Vn hnh my pht in v h thng kch t

II. H THNG KCH T: II.1. Tng quan v h thng kch t kch t: Chc nng c bn ca h thng kch t l cung cp dng mt chiu cho cun dy to t trng ca my in ng b. H thng kch t c iu khin v bo v nhm p ng cng sut khng cho h thng thng qua s iu khin in p bng cch iu khin dng in kch t. Chc nng iu khin bao gm vic iu chnh nh in p, phn b cng sut v nng cao tnh n nh ca h thng. Chc nng bo v l m bo c kh nng ca my in ng b, h thng kch t v cc thit b khc khng c vt qu gii hn. Cc yu cu c bn l h thng kch t cung cp v t ng iu chnh dng in kch t ca my pht ng b duy tr in p u ra cng nh gi cho in p u ra bin thin trong phm vi cho php lin tc ca my pht, cc yu cu ny c th hnh dung t ng cong in p V. Ca my pht c trnh by hnh 16. d tr cho tc bin thin ca nhit , h hng thit b, qu ti nh mc khn cp cn c qun l cng sut nh mc trong trng thi xc lp. Thng thng nh mc b kch t bin thin t 2 3,5 kW/MVA ca nh mc my pht.

Hnh 16: ng cong in p V v ng cong kt hp cho my pht ti in p phn ng nh mc Ngoi ra h thng kch t phi c kh nng p ng qu bt n nh vi t trng cng bc ph hp vi my pht mt cch tc thi v ngn hn. Kh nng ca my pht y xem nh c gii hn bi cc yu t; + H cch in rotor in p kch t cao. + Nng rotor dng in kch t ln. + Nng stator do dng ti phn ng ln. + Li b nng trong sut thi gian vn hnh trng thi thiu kch t v sinh nhit do mt t trng cao (V/Hz). + Gii hn nhit c c tnh c lp vi thi gian. + Kh nng qu ti ngn hn ca my pht c th m rng t 15 60 giy.
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m bo s s dng tt nht ca h thng kch t, cn bit y kh nng p ng ca my pht ngn hn min khng vt qu gii hn cho php. H thng kch t s gip cho vic iu khin in p c hiu qu v nng cao tnh n nh ca h thng. N s c kh nng cho p ng ca bt n nh mt cch nhanh chng nng cao qu n nh v iu chnh t trng ca my pht nng cao n nh tnh . V phng din lch s, vai tr ca h thng kch t trong vic nng cao hiu qu h thng in c pht trin lin tc.H thng kch t u tin c iu khin bng tay duy tr in p v cng sut phn khng ca ti u ra ca my pht nh mong mun. Khi in p c iu khin t ng ln u tin, n cho p ng rt chm. u nm 1920 ngi ta s dng cc b iu chnh in p nng cao n nh tnh v ng hot ng lin tc v c p ng nhanh. ng ch vic thit k h thng kch t ngy nay cng pht trin, cc b kch thch v iu chnh in p vi p ng nhanh sm c a vo trong cng nghip. H thng kch t t pht trin lin tc. S tin b trong h thng iu khin kch t t hn 20 nm qua nh vic pht trin in t bn dn .Vic pht trin cc mch tch phn tn hiu phn t gip cho cc cng ngh iu khin phc tp c th thc hn mt cch d dng . S pht trin sau cng l k thut s c c a vo trong h thng kch t.Thyristo tip tc c s dng cho mch cng sut Chc nng iu khin, bo v, lun l thc hin bng cc tn hiu s, m cc chc nng trc c thc hin bi mch tn hiu tng t. iu khin bng tn hiu s c s dung rng ri ngy nay v chng r hn v tin cy cao hn cc mch tn hiu tng t khc. Chng tin b hn nh tnh lin ng cao, cho php thc hin d dng cc cng ngh iu khin phc tp v giao tip vi cc chc nng iu khin, bo v ca my pht khc. Nhng h thng kch t hin i thc t c kh nng cung cp cc p ng tc thi in p rt cao. II.2. Cc loi h thng kch t: Qua nhiu nm pht trin h thng kch t c nhiu dng, chng c th c chia thnh ba loi c bn da trn ngun nng lng m b kch t s dng - H thng kch t mt chiu - H thng kch t xoay chiu - H thng kch t tnh II.2.1. H thng kch t mt chiu: H thng kch t loi ny s dng my pht mt chiu nh ngun nng lng kch t v cung cp dng in cho rotor ca my in ng b thng qua cc vng trt. My kch t mt chiu c th c ko nh mt ng c hoc gn vo trc ca my pht. N c th t kch hoc l kch t c lp. Khi kch t c lp, t trng ca b kch t c cp bi b kch t nh nh l my pht nam chm vnh cu. H thng kch t mt chiu l h thng ra i sm nht, khong t nm 19201960.Vo gia nhng nm 1960 chng khng cn c lu tm na m c thay th bng cc my kch t xoay chiu. H thng kch t mt chiu dn dn bin mt, mt s h thng c hn c thay th bng mt h thng kch t xoay chiu hoc h thng kch t tnh. Trong vi trng hp cc b iu chnh in p c lp c thay th bng cc b iu chnh
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Vn hnh my pht in v h thng kch t

