatTaMgGs;enaH minEmnecjBIqn
rbs;RbCaBlrdExrBitR)akdeT. karFak;eTAkgGMNacrbs;BYkkumynisenHehIy eFIVeGayBYk
RbCaFibety BYkGkeshaCatiExr RtUveKsmab;Cabnbnab;mkeTot edayKanrkXatkrmkpnaeTas
eLIy. RbeTs)anFak;kgkNab;drbs;mnusSEtmak; rdCaGksMerckickarRKb;Ebbya:g RbCaBlrd
Exr KansiTiesrIPaBkgkarsMerckickarTaMgLay eRBaHxaceKeRbIRbBn tulakar nigGMNac cab;dak;Kuk
nigKMramkMEhgsMlab;CaedIm.
-RbeTsExrFak;kgrbbpac;kar hun Esn eRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfI

(Cambodia fell into Hun Sen Dictatorship under Vietnamese Neo-Colonism)

ebIeyIgRkeLkemIlRbvtisaRsExreyIg cab;taMgBIsmyRtsk;Epmmk eXIjfaGtItkal

mankarRcbUkRcbl; minc,as;las; eRBaHKm<Irk,nxatRtUv)aneKbMpajecal lubRbvtisaRs Kan
karkt;Rtac,as;las;. ktaTaMgenH eFIVeGayRbeTsExrFak;kgPaBRcbUkRcbl; sRgamvwkvr minecHcb;
edaysarkarBwgelIbreTs mineCO nigeGaytMlCatisasn_xng. KngRbvtisaRsenH )anFak;
mkelIRbeTsExrmgehIymgeTot rhUtmankarkab;smab;Exr CitputBUCenAkgsmy b:ul Bt.
Km<Irk,nxat RbvtiBgSavtaRtUveKdutbMpajGs; EfmTaMgEkgRbvtisaRsEkgkay mkeGaykUn
ecAExrCMnan;eRkayeronsURteTotpg. Cak;EsgenAkgRbvtisaRsExrfIenH eRkayBIExr)anTTYl
kraCBI)araMgmk eyIgeXIjfakarEkRkLRbvtisaRs edIm,IbMPnExreGayKaMRT eRBaHGMNac
nigraCblgb:ueNaH. yYn)anerobcMqakneya)ayenAkgtMbn;\Ncin begItCabkSkumynis enAtam
bNaRbeTsnImYy man lav Exr CaedIm. yYnCaGkbegIteGaymanExrRkhm Exrkumynis.
eRkaymkyYn)anbrExrRkhm EdldwknaMeday b:ul Bt nig sIhnu edayelIkExrRkhm ehg sMrin Ca
sIum hun Esn eGaykan;GMNac bMerIneya)ayeGayxnbneTAeTot. dUecHehIy eyIgeXIjfa
RbeTsExr)an Fak;kgkarkan;kab;rbs;yYnkumynistaMgBIf 7 mkra 1979. f 7 mkra 1979
minEmnCafyYnmkCYyExreT CafyYnQanBanelbTwkdIExr pas;brneya)ayfI edIm,IbMPnExrEt
b:ueNaH. Gkkac;cgtneya)ay KWecjBIyYnhaNUydEdl eRBaHyYn)anerobEpnkar pac;bsKl;Cati
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

Exr KWsmab;EtnisiStbBavn . BYkkumynis kMBugEteXasnaRKb;Ebbya:g eGaymtiRbCaBlrd

mtiCati nigGnrCatiemIleXIjfa RbeTsExrCaRbeTsRbCaFibety EtpyeTAvijRbeTsExr
sitenAkgrbbpac;kar hun Esn eRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfI. yYnEkgePTCaExr RtYtRtaExr
Bak;pakRbCaFibety taMgescCarnaMg)aMg kMueGayExremIleXIjBIeKalbMNgneya)ayRtCak;rbs;
BYkva edIm,IelbTwkdIExrTaMgmUl. cab;BIyYndkTBksNaneyaFaeTA bnSl;TukkgTB ksNan
sIuvil eGaykan;kab;tMENgx<s; sMxan; eFIVeGayExreyIgvegVg nig kll,icneya)ayrbs;yYn
eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdExryl;fa RbeTsExr)ansuxsniPaB. EtpyeTAvij ExrkMBugEtrgTukevTnaRKb;
Ebbya:g edayrbbpac;karrbs; hun Esn EdlyYn)anelIkbnbtaMgBIqaM 1979. \LvenH
RbeTsExrmanEtsMbkxageRkAfaCaExr EttamBitExrRtUvsitenAkgGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfI edayyYn
ykrUbPaBRkumhun c,ab; karecaTRbkan; cab;dak;Kuk edIm,IKMramkMEhg bM)ak;sartIExrxacminhan
RbqaMgCamYynigBYkva.
XI

-KantulPaBxagnitibBaati nitiRbtibti nignititulakar

(No Balance in Legislative, Executive and Court)

tameKalkarN_RbCaFibety GMNacrdTaMgbInitibBati nitiRbtibti tulakar RtUvEtman

GMNacesIrKa ehIysitenAdac;edayELkBIKa. b:uEn cMeBaHkardwknaMenAkgRbeTsExrvij minEmnCa
RbeTsEdlkan;liTiRbCaFibety mansiTiesrIPaB BitR)akdeT eRBaHeyIgeXIjfaGMNacTaMg 3
enHsitenAeRkamEtmnusSEtmak; KWhun Esn. BYkkumynisykRbCaFibetyesrIBhubkS mkbiT)aMg
faCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyesrI edIm,IbMPnEPkRbCaBlrdExr. eyIgsegteXIjfa RbCaFibety
enAkgRbeTsExrxusBIeKalkarN_RbCaFibetyBitR)akd. GMNactulakar KankraC BukrlYy
GyutiFm lMeGogeTAGkmanluy nigGkmanGMNac CaBiess GMNactulakar xacGMNac hun Esn
EdlCakUnGukrbs;yYn. tamBittulakarminRtUvsitenAeRkam\TiBlbuKlNamak; KNbkSneya)ay
NamYyeLIy. cMENkGMNacnitibBaativij smaCiksPa RBwTsPaPaKeRcIn min)anedIrtYrCaGk
tMNagraRs tMNagRbCaBlrd BitR)akdeT EbCatMNageGaybkSeTAvij. karCECkBiPakSaedaH
Rsaymin)ansVHEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_Cati karBarplRbeyaCn_Cati EtnaMKaxitxMedIm,IdeNImGMNacKa
karBarGMNac RbRBwti GMeBIBukrlYy eKgRbvBa CBak;QamBICati sasna nig RbCaCatiExr mkdak;
plRbeyaCn_pal;xn b:ueNaH.
1-Btman (Information)
BtmanRtUvEtkraC manesrIPaBeBjeljebIkcMhr. cMeBaHRbBnsarBtmanenAkg
RbeTsExrvij eyIgeXIjfa esIrEtRKb;bNajpSBVpSayBtman viT TUrTsSn_ karEstPaKeRcIn
RtUvRKb;RKgedayKNbkSkan;GMNac bsitenAeRkam\TiBlrbs; KNbkSRbCaCnkm<Ca. enHcMNuc
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

