~1~

LI NI U
Cng ty TTTH S H Ni l cng ty con thuc cng ty m ng st Vit
Nam (SVN). Cng ty l mt n v u n trong ngnh ng st v lnh vc
qun l, bo tr v xy lp trong lnh vc vin thng tn hiu, iu khin (doanh
nghip loi mt).
Nhim v chnh ca cng ty l thc hin cung cp cc sn phm, dch v
cng ch v qun l, bo tr thit b TTTH phc v ch huy v iu hnh chy tu
khu vc pha bc Vit Nam t a phn tnh Ninh Bnh tr ra, vi trn 600 trc
tuyn ng st, qua a bn 11 tnh, thnh ph; nh xng, thit b vin thng, tn
hiu phc v chy tu t 72 ga, trm v khu gian; Ngoi ra cng ty cng l mt
trong cc n v xy lp ch cng cc cng trnh, d n hin i ha v vin thng,
tn hiu, in trong ngnh, vi tng s CBCNV hin c trn 600 lao ng c b
tr 73 t sn xut, thuc 8 x nghip thnh vin ng trn a bn cc tnh Nam
nh, Hi Dng, H Ni, Ph Th, Yn Bi.
Trong thi gian thc tp, chng em c c hi tm hiu v cc trm trong cng ty
TTTH S H Ni l:
Trm thng tin 66
Trm tng i t ng
Trm iu
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio b mn k thut vin
thng trng i hc GTVT v cc cn b cng nhn vin bn cng ty thng
tin tn hiu ng st H Ni to mi iu kin cho chng em hon thnh tt
t thc tp ny.

~2~

MC LC
CHNG I: TRM TNG I T NG ............................................... 5
1.1. Tng quan v tng i ......................................................................................5
1.1.1. Khi nim v tng i .................................................................................5
1.1.2. V tr ca tng i chuyn mch trong mng vin thng ...........................5
1.1.3. u im ca tng i ni b ......................................................................5
1.2. S kt ni v hot ng ca h thng tng i ca cng ty TTTH ng
st .............................................................................................................................6
1.3. Tng i MATRA 6550 IP PBX ......................................................................8
1.3.1. Cu trc phn cng ca tng i MATRA 6550 IP PBX ...........................8
1.3.1.1. T x l chnh ......................................................................................9
1.3.1.2. T x l thu bao CCU .....................................................................10
1.3.1.3. Cu trc ngun phn tn ....................................................................12
1.3.2. Qun l phn mm h thng .....................................................................12
1.3.2.1. Qun l h thng ................................................................................12
1.3.2.2. Qun l thu bao ................................................................................13
1.3.2.3. Qun l nh tuyn Router .................................................................14
1.3.2.4. Qun l k hoch nh s ..................................................................14
1.3.2.5. Lnh qun l nhm trung k v trung k ...........................................14
1.3.3. Kim tra x l cc li c bn ...................................................................15
1.4. Tng i trung k Definity ............................................................................15
1.4.1. Cu trc phn cng ca tng i Definity ...............................................15
1.4.1.1. Cu trc t chnh ................................................................................15
1.4.1.2. Cc loi card thng dng ...................................................................16

~3~

1.4.1.3. Phn ngun.........................................................................................17

1.4.2. Phn mm h thng tng i ...................................................................18
CHNG II: TRM THNG TIN S 66 .............................................. 19
2.1.

Khi nim v s truyn a tin tc .........................................................19

2.2.

Mng truyn dn dng dy thc bng kim loi truyn thng ..............19

2.3.

Mng truyn dn dng cp quang ( dy dn phi kim loi) ...................21

2.4.

Cu trc cp si quang .............................................................................21

2.4.1.

Cu to c bn ca si quang ..............................................................21

2.4.2.

Cu trc ca cp si quang ..................................................................22

2.4.3.

Cc c tnh k thut ............................................................................23

2.4.4.

u, nhc im ca truyn dn si quang ...........................................23

2.5.

H thng thng tin quang. ........................................................................24

2.5.1.

Cu trc c bn h thng thng tin quang ...........................................24

2.5.2.

H thng thng tin quang ng st tuyn H Ni Vinh (phm vi

HASITEC) ...........................................................................................................26
2.5.3.

Qui nh qun l tm thi ca cng ty qun l cp quang ng st

H Ni ng Giao. .........................................................................................29
CHNG III: TNG I CHN S M TN DZY -1 THUYT MINH S
DNG ................................................................................................ 32
3.1.

Gii thiu chung.........................................................................................32

3.2.

Tnh nng chung ........................................................................................32

3.3.

Yu cu k thut ........................................................................................34

3.4.

Thuyt minh mch in. ...........................................................................35

3.4.1. S iu gi phn c (my l) ..............................................................35

~4~

3.4.2. Tng i nghe, phn c ni ......................................................................36

3.4.3. Tng i iu khin ni, phn c nghe ....................................................37
3.4.4. Thit b cnh bo .....................................................................................38
3.4.5. Phng thc ni vi mch ti ba .............................................................38
3.5.

