Chapter06 ADTs

1
Ngn ng lp trnh C++

Chng 6 Cu trc d liu tru tng
2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU
Chng 6.
Chng 6: Cu trc d liu tru tng

mc
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15
Gii thiu Cu trc - struct Truy nhp cc thnh vin ca struct Ci t kiu d liu ngi dng Time bng struct Ci t mt kiu d liu tru tng Time bng mt lp - class Phm vi lp v truy nhp cc thnh vin ca lp Tch giao din ra khi ci t Qun l quyn truy nhp thnh vin Cc hm truy nhp v cc hm tin ch Khi to cc i tng: Constructor S dng cc i s mc nh cho Constructor Destructor - hm hy Khi no Constructor v Destructor c gi S dng cc hm Set v Get Php gn i tng mc nh
Chng 6.
Ti liu c thm Day 6. TY21 (lp trnh c bn) Chap 4,5. Introduction to OOP Using C++ (IOOP) (khi nim hng i tng)
Chng 6.
6.1 Gii thiu cc kiu d liu phc hp cu to t cc thnh phn thuc cc kiu d liu khc
to kiu d liu mi - kiu d liu ngi dng t nh ngha (user-defined data type)
bn ghi
gm nhiu trng, mi trng lu tr mt thnh vin d liu thuc mt kiu d liu ci sn hoc mt kiu d liu ngi dng khc.
v d
Thi gian(gi, pht, giy) H tn (h, m, tn) 17:10:02, 04:23:12,... (Nguyn, Vn, An), (L, Th, Bnh),...
Chng 6.
6.1 Gii thiu C++:

struct v class - kiu bn ghi i tng (mt th hin ca mt kiu struct hay class no ) - bn ghi thnh vin d liu - trng hm thnh vin/phng thc - thao tc trn cc thnh vin d liu
Chng 6.
6.2 Cu trc - struct

struct definition
struct Time { int hour; int minute; int second; }; Structure tag Structure members
quy tc t tn cho cc thnh vin ca cu trc trong cng struct: khng th trng tn trong cc struct khc nhau: c th trng tn nh ngha struct phi kt thc bng du chm phy.
Cc bin kiu cu trc c khai bo nh cc bin thuc cc loi khc V d: khai bo bin n, mng, con tr, tham chiu...
Time Time Time Time timeObject; timeArray[ 10 ]; *timePtr; &timeRef = timeObject;
Chng 6.
6.2 Cu trc - struct

Self-referential structure - cu trc quy
thnh vin ca mt cu trc khng th thuc kiu cu trc thnh vin ca mt cu trc c th l con tr n kiu cu trc (self-referential structure - cu trc quy) s dng cho danh sch lin kt (linked list), hng i (queue), ngn xp (stack), v cy (tree) struct Node { int data; Node* next; };
Chng 6.
6.3 Truy nhp cc thnh vin ca struct cc ton t truy nhp thnh vin (member access operator)
Ton t du chm (.) truy nhp trc tip n cc thnh vin ca cu trc/lp Ton t mi tn (->) truy nhp cc thnh vin qua con tr n i tng V d: in thnh vin hour ca i tng timeObject: cout << timeObject.hour;
hoc timePtr = &timeObject; cout << timePtr->hour;
timePtr->hour tng ng ( *timePtr ).hour

Cn c cp ngoc do * khng c u tin bng .
Chng 6.
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// Fig. 6.1: fig06_01.cpp // Create a structure, set its members, and print it. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <iomanip> using std::setfill; using std::setw; // structure definition struct Time { int hour; // 0-23 (24-hour clock format) int minute; // 0-59 int second; // 0-59 }; // end struct Time void printUniversal( const Time & ); void printStandard( const Time & ); // prototype // prototype
fig06_01.cpp (1 of 3)
nh ngha kiu cu trc Time vi 3 thnh vin l s nguyn.
Truyn tham chiu ti hng Time trnh sao chp tham s.
2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU.
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int main() { Time dinnerTime; dinnerTime.hour = 18; dinnerTime.minute = 30; dinnerTime.second = 0;
10 // variable ofS dng k hiu du chm new type Time
khi to cc thnh vin cu trc. fig06_01.cpp (2 of 3) // set hour member of dinnerTime

// set minute member of dinnerTime // set second member of dinnerTime
cout << "Dinner will be held at "; printUniversal( dinnerTime ); cout << " universal time,\nwhich is "; printStandard( dinnerTime ); cout << " standard time.\n"; dinnerTime.hour = 29; dinnerTime.minute = 73;
Quyn truy nhp trc tip ti d liu cho php gn cc gi tr khng hp l.
// set hour to invalid value // set minute to invalid value
cout << "\nTime with invalid values: "; printUniversal( dinnerTime ); cout << endl; return 0; } // end main
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// print time in universal-time format void printUniversal( const Time &t ) { cout << setfill( '0' ) << setw( 2 ) << t.hour << ":" << setw( 2 ) << t.minute << ":" << setw( 2 ) << t.second; } // end function printUniversal
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fig06_01.cpp (3 of 3) fig06_01.cpp S dng manipulator (1 of 1) output setfill.
// print time in standard-time format Dng du chm truy nhp void printStandard( const Time &t ) cc thnh vin d liu. { cout << ( ( t.hour == 0 || t.hour == 12 ) ? 12 : t.hour % 12 ) << ":" << setfill( '0' ) << setw( 2 ) << t.minute << ":" << setw( 2 ) << t.second << ( t.hour < 12 ? " AM" : " PM" ); } // end function printStandard
Dinner will be held at 18:30:00 universal time, which is 6:30:00 PM standard time. Time with invalid values: 29:73:00 2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU.
6.4 Ci t kiu d liu ngi dng Time bng struct Truyn tham s:
Mc nh struct c truyn bng gi tr Nn truyn struct bng tham chiu trnh c vic phi sao chp cu trc
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Chng 6.
6.4 Ci t kiu d liu ngi dng Time bng struct

struct kiu C
khng c giao din gia bn trong v bn ngoi cu trc
Nu ci t thay i, mi chng trnh s dng struct phi c sa i theo
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khng th in ra nh l mt bin n
Phi in/nh dng cho tng thnh vin
khng th so snh hai struct theo kiu thng thng