mYYyeTot EdlpyBIeKalkarN_rbs;RbCaFibetyBitR)akd eRBaHfatameKalkarN_RbCaFibety

BitR)akd BtmanRtUveFIVtamviCaCIv kraCRtwmRtUvsMrab;qHbBaaMgTegIVrbs;emdwknaM nigGIVEdlekIt
manenAkgsgmBitR)akd. RbeTsEdlkan;liTiRbCaFibetyesrI RbBnsarBtmanRtUvEtkraC
minlMeGogeTArkKNbkSneya)ayNamYybsitenAeRkamGMNacrbs;buKlNamak;. ebIeyIgRkeLk
emIlkardwknaMenAkgRbeTsExrvij etICaRbeTsRbCaFibety bpac;kar ebImanemdwknaM
Etmak;kan;GMNac cMENkGksarBtman minhansresrkarBitenAkgsgm PaKeRcInsresIrrdaPi)al
ebIsinCahanriHKn; RtUveKKMramkMEhg eKobsgt;ecaTRbkan; bwgGMBIbTbriharekri_ jHjg;
cab;b)aj;smab;CaedIm. Cak;EsgenAkgeBlfIenH GkkarEst Kwmsm,r RtUveK)aj;smab;
GkniBnkarEstExrmas;RsukmYyrUbeQaH hgS cRka RtUveKbwg ehIycab;dak;KukryHeBl 2 qaM.
elakemOg sun RtUveKecaTRbkan;fa pSayBtmanminBit nigjHjg; edaysarEtelakniyaykarBit
R)ab;RbCaBlrdExr GMBIkarb:HBal;GcriyvtExr Ggrvt EdlRtUvBYkCnBukrlYy yYn sux Kg;
kMBugEtdab;frR)asaTdak;GMBUlePIg. ehtuenHehIy ebIsinCaExreyIghanniyayBIkarBitenAkg
sgm BYkeKRtUvRbQmmuxeRKaHfak;dl;GayuCivitnig suvtiPaB RBYy)arm BIsuvtiPaB nigsnisux.
GksarBtman GkeshaCati nigGkRbCaFibetyPaKeRcIn EdlXatkr)aj;smab;GaCJaFr hun Esn
minEdlcab;Xatkr bCnelIsykmkpnaeTaseLIy EtpyeTAvij BYkeKcab;EtCnstRtg;mkdak;
kMhusCMnYsvij. Btmanmin)anebIkTUlMTUlaydl;RbCaBlrdeGay)andwg pyeTAvij GkEdl
sab;viT GasIuesrI vIGUeG RtUveKbMPitbMPy KMramkMEhg hammineGaysab;.

yYn sux Kg; dab;fR)asaTGgrvt bMpajGcriyvtExr

2-karGb;rM (Education)
karGb;rMRtUvmanTaMgKuNPaB nigbrimaNsMrab;RbCaBlrdExrTUeTA. edaysarGMeBIBukrlYy
kMritGb;rMenAkgRbeTsExrenAEtminTan;manKuNPaBsikSaRKb;RKan; tamkMrittMbn; kMritGnrCati bman
kMritesInwgRbeTsCitxageLIy edayRbBnGb;rMmanGMeBIBukrlYy xVHsmarsikSa xVHeBlevla sikSa
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

RsavRCavedaysarEtCIvPaBRkIRk RKUR)ak;ExminRKb;RKan; CaehtueFIVeGayRKUKanTwkcitkgkarbeRgon

nigCaBiesssitenAeRkamKMnab\TiBlneya)ay min)anelIktMekIgeGayeronRbvtisaRsExrBitR)akd
nigmin)anGb;rMeGayecHRsLaj;Catirbs;xn. karminR)ab;BIeKalbMNgeKaledAdl;sisSeGay)an
c,as;las; edIm,IeFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCatimatuPUmi karBarplRbyaCn_Cati EtbeRgoneGayExremIleXIj
luyCaerOgsMxan; nigeronedIm,IEsVgrkkargar rkluyCaedIm. RKUbeRgonKansiTiesrIPaBRKb;RKan;
kgkarniyaykarBit BIbBaasgmenAkgRbeTs edaysarkareKobsgt;BInayksalaEdleKbgM
eGaybMerIKNbkSRbCaCnkm<Ca. GkEdlhanniiyayR)ab;sisSBIerOgsgm RtUv)an eKKMramkMEhgfa
xussIlFm bdkhUtsiTimineGaybeRgon Cak;EsgfIenH elakRKU sun Fun CaRKUbeRgonenA
extkMBg;FMCaedIm. enAkgRbBnGb;rM)ankat;bnymineGaysikSaeronRbvtisaRs PUmisaRsBitR)akd
rbs;Exr EdlGacb:HBal;eTAelIemdwknaMneya)ay kMBugEteFIVneya)ay bMpijbMpajplRbeyaCn_Cati
eFIVeGayExrvegVgrkkarBit mineXIjKankPaBKa eQaHRbEkkKa Ebk)ak;tammenaKmn_neya)ay
rbs;yYnkumynis nigBYkGkkan;GMNacEdlminniyaykarBit.
3-kare)aHeqat (The Election)
RbCaBlrdmansiTie)aHeqatdUcKa . kare)aHeqatRtUverobcMedayesrI nigyutiFm. kar
e)aHeqateRkaymk elIkElgEtkarerobcMedayGgkarshRbCaCatienAqaM 1993 vaCakare)aHeqat
EdlKanyutiFmRtwmRtUveT. lTple)aHeqatTaMgGs;enaH min)anecjBIqnRbCaBlrdExr
BitR)akdeT EtCalTplEdlerobcMeLIgedayKNbkSRbCaCnkm<Ca EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxg
nigcarkmyYn EdlbnMxneFIVCaExrCaeRcInnak;. KNkmkarerobcMkare)aHeqat KankraC GBaRkit
RtwmRtUv eRBaHKNkmkarenHsitenAeRkamGMNac \TiBlKNbkSRbCaCn nighun Esn. smaCik
EdleFIVkarenAkgKNkmkarerobcMkare)aHeqatPaKeRcIn
CasmasPaBKNbkSRbCaCnkm<Ca.
ebIeTaHCakare)aHeqatQHelIGkeshaCati GkRbCaFibetyehIykeday kBYkkumynisTaMgenH
EdlmanyYnlUkdya:geRCAkkUrsankarN_neya)ayExrenaH eFIVrdRbharsmab;Exr deNImGMNac dUc
krNIrdRbharf 5-6 kkda 1997 eTotCak;CaminxaneLIy.
4-esrIPaBkgkarbeBajmiti (Freedom of Expression)
esrIPaBkgkarbeBajmitisMrab;RbCaBlrdExr manEtenAelIRkdas manEtelIrdFmnuBa Etkar
GnuvtCak;EsgKan. BYkGaCJaFr hun Esn biTsiTiesrIPaB eKobsgt;CiHCan; vayeFIV)ab TaMgRBHsg
TaMgRbCaBlrdedayKanRtaRbNIeLIy. RbCaBlrdRtUveKhamXat;mineGayniyay GMBIerOgRbeTs
Cati KansiTikgkarCYbRbCMuepSg KanesrIPaBRKb;RKan;kgkarbeBajmtienATIkEngsaFarN.
naeBlfIenH eBlEdlGaCJaFrGbSra)andab;fR)asaTGgrvt edIm,Idak;ePIg eFIVeGayb:HBal;
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

dl;R)asaTGgrvt CavtGcriy CaGtsBaaNrbs;Exr EdlbuBVbursExr)anksagTukeGayExr.