Thuyt minh cc ngn my .......................................................................39

3.5.1

. Ngn chnh phi hp (20.00) ..............................................................39

3.5.2.

Ngn dao ng, ngn khuch i t hp (05- 05 - 07.00)....................39

3.5.3.

Ngn cnh bo o th (04.00) ..............................................................40

3.5.4.

Ngn iu khin (0809.00 1,315.00) ............................................40

3.5.5.

Ngn dn nhp ngun (.10.00) .............................................................41

3.5.5

. Ngn khuch i ( 1.1 12.00) ..........................................................41

3.5.5.1.

Khuch i pht tin ........................................................................41

3.5.5.2.

Khuch i thu tin ..........................................................................42

3.5.5.3.

Mch iu khin m lng t ng ...............................................42

3.5.5.4.

Mch iu khin ng m v chuyn o ng m .......................42

3.5.6.
3.6.

Ngn iu khin thi gian (16.00) ........................................................43

o th, lp t v bo dng ...................................................................43

3.6.1.

Nhng iu ch khi lp t ................................................................43

3.6.2.

Ngun in dn vo ..............................................................................43

3.6.3.

Phi dy gia s iu vi tng i ..................................................44

3.6.4.

Dy ngoi dn vo ................................................................................44

3.6.5.

Th nghim thng thoi, gi s .............................................................44

~5~

CHNG I: TRM TNG I T NG

1.1. Tng quan v tng i
1.1.1. Khi nim v tng i
Tng i l mt h thng chuyn mch c chc nng chnh l thit lp u ni
gia thit b u cui pht vi u cui thu da vo a ch mng gip cho cc u
cui ny lin lc vi nhau v gi c ra ngoi trn mt s ng thu bao ca cc
nh cung cp dch v.
1.1.2. V tr ca tng i chuyn mch trong mng vin thng
Mng PSTN l mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng c chun ha do
ITU vi cng ngh nn tng l cng ngh chuyn mch knh. H thng chuyn
mch c t ti cc nt mng v c gi l tng i.
Ty theo chc nng v v tr ca tng i trong mng m tng i c chia
thnh cc loi nh hnh v di y:

Hnh 1.1. Cc loi tng i trong mng

1.1.3. u im ca tng i ni b
- Lin lc ni b s khng mt cc bu in

~6~

- Bo mt cc cuc gi ni b.
- Tn dng c hiu qu ti a cc ng trung k bu in.
- C kh nng h tr cc bin php tit kim cho cc cng ty, t chc:
+ C kh nng chn cuc gi khng mong mun.
+ C th tch hp VOIP lin kt gia cc tr s ca cc cng ty vi nhau
giao dch m ko mt ph.
+ S dng 1 s lin lc giao dch vi khch hang, c tch hp li cho khi
khch hng ca cng ty gi n.
1.2. S kt ni v hot ng ca h thng tng i ca cng ty TTTH
ng st
Mng ca tng i ca cng ty TTTH ng st c kt ni vi nhau theo
mng hnh sao. Tng i t ti Cng ty thng tin tn hiu ng st H Ni qun l
v kt ni vi cc tng i t ti cc trm khc nh Nam nh, Thanh Ha,Cc
tng i ti mi trm cng c kt ni vi cc tng i ni ht do VNPT cung cp
kt ni lin lc ngoi mng.
Kho st tng i ti trm H Ni, th tng i c 2 chc nng chnh:
- Phn kt ni v qun l kt ni thu bao:
+ Kt ni cc thu bao trong ni mng.
+ Kt ni cc thu bao vi mng ngoi.
- Phn kt ni v qun l kt ni trung k
Kt ni gia cc tng i ca cng ty TTTH ng st

~7~

Trong hnh di l mn hnh hin th cc cnh bo s c trong mng ng st,

nhng tng i c:
- Mu xanh l hot ng bnh thng
- Mu , da cam l cc ch hot ng c s cnh bo.
Trn mn hnh hin th ny th ch thng bo c li, cn mun bit li xy ra l
li g th ta phi dng phn mm kim tra.

