Corrosion Rate (mm/year)

Corrosion Resistant Steel (Stainless Steel)

Dr.-Ing. Bambang Suharno Dr. Ir. Sri Harjanto
Kuliah Baja Paduan & Super Alloy

University of Indonesia

Stainless Steel, Why Stainless?

0.2

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department University of Indonesia 2007

Stainless steels = Cr containing steel alloys Cr content is min. 10.5% and max 30% Cr makes the steel 'stainless' = improved corrosion resistance, due to a chromium oxide film that is formed on the steel surface This extremely thin layer is also self-repairing in the presence of oxygen and damage by abrasion, cutting or machining is quickly repaired

0.1

5 10 % Chromium

C : < 0.03 % - 1,2%

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University of Indonesia

Chromium Oxide Film

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Pasivitas Pada Stainless Steels

Pasivitas dikarenakan oleh adanya lapisan oksida yang bersifat selfrepairing dengan karakteristik : Kompak, lapisan kontinyu memerlukan ~ 11wt% Cr. Pasivitas meningkat dengan meningkatnya Cr hingga ~17wt% Umumnya stainless steels mengandung 17-18wt% Cr
Pada Duplex SS Cr 22-27%

Fig. 1 - In any normal oxidising environment a protective coating of passive chromium rich oxide film is automatically formed on stainless steel. Fig. 2 - When scratched, damaged or machined this protective film is denuded exposing the steel to the atmosphere. Fig. 3 - The protective coating is quickly restored through the rapid self-repairing quality of the chromium rich film.

Ketahanan korosi tergantung pada kestabilan lapisan oksida Untuk lingkungan yang berbeda dioptimalkan oleh alloying dengan unsur lain

Contoh; Ni, Mo, N, Cu

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of Indonesia

Produk Stainless Steel

Wrought Product Long Product: Pipa, Batangan, Profil Flat Product: Lembaran, sheet, Pelat Casting Product Impeller, Flange, Valve

University of Indonesia

Pengelompokan Stainless Steels

Berdasarkan mikrostruktur Stainless steels (SS) dapat dikelompokkan atas: Feritik SS Austenitik SS Duplex (Feritik-Austenitik) SS Martensitik SS Precipitation Hardening (PH) SS Mikrostruktur stainless steels (sangat tergantung dari komposisi) dapat diprediksi menggunakan diagram Schaeffler-Delong

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Schaefler Diagram
University of Indonesia University of Indonesia

Classification of Stainless Steel

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Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Diagram Schaeffler-Delong
University of Indonesia

904
Martensitik-Austenitik Martensitik-

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Classification of Stainless Steel

Nickel Equivalent

304 410
Martensitik

316

Austenitik Feritik-Austenitik Feritik-

2507

2304 2205 430

Feritik

Chromium Equivalent
Chromium Equivalent = %Cr + 1.5%Si + %Mo Nickel Equivalent = %Ni + 30(%C + %N) + 0.5(%Mn + %Cu + %Co)
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Strength and Ductility of Stainless Steel

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Toughness of Stainless Steel

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of Indonesia

University of Indonesia

Effect of Alloying Elements

Unsur paduan berkontribusi terhadap
pembentukan fasa ferrite-austenite
Ferrite stabilizer (misal: Cr, Mo, W, V) Austenite stabilizer (misal: C, Cu, Ni, Mn, N)

Family of SS

pembentukan fasa kedua (precipitate) yang melibatkan unsur Cr, Mo, W, Cu, N
Sigma phase Chi phase

Sangat penting untuk mengetahui pengaruh elemen paduan terhadap complex metallurgical system
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Effect of Alloying on SS Properties

C X X Cr X X Ni S X X X Mn Si P X Cu Mo Se Ti or Nb

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Effect of Carbon
Iron + carbon =
increasing the hardness and strength of iron.

Property Corrosion Resistance Mechanical Properties High Temperature Resistance Machinability Weldability

In austenitic and ferritic stainless steels

a high carbon content is undesirable, especially for welding carbide precipitation brittle

Cold Workability

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of Indonesia

Effect of Chromium
Chrom :
To increase resistance to oxidation. This resistance increases as more chromium is added.