in t bn dn hin i vi h thng kch t mt chiu vn cn hot ng do chng vn cn yu cu lm m hnh trong nghin cu tnh n nh. Hnh 18 biu din s n gin ca h thng kch t mt chiu vi b khuych i quay. N bao gm mt my in mt chiu (DC) cung cp dng mt chiu cho cun kch t my pht chnh thng qua cc vng trt. T trng my kch t DC c iu khin bng b khuych i in c. B khuych i in c l mt loi c bit ca b khuych i quay. N l mt my in mt chiu ch to c bit c 02 b chi than t lch nhau gc 90 o v in, mt b trn trc d, mt b trn trc q. Vic iu khin t trng cun dy c nh v trn trc d. Mt cun b mc ni tip vi ph ti trn trc d sinh ra t trng bng v ngc chiu vi dng in phn ng trn trc d do loi b c phn hi m do s phn ng li ca dng in phn ng. B chi than trn trc q b ngn mch, cng sut iu khin t trng rt nh c yu cu to ra dng in ln phn ng trn trc q. Dng in trn trc q to ra theo nguyn tc t trng, nng lng c yu cu duy tr dng in trn trc q c cung cp t ng c ko b khuych i in c. Kt qu l to mt thit b khuych i cng sut t 10.000100.000 ln v hng s thi gian nm trong khong (0,020,25) giy.

Hnh 18: H thng kch t mt chiu vi b khuych i quay II.2.2. H thng kch t xoay chiu: H thng kch t ny s dng my pht xoay chiu nh l ngun nng lng kch t ca my pht chnh. Thng my kch t c cng trc vi trc Turbine, my pht. in p xoay chiu ng ra ca b kch t c chnh lu c iu khin (SCR) hoc khng c iu khin (diode) to ra dng mt chiu cn cho t trng ca my pht. B chnh lu c th l tnh hoc l quay a. H thng chnh lu tnh: Vi h thng chnh lu tnh, ng ra mt chiu cp cho t trng cun dy ca my pht chnh thng qua cc vng trt. Khi chnh lu khng c iu khin
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c s dng, b iu chnh s iu khin t trng ca b kch t xoay chiu, nh th n s iu khin tip in p ng ra ca b kch t. S n tuyn n gin ca h thng kch t chnh lu my pht xoay chiu c iu khin t trng c trnh by nh hnh 19. B kch t my pht xoay chiu c ko nh rotor ca my pht chnh. B kch t ny l t kch vi nng lng t trng c cung cp t b chnh lu Thyristor. Nng lng ca b iu chnh in p c cp t in p ng ra ca b kch t.

Hnh 19: H thng kch t chnh lu my pht xoay chiu Khi b chnh lu iu khin Thyristor c s dng, b iu chnh iu khin trc tip in p mt chiu ng ra ca b kch t Hnh 20 biu din s h thng chnh lu c iu khin. B chnh lu in p iu khin vic dn ca thyristo. B kch t ca my pht xoay chiu l t kch v s dng iu chnh in p tnh c lp duy tr in p ng ra. V thyristor iu khin trc tip ng xut ca b kch t nn h thng ny cho p ng nhanh ngay t u (thi gian p ng nh). hnh 19 v hnh 20 c hai kiu iu chnh c lp: 1. B iu chnh xoay chiu t ng duy tr in p u cc my pht chnh bng vi in p ra mong mun 2. B iu chnh mt chiu duy tr in p kch t my pht l hng s, xc nh bng in p chun DC. B iu chnh mt chiu hay b iu khin bng tay c s dng khi b iu khin xoay chiu b h hoc cn ngng lm vic. Tn hiu a vo b iu khin xoay chiu c ng b nhp ph nhm cung cp thm chc nng iu khin v bo v

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Hnh 20: H thng kch t chnh lu c iu khin c cung cp bi my pht xoay chiu b. H thng chnh lu quay: (H thng chnh lu khng chi than) Vi b chnh lu quay, cc vng trt v chi than c b, in p mt chiu ng ra trc tip cp cho t trng my pht chnh nh hnh 21 Phn ng ca b kch t xoay chiu v chnh lu diode quay kch t my pht chnh. Mt b kch t xoay chiu ph, c mt rotor nam chm vnh cu quay vi phn ng ca b kch t v Diode chnh lu. Ng ra chnh lu ca Stator b kch t nh cung cp nng lng t trng tnh ca b kch t xoay chiu. B iu chnh in p iu khin t trng ca b kch t xoay chiu, iu khin tr li ca my pht chnh. Mt h thng nh vy c gi l mt h thng kch t khng c chi than. N c pht trin trnh vic s dng cc chi than khi cc dng dng in kch t ln cho cc my pht rt ln. (VD: Cng sut t trng cp cho my pht 600MW l trn 1MW ). Tuy nhin vi chi than v cc vng trt hin i, bo hnh tt, vn cung cp dng kch t ln khng l quan trng. H thng kch t xoay chiu c v khng c chi than u hot ng tt nh nhau. Hiu sut p ng ban u ca cc kch thch dng chi than khng cho php trc tip o lng dng v p t trng ca my pht. iu khin bng tay in p ca my pht chnh c thc hin bng cch thay i tr s t nhp mt chiu cho mch cng ca Thyristor.