Hnh 1.2. Mn hnh hin th cc cnh bo s c trong mng ng st

~8~

1.3. Tng i MATRA 6550 IP PBX

Thit b chuyn mch t ti Cng ty thng tin tn hiu ng st l tng i
MATRA 6550 IP PBX l tng i k thut s a dch v ng b vi mng in
thoi ca ngnh ng st. Tng i M6550 dng qun l v kt ni vi thu
bao ca ngnh ng st trong khu vc H Ni m bo tt thng tin lin lc phc
v s lnh o, ch o ca Cng ty TTTH ng st, p ng yu cu cng tc,
iu chnh thi gian chy tu.
1.3.1. Cu trc phn cng ca tng i MATRA 6550 IP PBX
Kin trc ca M6550 bao gm vng ring nhiu trm nhnh, mt n v iu
khin vng (RCU) v mt n v ng b vng (RSCU).
n v iu khin vng (RCU): Ph trch vn hnh v bo dng h thng,
trang b vi mn hnh, bn phm v my in. Ton b cc thng s cu hnh, do
ngi qun tr h thng xc nh c np vo a cng. Trong h thng song cng,
cc RCU hot ng tnh trng d phng nng. Cc thng s cu hnh cng c
np song song trn a ca mi RCU khng lm mt thng tin.
n v ng b (RSCU): M6550 c th l n v (1 RCU, 1 RSCU n cng)
hoc song cng (2 RCU, 2 RSCU).
M6550 c trang b cc b a cng np cc chng trnh v s liu.
Cc n v iu khin trm nhnh (CCU): Cc CCU c ghp ni vi nhau
qua vng rinh cp ng trc bao gm cc card ghp ni cc u cui in thoi
v x l s liu, my tnh v cc trung k. Mi CCU l mt cu trc phn cp, c
cc kh nng ghp ni v iu hnh 230 cng thu bao v 150 giao din truyn s
liu. Vic m rng tng i thng qua vic ghep thm cc CCU vo vng ring cp
quang.

~9~

H thng M6550 c trang b d phng cho x l trung tm CPU. Mt CPU

lm vic cho CPU kia d phng nng. Phn mm kim tra thng xuyn xem CPU
hot ng c lm vic bnh thng khng. Nu phn mm pht hin thy nhiu li
trong CPU hot ng th phn mm s dng s hot ng ca CPU ang hot ng
v a CPU d phng vo lm vic. S chuyn i ny khng nh hng ti ngi
s dng v s hot ng ca h thng.
1.3.1.1. T x l chnh
T x l chnh bao gm cc khi:
- RCU: Khi iu khin vng Ring
- RSCU: Khi iu khin ng b vng Ring
- CCU: Khi s l thu bao
- Cu hnh d phng nng cho cc khi RCU, RSCU v vng Ring
- Cu trc RCU, RSCU mi
- Khi RCU gm 2 Card (USJ, TAE) thay th 5 Card UTJ, AUT, TAD, MVD,
ALC
- Khi RSCU gm card mi CSD thay th card CUH + RMH
- RCU c thm v tr cho card thu bao (T chnh gm RCU + RSCU + CCU2)
- a tng i s dng PCMCIA card thay th cng v mm truyn thng
- Card x l CCU mi USI v AMI

~ 10 ~

Hnh 1.3. Cu hnh d phng nng cho cc khi RCU, RSCU v vng Ring
1.3.1.2. T x l thu bao CCU

Hnh 1.4. T x l thu bao CCU

- 02 Card RMH ca hai vng Ring A, B
- Card AMI (AMH ca MC6550) x l vic kt ni t CCU vi hai vng Ring
A, B
- Card USI (USH ca MC6550) x l ni b tng t CCU

~ 11 ~

- 10 khe cm Card thu bao hoc trung k v 3 khe cm Card data

- M rng dung lng bng cch kt ni thm cc t CCU vo vng Ring
- Cc loi Card chnh ca h tng i M6550 IP PBX LC bao gm:
+ LAB, LAF: cung cp 16 cng in thoi analog
+ LAI, LAK: cung cp 16 cng in thoi digital
+ LRF/LRD: cung cp 8 cng trung k CO line (trung k analog)
+ LNR: cung cp 1 hoc 2 PCM tc 2048 Kbps/cng (E1)
+ LAS: cung cp 8 giao din ISDN S0 hay T0 trang b ng b vi Card CLF
+ LDS: cung cp 8 giao din ISDN S0 hay T0
+ LAE: cung cp 32 cng in thoi analog
+ LAJ: cung cp 32 cng in thoi digital
+ LIE/LIC: cung cp 4 cng E & M 2 hoc 4 dy (tn hiu E & M)
+ CCS: 32 SRAM synchronized messages (thay th cc tone bng message)
+ CLF: cung cp 4 cng ng b hoc khng ng b X.25 hay SNA/SPLC tc
ti 64 Kb/s hoc VIP t 19,2 Kb/s SNA/X25 ti 64 Kb/s).
+ CLM: cung cp 16 cng khng ng b iu khin lu lng qua
XON/XOFF (hoc RTS/CTS trn mi knh) phc v cho vic truyn s liu qua
ng dy in thoi. V24/V28 (RS232 C) tng thch vi cc giao din V24/V10.
+ ADQ: cung cp mt trong cc giao tip T2 (24 hoc 32TS), S2, T1 (PCM US)
hoc PCM (32TS)

~ 12 ~

+ PVI: card cung cp mt cng 10/100 Base T

1.3.1.3. Cu trc ngun phn tn

Hnh 2.5. Cu trc ngun phn tn

- Cc b phn ngun ADS phn tn trn tng t CCU
- in p vo 220V u song song cho cc b ngun ADS
- in p np Aquy c np song song t cc b ngun ADS
1.3.2. Qun l phn mm h thng
1.3.2.1. Qun l h thng
n v RCU cung cp cc chc nng qun l tng i M6550 IP PBX. Mt h
thng c cu trc kp c trang b 2 n v RCU, mt hot ng trong ch
active v mt ch standby.
Mi CCU c 4 cng ni tip khng ng b. Trong cu trc kp, cc cng ca
RCU active v standby c ghp li. Nhng cng ny cung cp kh nng qun l
khc nhau vi h thng M6550 IP PBX:

~ 13 ~

- Qun l ti ch
- Qun l t xa
- Qun l tp trung
Mt s lnh c bn ca h thng:
- Lnh XETBLS: c s dng qun l trng thi ca cc khi chc nng
ca h thng ( System sercurity block LBS). Lnh XETBLS bao gm cc h sau:
qun tr trng thi LBS, lit k LBS, qun tr cnh bo, qun tr trng thi hot ng
kp ca b vi x l trung tm.
- Lnh qun l dng ha: Him th dng ha ca h thng v cc khi
bao gm cc thnh phn ca n.
1.3.2.2. Qun l thu bao
- Lnh XLIGAB: c dng qun l thu bao in thoi, cc mc cm v
cc lp c tnh:
+ Telephone subscriber: Qun l thu bao vi a ch vt l hoc theo s danh
b (Diar number-DN).
+ Features: Qum l cc lp vt l c xc nh gn cho cc thu bao ty
theo yu cu khai thc v s dng cc dch v ca MS6550.
+ Restrictions: qun l quyn hn gi, xc nh cc mc cm cho cc cuc gi.
- Lnh qun l quyn hn thu bao Category l mt nhm cc tham s xc
nh cc mc cm i vi cc cuc gi. C 2 loi Category:
+ PSTN category hoc Telephone category: c s dng cho php thc
hin cc cuc gi ni b v gi PSTN.

~ 14 ~

+ TL category: c s dng cho cc cuc gi qua ng trung k (trunk lineTL)

1.3.2.3. Qun l nh tuyn Router
- Lnh XACHMT c dng qun l nh tuyn. Lnh ny bao gm mt s
h c dng qun l:
+ H lnh Routing qun l nh tuyn : inh ngha cc Cluster, nhm trung
k dnh cho vic nh tuyn mt cuc gi.
+ H lnh Direction : qun l nhn ca cc hng, dng gn nhn cho cc
hng.
1.3.2.4. Qun l k hoch nh s
Cc nng ca cc lnh qun l k hoch nh s XPLANS:
- Update cc k hoch quay s
- Update cc k hoch bin i s inbound v outbound
- Dng xc nh s IID mc nh
- Dng cc nh kiu x l gi s IID hoc AID
1.3.2.5. Lnh qun l nhm trung k v trung k
Chc nng: S dng lnh XLIGFE v XLIGEX qun l nhm trung k v
trung k. Mi lnh ny qun l nhiu h lnh v hiu i tng khc nhau. Mi i
tng qun l cc s liu v cc thao tc nht nh.
Lnh XLIGEX c s dng :
- Qun l cc trung k trong nhm trung k, thao tc hin th, thay i
- Gim st nhm trung k hoc trung k, cc thao tc hin th, thay i,

~ 15 ~

Lnh XLIGFA c s dng :

- Qun l cc nhm trung k
- Qun l nh tuyn kt hp vi cc nhm trung k: thao tc hin th,
1.3.3. Kim tra x l cc li c bn
Kim tra trng thi cc LED ca cc board h thng sau khi khi ng tng i
kp thi x l v khc phc cc li c bn ca tng di trong qu trnh hot ng.
1.4. Tng i trung k Definity
Trm 66 ca cng ty TTTH ng st H Ni s dng tng i Definity
qun l cc ng trung k kt ni vi cc trm khc nh Nam nh, Vinh
1.4.1. Cu trc phn cng ca tng i Definity
Cu trc tng th: Phn chnh to nn tng i bao gm: t chnh (main cabinet)
c gi v cc khe cm (slot) v cc Card iu khin v khai thc.
Tng i Definity c cu trc vi nhiu t xp chng ln nhau. Mt khi c
th gm 2 n 4 ty theo nhu cu kt ni ca tng t chc, tng doanh nghip. Tuy
nhin vi cu hnh di 512 s, ch cn dng 2 t.
1.4.1.1. Cu trc t chnh
Cu trc t chnh dng gm cc khe (slot) cm cc card dng iu khin
hoc cc card khai thc.
Cu hnh sau y trnh by vi 128 thu bao analog, 8 thu bao s, 8 trung k
CO, 8 trung k E&M v mt trung k lung E1.
Trn t cc card c b tr theo tng khu vc vi chc nng c th. Trn mt
trc ca t c ghi nhn v nh s ch dn cho ngui s dng.

~ 16 ~

Mt t sau bao gm cc gic cm ni v cc cng, a ra cc u tn hiu cu

cc thu bao, trung k, d liu cc, d liu chng trnh.