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Effect of Chromium on oxidation resistance

Duplex Stainless Steel

Cr = ferrite former and sigma phase (carbide former) Cr > 22%
increase in pitting and crevice corrosion resistance

Cr < 27 % in order to
retain ductility, toughness and corrosion resistance

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of Indonesia

Effect of Nickel
Ni = austenite former (austenite promoting element) To balance the microstructure to ferrite/ austenite ratio Affects the corrosion and mechanical properties Excessive Ni:
increase in austenite content Promoting a greater conc. of ferrite stabilizer element (Cr, Mo) in the remaining ferrite (not change to the precipitation of sigma phase)

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Effect of Mo and N
Molybdenum (Mo):
Strong ferrite former, similar effect as Cr does on properties when added to austenitic stainless steels
improves resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion especially in Cl and S containing environments

Nitrogen (N):
N = austenite forming element increasing the austenite stability Yield strength is greatly improved without sensitization (e.g. carbon)

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University of Indonesia

Effect of Mn and Cu
Manganese (Mn): to improve hot working properties and increase strength, toughness and hardenability. Mn = austenite forming element used as a substitute for nickel in Austenitic SS e.g. AISI 202 as a substitute for AISI 304 Copper (Cu): Cu = normally present as a residual element in a few alloys to produce precipitation hardening properties or to enhance corrosion resistance

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Effect of W
W = minor elements
improving corrosion resistance

The addition of W causes

easy to form inter metallic phase compare with W-free duplex SS

W=
like Cr and Mo promotes sigma phase formation promote of Chi phase

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Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of Indonesia

Properties of Stainless Steel

Magnetic Response1 Generally No Yes Yes Yes Yes Ductility Very High Medium Medium Low Medium Work Hardening Rate Very High Medium Medium Medium Medium High Temperature Resistance Very High Low High Low Low Corrosion Resistance2 High Very High Medium Medium Medium Low Temperature Resistance3 Very High Medium Low Low Low Hardenable By Cold Work No No Quench & Temper Age Harden Weldability Very High High Low Low High

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Alloy Group

Austenitic Duplex Ferritic Martensitic Precipitation Hardening Alloy Group Austenitic Duplex Ferritic Martensitic Precipitation Hardening

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Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of Indonesia

Mekanisme Penggetasan (Brittleness) pada Stainless Steel

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department University of Indonesia 2007

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of Indonesia

Mekanisme Penggetasan pada Stainless Steel

Stainless Steel peka terhadap Embrittlement (Kehilangan ductility/ toughness) Penyebab:
Sensitasi

Sensitasi pada Stainless Steel

University of Indonesia

Austenitic SS peka terhadap intergranular corrosion jk berada pada temp 480815OC Umumnya akibat:
Welding Service condition

475C Embrittlement (350C 550C).

Sigma Phasa ( phase)

Terjadi karena terbentuk endapan M23C6 (Cr3Fe)23C6 pada batas butir Pencegahan:
Kurangi Kadar C (0.015 0.02%), substitusi dengan N Tambahkan Nb/ Ti

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University of Indonesia

475C Embrittlement
Paduan dengan Cr tinggi, cenderung untuk Brittle, terutama jika ditahan atau pendinginan lambat pada 400 550OC 475C Embrittlement menyebabkan: UTS, Hardness naik Ductility turun Ketangguhan turun Corrosion resistance turun Penyebab 475C Embrittlement: Terbentuk second phase (carbides, nitrides, oxides, phosphides) Pembentukan Fe3Cr, FeCr, FeCr3, mirip sigma phase hanya saja pada temp rendah Kecenderungan Brittle jika: Kandungan Cr tinggi Kandungan Carbide former tinggi (Mo, V, Ti, Nb) Pengerjaan pada temp 475 OC

Sigma Phasa () Embrittlement

University of Indonesia

Pembentukan FeCr Intermetallic yang keras, brittle (68 HRC) Terbentuk jika temperatur proses sekitar 565 980 OC dan berlangsung lama, hal ini dapat menyebabkan fracture Semua elemen paduan penstabil ferrite dapat men promote pembentukan sigma phase Cr yang tinggi mem promote sigma phase C yang tinggi pembentukan sigma phase dikurangi sebab terbentuk Cr-Carbide

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of Indonesia

Tugas I:
Buat paper tentang :
Ultra finegraine steel, atau Nano structure steel

Uraian meliputi latar belakang R&D bida tsb., sejarah perkembangan R&D, mekanisme penguatan, dan aplikasi Nilai terbaik diberikan dengan kriteria:
Orisinalitas uraian, Kelengkapan bahasan (comprehensive), Ke- update- an bahan

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