kareFIVEbbenHbuBVbursExrmankarekARkhay eFIVeGayGkeshaCatihanegIbeLIg edIm,IkarBar
R)asaTGgrvt karBarTWkdI edayminbeNayeGayGkbMpajCati GkbMpajvtbUraN eFIVeRscEtcit
enaHeLIy. GkEdlniyayBIerOgRbeTsCati RtUveKecaTfaCaerOgneya)ay ehIyRtUv)aneKKMram
kMEhg RtUv)aneKcab;dak;Kuk btamsmab;edIm,IbM)ak;sartI dUcCaeRbIRbBntulakartamcab; elak
emOgsun ecaTRbkan;cab;elak hgS cRka dak;Kuk dkGPyksiTirbs;GkRsI mUsuxhYr nig
GktMNagraRs hU va:n; CaedIm. GkEdlhankarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiRtUveKtamcab;tamsmab; dUcCa
elak Ca viCa RtUveKsmab; TUc RsInic Bisid BalIkarRtUveK)aj;smab; nigRBHetCKuN Twm saxn
RtUv)aneKcab;ykeTAdak;KukyYnCaedIm. RBwtikarN_TaMgGs;enH pyBIRbeTsEdlmansiTiesrIPaBeBj
elj EdlRbCaBlrdmansiTiesrIPaBkgkarbeBajmti RbCaBlrdCamas;GMNac.
5-c,ab; (The Law)
c,ab;enAkgRbeTsExr Cac,ab;sMrab;karBarGkmanGMNac GkRbRBwtTucrit RbRBwtBukrlYy
minEmnCac,ab;sMrab;karBarplRbeyaCn_Cati karBarplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdGkTn;exSayenaHeLIy.
eyIgeXIjehIyfa CmWdFn;FrenAkgsgmExrsBVf KWGMeBIBukrlYy. c,ab;minRtUveKGnuvtn_eGay
)anRtwmRtUveLIy eRBaHmankarsIusMNUk sUk)a:n; BukrlYy nigniTnPaB. BYkeKykEtc,ab;Ebb
kumynis ykmkeRbIsMrab;ekobsgt;GkTn;exSay. c,ab;sitenAeRkamGkmanGMNac nigbkSBYkrbs;
KNbkSRbCaCn. c,ab;TaMgenHCa c,ab;Ebbkumynis eRBaHfaTaMgRbeTskumynis nigRbeTsesrIman
c,ab;dUcKa EtRKan;Etc,ab;mYyekItecjBIbuKlmYyRkumtUcsMrab;plRbeyaCn_mYyRkumtUc dak;eGay
RbCaBlrdTUeTAGnuvtn_ EtsMrab;RbeTsRbCaFibetyesrIvij c,ab;ekItecjBIRbCaBlrd BItMNag
RbCaBlrd edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrd nigplRbeyaCn_Cati. Cak;Esg eyIgemIlGMeBI
GyutiFmEdlekItmanenAkgRbeTsExr eBlEdl hun tU RtUvCakyrbs; hun Esn )aj;eKsab;enA
tamdgpv Etc,ab;min)ancab;]RkidCnmkpnaeTaseLIy eRBaH hun tU Caky hun Esn Edlman
TaMgluy nigGMNac. GkRsI Bisid BlIkar RtUv bun ra:nI EdlCaRbBnrbs; hun Esn )anbBaaeGay
eK)aj;smab; EtKannrNarkXatkrmkpnaeTaseLIy rhUtmkdl;eBlenH.
XII

-etIemdwknaMpac;karbcb,n)aneFIVGIVxH Edlb:HBal;RbCaBlrd

(What Does Present Dictator Leader Do to Suffer People)

1-karbeNjRbCaBlrdrwbGUsykdI ( People Eviction for Grabbing Land)

karbeNjRbCaBlrdExrecjBIkEngmYyeTAkEngmYy edIm,IrwbGUsykdI CaGMeBI]RkidmYy
ya:gFn;FrenAkgrbbpac;kar hun Esn . karrwbGUsykdItamrUbPaBRkumhun nigGPivDn_enH
eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdERskRTehayMesIrEtRKb;extRkugenAkgRbeTsExr. tamBiteTAyYnykrUbPaB
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

Rkumhun CakarbiT)aMg cMENkBYkGay:g ykBakfa GPivDn_ mkeFIVCaels edIm,IbMeBjmhicta

rbs;yYn Edlcg;elbTwkdIExr dUckalEdlyYn)aneFIVenAkgTwkdIExrkm<CaeRkamEdr. bBaaenH
)annwgkMBugekIteLIgCabnbnab;enAkgRbeTsExr. BYkGaCJaFrpac;kar hun Esn )anRbKl;dIsm,Tan
eGayRkumhun yYnmanryHeBlya:gtic 99qaM. BYkenHrwbGUsykdIRbCaBlrd EdlkarrwbGUsdIenH
)anb:HBal;ya:gFn;Frd;l;CIvPaBRbCaBlrdExrsBVf. dUckgkrNIfIenH enAPUmisMbukcab enAPUmidI
Rkhm shKmn_rIkray nigenAtambNaextepSgeTotCaeRcIn. cUreyIgnaMKaBicarNaemIleTA
karpl;sm,TandIEdlmanryeBl 99qaM eTAeGayyYn etIGnaKtTwkdIExrGackayCakmsiT
rbs;yYn)anbeT ebIsinCaCIvitmFmrbs;Exrrs;)anRtwmEt 50qaMenaH. cMENkkarbiTsiTesrIPaBExr
karbMPlubbM)at;RbvtisaRsExrBitR)akd eKeFIVEkERbCabnbnab;. CaBiess enAeBl\LvenH
CnGenaRbevsn_yYnrs;enAya:geRcInkuHkrenA elIkTwkdIExrsBVfenHeTot .

karrwbGUsykdIFIRbCaBlrdeRkamrUbPaBRkumhun nig GPivDn_

2-GMeBIBukrlYy (Corruption)
GMeBIBukrlYyCaCmWmYydFMenAkgsgmExr EdlrdaPi)albcb,nKanqn nigKansmtPaB
edaHRsayeGay)ancb;. GMeBIBukrlYyenH CarUbPaBmYyEdleKbiT)aMg GMeBITucritepSg dUcCakar
lYYcCati lk;RTBsm,tiCati ykeTAdak;plRbeyaCn_pal;xn CaBiessbgrplRbeyaCn_eTAeGay
RbeTsdTeTot)angayRsYl edayGMeBIBukrlYy. dUecHehIy eyIgeXIjfa fvikarCati)anxat
bg;Gs; 250-500 landula kgmYyqaM enHebItamsMdIrbs;elakRsI GKraCTUtshrdGaemrikRbcaM
enAkm<CaeQaH xar:Ul r:UdlI. eyIgRtUvBicarNaGMBIKNbkSRbCaCn etImanR)ak;Exb:unanEdlBYkva
manluyrab;lan dulaeTAdak;FanaKareRkARbeTs etIluyTaMgGs;enaHminEmnCarbs;CatiExr bluy
)anmkBIBukrlYy lYcCati? etIRTBsm,tiTaMgGs;enaH minEmnCasm,tirbs;CatiExr eyIgTaMgGs;
KaeTb? GMeBIBukrlYyenH rIkraldalya:gxaMgenAkgsgmExr enAkgRbBnGb;rM enAkgRbBntulakar
nigtulakar ExrRkhm pgEdr.
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