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Hnh 21: H thng kch t khng chi than II.2.3. H thng kch t tnh. Tt c cc phn t trong h thng ny u ng yn. Cc b chnh lu tnh, c iu khin hoc khng iu khin, cung cp dng kch t trc tip cho t trng my pht chnh nh cc vng trt. Nng lng cp cho b chnh lu c ly t my pht chnh ( hoc cc trm ph ) qua my bin p gim p xung cp thch hp, i khi ly t cun ph trong my pht. H thng kch t tnh thng c ba kiu s dng rng ri: a. H thng chnh lu c iu khin ngun p: Trong h thng ny nng lng kch t c cung cp nh mt my bin p ly in t u cc my pht hoc cc trm ph, n c iu chnh bi b chnh lu c iu khin (xem hnh 22) H thng ny vn c hng s thi gian rt nh. in p ra cc i ca b kch t ph thuc vo in p xoay chiu ng vo.V vy khi h thng b s s lm cho in p u cc my pht gim xung v dn n in p cc i u ra b kch t c th b gim theo hn ch ny ca h thng kch t, c b bng p ng gn nh tc thi v kh nng thay i t trng cng bc cao. Ngoi ra n c th bo tr d dng v r tin. i vi my pht ni vi h thng cng sut ln th h thng kch t lm vic tt.

Hnh 22: H thng kch t chnh lu c iu khin ngun p b. H thng chnh lu ngun kt hp: Nng lng ca h thng kch t trong trng hp ny c to ra nh s dng dng in cng in p ca my pht chnh.iu ny c th thc hin c nh my bin p cng sut v my bin dng bo ha nh hnh 23. Hoc l ngun p v ngun dng c kt hp nh s dng mt my bin p kch t n, nh l my bin dng bo ha. B iu chnh iu khin ng ra ca b kch t thng qua vic iu khin s bo ha ca my bin p kch t. Khi my pht khng cung cp cho ti th dng ng bng khng cn ngun p cung cp ton b cho nng lng kch t. ch c ti mt phn nng lng kch t c ly t dng in ca my pht. Khi h thng b s c vi s c nng s lm gim in p u cc my pht, lc dng in s c s cung cp nng lng t trng cng bc cao.
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Hnh 23: H thng kch t chnh lu ngun kt hp c. H thng t chnh lu iu khin kt hp: H thng ny s dng chnh lu iu khin trong mch sut ca b kch t v s kt hp ca ngun p, ngun dng bn trong stator my pht cung cp nng lng cho b kch t. Kt qu l h thng kch t tnh cho p ng ban u cao vi nhiu kh nng cng bc. Hnh 24 biu din s n tuyn c bn ca h thng. Ngun p c to ra bi mt si dy qun ba pha t trong ba rnh bn trong stator my pht v ni tip vi cun khng tuyn tnh. Ngun dng c to ra t bin dng t trung tnh cui cun dy stator ni t. Nhng ngun ny c kt hp thng qua s hot ng ca my bin in v kt qu l in p xoay chiu ng ra c chnh lu bi cc linh kin bn dn cng sut tnh. Vic iu khin c cung cp bi s kt hp gia diode v thyristor mc song song. B iu chnh in p xoay chiu iu khin mch kch ca thristor v qua iu chnh b kch t kch t my pht. My bin p kch t bao gm ba b phn n pha vi ba cun dy: cun dng (C) cun p s cp (P) v cun ng ra th cp (E). Di tnh trng s c s chy qua cun dy (C) my bin p kch t, cung cp cung cp t trng cng bc khi in p my pht b gim thp. Cun khng c hai chc nng: + Gp phn lm tha c tuyn tng hp ca h thng kch t + Lm gim dng s c khi h thng kch t hay my pht b s c. My bin p kch t v cun khng c t trong mt hp hnh vng c bt dnh trn khung my pht. Bi v ngun nng lng ca h thng kch t tnh l t my pht chnh, n l h thng t kch. My pht khng th t pht ra in p khi cha c dng kch t. Do cn c ngun nng lng khc trong vi dy cung cp dng kch t v nng lng kch thch ban u cho my pht. Phng php ny to nn dng kch t cho my pht c gi l kch t trng. Ngun kch thng dng l ngun acquy tnh.

