MN:

Vi Sinh Thc Phm

TI TIU LUN: ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

..

Nhm thc hin :

Lp :

nctp5a

Kha :

Ging vin hng dn : Lu Huyn Trang

Tp.HCM, thng nm 2012

ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN
Nhn xt chung:
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im cho tng thnh vin

H v tn

STT

MSSV

11162751

L Quang Duy

11202811

Trn Mnh Cng

11159051

L Th Duyn

11206581

L Th Dung

11139291

Nguyn Th Kim Dung

11079961

Phm c Duy

Nhim v

im

K tn

Ghi ch

Tm ti liu
v
hon thnh
bi tiu lun

7 Duy
11168591 L Anh

7
TP.HCM, ngy . thng . nm 2012
Gio vin

ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

Mc Lc
M u ................................................................................................................................. 4
I. Tm hiu quy trnh sn xut nc mm: ......................................................................... 4
1) Bn cht ca qu trnh sn xut nc mm: ................................................................ 5
2) cc nhn t nh hng n qu trnh sn xut nc mm .............................................. 6
2.1) Cc h enzym trong sn xut nc mm : ........................................................... 6
2.2 ) Nhit ................................................................................................................... 7
2.3) pH ............................................................................................................................. 7
2.4 )Lng mui .............................................................................................................. 7
II)Vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm: ............................................................................. 8
III. M t qui trnh cng ngh: .......................................................................................... 10
1) Phng php ch bin nc mm bng ha hc: ................................................ 10
a. S quy trnh sn xut ..................................................................................... 11
b. Gii thch quy trnh : ......................................................................................... 11
2) Phng php ch bin nc mm bng vi sinh vt: .......................................... 12
a. S quy trnh sn xut ................................................................................... 12
b. Giai thch quy trnh ........................................................................................... 13
c.

Cc Ch tiu vi sinh ............................................................................................ 15

Kt Lun ............................................................................................................................ 19
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................................. 20

ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

M u

i li th a l Vit Nam c b bin tri di t Bc xung Nam, hi sn l

ngun nguyn liu di do, phong ph. Tn dng u th , ngnhcng ngh thc phm
nc ta ang u t m rng sn xut vi dy chuyn cng ngh hin i. Trong c
ngnh cng nghip sn xut nc mm
Nc mm l dung dch m m ch yu l cc acid amin, c to thnh do qu trnh
thy phn protein c nh h enzym protease c trong c. Ngoi ra nc mm cn dng
cha mt s bnh nh au d dy, phng, c th suy nhc, cung cp nng lng.
Nc mm c sn xut hu ht cc nc Chu . Mi nc c kiu sn xut khc
nhau to ra sn phm c gi tr dinh dng v gi tr cm quan khc nhau
mun hiu r hn v cng ngh ln men nc mm mt loi nc chm khngth thiu
ca ngi Vit Nam nhm chng em la chn ti : ng dng vi sinh vt trong qu
trnh sn xut nc mm

ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

I. Tm hiu quy trnh sn xut nc mm:
1) Bn cht ca qu trnh sn xut nc mm:
C + mui nc mm

Bn cht ca qu trnh ny chnh l qu trnh thy phn protein trong c nh h enzyme

protease peptol polyppeptid pepetid acid amin
Qu trnh thy phn protein n acid amin l mt qu trnh rt phc tp. chiu ca
enzyme l ch tc dng ln mt vi cht no vi vi kiu lin kt nhtnh, nh
enzyme peptidase ch tc dng ln mi ni lin kt peptid thy phnmi lin kt ny:
CONH COOH + NH2
S tham gia ca enzyme trong qu trnh thy phn theo c ch xc tc:
E + S ES E + P
Vi: E: enzyme.
S: c cht (protein)
ES: hp cht trung gian gia enzyme v c cht.
P: sn phm.
Sn phm ch yu ca qu trnh phn gii protein l acid amin v cc peptidcp thp.
S to thnh v chuyn bin hp cht ES qua 3 bc:

Bc 1:

enzyme kt hp vi protein to thnh phc cht enzyme protein, bc ny

xy ra kh nhanh, lin kt khng bn.