3-PaBRkIRk (Poverty)
RbCaBlrdExrcMnYn 40 PaKry sitenAeRkambnat;RkIRk. nisSitCaeRcIn EdlbBab;karsikSa
ehIyKankargareFIV. kmkrR)ak;ExticminRKb;RKan;kgkarcMNaysMrab;CIvPaBRbcaMf. BYkeKeFIVkar
RKan;EtbMerInayTuneragcRkEtb:ueNaH. RKUbeRgonR)ak;ExTabdEdl EtTMnijenAelITIpSar ekIneLIg
CalMdab; CaBiess saMg EdleFIVeGayb:HBal;dl;CIvPaBRbCaBlrdya:gxaMg eRBaHkalTMnijeLIgf
R)ak;ExdEdleFIVeGaycMNayeRcInCagcMNUl R)ak;snSMTab RkIRk. RbCaBlrdExrcMnYn 85 PaKry
CaksikrRbkbmuxrbrksikm. muxrbrciBawmCIvitBYkKat;GaRsyelIdIERs dIcMkar edIm,IciBawmCIvit
Et\LvenH dIERsdIcMkarbs;Kat;mYycMnYn RtUv)anyYnEdlEkgePTCaExr nigbkSBYk hun Esn
eRbIR)as;CarUbPaBRkumhundeNImdIERsdIcMkarrbs;Kat;Gs; etIGnaKtvasnakUnecAKat;EdlCaExreTA
Cay:agNa? kUnecARkIRk min)aneronsURt ehIyGs;dIERsdIcMkareTot. tamsm,tiFnFanrbs;Exr
EdlmandUcCacMNUl)anBIeTscrN_ R)asaTGgrvt Er:mas eBRCt,g RBeQI CaedIm eFobeTAnig
RbCaBlrdExrRbmaNCag 10 lannak;enaH RbCaBlrdExrminKYrRkIRkedIrsMuTaneKenaHeLIy.
etIFnFanTaMgGs;enaH Fak;eTAdl;dGkNa? RTBsm,tirbs;Exr plRbeyaCn_Exr RtUvFak;elI
BYkCnBukrlYyKNbkSRbCaCnkm<CaenHg EdleKgRbvBaykeTAdak;plRbeyaCn_pal;xn. yYn
rwbGUsykeTAbMerIplRbeyaCn_Cati nigRbeTsrbs;eK.

etIGnaKtkUnExreTACaya:gNa?

4-kat;eTasExrRkhm (Khmer Rouge Trial)

emdwknaMExrRkhmKW sIhnu Edl)anRbkaseGayExrcUlRBma:kKIrYmCamYy hun Esn
Edl)ancUleFIVCaExrRkhmtaMgBI sI hnu eFIVCaRbFanrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<Ca begIteLIgenARkugeb:kaMg
f23 mIna 1970. sUmsalakIExrRkhmkat;eTas sIhnu nighun Esn pg. ebIsinCamin)an
kat;eTas sI hnu pgeT vaCakarlak;)aMgkMhusemdwknaMExrRkhmdsMxan;mak; eRBaHedaysar sI hnu
enHehIyEdleFIVeGaykmaMgExrRkhm nigTBeyokkugGacykCyCMnHelIExrsaFarNrd varwtEteFIV
eGayExrkan;EtvegVgeRCAeTAminGacrkXatkrBitR)akdeXIjeTotpg. b:uEn eyIgCaCnrgeRKaHExr
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

RKb;Kadwgc,as;faXatkrBitR)akd KWBYkkumynisyYn \Ncin Edl)anerobcM nigbMBak;bMb:n

lTikumyniseGayExr Rkhm Edlrt;cUlRBma:KItamkarGMBavnavrbs; sIhnu nig Exr Rkhm
EdlKaMRT b:ul Bt eGaysmab;Exr rYcehIyerobcMEpn smab;Cabnbnab; edIm,IbM)at;bM)at;dan nig
sakSI. eBlEdlyYnkumynisQH elIkGMNaceGayExrkumynis eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdExrsab;rab;
lannak; TaMgExreRkam nigExrbcb,n ehIyyYnbBanBlrdxnmkCMnYs eFIVCaExrfIelITwkdIExrvij.
sI hnu nig hun Esn CaCnkumynis bMerIneya)ayeGayyYnkumynis edIm,IGMNac nigplRbeyaCn_
pal;xng nigbkSBYkEtb:ueNaH edayCnkumynisTaMgenH min)anbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayCatiExr
nigRbCaBlrdExreT. RbCaBlrdExrkMBugrgcaMyutiFmBitR)akdBIsalakIenH. yYnmincg;eGayExr
dwgkarBit cMENk hun Esn kmincg;rkyutiFmeGayCnrgeRKaHExrBitR)akdeT eRBaHxac)at;bg;
GMNac. Cak;EsgfIenH hun Esn )anniyayfasuxciteGaysalakIenHbraCy ebIsinCanaM
GkBak;BnbEnmeTotmkkat;eTas. karbegItsalakIenHcMeNjeTAkumynisyYnPaKeRcIn 1-Exr
enAEtEbk)ak;KaQWcab;nigExr Rkhm b:ul Bt 2-dwgKuNyYn 7 mkra 3-RbCaBlrdExrenAEt
mindwgkarBitfanrNaCaXatkrBitR)akd 4-ebIkkaseGayyYnkumynis RtYtRtaExrelbTwkdIExr
bn .
f 17 emsa 1975 KWBYkkumynis EdlyYnelIkGMNaceGayExr Rkhm dUcKanig f 7
mkra 1979 EdlBYkkumynisyYnQanBanelIkbnbGMNacExrRkhm hun Esn Ca sIum nig ehg
sMrin Edr cMENk sI hnu EdlFab;eFIVCaemExrRkhm begItExrRkhm kumynis kminhanecj
mksarPaBTTYlkMhuseTot.
GgkarshRbCaCatiEdlcg;;rkyutiFmeGayRbCaBlrdExr nigcg;bM)at;niTnPaB)ancMNay
luyCaeRcInmkeGayBYkCnBukrlYy. edIm,IyutiFmsMrab;CnrgeRKaHExr sUmeGayGgkarshRbCa
Cati beBajeGayGs;smtPaB edIm,IsMercnUvkickarCaRbvtisaRsenH.