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Hnh 24: H thng kch t tng hp c iu khin II.3. Nguyn l lm vic ca mch bo v my kch t: Chc nng c bn ca h thng kch t l cung cp dng mt chiu cho cun dy to t trng ca my in ng b. H thng kch t c iu khin v bo v nhm p ng cng sut khng cho h thng thng qua s iu khin in p bng cch iu khin dng in kch t. Chc nng iu khin bao gm vic iu chnh nh in p, phn b cng sut v nng cao tnh n nh ca h thng. Chc nng bo v l m bo c kh nng ca my in ng b, h thng kch t v cc thit b khc khng c vt qu gii hn. Cc yu cu c bn l h thng kch t cung cp v t ng iu chnh dng in kch t ca my pht ng b duy tr in p u ra cng nh gi cho in p u ra bin thin trong phm vi cho php lin tc ca my pht, cc yu cu ny c th hnh dung t ng cong in p V. Ca my pht c trnh by hnh 16. d tr cho tc bin thin ca nhit , h hng thit b, qu ti nh mc khn cp cn c qun l cng sut nh mc trong trng thi xc lp. Thng thng nh mc b kch t bin thin t 2 3,5 kW/MVA ca nh mc my pht. II.4. Cu to, nguyn l lm vic cc thit b iu khin, o lng, kim sot v bo v kch t: 1. Bo v chng mt kch t: Trong qu trnh vn hnh my pht in c th xy ra mt kch t do h hng trong mch kch thch (do ngn mch hoc h mch), h hng trong h thng t ng iu chnh in p, thao tc sai ca nhn vin vn hnh... Khi my pht b mt kch t thng dn n mt ng b stator v rotor. Nu h mch kch thch c th gy qu in p trn cun rotor nguy him cho cch in cun dy. ch vn hnh bnh thng, my pht in ng b lm vic vi sc in ng E cao hn in p u cc my pht UF (ch qu kch thch, a cng sut phn khng Q vo h thng, Q > 0). Khi my pht lm vic ch thiu kch
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thch hoc mt kch thch, sc in ng E thp hn in p UF, my pht nhn cng sut phn khng t h thng (Q < 0) (hnh 1.33a,c). Nh vy khi mt kch t, tng tr o c u cc my pht s thay i t Zpt (tng tr ph ti nhn t pha my pht) nm gc phn t th nht trn mt phng tng tr phc sang ZF (tng tr ca my pht nhn t u cc ca n trong ch Q < 0) nm gc phn t th t trn mt phng tng tr phc (hnh 1.33b). Khi xy ra mt kch t, in khng ca my pht s thay i t tr s Xd (in khng ng b) n tr s Xd (in khng qu ) v c tnh cht dung khng. V vy pht hin mt kch t my pht in, chng ta c th s dng mt rle in khng cc tiu c Xd < Xk < Xd vi c tnh vng trn c tm nm trn trc -jX ca mt phng tng tr phc. c tnh khi ng ca rle in khng cc tiu hnh 1.33b c th nhn c t s nguyn l hnh 1.34a. Tn hiu u vo ca rle l in p dy Ubc ly u cc my pht v dng in pha Ib, Ic ly cc pha tng ng. in p s cp UBC c a qua bin p trung gian BUG sao cho in th cp c th ly ra cc i lng a.UBC v b.UBC (vi b > a) tng ng vi cc im A v B trn c tnh in khng khi ng hnh 1.33b. Khi mt kch t, dng in chy vo my pht mang tnh cht dung v vt trc in p pha tng ng mt gc 900. Hiu dng in cc pha B v C thng qua bin dng cm khng BIG to nn in p pha th cp UD vt trc dng in IBC mt gc 900. Nh vy gc lch pha gia hai vct in p UD v UBC l 1800

in p a vo cc b bin i dng sng (hnh sin sang hnh ch nht) S1 (hnh 1.34). v S2 tng ng bng: U1 = a. UBC - UD; U2 = b. UBC - UD Gc lch pha gia U1 v U2 s c kim tra. ch bnh thng = 00, rle khng lm vic. Khi b mt kch t = 1800, rle s tc ng. Gc khi ng c chn khong 900. Cc h s a, b c chn (bng cch thay i u phn p ca BUG) sao cho cc im A v B trn hnh 1.34b tho mn iu kin: b. UBC> UD > a.UBC (1-67) Khi mt kch thch, gc pha dng in thay i, gc lch pha c kim tra thng qua di ca tn hiu S3 = - S1.S2. Nu > k (hnh 1.34c) bo v s tc ng i ct my pht trong khong thi gian t (1 2) sec.