Phi so snh tng thnh vin
struct kiu C++

C++ m rng: struct c chc nng nh class thng l: struct ch c dng cho cc cu trc ch gm d liu; class dng cho cc lp c c d liu v hm thnh vin.
Chng 6.
6.5 Ci t mt kiu d liu tru tng Time bng mt lp - class Cc lp - Classes

m hnh cc i tng
Thuc tnh - Attributes (data members) Hnh vi - Behaviors (member functions)
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t kho class cc hm thnh vin member functions

cn c gi l cc phng thc - method c gi tr li cc thng ip
Chng 6.
Class definition bt u bng t kho class.
Class body bt u bng ngoc m. Class Time definition (1 of 1) Constructor: thnh vin trng tn vi tn class, Time, v khng c gi tr tr v.
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Function prototype cho cc public member function.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 class Time {
public: Time(); // constructor void setTime( int, int, int ); // set hour, minute, second void printUniversal(); // print universal-time format void printStandard(); // print standard-time format private: int hour; int minute; int second;
Nhn quyn truy nhp

// 0 - 23 (24-hour clock format) // 0 - 59 // 0 - 59
}; // end class Time
private data member ch c th c truy nhp t cc member function. Definition kt thc bng du chm phy.
Class body kt thc bng ngoc ng.
6.5 Ci t mt kiu d liu tru tng Time bng mt lp - class Nhn quyn truy nhp Member access specifiers
quy nh quyn truy nhp cc thnh vin ca lp t cc on trnh bn ngoi nh ngha lp
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public:
thnh vin c th c truy nhp t trong ton b phm vi ca i tng
private:
thnh vin ch c th c truy nhp t cc hm thnh vin ca chnh lp
protected:
dng cho quan h tha k
Chng 6.
6.5 Ci t mt kiu d liu tru tng Time bng mt lp - class Constructor phng thc khi to
hm thnh vin c bit
khi to cc thnh vin d liu trng tn vi tn lp
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c gi khi i tng c to, v d khi bin c khai bo c th c vi constructor

hot ng theo nguyn tc hm gi chng
khng c gi tr tr v v khng c kiu gi tr tr v

class Time { public: Time(); };
Time::Time() { hour = minute = second = 0; } // end Time constructor
Chng 6.
6.5 Ci t mt kiu d liu tru tng Time bng mt lp - class Destructor phng thc hy
trng tn vi tn lp
bt u bng du (~)
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khng c tham s ti a 1 destructor, khng th b gi chng dnh cho vic dn dp, chng hn b nh
class Time { public: Time(); ~Time(); }; Time::~Time() { //empty } // end Time destructor
Chng 6.
6.5 Ci t mt kiu d liu tru tng Time bng mt lp - class cc i tng ca mt lp

K t sau class definition
tn lp tr thnh tn kiu mi - type specifier C++ l ngn ng m rng c c th khai bo i tng, mng i tng, con tr v tham chiu ti i tng
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V d:
Tn lp tr thnh tn kiu d liu mi. Time Time Time Time sunset; arrayOfTimes[ 5 ]; *pointerToTime; &dinnerTime = sunset; // // // // object of type Time array of Time objects pointer to a Time object reference to a Time object
Chng 6.
6.5 Ci t mt kiu d liu tru tng Time bng mt lp - class Cc hm thnh vin c nh ngha bn ngoi lp
ton t phm vi (::)
gn tn thnh vin vi tn lp xc nh duy nht cc hm ca mt lp no cc lp khc nhau c th c cc hm thnh vin trng tn
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Cng thc nh ngha hm thnh vin

ReturnType ClassName::MemberFunctionName( ) { }
nh nhau i vi hm public hay private

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU Chng 6.
6.5 Ci t mt kiu d liu tru tng Time bng mt lp - class Cc hm thnh vin c nh ngha bn trong lp
Khng cn ton t phm vi (::) v tn lp Trnh bin dch s chuyn thnh hm inline nu c th
Bn ngoi lp, cc hm inline cn t kho inline
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Chng 6.
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// Fig. 6.3: fig06_03.cpp // Time class. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <iomanip> using std::setfill; using std::setw; // Time abstract data type (ADT) definition class Time {
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fig06_03.cpp (1 of 5)
nh ngha lp Time.
public: Time(); // constructor void setTime( int, int, int ); // set hour, minute, second void printUniversal(); // print universal-time format void printStandard(); // print standard-time format
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private: int hour; int minute; int second;
23 // 0 - 23 (24-hour clock format) // 0 - 59 // 0 - 59
fig06_03.cpp (2 of 5)
}; // end class Time // Time constructor initializes each data member to zero and // ensures all Time objects start in a consistent state Time::Time() Constructor khi to cc thnh { vin d liu private v 0. hour = minute = second = 0; } // end Time constructor // set new Time value using universal time, perform validity // checks on the data values and set invalid values to zero void Time::setTime( int h, int m, int s ) { hour = ( h >= 0 && h < 24 ) ? h : 0; minute = ( m >= 0 && m < 60 ) ? m : 0; second = ( s >= 0 && s < 60 ) ? s : 0; } // end function setTime
Hm thnh vin public kim tra tnh hp l ca gi tr cc i s trc khi gn tr cho cc thnh vin d liu private
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// print Time in universal format void Time::printUniversal() { cout << setfill( '0' ) << setw( 2 ) << hour << ":" << setw( 2 ) << minute << ":" << setw( 2 ) << second; } // end function printUniversal
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fig06_03.cpp (3 of 5)
// print Time in standard format void Time::printStandard() { cout << ( ( hour == 0 || hour == 12 ) ? 12 : hour % 12 ) << ":" << setfill( '0' ) << setw( 2 ) << minute << ":" << setw( 2 ) << second << ( hour < 12 ? " AM" : " PM" ); } // end function printStandard int main() { Time t;
Khng c tham s (ngm hiu mc ch l in cc thnh vin d liu); li gi hm thnh vin ngn gn hn li gi hm thng.
Khai bo bin t l i tng thuc lp Time.