ebIcg;rkyutiFmeGayExr RtUvkat;eTas b:ul Bt sIhnu hun Esn nigyYn Edr

niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

5-GaNaniKmn_EbbfItamrUbPaBRkumhun nigkarpl;dIsm,Tan
(The Neo-Colonism through the Picture of Company and Land Concession)

yYn)anbrBIrUbPaBGaNaniKmn_edaypal; dUckalBIqaM 1979 mkeRbIGaNaniKmn_EbbfIvij

edayyYn)anEkgePTCaExr edIm,IRKb;RKgExr. yYn)aneRbIR)as;RkumhunCakarbMPnExr biT)aMgmin
eGayExremIleXIj faExrenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;kumynisyYn.RkumhunTaMgenaH PaKeRcInCa
Rkumhun evotNam EdlykTahanmkeFIVCakmkr RtYtRtaemIlsPaBkarN_enAkgRbeTsExr.
tamryHBakfaGPivDn_ nig c,ab;sm,Tan yYn)andeNImdIRbCaBlrd EdleFIVeGayb:HBal;dl;
plRbeyaCn_ nigCIvPaBRbCaBlrdya:gxaMg. RbCaBlrdrgTukevTna \tEl QWcab;minecHcb;
GMBIkarrwbGUsdIFI BIGkkan;GMNac edayKannrNaCYyrkyutiFmeGay)ansmrmeLIy. CaBiess
eBlfIenH Rkumhun 7 EGnCI Edl)andeNImdIRbCaBlrd nigRkumhunenAextkMBg;s<W enAPMRsYc
)an)aj;eKaRbCaBlrd ehIyrwbGUsykdIRbCaBlrdCaedIm.
karEdlyYneRbIrUbPaBGaNaniKmn_EbbfIenH edIm,IkMueGayRbCaBlrdExremIleXIj nigdwgGMBI
mhictarbs;yYn. ebIsinCaExreyIgdwg ExreyIgemIleXIj GacnaMeGayRbCaBlrdExr egIbeLIg
RbqaMgCamYyyYn dUckalsmyemTB eRTOg mijya:g cUlmkRtYtRtaExr. ehtudUcenHehIy karpl;
dIsm,TaneGay RkumhunyYn EdlmanryeBl 99 qaM enH )anbgajeGayeXIjfa kgeBl
GnaKtdxIxagmux RbeTsCatiExrGacnwgFak;kgkNab;dyYn EdlEkgePTeFIVCaExrTaMgRsugminxan
eLIy. RbCaBlrdExrBitR)akd rs;enACaCnCatiPaKticrbs;yYn enAelITwkdIxngdUccam nig
Exrkm<CaeRkam.
6-FnFanFmCati (The Natural Resource)
FnFanFmCatirbs;Exr mancab;taMgBIRBeQI RtIsac; stVRB Er: RtUvbMpajedayBYkCn
BukrlYy XubXitKalYcCatiykmkdak;;plRbeyaCn_buKl lk;CatiykmkeFIVCaRbeyaCn_pal;xn
ehtudUecHehIy ebIeyIgeFobFnFanExreTAnigRbCaBlrdExrEdlmancMnYnEtRbmaNCag 10lanenaH
RbCaBlrdExr minKYrRkIRk edIrsMuTaneK rt;ecjBIRbeTsExreTAeFIVkarenARbeTseKenaHeLIy. eRBaHeK
eFIVeGayemIleXIjfa RbeTsExrKantMlGIVTaMgGs; nigBi)akkgkarrs;enA edaysarCIvPaB
nigKankargareFIVCaedIm. neya)ayrbs;yYnkumynis eFIVkarekobsgt;ExrRKb;Ebbya:g eday
mineGayExremIleXIjGMBItMlnCatirbs;xng EsVgrkedIm,Irs;b:ueNaH. yYn)aneRbIRkumhun
eGaydwkCBaneQI Er:RKb;Ebbya:geTARbeTseK. RkumhunyYn nigcin eFIVRKb;Ebbya:geGayExr
hinehacFnFansm,tiFmCatiTaMgGs;enaH. Cak;Esg eyIgeXIjPMmYycMnYnRtUv)aneKQUsqay
eFIVeGayxUcRTg;RTay FmCatiGs;dUcCaenAtMbn;GUkr mNlKIrI EdlmanRkumhuncineTACIkmas enAPMCI
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

Rsukrevog enATIenaHkgmYyExrab;etanmas EtebIsinCa RbCaBlrdExrvijBYkvaminGnuBaateGayCIkeT

eBlEdlExrrkeXIjkEngman mas cin nigyYnvadeNImExr edayminGnuBaateGayExrCIkeLIy.

FnFanExr kgTwk elIdI eRkam nigkgdI RtUvBYkCnBukrlYylk;CatiTaMgbI bMpaj

niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

CMBUkTI 2

niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

bBab;bBaa (End Problems)

etIRbCaBlrdExrcg;)anGIV? (What Does Cambodian People Want?)
RbCaBlrdExrTaMgGs;Edlrs;enAkgRbeTsExrbcb,n KansiTiesrIPaBeBjeljeT PaKeRcIn
CYbRbTHPaBRkIRk GyutiFm nigkarrMelaPCiHCan;BIGkkan;GMNacsBVf. RbCaBlrdExrcg;eGay
RbeTsCatiman \sSrPaB kraC minRBmrs;enAeRkamGaNaniKmn_nRbeTsNamYy CaBiess
GaNaniKmn_nRbeTsevotNamsBVf. RbCaBlrdcg;)anRbCaFibety sniPaBBitR)akd rYcput
BIPaBRkIRk nigGMeBIBukrlYyCaedIm. edIm,IsMercnUveKaledAenH RbCaCatiExrTaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab;kg
sgm eTaHenATINakedayRtUvrYbrYm samKIKa edaHRsaybBaaTaMgGs;enHeGaycb;. RbCaBlrdExr
enOyNay nigQb;cg;rs;enAeRkamkareKobsgt; biTsiTirbs;BYkRtYtRtakumynisdEdleTotehIy
eRBaHfaGs;ryeBlCag 2 TsvtSkngmkenH RbCaBlrdmankarlM)ak edaysarkareKobsgt;
CiHCan; nigkareFIVTukbukemj. ehtudUecHehIy eBlEdlmankarerobcMe)aHeqat EdlerobcM nig
RtYtBinitedayGgkarshRbCaCatienAqaM1993 RbCaBlrdExr)aneFIVkarsMerccit e)aHeqat
eRCIserIsemdwknaMfI nigpas;brrbbRKb;RKg. EtKYreGayesaksay GIVEdlRbCaBlrdExrcg;)an
ecjBIqn RtUv)at;bg;eTAvij edaysarescsIhnu RbKl;GMNaceGayBYkkumynis hun Esn EdlCa
Gay:gyYnvij. cMENkGgkarshRbCaCati minTan;bMeBjtYrnaTIcb;pg sI hnu )anedjGgkar
shRbCaCatiecjBIRsukExr ehIyKNbkSRbCaCn hun Esn )aneFIVrdRbharbn;GMNac smab;Gk
eshaCati smab;GkRbCaFibetyenAfTI 5-6 kkda 1997. cMENkkare)aHeqateRkay
mkCabnbnab; vaCakarerobcMeLIgedayKNbkSRbCaCn edIm,IbMPnEPkRbCaBlrdExr nigbMPn
mtiGnrCati EtlTple)aHeqatTaMgGs;enaH minEmnecjBIqnrbs;RbCaBlrdExrBitR)akdeT.
II-etIExreFIVya:gNaedIm,ICYyseRgaHExr ?(How can Khmer help Khmer?)
KannrNaRsLaj;ExrCaCagCatiExrxngenaHeT ehIykKannrNaGacCYyExr eRkABIExrxn
gEdr enHebItamvaTrbs;RBHsmasm<TEdlCaRBHbrmRKU)anTUnaneRbonRbedAmkfa xnTIBwgxn .
enAeBlEdlCatieyIgkMBugEtmanbBaa eyIgCaExrmak; minRtUvbENtbeNayTukeGayCatieyIg
enAEtmanbBaaEbbenHeLIy eyIgTaMgGs;KaRtUvrYbrYmKaedaHRsaybBaaTaMgGs;enHeGaycb;. EteyIg
minRtUvnaMKaedaHRsaycugbBaaenaHeLIy eyIgRtUvedaHRsaybsKl;bBaa eTIbbBaaTaMgGs;enaHcb;.
eyIgmak; kminRtUvmanemaTPaBfa manEtGtaGjxaMgGaceFIVGIVekIt bGYtxnykmuxmat; ekreQaH
buNskenaHkeT ktasMxan;Kwfa KMniteRcIn RbesIrCagKMnitmYy eyIgCaExrTaMgGs;RtUveGanlMeTan
eGaytMlKaeTAvijeTAmk rYbrYmKa Kit niyay eFIV edIm,IeGaysMerceKaledArYmEtmYy KWedIm,I Cati
sasna nig RbCaCatiExrBit. kalNaeyIgeFIVGIVmYyRBmKa RsuHKa kgyuTsaRsrYm EtmYyenaH
I.

niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

eRbob)andUcCaTwkEdlhUrcUlkgsmuRTEtmYyya:gdUecaHEdr etInNamYyminxac TwksmuRT. eyIgRtUv

rYbrYmKaedaHRsayedImbBaaeRkamyuTsaRsrYmEtmYy eTIbbBaaenaHcb; . ehtudUecHehIy ExrRKb;rUb
RtUvPJak;rlwkBIRKb;TwsTIRKb;mCdan rYbrYmsamKICaFgmYy ebCJacit TaMgGs;Ka edIm,IrMedaH karBar Cati
sasna RbCaCatiExr eGayrYcputBITukevTna Edlrs;enAKansiTiesrIPaB eRkamrbbkumynispac;kar
hun Esn EdlmanyYnRtYtRtaeFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfIenH edayeyIgQb;eRbIviFIe)aHeqat EdlKanesrI
nigyutiFm.
III

-etIRbCaBlrdkgtMbn;EdlrgeRKaH Lav m:ug cam ExrRtUveFIVdUcemc?

(What do the People in the Region Lao, Hmong, Cham and Khmer do?)

eyIgCaRbCaBlrdrgeRKaH edaysaryYnkumynisTaMgGs;enAkgtMbn;\Ncin mandUcCa

RbCaBlrd Lav m:ug cam Exr RtUvEtdwgfa siTiesrIPaB RbCaFibety kraC GFibetyPaB
sMrab;eyIgTaMgGs;KaCaktasMxan; kgnamCamnusS. eyIgminRBmsuxcitrs;enAedayKansiTiesrIPaB
eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;RbeTsNamYyeLIy. eyIgrs;enACaRbCaBlrdsamBa EdlmansiTiesrIPaB

kraC RbCaFibety eBjeljBitR)akd RbesIrCagkarrs;enAeFIVCaescmRnIeRkamGaNaniKmn_

breTs. RbCaBlrdTaMgGs;dUcCa Lav m:ug cam Exr EdlsitenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnkumynis

RtUvEtmankarPJak;rlwk naMKarYbrYmKaeRkakeLIg edIm,IsiTiesrIPaB \sSrPaB kraCrbs;Catixn

nImYy. eyIgminbeNayeGayRbeTsrbs;eyIgnImYysitenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnkumynis
biTsiTiesrIPaBCaerogrhUt dl;eyIg)at;eQaHenAkgBiPBelakenaHeLIy. enAeBlEdlGs;elak
GkmanesovePAenHGanenAkgdehIy RtUvEtmankarPJak;rlwk naMKaeRkakeLIgtamyuTsaRsrbs;
emdwknaM nigGnuvtn_PaBCaemdwknaM edIm,IQaneTArkeCaKCy edayminRBmsuxcitrs;enAeday
KansiTiesrIPaB )at;bg;GtsBaaNCaCatimYy Edlrs;enAesImuxeKenAelIBiPBelakeLIy.
eyIgTaMgGs;KaRtUvEtnaMKaegIbeLIg edIm,IkraCCati \sSrPaBrbs;eyIg.
-etIshKmn_GWr:ub nigshrdGaemrik CYyGIVxHdl;RbCaCatirgeRKaH?

IV

(What Does EU and US help Cambodian Victims?)

shKmn_GnrCati nigshrdGaemrik EdlCaRbeTsmhaGMNac EtgEtEsVgrkyutiFm

eGayRbCaCatiEdlrgeRKaH eRkamkareKobsgt;biTsiTiesrIPaB. EtktasMxan;RbCaCatinImYyRtUv
mankarxitxMRbwgERbgxngCamun edayminbENtbeNaytameRBgvasna bkfacaMEtBwgelIGkdT
enaHeLIy. ktaEdlnaMeGayeyIgeCaKCyenaH KWGaRsyelIxneyIgCaktacMbg ehIycMENkRbeTs
RbCaFibetyeKemIleXIjGMeBIGyutiFm KansiTiesrIPaB eKnwgCYyelIkTwkcit nigCYyrkviFIedaH
RsaybEnmelIkarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;eyIg. edIm,IEsVgrkyutiFmCUndl;RbCaCatienAkgtMbn;TaMgenH
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

eGayrYcputBIkarbiTsiiTiesrIPaB TTYl)annUvsiTiesrIPaBeBjelj nigRbCaFibetytamGIVEdl

RbCaCatienAkgtMbn;enHcg;)an.
-RbeTsExrRtUvdwknaMtameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyBitR)akd

(Cambodia Must Lead Country Through the Real Principle of Democracy)