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HNH 1.34: S bo v chng mt kch t my pht in dng rle in khng cc tiu a) S nguyn l; b) th vct; c) Dng sng ca cc i lng 2. Bo v chng mt ng b: Bo v chng mt ng b i khi cn c tn gi l bo v chng trt cc t. Khi my pht in ng b b mt kch t, rotor my pht c th b mt ng b vi t trng quay. Vic mt ng b cng c th xy ra khi c dao ng cng sut trng h thng in do s c ko di hoc do ct mt s ng dy trong h thng. Hu qu ca vic mt ng b gy nn s dao ng cng sut trong h thng c th lm mt n nh ko theo s tan r h thng in, ngoi ra n cn to ra cc ng sut c nguy him trn mt s phn t ca my pht. pht hin s c ny c th s dng nguyn l o tng tr u cc my pht. Trn hnh 1.35 trnh by c tnh bin thin ca mt vct tng tr o c trn u cc my pht trong qu trnh s c v xy ra dao ng in trong h thng. ch vn hnh bnh thng, mt vct tng tr nm v tr im A. khi xy ra ngn mch mt vct dch chuyn t A n B, sau khi bo v ct ngn mch vct tng tr nhy t B sang C v nu xy ra dao ng, mt vct chu k u tin s dch chuyn theo qu o 2... Hnh vi ny ca vct tng tr khi c dao ng in c th c pht hin bng mt rle vi c tnh khi ng nh trn hnh 1.36. c tnh khi ng c dng hnh elp hoc thu knh 1 v dng in khng 2 kt hp vi nhau theo nguyn l v. Khi c dao ng nu qu o ca mt vct Z i vo min khi ong im M v ra khi min khi ng im N di c tuyn 2 (hnh 1.37) c ngha l tm dao ng (tm in) nm trong min tng tr ca b MF-MBA, bo v s tc ng ct my pht ngay trong chu k dao ng u tin.

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HNH 1.35: Hnh trnh ca vct tng tr Z khi xy ra s c v dao ng Nu tm dao ng nm pha h thng qu o ca mt vct Z s nm cao hn c tuyn 2, khi y bo v s tc ng ct sau mt s chu k nh trc. Trn hnh 1.37 trnh by s nguyn l ca bo v chng trt cc t, bo v gm b phn o khong cch vi c tuyn thu knh1 kt hp vi b phnhn ch theo in khng 2 gii hn min tc ng t pha h thng, b phn m chu k dao ng 3 ct my pht khi s chu k t tr s t trc. pha cao p ca MBA tng c t thm b phn nh hng cng sut 4 thc hin chc nng ging nh b phn 2 v lm nhim v d phng cho b phn ny. Thay v c tuyn tng tr kt hp 1 v 2 trn hnh 1.36 ngi ta c th s dng c tuyn hnh ch nht nh trn hnh 1.38 pht hin dao ng in.

HNH 1.36: c tnh khi ng hnh thu knh pht hin dao ng in

HNH 1.37: S nguyn l ca bo v chng trt cc t (dao ng in)

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HNH 1.38: c tnh khi ng HNH 1.39: Quan h gia mc qu hnh ch nht pht hin dao ti v thi gian qu ti cho php ng in ca cc cun dy my pht 3. Bo v chng lung cng sut ngc: Cng sut s i chiu t h thng vo my pht nu vic cung cp nng lng cho Turbine (du, kh, hi nc hoc dng nc...) b gin on. Khi my pht in s lm vic nh mt ng c tiu th cng sut t h thng. Nguy him ca ch ny i vi cc my pht nhit in l Turbine s lm vic ch my nn, nn lng hi tha trong Turbine lm cho cnh Turbine c th pht nng qu mc cho php. i vi cc my pht diezen ch ny c th lm n my. bo v chng ch cng sut ngc, ngi ta kim tra hng cng sut tc dng ca my pht. Yu cu rle hng cng sut phi c nhy cao pht hin c lung cng sut ngc vi tr s kh b (thng ch b p li tn tht c ca my pht trong ch ny). Vi cc my pht in Turbine hi, cng sut khi ng Pk bng: Pk = (0,01 0,03)P m (1-68) Vi cc my pht thu in v Turbine kh: PPk = (0,03 0,05)Pm (1-69)

HNH 1.40: S nguyn l ca bo v chng cng sut ngc m bo nhy ca bo v cho cc my pht cng sut ln, mch dng in ca bo v thng c u vo li o lng ca my bin dng (thay cho li bo v thng dng cho cc thit b khc). Bo v chng cng sut ngc thng c hai cp tc ng: cp 1 vi th gian khong (2 5) sec sau khi van STOP khn cp lm vic v cp th 2 vi thi gian ct my khong vi chc giy khng qua tip im ca van STOP (hnh 1.40).
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II.5. Cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca b AVR: Chc nng c bn ca h thng kch t l cung cp dng mt chiu cho cun dy to t trng ca my in ng b. H thng kch t c iu khin v bo v nhm p ng cng sut khng cho h thng thng qua s iu khin in p bng cch iu khin dng in kch t.

Hnh 14: Dy qun kch t qun tp trung ca my in ng b

Hnh 15: Dy qun kch t qun ri ca my in ng b

Hnh 16: Bi dy qun kch (a): Dy cun xp; (b): Dy cun sng Chc nng iu khin bao gm vic iu chnh nh in p, phn b cng sut v nng cao tnh n nh ca h thng. Chc nng bo v l m bo c kh nng ca my in ng b, h thng kch t v cc thit b khc khng c vt qu gii hn.
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Cc yu cu c bn l h thng kch t cung cp v t ng iu chnh dng in kch t ca my pht ng b duy tr in p u ra cng nh gi cho in p u ra bin thin trong phm vi cho php lin tc ca my pht, cc yu cu ny c th hnh dung t ng cong in p V. Ca my pht c trnh by hnh 17. d tr cho tc bin thin ca nhit , h hng thit b, qu ti nh mc khn cp cn c qun l cng sut nh mc trong trng thi xc lp. Thng thng nh mc b kch t bin thin t 2 3,5 kW/MVA ca nh mc my pht.