Hnh 1.6. Cu trc ca t chnh v cch sp xp cc card

Bn cnh AUX l cc cng d liu theo kiu 25 chn nh: PI, DCE,
TERMtrong cng DCE dng cho vic ghi li d liu tnh cc, cng TERM
dng cho vic truy cp ca TERMINAL vo h thng khi lp trnh v bo dng.
1.4.1.2. Cc loi card thng dng
a. Phn loi
Card ca tng i Definity thnh 2 loi c bn:
- Card iu khin: Processor card TN786B, Network control TN777B
- Card s dng v khai thc: Digital line TN754B, Analog line 746B
Trn cc card u c ghi tn, s liu card ng thi mu th hin nhn gip
d dng cm vo cc khe slot c mu tng ng trn t tng i.
b. B tr cc card

~ 17 ~

Cc card s dng khai thc u c th cm ty trn cc khe t 1 n 16 ca t

chnh. Tuy nhin ph hp v tin li cho vic lp trnh cng nh qun l h
thng, ngi ta a ra mt s phng n sp xp cc card (c m t nh hnh
trn) nh sau:
- T tri qua phi: Control card -> Digital card -> Analog card ->.
- T phi qua tri: DS1 card -> E&M card -> CO trunk ->
1.4.1.3. Phn ngun
H thng tng i hot ng trn ngun in p DC 48V cung cp t mt h
thng ngun bao gm:
- B np v chuyn i ngun t AC -220V sang DC -48V.
- B c quy d phng khi mt in (4 chic).
- B phi ngun (chia ngun) cho tng i.

Hnh 2.7. S u ni ngun cho h thng

B Recharger : dng ngun 220V, cung cp cho tng i ngun DC 48V, ng
thi c ni vi c quy d phng khi mt in. Ty theo dung lng ca tng i
m b Recharger c th l loi 20AMP/48V DC hoc 30 AMP/48 V DC.

~ 18 ~

H thng ngun c ni t chung vi h thng tng i.

Hnh 2.8. S u ni chi tit ca b Recharger trong h thng.

Ngun ca h thng cc thit b ngoi vi c ly ring qua h thng n p
ring, tuy nhin c th dng ngun cung cp cu b Recharger, pha sau b
Recharger c 2 u ra AC -220V.
1.4.2. Phn mm h thng tng i
Phn mm tng i cho php ngi qun tr h thng c th theo di, sa i v
lp mi cc i tng trn h thng

~ 19 ~

CHNG II: TRM THNG TIN S 66

2.1. Khi nim v s truyn a tin tc
Do yu cu trao i thng tin (thoi, hnh, s liu) t ni ny n ni khc
cch xa nhau phi nhanh chng, chnh xc nn ngi ta ch to ra nhiu loi thit
b my mc nhm bin nhng tin tc thnh in nng hay quang nng truyn i
xa mt cch mau l, lm cho trong cng mt thi gian ngi nhn c th nhn c
tin tc ca ngi khc mt ni rt xa ang pht ra. Nhng thit b my truyn tin
nh vy c gi chung l thit b truyn thng.
Cc thng tin trao i (thoi, hnh nh, s liu) c cc thit b truyn thng
truyn i bng 2 phng thc:
- C dng dy dn: S dng dy kim loi trn, dy kim loi c v bc (cc loi
dy cap); cp si quang (phi kim loi).
-

Khng dng dy dn: S dng di tn v tuyn , di sng nh sng.

2.2. Mng truyn dn dng dy thc bng kim loi truyn thng
2.2.1 nh ngha:
L mng thng tin trao i (thoi, hnh nh, s liu) c cc thit b truyn
thng truyn i bng phng thc c dng dy dn: S dng dy kim loi trn, dy
kim loi c v bc (cc loi dy cp).
2.2.2. Kt cu mng:
Bao gm:
-

Cc thit b truyn thng

Dy dn thc bng kim loi (c v bc hoc khng c v bc).

2.2.3. Cc u, nhc im:

u im:
o

Chc chn, dng c lu di.

Bo mt cao (so vi cch khng dng dy dn).

t b nh hng bi thi tit, kh hu.

~ 20 ~

C th dng cc thit b n gin, cu to khng phc tp nhiu.

Nhc im:
o Khong cch truyn tin b hn ch, khng th mun truyn tin i xa bao
nhiu cng c, ng thi ngi nhn tin v ngi pht tin phi ti cc a im
nht nh hai u ng dy.
o Kinh ph xy dng ng dy thng tin rt tn km.
Hin nay cng ty TTTH S H Ni loi mng truyn dn dng dy thc bng
kim loi truyn thng vn c s dng rng ri trn cc a bn cc trung tm
TTTH.
2.2.4. Cc loi thit b truyn thng:
a. S dng cng ngh tng t (analog).

Thit b truyn dn ng di: Cc my ti ba VBO.3 v FO.3; VBO.12 v

FO.12; ZDL-12; TCT-12.

Thit b phn hng iu : Loi DFY-1; hi tip iu YDHF1-2.
Thit b khuch i iu hai chiu: Loi SZ-1.2.
Thit b tng i iu loi DZY-1
Thit b tng i hnh chnh, cc ga loi GZY-3.
Thit b tng i in thoi tp trung trong ga: CZH (1a, 1b, 1c); JHT (1,2)
v YKCC.8.
Cc tuyn thng tin Cng ty ang qun l s dng phng n ny (H NiVit Tr, H Ni- Yn Bi Lo Cai, GL HP, STN.
b. S dng cng ngh s (digital).