RbeTsExrRtUvmanneya)aymYyEdlman \sSrPaB kraC nigRbCaFibetyBitR)akd

tamRbCaCatiExrcg;)an edayminsitenAeRkam\TiBlrbs;RbeTsNamYyeLIy. RbeTsTaMgGs;Edl
enACitxag RtUveKarBGFibetyPaBKaeTAvijeTAmk edayesIPaBcMeBaHmuxc,ab;GnrCati. ehtuenH
edIm,IeGayRsbeTAnigdMeNIrkardwknaMrbs;BiPBelak Edlpl;siTiesrIPaBeBjeljcMeBaHRbCaBlrd
RbeTsExrRtUvdwknaMtamrebobRbCaFibetyBitR)akd. karBarEfrkSaplRbeyaCn_Cati nigGPivDn_
CatieGayrIkcMerIneTAmux edaykarcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdCakarcaM)ac; sMrab;emdwknaM nigGkeshaCati
Exr. eyIgRtUvelIktMekIgRBHBuTsasna eGaytMlelIRBHsg nigKm<Irk,nxatrbs;RBHsmasm<T
ehIy ebIkesrIPaBdl;sasnaepSgeTot. karerobcMsnisuxsgm CaktacaM)ac;sMrab;karrs;enArbs;
RbCaBlrd nigTMnukTukcitBIbreTs GkvinieyaKTunepSg EdlCaCMhanQaneTArkkarbegInkargar
sMrab;RbCaBlrd nigkMeNInesdkic. karlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy GyutiFmenAkgsgm edaykar
begItc,ab; nigGnuvteGaymWugma:t;bMput CaktasMxan;bMputsMrab;sgmExr edIm,IeGaymanesckIffr
satsM edayKitplRbeyaCn_CatiCaFM. karelIktMlbuKlEdleFIVRbeyaCn_eGayCati buKlEdl
eFIVlkgsgm GkeshaCati erobcMRbBnGb;rMeGaymanKuNPaB nigeKaledAc,as;las; EbgEck
R)ak;cMNUleGaymanlkNRbhak;RbEhlKa edIm,IecosevogGkmankan;Etman cMENkGkRk
kan;EtRk edaykarpl;R)ak;ebovtS eGaysmtamCIvPaBrs;enA eBalKWrkTIpSarCUnRbCaBlrd. kMrit
R)ak;cMNUleGay)aneRcInCagR)ak;cMNay eTIbRbCaBlrdmanCIvPaBFUrFar CaBiess KWelIkTwkcit
xaMgcMeBaHGkEdlRkIRk GkTn;exSay . RbCaBlrdExrTaMgBIrePT RtUv)anelIkTwkciteGayman
karGb;rMx<s;manKuNPaBdUcKa nigsiTiesrIPaBesIKacMeBaHmuxc,ab;.
CabzmeyIgRtUvBRgwgkgkmaMgRbdab;GavuF nKr)aleGaymansmtPaB mansIlFml
edIm,IFanasnisux karBarplRbeyaCn_RbeTsCati ecosvagkarrMelaPQanBanBIsMNak; RbeTsCit
xag. kgkmaMgRbdab;GavuFenACakmaMgGBaRkit edayminsitenAeRkamKNbkSneya)ayNamYy
bRbkan;ninakarneya)ayKNbkSCaedIm. kgkmaMgRbdab;GavuFeFIVtamtYrnaTICaGkkarBar bMerICati
sasna RbCaCatiExr edayesaHGs;BIdYgcit.
cMENkmRnIraCkarRtUveKarBc,ab;CamUldan. c,ab;Gnuvtn_cMeBaHCnTUeTAminerIsmux RbCa
CatiExrTaMgGs;RtUvesIPaBKacMeBaHmuxc,ab; BRgwgkarGnuvtc,ab;. KannrNamak;enAelIc,ab;)aneLIy
bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYyenARKb;mCdanTaMgGs;enAkgRKb;mCdanTaMgGs;. kmaMgTaMgGs;RtUvmansIlFm
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

smrm manyutiFm minRbRBwtGMeBIBukrlYy ehIyRtUvelIkTwkcitCanic edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_

Cati.
1-nitibBati (Legislative)
GgnitibBatiCaGktMNageGayRbCaCatiExr tMNageGayRbCaBlrd minsitenAeRkamGMNac
buKlNamak; bKNbkSneya)ayNamYy . GgnitibBaatiCaGgkarkMBUlrbs;Cati. tMNagraRs
RtUvykcitTukdak;GMBIsuxTukrbs;RbCaBlrdCaTUeTA edaytaMgxnCatMNageGayplRbeyaCn_rbs;
RbCaBlrd tMNageGayplRbeyaCn_Cati ehIyenAkgsabnenHRtUvenACakraC dac;edayELk
BIGMNacnitiRbtibti sMrab;RtYtBinitemIlkarGnuvtrbs;nitiRbtibti.
2-tulakar (The Court)
tulakarmantYnaTIsMxan; sMrab;EsVgrkyutiFmeGayRbCaBlrdrgeRKaHenAkgsgm tulakar
RtUvEtkraC edayminsitenAeRkam\TiBlneya)ay bsitenAeRkamKNbkSneya)ayNamYy
CaBiess GMNactulakarenHRtUvsitenAdac;edayELkBIGMNacnitibBati nigGMNacnitiRbtibti.
edIm,IeGaymanyutiFmenaH karBRgwgEpkGnuvtn_c,ab;CaktasMxan; nigsIlFmsgm eFIVya:gNaRtUv
bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy. tulakarRtUvmansuqnkraC kgkarEsVgrkyutiFmCUnRbCaCatiExrTUeTA.
3-GMNacnitiRbtibti (The Executive)
GMNacnitiRbtibtimantYnaTIsMxan;Nas; sMrab;eFIVeGayRbeTsCatimYyrIkcMerInrugerOg . rdaPi
)alRtUvEtmanqnneya)ayBitR)akd eKalneya)ayc,as;las;. GMNacnitiRbtibtiminRtUv
eRCotERCkGMNacnitibBati nigGMNactulakar EdlnaMeGay)at;bg;GBaRkitPaB nig)at;bg;kraC
enaHeLIy . kareRCotERCkenaH CakarxusBIeKalkarN_RbCaFibety. GMNacnitiRbtibti CaGk
Gnuvtn_eKalkarN_RbCaFibety edayebIksiTiesrIPaBeBjelj nigkareKarBc,ab;. RbCaBlrdman
siTiesrIPaBeBjeljkgkarniyaysIbeBajmti karCYbRbCMu nigkartva:edaysniviFICaedIm. kar
e)aHeqatedayesrInwgyutiFm edayRbBneXasna kraCminlak;)aMg lMeGogeTArkbuKl bKNbkS
NamYy. GMNacnitiRbtibti mantYnaTIsMxan;CaGkkac;cgtRbeTsCatieGayrIkcMerIn karBar
plRbeyaCn_Cati nigbMerIRbCaBlrdeGaymanesckIsuxsan.
4-Btman (The Information)
bNajsarBtmanRtUveFVItamviCaCIvsarBtmanRtwmRtUv edaysitenACaGBaRkit kraC
nigmansiTiesrIPaBeBjelj. karniBn nigsresrBtman minsitenAeRkam\TiBlneya)ayrbs;
KNbkS bbuKlNamYyeLIy. RbBnBtmanRtUvebIkcMhrya:gTUlMTUlaydl;RbCaBlrdTUeTA edIm,I
eGayKat;yl;dwgGMBIsankarN_TUeTAenAkgRbeTs. bNajsarBtmanRtUveKarBRkmsIlFmrbs;
niBneday s FmrgSI

rkSasiTi

xn . sarBtmanCakBak;qHbBaaMgsgmBit edayniyayGMBIkarBit EdlekItmanenAkgsgm. bNa

bNajsarBtman EdlKaMRTKNbkSRbCaCnkm<Ca BukrlYylMeGog minecjmux nigminhanniyay
karBit edaysarkarPyxacBIsuvtiPaB kar)at;bg;GaCIBnigkarKMramkMEhgepSgBIGkmanGMNac
nigsm<aFneya)ayCaedIm.
5-bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy (Corruption Elimination)
karlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy CaktamYysMxan; ehIyCaGTiPaBTI 1 EdleyIgRtUvEtedaHRsay
enAkgsgmExr eGaymanPaBffr satsM. karlb;bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYyenH eFIVeGaymnusSman
esckIesaHRtg; eFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCati edayminKitBIGtaniym nigRbRBwtGMeBIGaRkk;epSgeTot.
begItc,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigkarGnuvtn_c,ab;edaymWugma:t; manRbBnbeckviTasMrab;RtYtBinit
CaktacMbgnaMeGaybM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy. CMhanbnRtUvGb;rMEklmeGaymnusSmanKMnitl.
6-begInCIvPaBRbCaBlrd (Increase the Standard Living of People)