Hnh 17: ng cong in p V v ng cong kt hp cho my pht ti in p phn ng nh mc Ngoi ra h thng kch t phi c kh nng p ng qu bt n nh vi t trng cng bc ph hp vi my pht mt cch tc thi v ngn hn. Kh nng ca my pht y xem nh c gii hn bi cc yu t; + H cch in rotor in p kch t cao. + Nng rotor dng in kch t ln. + Nng stator do dng ti phn ng ln. + Li b nng trong sut thi gian vn hnh trng thi thiu kch t v sinh nhit do mt t trng cao (V/Hz). + Gii hn nhit c c tnh c lp vi thi gian. + Kh nng qu ti ngn hn ca my pht c th m rng t 15 60 giy. m bo s s dng tt nht ca h thng kch t, cn bit y kh nng p ng ca my pht ngn hn min khng vt qu gii hn cho php. H thng kch t s gip cho vic iu khin in p c hiu qu v nng cao tnh n nh ca h thng. N s c kh nng cho p ng ca bt n nh mt cch nhanh chng nng cao qu n nh v iu chnh t trng ca my pht nng cao n nh tnh . V phng din lch s, vai tr ca h thng kch t trong vic nng cao hiu qu h thng in c pht trin lin tc.H thng kch t u tin c iu khin bng tay duy tr in p v cng sut phn khng ca ti u ra ca my pht nh mong mun. Khi in p c iu khin t ng ln u tin, n cho p ng rt chm. u nm 1920 ngi ta s dng cc b iu chnh in p nng cao n nh tnh v ng hot ng lin tc v c p ng nhanh.
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ng ch vic thit k h thng kch t ngy nay cng pht trin, cc b kch thch v iu chnh in p vi p ng nhanh sm c a vo trong cng nghip. H thng kch t t pht trin lin tc. S tin b trong h thng iu khin kch t t hn 20 nm qua nh vic pht trin in t bn dn .Vic pht trin cc mch tch phn tn hiu phn t gip cho cc cng ngh iu khin phc tp c th thc hn mt cch d dng . S pht trin sau cng l k thut s c c a vo trong h thng kch t.Thyristo tip tc c s dng cho mch cng sut Chc nng iu khin, bo v, lun l thc hin bng cc tn hiu s, m cc chc nng trc c thc hin bi mch tn hiu tng t. iu khin bng tn hiu s c s dung rng ri ngy nay v chng r hn v tin cy cao hn cc mch tn hiu tng t khc. Chng tin b hn nh tnh lin ng cao, cho php thc hin d dng cc cng ngh iu khin phc tp v giao tip vi cc chc nng iu khin, bo v ca my pht khc. Nhng h thng kch t hin i thc t c kh nng cung cp cc p ng tc thi in p rt cao. S khi chc nng tiu biu ca h thng iu khin kch t cho my pht ng b ln cho ( hnh 17 ). H thng ny c cc b phn chnh nh sau: 1. B kch t: Cung cp dng mt chiu cho cun dy to t trng ca my in ng b, to nn cng sut ca h thng kch t. 2. B iu chnh in p : ( AVR) X l v khuych i tn hiu iu khin u vo l in p u cc my pht to ra cch thc thch hp nhm iu khin b kch t. N bao gm c vic iu chnh v chc nng n nh h thng kch t (Mng hi tip hoc b b sm Tr pha ). 3. B bin in p ra v b ti: Cm nhn in p ra u cc my pht, Chnh lu v lc n thnh in mt chiu, so snh n vi mt tr chun (tr s t) l in p u ra my pht mong mun. Ngoi ra b phn b ti c th c cung cp (Do st p trn ng dy hoc do cng sut phn khng) nu mun gi in p khng i ti cc im xa u cc my pht ( VD: qua my bin p tng). B ny cn c gi l b to c tuyn iu chnh. 4. B n nh h thng cng sut: Cung cp thm mt tn hiu ng vo hn ch dao ng cng sut ca h thng. Nhng tn hiu ng vo thng dng l lch tc rto, S tng cng sut v lch tn s . 5. B hn ch v bo v: Phn ny bao gm mt h thng iu khin v bo v rng nhm m bo kh nng ca b kch t v my pht ng b khng vt qu gii hn. Thng s dng b hn dng kch t, b hn ch kch t cc i, b hn p u cc , b iu chnh v bo v V/Hz v b hn ch thiu kch t. Nhng mch ny thng ring bit, cc tn hiu ng ra ca chng c th a vo h thng kch t bng mt ng nhp tng hay l mt cng nhp.

