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Labourturmoilin1980ledtotheformationoftheindependenttradeunion"Solidarity"("Solidarno"), whichovertimebecameapoliticalforce.Despitepersecutionandimpositionofmartiallawin1981,it erodedthedominanceoftheCommunistPartyandby1989hadtriumphedinPoland'sfirstfreeand democraticparliamentaryelectionssincetheendoftheSecondWorldWar.LechWasa,aSolidarity candidate,eventuallywonthepresidencyin1990.TheSolidaritymovementheraldedthecollapseof communistregimesandpartiesacrossEurope.

Russia,Germany,Ukraine,Lithuania

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