// instantiate object t of class Time
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// output Time object t's initial values cout << "The initial universal time is "; t.printUniversal(); // 00:00:00
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fig06_03.cpp (4 of 5) cout << "\nThe initial standard time is "; Gi cc hm thnh vin public in thi gian. t.printStandard(); // 12:00:00 AM
t.setTime( 13, 27, 6 ); // change time
// output Time object t's new values cout << "\n\nUniversal time after setTime is "; Th gn cc gi tr khng hp l cho cc thnh vin t.printUniversal(); // 13:27:06
Dng hm thnh vin public gn tr cho cc thnh vin d liu.
d liu bng cch s dng hm thnh vin public

cout << "\nStandard time after setTime is "; t.printStandard(); // 1:27:06 PM t.setTime( 99, 99, 99 ); // attempt invalid settings
// output t's values after specifying invalid values cout << "\n\nAfter attempting invalid settings:" << "\nUniversal time: "; t.printUniversal(); // 00:00:00
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cout << "\nStandard time: "; t.printStandard(); // 12:00:00 AM cout << endl; return 0; } // end main
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fig06_03.cpp (5 of 5) fig06_03.cpp output (1 of 1)
The initial universal time is 00:00:00 The initial standard time is 12:00:00 AM Universal time after setTime is 13:27:06 Standard time after setTime is 1:27:06 PM After attempting invalid settings: Universal time: 00:00:00 Standard time: 12:00:00 AM
Cc thnh vin d liu c gn v 0 sau khi th cc gi tr khng hp l.
6.5 Ci t mt kiu d liu tru tng Time bng mt lp - class li ch khi dng lp
n gin ha vic lp trnh cc giao din Interfaces
che du phn ci t Hide implementation
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ti s dng phn mm Software reuse

kh nng tch hp Composition (aggregation) cc thnh vin ca mt lp c th l i tng thuc lp khc tha k - Inheritance cc lp mi c to t lp c
Chng 6.
6.6 Phm vi lp v truy nhp cc thnh vin ca lp phm vi lp Class scope

gm thnh vin d liu v hm thnh vin ca lp bn trong phm vi lp
Cc thnh vin ca lp c th c truy nhp thng t mi hm thnh vin gi bng tn
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bn ngoi phm vi lp
c gi n bng tn i tng, tham chiu/con tr ti i tng objectTime.printStandard()
Chng 6.
6.6 Phm vi lp v truy nhp cc thnh vin ca lp Phm vi file - File scope
p dng cho cc hm khng phi thnh vin
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Phm vi hm Function scope

Gm cc bin c khai bo trong hm thnh vin ch c bit n trong hm b hy khi hm kt thc cc bin trng tn vi bin thuc phm vi lp
bin thuc phm vi lp (class-scope variable) b che (hidden) truy nhp bng ton t phm vi (::) ClassName::classVariableName
Chng 6.
6.6 Phm vi lp v truy nhp cc thnh vin ca lp Cc ton t truy nhp cc thnh vin ca i tng
ging cc ton t dnh cho struct ton t (.) dng cho
i tng tham chiu n i tng
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ton t (->) dng cho

cc con tr ti i tng
Chng 6.
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// Fig. 6.4: fig06_04.cpp // Demonstrating the class member access operators . and -> // // CAUTION: IN FUTURE EXAMPLES WE AVOID PUBLIC DATA! #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; // class Count definition class Count { public: int x; void print() { cout << x << endl; } }; // end class Count
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fig06_04.cpp (1 of 2)
Thnh vin d liu public x minh ha cc ton t truy nhp; thng thng cc thnh vin d liu u l private.
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int main() { Count counter; Count *counterPtr = &counter; Count &counterRef = counter;
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// create counter object S create chm cho i tng // dng du pointer to counter counter. // create reference to counter
fig06_04.cpp (2 of 2)
fig06_04.cpp cout << "Assign 1 to x and print using the object's name: "; output (1 of 1) counter.x = 1; // assign 1 to data member x S dng du chm cho counterRef l counter.print(); // call member function print tham chiu n i tng.
cout << "Assign 2 to x and print using a reference: "; counterRef.x = 2; // assign 2 dngdatatn cho counterPtr S to mi member x counterRef.print(); // call membertr ti i tng. l con function print cout << "Assign 3 to x and print using a pointer: "; counterPtr->x = 3; // assign 3 to data member x counterPtr->print(); // call member function print return 0; } // end main Assign 1 to x and print using the object's name: 1 Assign 2 to x and print using a reference: 2 Assign 3 to x and print using a pointer: 3
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6.7 Tch giao din ra khi ci t
Tch giao din khi ci t

ch li
d sa i chng trnh
bt li
phi to cc file header gm mt phn ca ci t Inline member functions cc hm inline gi v phn khc ca ci t private members
Chng 6.
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6.7 Tch giao din ra khi ci t Cc file header

cha cc nh ngha lp v cc nguyn mu hm c include trong mi file s dng lp
#include
m rng ca file .h
Cc file m ngun Source-code files

cha nh ngha ca cc hm thnh vin trng tn file vi file header tng ng (khng k phn m rng)
y ch l thng l, khng bt buc
c bin dch v lin kt vi file chng trnh chnh
Chng 6.
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M tin x l trnh vic file b // Fig. 6.5: time1.h // Declaration of class Time. include nhiu ln. // Member functions are defined in time1.cpp If not defined
// prevent multiple inclusions of header file #ifndef TIME1_H #define TIME1_H
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time1.h (1 of 1)
M gia hai nh hng ny khng c

// Time abstract data type definition include nn tn TIME1_H c nh ngha. class Time { public: Time(); // constructor void setTime( int, int, int ); // set hour, minute, second void printUniversal(); // print universal-time format void printStandard(); // print standard-time format private: int hour; int minute; int second;
nh hng tin x l nh ngha tn TIME1_H.
}; // end class Time #endif
Thng l t tn: tn header file vi du gch di thay cho du chm.