Bc 2:

Xy ra s chuyn bin ca cc phn t protein dn n lm ph v cc mi

lin kt ng ha tr tham gia vo phn ng. khi phc cht ES ng thi
xy ra hai qu trnh l s dch chuyn thay ieletron, dn n s cc ha
ca mi lin kt tham gia vo phn ng vs bin dng hnh hc ca ni
lin kt ng ha tr trong phn t protein cng nh trong trung tm hot
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ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

ng ca enzyme, lm cho protein hot ng, qu trnh thy phn d dng
hn.
Bc 3:

giai on to thnh cc acid amin v peptid cp thp, gii phng enzyme.

Theo nghin cu ca Beddow, ba bc to thnh v chuyn ha hp cht ES tng ng

vi ba chng ng bin i hp cht nitrogen trong qu trnh thy phn c.
Pha 1 (0-25 ngy): c s gia tng th tch ca phn cht lng ni trn b mt ca sn
phm v protein ha tan.
Pha 2 (80-120 ngy): m t bo b ph v, protein ca t bo tr nn tipxc vi
enzyme, sn phm ca qu trnh t phnprotein c phngthch. Hu nh tt c m t
bo u b phn hy v bin mt sau 120-140 ngy.
Pha 3 (140-200 ngy): Enzyme phng thch v tn cng vo cc phn protein ha tan.
y l nguyn nhn lm thay i cc hp cht nit. Ngoi ra ng, cht bo cng b
phn gii thnh ru v cc acid hu c
2) cc nhn t nh hng n qu trnh sn xut nc mm
2.1) Cc h enzym trong sn xut nc mm :
Gm 3 h enzym ln
a. H enzym Metalo-protease (Aminodipeptidase)
H enzym ny tn ti trong ni tng ca c v chu c nng mui cao nn ngay t
u n hot ng mnh, gim dn t thng th 3 tr v sau. Loi enzym ny c hot
tnh kh mnh, c kh nng thy phn rng ri i vi cc loi peptid. y l nhm thy
phn enzym trung tnh, pH ti thch t 5-7, pI = 4-5, n n nh vi ion Mg2+, Ca2+v
mt hot tnh vi Zn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Hg2+..

b. H enzym serin-protease
in hnh l enzym tripsin chui acid amin trong cu trc ca enzym. tho g chui
ny phi nh n hot ng ca men cathepsin B nhng men cathepsin B d b c ch
bi nng mui cao. V vy men cathepsin B hot ng c ngi ta thc hin
phng php cho mui nhiu ln. Enzym serin-protease hot ng mnh pH t 5-10,
mnh nht pH=9., tn ti nhiu trong ni tng ca c. giai on u ca qu trnh sn
xut nc mm hot ng ca n yu n thng th 2 v pht trin dn t gi tr cc i

ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

thng t 3 ri gim dn n khi chp chn (protein phn gii gn nh hon ton khng
cn dng peptol). H enzym ny lun b c ch bi

c. H enzym acid-protease
C trong tht v ni tng c, in hnh l enzym cathepsin D. H enzym ny d b c ch
bi nng mui khong 15% nn thng n ch tn ti mt thi gian ngn u thi
k ca qu trnh thy phn. Loi men ny ng vai tr th yu trong qu trnh sn xut
nc mm.
2.2 ) Nhit
Nhit tng vn tc phn ng tng, n mt nhit no s khng tng na v c
th gim xung do nhit cao lm cho h enzym serin-protease mt hot tnh. Qu trnh
thy phn km.
- Nhit 30 - 47C thch hp cho qu trnh ch bin chp.
- Nhit 70C tr ln hu ht cc h enzym trong c mt hot tnh.
Nng nhit ca chp ln bng cch phi nng, nu hoc s dng tn nng che
phn xng.
2.3) pH
Mi h enzym c pH ti thch khc nhau, v vy phi xem loi enzym no nhiu nht v
ng vai tr ch yu nht trong qu trnh sn xut nc mm to pH thch hp cho
enzym hot ng. Qua thc nghim cho thy:
pH mi trng t nhin t 5,5-6,5 enzym tripsin v pepsin hot ng c, ng thi
pH ny c tc dng c ch mt phn vi khun gy thi. V vy mi trng t nhin c
pH thch hp cho qu trnh sn xut nc mm hn.
2.4 )Lng mui
Mui l nguyn liu quan trng cho qu trnh sn xut nc mm, thiu mui nc mm
khng hnh thnh c.
Yu cu ca mui trong sn xut nc mm phi l loi mui n, cng tinh khit cng
tt, kt tinh ht nh c rn cao, mu trng ng nh (khng vn cc, m t, v ng
cht).
- Nng mui thp c tc dng thc y qu trnh thy phn protein nhanh hn, chp
mau chn.
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ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