~ 21 ~

Hnh 2.1. S kt ni ca thit b vi tng i, router v mi trng truyn

dn ca thit b (mng IP)
c. Ngoi ra cn s dng mi trng truyn dn viba, SDH (cp quang)

2.3.

Mng truyn dn dng cp quang ( dy dn phi kim loi)

Si quang l mt mi trng thng tin c bit c th so snh vi cc mi

trng khc nh cp ng hoc khng gian t do. Mt si quang cung cp mt mi

trng truyn dn suy hao thp trn mt di tn s rng ln t nht l 2.5 THz, hay
cao hn vi cc loi si quang c bit, di thng ca n rng hn di thng ca
cp ng hay bt c mi trng truyn dn no. Di thng ny c th truyn hng
trm triu cuc gi ng thi, hoc hng chc triu trang web trong mt giy.
c tnh suy hao thp cho php truyn tn hiu khong cch di vi tc
cao trc khi chng c khuch i.
Vi hai c tnh suy hao thp v di thng cao nn h thng thng tin si
quang c s dng rng ri ngy nay.
2.4.

Cu trc cp si quang

2.4.1. Cu to c bn ca si quang

~ 22 ~

ng dng hin tng phn x ton phn, si quang c ch to c bn gm

c hai lp:
- Lp trong cng c dng hnh tr trn, c ng knh d = 2a, lm bng thy

tinh c chit sut n1, c gi l li (core) si.

- Lp th hai cng c dng hnh tr bao quanh li nn c gi l lp bc

(cladding), c ng knh D = 2b, lm bng thy tinh hoc plastic, c chit sut n2
< n1.
nh sng truyn t u ny n u kia si quang bng cch phn x ton phn
ti mt ngn cch gia li-lp bc, v c nh hng trong li.
2.4.2.

Cu trc ca cp si quang

Hnh 2.2. M t cu trc si quang

Si cp quang c cu to t ba thnh phn chnh:
Li - Lp phn x nh sng - Lp v bo v chnh
- Li: c lm bng si thy tinh hoc plastic dng truyn dn nh sng.
- Lp phn x nh sng: lp thy tinh hay plastic nhm bo v v phn x nh

sng tr li li.
- Lp v bo v chnh: lp v nha PVC gip bo v li v lp phn x nh

sng khng b bi, m, try xc

~ 23 ~

Bng 2.1. Cc ch tiu c hc v bn ca cp 24 si quang.

Tn c tnh
S si
ng knh cp
Trng lng cp
Bn knh cong nh nht
Sc bn nn

n v
si
mm
Kg/km

Gi tr
24
13.0 0.5
160

N/10 cm

4000

Khi lp t

2700

1300

2.4.3. Cc c tnh
kkhi
thut
Sau
lp t
Vi cc n mode:

Bng 1.2. Cc c tnh k thut ca cp quang.

Tn c tnh
ng knh lp bo v
ng knh lp v phn x
ng knh trng mt (bc sng =1310nm)
ng knh trng mt (bc sng =1550nm)
Sai s ng tm ca trng mt
Bc sng ct
H s suy hao ng vi =1310nm (thng thng)
H s suy hao ti a ng vi =1310nm
H s suy hao ng vi =1550nm (thng thng)
H s suy hao ti a ng vi =1550nm
H s tn sc trong vng bc sng =1285nm n

Gi tr
245 ^m 5.0^m
125 ^m 0.7^m
9.2 |am 0.4|am
10.4 |am 0.8|am
< 0.5^m
<1260nm
< 0.34db/km
< 0.38db/km
< 0.19db/km
< 0.24db/km
<3.5ps/(nm x km)

1330nm
H s tn sc tibc sng =1550nm

2.4.4. u, nhc im ca truyn dn si quang

<18ps/(nm x km)

~ 24 ~

- u im:

Dung lng ln.

Kch thc v trng lng nh.
Khng b nhim in.
Tnh cch in.
Tnh bo mt.
tin cy cao v d bo dng.
Tnh linh hot.
Tnh m rng.
Suy hoa thp.
- Nhc im:

Hn ni cp kh khn, gii quyt tr ngi ko di thi gian, chi ph cao.

Trong thi cng yu cu v k thut cao.
Vn an ton lao ng.
2.5.

H thng thng tin quang.