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// Fig. 6.6: time1.cpp // Member-function definitions for class Time. #include <iostream> using std::cout; #include <iomanip> using std::setfill; using std::setw;
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time1.cpp (1 of 3)
Include header file time1.h.
// include definition of class Time from time1.h #include "time1.h" // Time constructor initializes each data member to zero. // Ensures all Time objects start in a consistent state. Time::Time() Tn ca header file t trong ngoc kp; { cp ngoc nhn lm trnh bin dch cho hour = minute = second = 0;
rng l mt phn ca th vin chun C++ (C++ Standard Library).
} // end Time constructor
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// Set new Time value using universal time. Perform validity // checks on the data values. Set invalid values to zero. void Time::setTime( int h, int m, int s ) { hour = ( h >= 0 && h < 24 ) ? h : 0; minute = ( m >= 0 && m < 60 ) ? m : 0; second = ( s >= 0 && s < 60 ) ? s : 0; } // end function setTime // print Time in universal format void Time::printUniversal() { cout << setfill( '0' ) << setw( 2 ) << hour << ":" << setw( 2 ) << minute << ":" << setw( 2 ) << second; } // end function printUniversal
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time1.cpp (2 of 3)
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// print Time in standard format void Time::printStandard() { cout << ( ( hour == 0 || hour == 12 ) ? 12 : hour % 12 ) << ":" << setfill( '0' ) << setw( 2 ) << minute << ":" << setw( 2 ) << second << ( hour < 12 ? " AM" : " PM" ); } // end function printStandard
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time1.cpp (3 of 3)
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// Fig. 6.7: fig06_07.cpp // Program to test class Time. // NOTE: This file must be compiled with time1.cpp. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl;
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fig06_07.cpp (1 of 2)
Include time1.h m bo to ng v tnh kch thc i tng thuc lp Time.
// include definition of class Time from time1.h #include "time1.h" int main() { Time t;
// instantiate object t of class Time
// output Time object t's initial values cout << "The initial universal time is "; t.printUniversal(); // 00:00:00 cout << "\nThe initial standard time is "; t.printStandard(); // 12:00:00 AM t.setTime( 13, 27, 6 ); // change time
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// output Time object t's new values cout << "\n\nUniversal time after setTime is "; t.printUniversal(); // 13:27:06 cout << "\nStandard time after setTime is "; t.printStandard(); // 1:27:06 PM t.setTime( 99, 99, 99 ); // attempt invalid settings
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// output t's values after specifying invalid values cout << "\n\nAfter attempting invalid settings:" << "\nUniversal time: "; t.printUniversal(); // 00:00:00 cout << "\nStandard time: "; t.printStandard(); // 12:00:00 AM cout << endl; return 0; } // end main The initial universal time is 00:00:00 The initial standard time is 12:00:00 AM Universal time after setTime is 13:27:06 Standard time after setTime is 1:27:06 PM
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6.8 Qun l quyn truy nhp thnh vin cc kiu truy nhp Access
private
kiu mc nh - Default access mode ch c cc hm thnh vin v cc hm friend l c th truy nhp cc thnh vin private
public
truy nhp c t mi hm trong chng trnh.
protected
dnh cho quan h tha k, hin ti cha ni n
Chng 6.
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// Fig. 6.8: fig06_08.cpp // Demonstrate errors resulting from attempts // to access private class members. #include <iostream> using std::cout; // include definition of class Time from time1.h #include "time1.h" int main() { Time t;
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fig06_08.cpp (1 of 1)
// create Time object
hour l thnh vin private; truy nhp cc thnh vin private s gy li.
t.hour = 7;
// error: 'Time::hour' is not accessible
// error: 'Time::minute' is not accessible cout << "minute = " << t.minute; return 0; } // end main
minute cng l private;
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6.8 Qun l quyn truy nhp thnh vin quyn truy nhp cc thnh vin ca class
mc nh private phi t tng minh public, protected
quyn truy nhp cc thnh vin ca struct

mc nh public phi t tng minh private, protected
truy nhp d liu private ca lp

cc hm truy nhp (accessor method)
Get function hm c d liu c d liu private Set function hm ghi d liu ghi d liu private
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6.9 Cc hm truy nhp v cc hm tin ch Cc hm truy nhp Access functions

public cc hm c v hin th d liu cc hm ghi d liu (km kim tra tnh hp l) cc hm mnh Predicate functions
kim tra cc iu kin
Cc hm tin ch Utility functions