- Nng mui qu cao c tc dng c ch lm mt hot tnh ca enzym, qu trnh thy
phn chm li, thi gian thy phn ko di (protein b kt ta bi mui trung tnh bo
ha).

II)Vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm:

Vi sinh vt c mt ngay t u qu trnh ch bin do nguyn liu, dng c mang theo v
t ngoi mi trng nhim vo, nhng do nng mui qu cao nnchng khng hot
ng c. Ngay trong giai on ngn u tin khi mui chakp tc dng c mt t vi
sinh vt gy thi hot ng. Vi s hnh thnh nc bi, mn tng ln dn. Khi t t
12% tr ln th cc vi khun gy thi hu nhngng hot ng v cc vi khun khc cng
b c ch cao . Nh vy trong qutrnh ch bin nc mm, s tham gia vo qu trnh
thy phn protein ca sinh vttng i yu nhng v s hnh thnh ca mi v nc
mm trong qu trnh ch bin th vi khun tham gia kh tch cc.
Cc vi sinh vt tn ti trong nc mm c chia thnh hai nhm, nhm visinh vt a
mui c th pht trin c trong mi trng c nng mui trn 10%v nhm vi sinh
vt khng a mui th pht trin nng di 10%. Cc vi khun a mui trong nc
mm ch yu l loi Cocci chng pht trin tt trong mitrng c nng mui cao.
thi gian u ca qu trnh ch bin nc mm, visinh vt hiu kh pht trin c v c
tham gia vo qu trnh thy phn c thngqua enzym vi sinh vt nhng dn dn mui
ngm vo c th hot ng ca chnggim dn cn vi sinh vt ym kh cn hot ng
c giai on sau ca qu trnhch bin nc mm.

Nhng vi sinh vt gy hng ym kh, bn thn khng a mui nhng trongmi trng
ch bin chp chng thch nghi dn vi mn v c th pht huyc tc dng.T lp
vng ni c bit trong mt s thng nc mm cc nh nghin cu phn lp c 2
chng vi khun to hng sau:
Staphylococcus intermediu Thuc ging Staphylococcu ; h Micrococcaceae
.- Chng 2: Vibrio costicola; Thuc ging Vibrio, h Vibrionaceae
T mt s loi mn n phn lp c:

ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

- Chng 1: Bacillus lichenformis

- Chng 2: Bacillus pasterii

- Chng 3: Bacillus megaterium

ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

- Chng 4: Bacillus firmus

- Chng 5: Bacillus sphaericus

- Chng 6: Micrococcus luteus, thuc ging Micrococcus

III. M t qui trnh cng ngh:

1) Phng php ch bin nc mm bng ha hc:
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ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

a. S quy trnh sn xut
Nguyn liu

X l

Ngm

Thy phn

Trung ha

Lc v iu chnh cht lng

Thnh phm

Thc n gia sc

b. Gii thch quy trnh :

Nguyn l: S dng ha cht (HCl, H2SO4, Na2CO3, NaOH) thy phn protein
tht c thnh cc acid amin.
X l: lm sch.
Ngm: trong dung dch HCl thi gian mt tun, thnh thong nh khuy tocho nc
mm c mu sc p v thy phn mt phn protein trong c
Thy phn: s dng nhng kiu, lu c ng sinh hn ng thi c thit b nh khy
trnh chy kht.: + Nng acid s dng l HCl 7N.