Tukrbs;RbCaBlrd CaTukrbs;emdwknaMCatiExr suPmglrbs;RbCaBlrd CasuPmgl

rbs;emdwknaMCatiExr. eyIgRtUvbegInCIvPaBRbCaBlrdeGay)anltamry karpl;nUvcMeNH

dwgviCaCIvmYyBitR)akd karEsVgrkTIpSarsMrab;lk;plitpl karbegItkargar nig R)ak;ebovtSsmrm

eTotTat;. eyIgsegteXIjbcb,nenH CIvPaBRbCaBlrdFak;kgPaBRkIRk edaysarkarminykcit
Tukdak;BIemdwknaM. CaBiess KW yYnmanneya)aycg;elbTwkdI rMlayBUCsasn_Exr eGayexSay
kayCaCnCatiPaKtic kayCanreTsCnecalRsukTwkdIkMeNIt . TaMgGs;enHCaneya)ayrbs;BYkyYn
kumuynis edIm,IelbTwkdIExr.
7-KNbkSneya)ay (The Political Parties)
KNbkSneya)ayTaMgGs;RtUvtMkl;plRbeyaCn_CatiTaMgmUlCaFM edaymineGaymankarEbk
)ak;Ka edaysarEtplRbeyaCn_buKl bGMNac eFIVeGayplRbeyaCn_Cati)at;bg;enaHeLIy.
KNbkSneya)ayTaMgGs;RtUveKarBc,ab;CaFM eKarBrdFmnuBa edayQrelIeKalkarN_RsLaj;Cati
sasna RbCaCatiExrBitR)akd. KNbkSneya)aynImYy minRtUvbMerIneya)aybreTseLIy KNbkS
neya)aynImYy RtUveFIVkarRbkYtRbECgedIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatiExrBit.
8-KNkmkarCatierobcMe)aHeqat ( National Election Committee)
sPaCatiRtUvbegItc,ab;erobcMKNkmkarCatie)aHeqatmYy EdlCMhrkraC GBaRkit esrI
PaB yutiFm EdlKYrCaTITukcit)anBIsMNak;RbCaBlrd. c,ab;erobcMkare)aHeqat RtUvmanRbsiTPaB
edaykarGnuvteGaymanyutiFm kgkarcat;EcgerobcMkare)aHeqat. ebkCnEdleRCIserIssMrab;
eFIVKNkmkarCatierobcMkare)aHeqat RtUvEtCaKNkmkarEdlmanPaBsatsM kraC GBaRkit
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ehIymankare)aHeqatTukcitBIsPaCati. BYkeKRtUvEtmanqnerobcMkare)aHeqat mYyRbkbedayPaB

yutiFmRtwmRtUv.
9-CnGenaRbevsn_ nigcarkmyYn (Immigrants and Vietnamese spies)
CnGenaRbevsn_TaMgGs;RtUveKarBtamc,ab;GenaRbevsn_ nigeKarBc,ab;rbs;RbeTsExr.
cMeBaHCnGenaRbevsn_EdlmineKarBc,ab;rbs;Exr RtUvbBanRtLb;eTARbeTskMeNItvij. cMeBaHCn
GenaRbevsn_EdlmansBaatiExr EdlmanlkNeBjeljCaCnCatiExr mansiTiesIKanigBlrdExr
TUeTAEdr. RKb;Pak;garTaMgGs;rbs;yYnTaMgsIuvil nig eyaFa RtUvbBanRtLb;eTARbeTsedImvij.

carkmyYn EkgePTCaExr
esckIsnidan (Conclusion)
tamkarsikSaRsavRCav )anbBaak;RbCaCatiExreGayemIleXIjkan;Etc,as; GMBIedImehtu
bsKl;nbBaa Edl)annwgkMBugekItmanenAkgRbeTsExr. eRkamkardwknaMRtYtRtarbs;BYkCnpac;kar
hun Esn kMBugnaMRbeTsExrQaneTArkeRKaHfak;mhnrayminxaneLIy. ebIeyIgminnaMKaedaHRsay
bBaaenHeGaycb; esckITukevTnarbs;BlrdExr minRtwmEtFak;mkelIeyIgnaeBlbcb,nb:ueNaHeT
TukevTnaTaMgGs;enH nigFak;dl;kUnecAExrCMnan;eRkayeTotnaeBlGnaKt. karbgajlatRtdag
BIkarBit dUc)anerobrab;xagelIenH eFIVeGayeyIgTaMgGs;KaCaExr Qb;vegVgCamYykarbMPnepSg
rbs;BYkyYnkumynis nigExrkumynismYycMnYn EdlkMBugEtEkRkLRbvtisaRs eRbIR)as;menaKmn_
e)akR)as; edIm,IGMNac muxmat; buNsk suxciteGank,albMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayBYkyYnkumynis.
ehtudUecHehIy eyIgeXIjfabsKl; 7 mkra KW kumynisyYn.yYn shBn\NcinenHehIy
CaGkerobcMEpnkarmkelbTwkdIExr kan;kab;TwkdIExr cam Lav ExreRkamrhUtmkdl;bcb,n.
VI.

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ksaeyag

(Reference)

1-km<CaqaMsUn niBnnigERbsMrYledayelak Francois Ponchaud

2-RbvtisaRskm<CaRbCaFibetyniBneday elak exov sMpn
3-km<Ca nigshBn\Ncin
4-eKhTMBr rbs; bNit NarBaKIrITwt http://mysite.verizon.net/vzeof03b/
5-rUbPaBdkRsg;ecjBI eKhTMBr RsLaj;Exr b exGayemDr nig DIEhVs RbvtisaRs
6- ksarRbvtisaRs km<CaeRkam GMNacKanExreRkam eday elakRtaMgqat but
7-nitird)alTUeTA edaybNit say bUrI qaM 2006
8-karbeRgonrbs;RBHBuT qaM 1966 edayelak BUKKYO DENDO KYOKAI
9-Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore: 1981
10- Peter Schier, "Kampuchea in 1985," in Southeast Asian Affairs 1986.
11-Nayan Chanda, Brother Enemy.
12- The War After the War (1986).
13-"Origins of Khmer Communism," in Southeast Asian Affairs 1981.
14-World Politics,by Johnh T.Rourke ,Ph.D and Mark A Boyer, Ph.D University of
Connecticut.
15-The International Politics of the Asia Pacific, Second edition and revised edition, by
Michael Yahuda,Ph.D
16-Vietnamese Communist ( 1925-1945) by Huy nh Kim Khanh.
17-The Voice of America and Radio Free Asia.
18- Pictures quoted from KI Media.

(Y,

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