private ch h tr hot ng ca cc hm thnh vin kiu public khng nhm mc ch cho client trc tip s dng
Chng 6.
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// Fig. 6.9: salesp.h // SalesPerson class definition. // Member functions defined in salesp.cpp. #ifndef SALESP_H #define SALESP_H class SalesPerson { public: SalesPerson(); // void getSalesFromUser(); // void setSales( int, double ); // void printAnnualSales(); // private: double totalAnnualSales(); double sales[ 12 ]; }; // end class SalesPerson #endif
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salesp.h (1 of 1) hm ghi d liu thc hin vic kim tra tnh hp l ca d liu (validity checks).
constructor input sales from keyboard set sales for a month summarize and print sales
hm tin ch private
// utility function // 12 monthly sales figures
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// Fig. 6.10: salesp.cpp // Member functions for class SalesPerson. #include <iostream> using using using using std::cout; std::cin; std::endl; std::fixed;
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salesp.cpp (1 of 3)
#include <iomanip> using std::setprecision; // include SalesPerson class definition from salesp.h #include "salesp.h" // initialize elements of array sales to 0.0 SalesPerson::SalesPerson() { for ( int i = 0; i < 12; i++ ) sales[ i ] = 0.0; } // end SalesPerson constructor
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// get 12 sales figures from the user at the keyboard void SalesPerson::getSalesFromUser() { double salesFigure; for ( int i = 1; i <= 12; i++ ) { cout << "Enter sales amount for month " << i << ": "; cin >> salesFigure; setSales( i, salesFigure ); } // end for } // end function getSalesFromUser
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salesp.cpp (2 of 3)
hm ghi d liu thc hin vic kim tra tnh hp l ca d liu (validity checks).
// set one of the 12 monthly sales figures; function subtracts // one from month value for proper subscript in sales array void SalesPerson::setSales( int month, double amount ) { // test for valid month and amount values if ( month >= 1 && month <= 12 && amount > 0 ) sales[ month - 1 ] = amount; // adjust for subscripts 0-11 else // invalid month or amount value cout << "Invalid month or sales figure" << endl;
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48 } // end function setSales // print total annual sales (with help of utility function) void SalesPerson::printAnnualSales() { cout << setprecision( 2 ) << fixed << "\nThe total annual sales are: $" << totalAnnualSales() << endl; // call utility function } // end function printAnnualSales
salesp.cpp (3 of 3)
Hm tin ch private phc v hm printAnnualSales; 60 61 // private utility function to total annual sales ng gi thao tc trn mng sales.
62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 double SalesPerson::totalAnnualSales() { double total = 0.0; // initialize total for ( int i = 0; i < 12; i++ ) total += sales[ i ]; return total; } // end function totalAnnualSales
// summarize sales results
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
// Fig. 6.11: fig06_11.cpp // Demonstrating a utility function. // Compile this program with salesp.cpp // include SalesPerson class definition from salesp.h #include "salesp.h" int main() { SalesPerson s; s.getSalesFromUser(); s.printAnnualSales(); return 0; } // end main
49
fig06_11.cpp (1 of 1)
Chui gi hm n gin; logic chng trnh c ng gi trong cc hm thnh vin.
// create SalesPerson object s // note simple sequential code; no // control structures in main
Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter
sales sales sales sales sales sales sales sales sales sales sales sales
amount amount amount amount amount amount amount amount amount amount amount amount
for for for for for for for for for for for for
month month month month month month month month month month month month
1: 5314.76 2: 4292.38 3: 4589.83 4: 5534.03 5: 4376.34 6: 5698.45 7: 4439.22 8: 5893.57 9: 4909.67 10: 5123.45 11: 4024.97 12: 5923.92
50
fig06_11.cpp output (1 of 1)
The total annual sales are: $60120.59
51
6.10 Khi to cc i tng: Constructor Constructors

khi to cc thnh vin d liu
hoc c th gn tr cho cc thnh vin d liu sau
trng tn vi tn lp khng c kiu tr v
Cc gi tr khi to Initializers
c truyn di dng i s cho constructor khi khai bo bin: t trong cp ngoc n trc du chm phy
class Time { public: Time( int, int, int); ... }; // end class Time ... int main() { Time t( 27, 74, 99 ); ...
Class-type ObjectName( value1,value2,);
Chng 6.
6.11 S dng cc i s mc nh vi constructor
52
c th ch nh cc i s mc nh
tng t i s mc nh ca hm thng thng
constructor mc nh:
c th gi khng cn tham s
Time t;
Tt c cc i s l mc nh HOC thc s khng nhn tham s

Time(int = 0, int = 0, int = 0); hoc Time();
mi lp ch c c ti a mt constructor mc nh
Chng 6.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
// Fig. 6.12: time2.h // Declaration of class Time. // Member functions defined in time2.cpp.
53
time2.h (1 of 1)
// prevent multiple inclusions of header file #ifndef TIME2_H #define TIME2_H // Time abstract data type definition class Time {
Default constructor ch nh gi tr mc nh cho mi i s.
public: Time( int = 0, int = 0, int = 0); // default constructor void setTime( int, int, int ); // set hour, minute, second void printUniversal(); // print universal-time format void printStandard(); // print standard-time format private: int hour; int minute; int second;
}; // end class Time #endif

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
// Fig. 6.13: time2.cpp // Member-function definitions for class Time. #include <iostream> using std::cout; #include <iomanip> using std::setfill; using std::setw; // include definition of class Time from time2.h #include "time2.h" // Time constructor initializes each data member to zero; // ensures all Time objects start in a consistent state Constructor gi setTime kim tra cc Time::Time( int hr, int min, int sec ) gi tr c truyn vo (hoc mc nh). { setTime( hr, min, sec ); // validate and set time } // end Time constructor
54
time2.cpp (1 of 2)
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
// set new Time value using universal time, perform validity // checks on the data values and set invalid values to zero void Time::setTime( int h, int m, int s ) { hour = ( h >= 0 && h < 24 ) ? h : 0; minute = ( m >= 0 && m < 60 ) ? m : 0; second = ( s >= 0 && s < 60 ) ? s : 0; } // end function setTime // print Time in universal format void Time::printUniversal() { cout << setfill( '0' ) << setw( 2 ) << hour << ":" << setw( 2 ) << minute << ":" << setw( 2 ) << second; } // end function printUniversal // print Time in standard format void Time::printStandard() { cout << ( ( hour == 0 || hour == 12 ) ? 12 : hour % 12 ) << ":" << setfill( '0' ) << setw( 2 ) << minute << ":" << setw( 2 ) << second << ( hour < 12 ? " AM" : " PM" ); } // end function printStandard
55
time2.cpp (2 of 2)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
// Fig. 6.14: fig06_14.cpp // Demonstrating a default constructor for class Time. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; // include definition of class Time from time2.h #include "time2.h" int main() { Time t1; Time t2( Time t3( Time t4( Time t5(
56
fig06_14.cpp (1 of 2)
Khi to cc i tng Time s dng cc tham s mc nh.