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ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

+ Nhit : cao hay thp u c nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Nhit
thch hp nht l 100 105C, thy phn trong thi gian 7 8 gi.
+ Lng acid: da vo nguyn liu, nu nguyn liu c nhiu xng cng,nhiu
vy cn lng acid nhiu.
Trung ha: s dng Na2CO3, nhit trung ha 60 700C, pH = 6,3 6,5.
Lc v iu chnh cht lng sn phm:+ Vt cht bo ni pha trn v lc qua vi
gi cn, xng v xc cha bthy phn.
+ iu chnh nng mui v khong 20B.
+ iu chnh nng m bng cch un nhit 60 70C hoc phi nng
sau b sung benzoate Na vi nng 1%.
+ Ko rt nc mm qua b chp tt hoc trn vi nc mm ct.
2) Phng php ch bin nc mm bng vi sinh vt:
a. S quy trnh sn xut
Nguyn liu

X l

Thy phn (mc 3 4%)

Nc lc

Lc

Dch thy phn

Sn phm

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ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

b. Giai thch quy trnh
Vi sinh vt hc l phng php dng vi khun hay nm mc thy phntht c
lm cho giai on chn ca chp nhanh hn, rt ngn thi gian ch binnc mm. Hin
nay nm mc c chn thy phn tht c l
Aspergillusoryzae

Asp. oryzae l mt loi nm vi th thuc b Plectascales, lp Ascomycetes ( nang

khun ). C th sinh trng ca n l mt h si bao gm nhng si rt mnh, chiu
ngang 5-7 m, phn nhnh rt nhiu v c vch ngang , chia si thnh nhiu bao t bo (
nm a bo ). T nhng si nm ngang ny hnh thnh nhng si ng thng gi l
cung nh bo t, c c quan sinh sn v tnh. Cung nh bo t
caAsp.oryzae thng di 1-2 mm nn c th nhn thy bng mt thng. Pha u cung
nh bo t phng ln gi l bng. T bng ny phn chia thnh nhng t bo nh, thun,
di, gi l nhng t bo hnh chai. u cc t bo hnh chai phn chia thnh nhng bo t
nh vo nhau, nn gi l nh bo t. nh bo t ca Asp.oryzae c mu vng lc hay
mu vng hoa cau
Nguyn l: trong nm mc Aspergillus oryzae c h enzyme protease nh:
innulase,imertase, asparaginaza, glutaminase, proteolytic. Nhng enzyme ny c kh
nngthy phn protid thnh acid amin iu kin nhit v pH thch hp l: nhit 37
41C, pH = 6 8.
Loi mc ny c th sn xut theo 2 cch:

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ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

+ Cho mc len men t nhin, nu cm ln ngui, tri ra ngm, em phiv ly
nm mc bn ngoi mi trng. Phng php ny c khuyt im l thigian to mc
ko di v xut hin nhiu tp trng, tp mc.
+ Ly ging mc Aspergillus oryzae phn lp ri cy vo mi trng thhon
ton c mt loi mc tinh khit. Phng php ny nhanh v m bo phmcht tt.
X l nguyn liu:
+ C: lm sch v ct nh nu cn thit.
+ Mc: yu cu tc sinh trng v pht trin nhanh, hnh thi khunty nh v
mp, khng tit ra c t trong qu trnh sn xut, giai on pht trin tt nht l sau 2
ngy nhit v m thch hp.
+ Mui: l thnh phn cu to nn nc mm. Nu dng mt lngthch hp th s
c tc dng kch thch men hot ng lm cho qutrnh chp nhanh chng v khng ch
c vi sinh vt gy thi ra.Tt nht l nn dng mui tinh th nh, mu sang, rn
cao.
Thy phn:
T l mc 3 4% so vi c tnh theo ch phm mc th v c xay nh trn u
vi mc.
Giai on u c th cho 5 10% nc va ngm t mc, to iu kinthy
phn c nhanh nhit 37 41C trong vng 10 15 ngy l chp chn.
Lng mui cho vo trong giai on thy phn l 4 6% so vi c. Nu chothm
nc th nn cho thm mui trnh hin tng thi raVi lng mui t 4 6% th
enzyme protease ca mc hot ng c, nu cao hn th s c ch hotng ca nm
mc, cn nu thp qu th s to iu kin cho vi khun gy thi ra hot ng.
Lc:

Dung dch thy phn em lc; nc lc ring, b un nc nng ra 2 3

ln, nc ra c th chung vi nc lc. Nc lc v nc ra b hp li un si nh
v b sung mui t n mn yu cu. c hng v nc mmth phi a nc
lc qua b chp c cm vi ln.
Mt s tn ti:
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ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

Nc mm khng c hng v: ta khc phc bng phng php ko qua b chp.
Nc mm chua: do nhiu nguyn nhn: trong qu trnh ch bin tinh bt bln
men lactic, cc acid yu, d bay hi hnh thnh khi c n. Bin php khc phc l
un nng n 70C cho acid bay hi hoc em phi nng.
Nc mm b ng: c th do vi sinh vt cn tn ti hoc do cc loi muiCanxi
hoc Magie c trong mui n. Cch khc phc: dng than hot tnh hp ph hoc
lng hoc ko qua lp chp tt
c. Cc Ch tiu vi sinh

Mc
ti
acho
php
100000

stt

Tn ch tiu

1
2
3

Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh, tnh theo s khun lc

trong1ml
Coliforms, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1m
Clostridium perfringens, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1m

Escherichia coli, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1ml

Staphyloccocus aureus, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1ml

Tng s nm men v nm mc, tnh theo s

khun lctrong 1ml

10

15

10
0

ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

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ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

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ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

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ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

Kt Lun
Nc mm l loi nc chm cha y cc cht dinh dng, acid amin khng thay th
, cc vitamin v mui khong nhng phng php ch bin nc mm v cng phc tp,
v thi gian kh lu. Cht lng c v phng php ch bin nm ng vai tr ch o
quyt nh cht lng nc mm. Cht lng c ph thuc vo thi tit v ma v, c
cm v c Nc ch bin nc mm l ngon nht v chng c hm lng protein cao.
Ma xun l thi im lm nc mm cho cht lng tt nht v ma xun tht c sn
chc hn, c bo khng thch hp khi sn xut nc mm cht lng cao.
Mi vng v mi c s c mt phng php ch bin khc nhau nn c hng v
c trng ring, tu theo khu v ca tng ngi m cc sn phm nc mm ngy cng
tr nn a dng, phong ph. Phng php ch bin truyn thng tn rt nhiu thi gian
v khng hiu qu kinh t. Phng php ci tin hn ch c mt s nhc im ca
phng php truyn thng ng thi nng cao cht lng nc mm v tn dng ngun
nguyn nhng phng php ny lm cho nc mm tr ngi trong vic to hng do vi
sinh vt trong qu trnh ln men thy phn cc c cht to ra hng nn cn thi gian di.
Tm li, nc mm l sn phm qua qu trnh pht trin lu i v khng nhng
ci tin n ngy nay. Tuy nhin vn tp trung nghin cu vn cn ln nh:
Thi gian ln men, cht lng n nh, hiu sut thu hi.
C gii ha v t ng ha trong qu trnh sn xut nc mm truyn thng.
Hong v nc mm trong phng php ci tin
Khc phc hin tng h hng ca chp
y l sn phm c trng v truyn thng ca dn tc Vit Nam cn phi c
duy tr v n lc pht huy hn na.

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ng dng vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm

TI LIU THAM KHO

1 .http://www.scribd.com/doc/38296273/16/Giai%C4%91o%E1%BA%A1n-ch%E1%BA%BF-bi%E1%BA%BFnch%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3p
2.http://muivi.com/muivi/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8531&Ite
mid=434
3.http://www.nuocmamphanthietmuine.com/tech.aspx

4. ti tiu lun: Nc mm, Trng H Cn Th, 2008

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