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Vn hnh my pht in v h thng kch t

B HN CH V BO V

B CM BIN IN P V B B TI TO C TUYN B IU CHNH AVR

Ti h thn g

B KCH T

MY PHT

B N NH

Hnh 17 : S khi h thng kch t my pht II.6. nh gi p ng ng ca h thng kch t: Hiu qu ca h thng kch t trong vic nng cao n inh h thng in c xc nh bi mt s c tuyn c bn ca n. Trong phn ny ta tm hiu, nh ngha vic o lng xc nh t cc c tuyn v p ng c bn cho vic c lng, cng nh vic nh r chc nng lm vic ca h thng iu khin kch t. S lm vic ca h thng iu khin kch t ph thuc vo c tuyn ca h thng kch t, my pht v h thng in . V h thng tuyn tnh, kho st hai dng tn hiu, dng c tnh tn hiu nh v dng c tnh tn hiu ln i vi c tnh tn hiu ln, khng tuyn tnh l ng k: i vi c tnh tn hiu nh, p ng chnh l tuyn tnh Vr : in p chun Vr : in p ra b iu chnh V f : in p kch t V : lch in p. II.7. Chc nng iu khin v bo v: 1. Qu kch t: Qu kch t l nguyn nhn gy ra qu nhit my pht. bo v qu kch t my pht. Thng dng b gii hn qu kch t. B gii hn kch t c mc ch l bo v my pht khng b qu nhit do qu dng kch t. B gii hn ny cn c bit nh b gii hn kch t cc i. Cun kch t my pht c thit k hot ng lin tc ti mt gi tr p ng ti nh mc. Nhit pht nng th cun kch t rotor my pht qu ti c thit k theo tiu chun th d nh ng cong ( Hinh 26).

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Hnh 26: S kt hp ca gii hn qu kch t vi kh nng chu nhit ca cun dy kch t ng cong i qua cc im sau: Thi gian (s) in p kch t/dng kch t (% nh mc) 10 208 30 146 60 125 120 112

Hnh 27. Mt ct phn cui my pht. Hnh 27. L hnh v cc vng dy cun vng bin ca my pht. T thng cc vng ny tn vo v ra vung gp vi tng lp thp mng ca Stator. y l nguyn nhn dng in xoy trong tng lp thp, kt qu l s pht nhit c hnh thnh vng bin. Dng kch t ln ng vi trng hp qu kch t gi vng duy tr bo ha lm cho t thng tn nh. Tuy nhin trong vng thiu kch t, dng kch t nh v vng duy tr khng bo ha, iu ny cho php t thng tn cui phn ng. Hn na trong iu kin thiu kch t t thng sinh ra do dng phn ng cng vi t thng sinh ra dng kch t, v vy t thng vng bin lm tng t thng hng tmtrong vng v kt qu l hiu ng nhit c th rt mnh lit gii hn ng ra my pht, c bit trong trng hp ca Rotor dy qun. Hin nay vic b sung chc nng gii hn qu kch t thay i tu thuc vo nh my sn xut v khi chc nng tiu biu. Chc nng c trng ca b gii hn kch t l pht hin ra dng kch t cao, qua thi gian tr, tc ng thng qua b iu chnh AC nhm lm gim tc kch t n gi tr kch t t trc (khong 100+110% dng kch t nh mc ).

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Hnh 28. ng cong kh nng pht cng sut khng ca my pht Nu khng t, n s ct iu chnh AC, chuyn iu khin n b iu chnh DC v xc nh li im t mt gi tr p ng t tr s nh mc. Nu iu ny cng khng lm gim kch t n mt gi tr an ton th b gii hn s tc ng ct b my pht kch t v ct b my pht. C hai loi thi gian tr c dng: a. Thi gian c nh: L thi gian m b gii hn hot ng khi dng in kch t vt qu gi tr thi gian c nh c t bt k mc ca s qu kch t. b. Thi gian bin i: L thi gian m b gii hn hot ng vi thi gian tr ng vi kh nng t trng pht nng, nh (Hinh 28). B kch t vi in p rt cao c th c cung cp thm mt b gii hn dng kch t c hot ng tc thi thng qua b iu chnh AC cng vi cc gii hn dng kch t trong thi gian gii hn ngn ( khong 160% gi tr nh mc ).