// 2 ); // 21, 34 ); // 12, 25, 42 ); // 27, 74, 99 ); // all arguments defaulted minute and second defaulted second defaulted all values specified all bad values specified
cout << "Constructed with:\n\n" << "all default arguments:\n "; t1.printUniversal(); // 00:00:00 cout << "\n "; t1.printStandard(); // 12:00:00 AM
Khi to i tng Time vi cc gi tr khng hp l; khu kim tra tnh hp l s gn cc gi tr v 0.
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
cout << "\n\nhour specified; default minute and second:\n t2.printUniversal(); // 02:00:00 cout << "\n "; t2.printStandard(); // 2:00:00 AM cout << "\n\nhour and minute specified; default second:\n t3.printUniversal(); // 21:34:00 cout << "\n "; t3.printStandard(); // 9:34:00 PM cout << "\n\nhour, minute, and second specified:\n t4.printUniversal(); // 12:25:42 cout << "\n "; t4.printStandard(); // 12:25:42 PM cout << "\n\nall invalid values specified:\n t5.printUniversal(); // 00:00:00 cout << "\n "; t5.printStandard(); // 12:00:00 AM cout << endl; return 0; } // end main ";
";
57
fig06_14.cpp (2 of 2)
";
"; t5 c xy dng bng cc
i s khng hp l, cc gi tr c gn v 0.
58
6.12 Destructor hm hy Destructor hm thnh vin t hy ca i tng

hm thnh vin c bit trng tn vi tn lp
bt u bng du ng (~)
khng nhn i s khng c gi tr tr v khng th b gi chng thc hin vic dn dp

trc khi h thng ly li phn b nh ca i tng ti s dng cho i tng mi
nu khng c destructor c nh ngha tng minh

trnh bin dch t to destructor "rng" khng lm g ht
6.13 Khi no Constructor v Destructor c gi cc constructor v destructor

c gi ngm bi trnh bin dch
59
th t gi hm
ph thuc vo th t thc thi chng trnh
khi chng trnh vo v ra khi phm vi ca cc i tng
cc i tng cng l cc bin thng thng,

bin c khi to constructor c gi ti thi im bt u tn ti / phm vi bin b hy destructor c gi khi kt thc s tn ti / ra khi phm vi
thng thng, cc li gi destructor theo th t ngc li vi th t gi cc constructor
Chng 6.
6.13 Khi no Constructor v Destructor c gi Th t cc li gi constructor, destructor

i vi cc i tng/bin phm vi ton cc (global scope objects)
Constructor c gi trc mi hm khc (k c main) Destructor c gi khi main kt thc (hoc khi hm exit c gi) khng c gi nu chng trnh kt thc bng hm abort
60
Chng 6.

i vi cc i tng/bin a phng (automatic local objects)
Constructor c gi khi i tng c nh ngha mi khi chng trnh vo phm vi ca i tng Destructor c gi khi i tng ra khi phm vi chng trnh ra khi khi ni i tng c nh ngha khng c gi nu chng trnh kt thc bng exit hay abort
61
Chng 6.

cc i tng tnh a phng (static local objects)
Constructor ng mt ln khi chng trnh chy n ch i tng c nh ngha Destructor khi hm main kt thc hoc khi hm exit c gi khng c gi nu chng trnh kt thc bng hm abort
62
Chng 6.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
// Fig. 6.15: create.h // Definition of class CreateAndDestroy. // Member functions defined in create.cpp. #ifndef CREATE_H #define CREATE_H class CreateAndDestroy { public: CreateAndDestroy( int, char * ); ~CreateAndDestroy(); private: int objectID; char *message; }; // end class CreateAndDestroy #endif
63
create.h (1 of 1) Cc hm thnh vin constructor v destructor
// constructor // destructor
Cc thnh vin private minh ha th t cc li gi constructor v destructor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
// Fig. 6.16: create.cpp // Member-function definitions for class CreateAndDestroy #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; // include CreateAndDestroy class definition from create.h #include "create.h" // constructor CreateAndDestroy::CreateAndDestroy( int objectNumber, char *messagePtr ) { objectID = objectNumber; message = messagePtr; cout << "Object " << objectID << " << message << endl; } // end CreateAndDestroy constructor
64
create.cpp (1 of 2)
Output message th hin thi gian ca cc li gi hm constructor.

constructor runs "
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
65 Output message th hin thi gian // destructor ca cc li gi hm destructor CreateAndDestroy::~CreateAndDestroy() { create.cpp (2 of 2) // the following line is for pedagogic purposes only cout << ( objectID == 1 || objectID == 6 ? "\n" : "" ); cout << "Object " << objectID << " << message << endl; } // end ~CreateAndDestroy destructor destructor runs "
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
// Fig. 6.17: fig06_17.cpp // Demonstrating the order in which constructors and // destructors are called. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; // include CreateAndDestroy class definition from create.h #include "create.h" void create( void ); // prototype
66
fig06_17.cpp (1 of 2)
to i tng c phm vi ton cc
// global object CreateAndDestroy first( 1, "(global before main)" ); int main() To i tng t ng a phng. { cout << "\nMAIN FUNCTION: EXECUTION BEGINS" << endl;
To i tng a phng static.

CreateAndDestroy second( 2, "(local automatic in main)" ); static CreateAndDestroy third( 3, "(local static in main)" );
To cc i tng t ng a phng.
create(); // call function to create objects
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
cout << "\nMAIN FUNCTION: EXECUTION RESUMES" << endl; CreateAndDestroy fourth( 4, "(local automatic in main)" ); cout << "\nMAIN FUNCTION: EXECUTION ENDS" << endl;
67
fig06_17.cpp (2 of 2)
To i tng t ng a phng.
return 0; } // end main // function to create objects void create( void ) To i tng t ng a phng bn trong hm. { cout << "\nCREATE FUNCTION: EXECUTION BEGINS" << endl;
To i tng a phng static bn trong hm.

CreateAndDestroy fifth( 5, "(local automatic in create)" ); static CreateAndDestroy sixth( 6, "(local static in create)" ); CreateAndDestroy seventh( 7, "(local automatic in create)" ); cout << "\nCREATE FUNCTION: EXECUTION ENDS\" << endl; } // end function create
To i tng t ng a phng bn trong hm.
Object 1
constructor runs
(global before main)
68
MAIN FUNCTION: EXECUTION BEGINS Object 2 constructor runs (local automatic in main) Object 3 constructor runs (local static in main) CREATE Object Object Object FUNCTION: EXECUTION BEGINS 5 constructor runs (local automatic in create) 6 constructor runs (local static in create) 7 constructor runs (local automatic in create)
fig06_17.cpp output (1 of 1)
CREATE FUNCTION: EXECUTION ENDS Object 7 destructor runs (local automatic in create) Object 5 destructor runs (local automatic in create) MAIN FUNCTION: EXECUTION RESUMES Object 4 constructor runs (local automatic in main) MAIN FUNCTION: EXECUTION ENDS Object 4 destructor runs Object 2 destructor runs Object 6 destructor runs Object 3 destructor runs Object 1 destructor runs
i tng staticcc i cc destructor cho a i tng ton cho c to phng tn ti a phng tng t ng cc n khi trc hm main ng a b cc i trnh t thc chng tngkt bta gi trong khi static u v i tng main c phng cng. hy th t ngc khi hm theocuib hy sauvi cc phng c th t ngc vi kt thc theo to ti li gi constructor. hmt to. v hy sau khi th u tin hm main kt thc.
(local (local (local (local
automatic automatic static in static in
in main) in main) create) main)
(global before main)
69
6.14 S dng cc hm truy nhp Set functions cc hm ghi

kim tra tnh hp l trc khi sa i d liu private thng bo nu cc gi tr l khng hp l thng bo qua cc gi tr tr v
Get functions cc hm c
cc hm truy vn Query functions qun l nh dng ca d liu tr v
Chng 6.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
// Fig. 6.18: time3.h // Declaration of class Time. // Member functions defined in time3.cpp
70
time3.h (1 of 2)
// prevent multiple inclusions of header file #ifndef TIME3_H #define TIME3_H class Time { public: Time( int = 0, int = 0, int = 0 );
// default constructor
Cc hm ghi // set functions void setTime( int, int, int ); // set hour, minute, second void setHour( int ); // set hour void setMinute( int ); // set minute void setSecond( int ); // set second
// get functions int getHour(); int getMinute(); int getSecond();
cc hm c
// return hour // return minute // return second
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
void printUniversal(); // output universal-time format void printStandard(); // output standard-time format private: int hour; int minute; int second; }; // end clas Time #endif
71
time3.h (2 of 2)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
// Fig. 6.19: time3.cpp // Member-function definitions for Time class. #include <iostream> using std::cout; #include <iomanip> using std::setfill; using std::setw; // include definition of class Time from time3.h #include "time3.h" // constructor function to initialize private data; // calls member function setTime to set variables; // default values are 0 (see class definition) Time::Time( int hr, int min, int sec ) { setTime( hr, min, sec ); } // end Time constructor
72
time3.cpp (1 of 4)
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
// set hour, minute and second values void Time::setTime( int h, int m, int s ) { setHour( h ); setMinute( m ); setSecond( s ); } // end function setTime
73
time3.cpp (2 of 4)
Gi cc hm set d kim tra tnh hp l.
// set hour value void Time::setHour( int h ) { hour = ( h >= 0 && h < 24 ) ? h : 0; } // end function setHour // set minute value void Time::setMinute( int m ) { minute = ( m >= 0 && m < 60 ) ? m : 0; } // end function setMinute
Cc hm set kim tra tnh hp l trc khi sa i d liu.
47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
// set second value l trc khi sa i d liu. void Time::setSecond( int s ) { second = ( s >= 0 && s < 60 ) ? s : 0; } // end function setSecond // return hour value int Time::getHour() { return hour; } // end function getHour // return minute value int Time::getMinute() { return minute; } // end function getMinute
Cc hm set kim tra tnh hp
74
time3.cpp (3 of 4)
Cc hm get cho client c d liu
68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92
// return second value int Time::getSecond() { return second;
75
time3.cpp (4 of 4) Hm get cho client c d liu
} // end function getSecond // print Time in universal format void Time::printUniversal() { cout << setfill( '0' ) << setw( 2 ) << hour << ":" << setw( 2 ) << minute << ":" << setw( 2 ) << second; } // end function printUniversal // print Time in standard format void Time::printStandard() { cout << ( ( hour == 0 || hour == 12 ) ? 12 : hour % 12 ) << ":" << setfill( '0' ) << setw( 2 ) << minute << ":" << setw( 2 ) << second << ( hour < 12 ? " AM" : " PM" ); } // end function printStandard
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
// Fig. 6.20: fig06_20.cpp // Demonstrating the Time class set and get functions #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; // include definition of class Time from time3.h #include "time3.h" void incrementMinutes( Time &, const int ); int main() { Time t; // prototype
76
fig06_20.cpp (1 of 3)
// create Time object
Gi cc hm set gn cc gi tr hp l.
// set time using individual set functions t.setHour( 17 ); // set hour to valid value t.setMinute( 34 ); // set minute to valid value t.setSecond( 25 ); // set second to valid value
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
// use get functions to obtain hour, minute and second cout << "Result of setting all valid values:\n" << " Hour: " << t.getHour() fig06_20.cpp << " Minute: " << t.getMinute() (2 << " Second: " << t.getSecond(); C dng cc hm set gnof 3)
77
cc gi tr khng hp l.
// set time using individual set functions t.setHour( 234 ); // invalid hour set to 0 t.setMinute( 43 ); // set minute to valid value t.setSecond( 6373 ); // invalid second set to 0
// display hour, minute and second after setting // invalid hour and second values cout << "\n\nResult of attempting to set invalid hour and" << " second:\n Hour: " << t.getHour() Sa i data member bng << " Minute: " << t.getMinute() << " Second: " << t.getSecond() << "\n\n"; hm setTime. t.setTime( 11, 58, 0 ); incrementMinutes( t, 3 ); return 0; } // end main // set time // increment t's minute by 3
cc gi tr khng hp l lm cc data member b gn v 0.
47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
// add specified number of minutes to a Time object void incrementMinutes( Time &tt, const int count ) { fig06_20.cpp cout << "Incrementing minute " << count (3 of 3) << " times:\nStart time: "; tt.printStandard(); Dng cc hm get c v
78
cc hm set sa d liu.
for ( int i = 0; i < count; i++ ) { tt.setMinute( ( tt.getMinute() + 1 ) % 60 ); if ( tt.getMinute() == 0 ) tt.setHour( ( tt.getHour() + 1 ) % 24); cout << "\nminute + 1: "; tt.printStandard(); Result of setting all valid values: Hour: 17 Minute: 34 Second: 25 } // end for cout << endl; Result of attempting to set invalid hour and second: Hour: 0 Minute: 43 Second: 0
} // end function incrementMinutes Incrementing minute 3 times: Start time: 11:58:00 AM minute + 1: 11:59:00 AM minute + 1: 12:00:00 PM minute + 1: 12:01:00 PM
C gng gn cc gi tr khng hp l cho cc thnh vin d liu, kt qu l thng Chu.li 2004 Trn Minh bo v cc thnh vin b gn v 0. FOTECH. VNU.
79
6.15 Php gn mc nh
Gn i tng cho i tng Php gn (=)
c th gn mt i tng cho mt i tng khc thuc cng kiu Mc nh: gn theo tng thnh vin (memberwise assignment) Mi thnh vin ca i tng v phi c gn cho thnh vin tng ng ti v tri
c ngm thc hin khi