2. Thiu kch t: Thiu kch t l nguyn nhn gy ra qu nhit li stator my pht. bo v thiu kch t my pht. Thng dng b gii hn thiu kch t. B gii hn thiu kch t dng ngn chn s gim kch t ca my pht ti mc m gii hn n nh nh ( trng thi xc lp ) hoc l vng gii hn nhit li stator b vt qu. B gii hn ny c bit qua nhng tn khc nhau nh b gii hn thiu kch t dng phn khng v b gii hn kch t cc tiu. Tin hiu iu khin ca b gii hn thiu kch t c ly t s kt hp hoc l in p v dng in, hoc l cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng ca my pht. Cc gii hn c xc nh bng tin hiu vt qu gi tr t. C nhiu cch b sung chc nng thc hin ca b gii hn thiu kch t.
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Mt s b gii hn thiu kch t hot ng theo tin hiu sai s in p ca b AVR; khi b gii hn thiu kch t khi ng, mt phn t khng tuyn tnh ( v d nh diode) bt u dn tn hiu ng ra ca b gii hn c kt hp vi cc tin hiu iu khin khc ca h thng kch t . S ci t tnh ca b gii hn thiu kch t s t nn tng cho bo v nh bo v h thng bt n nh hoc l cun dy stator pht nng. Ngoi ra c tnh ca b gii hn cn c phi hp vi b bo v mt kch t my pht. (Hinh 29) trnh by cch m c tnh ca b gii hn thiu kch t ( tng trng bng mt phng P-Q thng s dng kt hp vi tnh ton n nh tn hiu nh v rle chng mt kch t.

H.29. S phi hp gia phn t thiu, mt kch t v gii hn n nh. Nu b gii hn chng mt kch t c s dng chng li vng pht nng, s kt hp theo cch tng t, ngoi tr gii hn n nh c th bng gii hn pht nng. Nu cc tn hiu nhp cho b gii hn thiu kch tr l in p v dng in stator my pht th s xut hin cc ng cong c tnh trn mt phng P-Q nh (Hinh 29). Vi cc tin hiu ng nhp l cng sut phn khng v cng sut tc dng th c tnh gii hn l mt ng thng. 3. Mch dit t: V b chnh lu khng dn theo chiu ngc li nn dng in ca b kch t khng th m nh trong trng hp ca b kch t AC v tnh. Trong trng hp cc h v h thng ngn mch, dng cm ng trong cun kch t my pht c th m. Nu dng in m ny khng c ng thot th in p tng rt cao c th to ra mch t mc song song. V vy mt mch in ring bit thng c cung cp lm nhnh r cho php dng kch t m thot qua. y l mt hnh thc ca ni tt t trng, thng c bit qua b dp t trng hoc in tr bin i . B dp t trng bao gm mt thyristor v mt in tr dit t c ni song song vi cun kch t my pht nh (hnh 30) Cng ca thyristor c iu khin bng ch qu in p c to ra dng cm ng ban u khng li thot. Thyristor cng dn dng kch t cm ng qua in tr dit t.

Hnh 30 Mch dit t dng b dp t trng

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Hnh 31 Mch dit t dng in tr bin i in tr bin i l mt in tr khng tuyn tnh khi c ni song song vi cun kch t my pht, ( nh hnh 31) n ni tt cun kch t trong ch in p cm ng cao vi in p b kch t bnh thng in tr bin i mc song song c in tr rt ln v vy dng qua n c th b qua. Khi in p hai u in tr bin i tng n ngng th in tr ca n gim theo v dng in qua n tng ln rt nhanh. V th in tr bin i cung cp mt in tr nh lm ng dn cho dng kch t cm ng v gii hn in p hai u cun kch t v my kch t . Trong vi trng hp, mch ni tt ring bit bo v cun kch t khng c cung cp. B dp tt dao ng kt hp vi khi st ca rotor to ng dn cho ng rotor cm ng. iu ny c kh nng gii hn in p cm ng mc kh nng chu ng ca cun kch t my pht v my kch t. V cun kch t khng b ni tt nn n khng ti trc tip dng in hng m. II.8. Cc b hn ch v bo v: Nhng phn ny c s dng bo v my pht v my bin p tng khng b h do vt qu dng t ho kt qu ca tn s thp v qu in p. Dng t ho vt qu lin tc c th l nguyn nhn ch yu ca s qu nhit. Kt qu c th lm h my bin p v cun dy my pht. T s ca in p n v tng i v tn s n v tng i, c xem nh in p chia cho tn s (V/Hz), c th o lng c i lng t l vi dng t ho. Gii hn VHz c trng cho my pht v my bin p tng c cho trong bng sau: V/Hz (vt) Thi gian ph hy (Pht) My pht My bin p tng 1,25 0,2 1 1,2 1 5 1,15 6 20 1,1 20 1,05

My bin p tng in p nh mc thng nh hn in p nh mc my pht 5% do yu cu ca b gii hn V/Hz v bo v thng c xc nh bi gii hn ca my bin p. Nu in p nh mc my pht v my bin p bng nhau th gii hn ca my pht s gii hn nhiu hn. B gii hn V/Hz ( hoc b iu chnh V/Hz) iu khin in p kch t cng nh gii hn in p my pht khi gi tr V/Hz vt qu tr s t trc. B V/Hz bo v ct my pht, khi gi tr V/Hz vt qu tr s thi gian t trc. Thng thng bo v hai cp c cung cp, mt cp ng vi tr t V/Hz cao hn v vi thi gian ngn hn, v cp khc ngc li vi tr t V/Hz thp hn v vi thi gian t di hn. Khi s dng kt hp vi b gii hn V/Hz, n nh mt p ng d tr.

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