truyn tham s l i tng tr v i tng
i tng c th c truyn lm tham s cho hm

i tng c th c hm tr v Mc nh: pass-by-value
Bn sao ca i tng c truyn, tr v s dng 'copy constructor' sao chp cc gi tr gc vo i tng mi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
// Fig. 6.24: fig06_24.cpp // Demonstrating that class objects can be assigned // to each other using default memberwise assignment. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; // class Date definition class Date { public: Date( int = 1, int = 1, int = 1990 ); // default constructor void print(); private: int month; int day; int year; }; // end class Date
80
fig06_24.cpp (1 of 3)
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
// Date constructor with no range checking Date::Date( int m, int d, int y ) { month = m; day = d; year = y; } // end Date constructor // print Date in the format mm-dd-yyyy void Date::print() { cout << month << '-' << day << '-' << year; } // end function print int main() { Date date1( 7, 4, 2002 ); Date date2; // date2 defaults to 1/1/1990
81
fig06_24.cpp (2 of 3)
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
cout << "date1 = "; date1.print(); cout << "\ndate2 = "; date2.print(); date2 = date1;
php gn mc nh gn tng thnh vin ca date1 cho thnh vin tng ng ca date2.
82
// default memberwise assignment
cout << "\n\nAfter default memberwise assignment, date2 = "; date2.print(); cout << endl; return 0; } // end main
date1 = 7-4-2002 date2 = 1-1-1990 After default memberwise assignment, date2 = 7-4-2002

Chapter06 ADTs

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Chapter06 ADTs

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1

Ngn ng lp trnh C++

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

Chng 6: Cu trc d liu tru tng

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

6.1 Gii thiu C++:

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

6.2 Cu trc - struct

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

6.2 Cu trc - struct

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

timePtr->hour tng ng ( *timePtr ).hour

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

nh ngha kiu cu trc Time vi 3 thnh vin l s nguyn.

Truyn tham chiu ti hng Time trnh sao chp tham s.

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU.

int main() { Time dinnerTime; dinnerTime.hour = 18; dinnerTime.minute = 30; dinnerTime.second = 0;

10 // variable ofS dng k hiu du chm new type Time

khi to cc thnh vin cu trc. fig06_01.cpp (2 of 3) // set hour member of dinnerTime

Quyn truy nhp trc tip ti d liu cho php gn cc gi tr khng hp l.

// set hour to invalid value // set minute to invalid value

fig06_01.cpp (3 of 3) fig06_01.cpp S dng manipulator (1 of 1) output setfill.

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

6.4 Ci t kiu d liu ngi dng Time bng struct

khng th so snh hai struct theo kiu thng thng

struct kiu C++

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

6.5 Ci t mt kiu d liu tru tng Time bng mt lp - class Cc lp - Classes

t kho class cc hm thnh vin member functions

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

Class definition bt u bng t kho class.

Function prototype cho cc public member function.

Nhn quyn truy nhp

}; // end class Time

Class body kt thc bng ngoc ng.

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU.

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

c gi khi i tng c to, v d khi bin c khai bo c th c vi constructor

khng c gi tr tr v v khng c kiu gi tr tr v

Time::Time() { hour = minute = second = 0; } // end Time constructor

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

6.5 Ci t mt kiu d liu tru tng Time bng mt lp - class cc i tng ca mt lp

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

Cng thc nh ngha hm thnh vin

nh nhau i vi hm public hay private

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU.

private: int hour; int minute; int second;

23 // 0 - 23 (24-hour clock format) // 0 - 59 // 0 - 59

Khai bo bin t l i tng thuc lp Time.

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU.

Dng hm thnh vin public gn tr cho cc thnh vin d liu.

d liu bng cch s dng hm thnh vin public

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU.

fig06_03.cpp (5 of 5) fig06_03.cpp output (1 of 1)

Cc thnh vin d liu c gn v 0 sau khi th cc gi tr khng hp l.

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU.

ti s dng phn mm Software reuse

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU

6.6 Phm vi lp v truy nhp cc thnh vin ca lp phm vi lp Class scope

2004 Trn Minh Chu. FOTECH. VNU