2.5.1. Cu trc c bn h thng thng tin quang

Trong h thng thng tin quang, tn hiu c truyn c th l dng analog
hoc dng s. Tng ng chng ta s c h thng quang analog hoc h thng
quang s.
Trong trng hp analog, tn hiu bin i lin tc theo thi gian, v d tn hiu
analog nh tn hiu ting ni c chuyn i t micro hoc tn hiu hnh nh c
chuyn i t camera. Ngc li, tn hiu s l tn hiu c gi tr ri rc.
Tn hiu in t my in thoi, t cc thit b u cui, s liu hoc Fax c
a n b chuyn i in quang (E/O) chuyn thnh tn hiu quang, sau gi

~ 25 ~

vo cp quang.
Khi truyn qua si quang, cng sut tn hiu (nh sng) b suy yu dn v dng
sng b rng ra. Khi truyn ti u bn kia si quang, tn hiu ny c a vo b
chuyn i quang in (O/E) to li tn hiu in, khi phc li nguyn dng nh
ban u m my in thoi, s liu v Fax gi i.
Nh vy, cu trc c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang n gin gm:
-

B pht quang.

B thu quang.

Mi trng truyn dn l cp si quang: thc hin truyn dn gia hai

im cn c hai si quang.
-

Nu c ly thng tin qu di th trn tuyn c th c mt hoc nhiu trm lp.

+ Khi E/O: b pht quang c nhim v nhn tn hiu in a n, bin tn

hiu in thnh tn hiu quang, v a tn hiu quang ny ln ng truyn (si
quang). l chc nng chnh ca khi E/O b pht quang. Thng ngi ta gi
khi E/O l ngun quang. Hin nay linh kin c s dng lm ngun quang l
LED v LASER.
+ Khi O/E: khi tn hiu quang truyn n u thu, tn hiu quang ny s c
thu nhn v bin tr li thnh tn hiu in nh u pht. l chc nng ca
khi O/E b thu quang. Cc linh kin hin nay c s dng lm chc nng
ny l PIN v APD, v chng thng c gi l linh kin tch sng quang (photodetector).
+ Trm lp: khi truyn trn si quang, cng sut tn hiu quang b suy yu dn
(do si quang c suy hao). Nu c ly thng tin qu di th tn hiu quang ny c
th khng n c u thu hoc n u thu vi cng sut cn rt thp u thu

~ 26 ~

khng nhn bit c, lc ny ta phi s dng trm lp (hay cn gi l trm tip

vn). Chc nng chnh ca trm lp l thu nhn tn hiu quang suy yu, ti to
chng tr li thnh tn hiu in. Sau sa dng tn hiu in ny, khuch i tn
hiu sa dng, chuyn i tn hiu khuch i thnh tn hiu quang. V cui
cng a tn hiu quang ny ln ng truyn truyn tip n u thu. Nh vy,
tn hiu ng vo v ng ra ca trm lp u dng quang, v trong trm lp c c
khi O/E v E/O.
2.5.2.

H thng thng tin quang ng st tuyn H Ni Vinh (phm vi

HASITEC)
Tuyn cp quang: cp quang 24FO n mode i chn trong hnh lang an ton
ng st kt ni cc trung tm thng tin v cc ga trn tuyn t H Ni Vinh.
Thit b truyn dn quang: cc thit b SDH ca hng ALCATEL (Php) gm:
+ Thit b SDH 1660SM v i tc truyn dn STM4 (622Mb/s) ti cc trung
tm thng tin v cc ga trm lp.
+ Thit b SDH 1650SMC vi tc truyn dn STM1 (152Mb/s) ti cc trung
tm thng tin v mt s ga ln.
+ Thit b SDH 1640F0X vi tc truyn dn STM1 (152Mb/s) ti cc ga
va v nh.
Dch v cung cp: h thng thng tin quang to kt ni mng thng tin gia cc
trung tm thng tin, iu v cc ga trn tuyn, gm:
+ Cc ng trung k s lin i tc 2Mbps kt ni cc tng i in t ti
cc trung tm thng tin theo mng hnh sao.
+ Cc ng truyn tc 2Mbps kt ni H Ni v cc im Nam nh,
Thanh Ha, Cu Git, Vinh cho mng in thoi hi ngh truyn hnh (giai on II).

~ 27 ~

+ Cc ng truyn tc 2Mbps kt ni trung tm thng tin n cc ga ph

thuc, cung cp knh truyn tc c s 64Kbp cho cc dch v thoi, d liu
(mng my tnh bn v), iu s v tn hiu ng h.
Mng c xy dng gm 35 ga vi mi ga u xa s dng b hp knh
1511BA kt ni vi cc thit b SDH s dng truyn d liu v thoi. H thng
ny tng thch vi h thng cn ng b (PDH).
ng truyn cp quang trc chnh lun lun ch d phng 1:1. Cc
ng truyn STM-1 c ch d phng SNCP.
C ch d phng ca mng:
+ D phng cho STM-4: S dng 02 i si quang trn mt cp si quang ,
thi gian chuyn i d phng ca h thng chuyn mch l 50 ms.
+ D phng STM-1: C ch chnh ca ch d phng ny l bo v ng
thng ca mi lung E1 thng qua cc vng ring. Trong trng hp h hng giao
din quang, hng cp, hay h hng thit b ADM... Cc ng lin lc s i vng
ngc li b qua v tr h hng. Thi gian chuyn mch 50ms.
Cc thit b 1650SMC v 1660SM u c thit b d phng n + 1 cho lung
2Mb/s v cc modul d phng khc nh modul ngun, modul x l, modul nh
tuyn.
Cc modul quang STM-1 v STM-4 hot ng cc bc sng 1300nm v
1550nm
H thng qun l mng t ti cc im H Ni, Nam nh, Thanh Ha, Cu
Git, Vinh v kt ni tt c cc thit b trn tuyn. im H Ni c chc nng qun
l trung tm.
H thng qun l mng cho php:

~ 28 ~

+ Qun l, khai bo cc cu hnh phn cng v phn mm t xa

+ Hin th cc mng qun l h thng SDH: Hin th cc cnh bo, trng thi
thit b, s thay i cu hnh ca h thng.
+ Qun l qu trnh thc hin, cho php thay i v x l d liu phc v
cho vic s dng hiu qu cc knh thng tin.
+ Pht hin v tr v kim tra qu trnh sa li h hng ca h thng .
+ Bo mt h thng, qun l cc thng tin truy cp h thng, password truy cp
v truy xut thng tin ra khi c s d liu h thng.
+ Kim tra qu trnh bo dng.

~ 29 ~

Hnh 2.3. S cu trc h thng thng tin quang tuyn H Ni - Vinh

2.5.3.

Qui nh qun l tm thi ca cng ty qun l cp quang ng st

H Ni ng Giao.
a. Qui nh tm thi v Qun l cp quang ng st H Ni - ng Giao, ban
hnh km theo quyt nh s 1500/TCCB-L ngy 29/12/2005 ca Gim c cng
ty Thng tin tn hiu ng st H Ni.
Phm vi p dng:
Qui nh ny l ti liu ni b ca Cng ty qun l cp quang ng st H
Ni - ng Giao thuc khu on H Ni - Vinh c u t t d n Hin i ha
h thng thng tin tn hiu H Ni - Vinh, giai on I.
Qui nh c tm thi p dng trong cng ty, trong thi gian cha c qui trnh
chnh thc do Tng cng ty ng st Vit Nam ban hnh.
Cc ni dung chnh:
- Qui nh chung v qun l cp quang H Ni - ng Giao cho cc n v

trc tip v gin tip qun l.

- Cc im k thut c bn ca cp quang H Ni - ng Giao.

+ Tng quan ng cp quang H Ni - ng Giao.

+ Gii thiu tng quan v si quang, cp si quang.
+ Gii thiu chung v cc thnh phn tuyn cp: c mc cp quang, rnh cp
quang, b cp cc loi.
+ Cc qui nh k thut v hn ni si quang bng my hn kiu nng chy.
+ Cc qui nh v o th kim tra cp si quang.

~ 30 ~

- Cc mt cng tc v ch , nhim v qun l gm:

+ Qui nh cc mt cng tc trong sa cha thng xuyn nh k ng cp

quang
+ Cc ch v nhim v cc mt cng tc: kim tra tuyn cp quang, thng
trc gii quyt tr ngi ti Trm o th ti ba H Ni hoc trm thng tin Nam
nh; thng trc gii quyt tr ngi ti cung cp H Ni.
+ Cc cng vic sa cha tuyn cp: sa cha t xut; sa cha, thay th theo
k hoch.
+ Cc ni dung cng tc duy tu thng, duy tu nm.
+ Thit b, cng c v vt liu phc v qun l cp quang.
b. Qui nh ny qui nh v ch khai thc ca cc h thng thit b Bin
php gii quyt tr ngi h thng thng tin tuyn STN khu on H Ni - ng
Giao.
Phm vi p dng
- Qui nh tm thi v Bin php gii quyt tr ngi h thng thng tin tuyn

STN khu on H Ni - ng Giao, ban hnh km theo quyt nh s 686/TCCBL ngy 12/6/2006 ca Gim c cng ty Thng tin tn hiu ng st H Ni.
- Thng tin hin c trn tuyn STN. Qui nh bin php gii quyt tr ngi

h thng thit b thng tin s, phng tin, thit b thng tin phc v gii quyt tr
ngi v cu cha tai nn trong khu gian trn tuyn STN trong phm vi a bn v
nhim v qun l ca cng ty.
- L ti liu ni b ca Cng ty, c p dng tm thi trong giai on bo

hnh cng trnh v Tng cng ty cha ban hnh qui nh chnh thc.

~ 31 ~

Cc ni dung chnh:
- Tng quan v h thng thng tin hin c trn tuyn STN, gm;

+ H thng thng tin tng t (analog): cc knh iu chy tu m tn; cc

knh thng tin ng di; truyn dn ti ba - dy trn; i dy ng ng na t
ng; cc knh thng tin hnh chnh dng l m tn; thng tin ghi, chng ng
ngang, cu chung.
+ H thng thng tin s (digital): Ht hng thng tin lung E1 ng st Qun i trc bc nam; h thng thng tin s SDH truyn dn cp si quang H
Ni - Vinh.
- Qui nh ch khai thc, vn hnh ca cc h thng thng tin: ch lm

vic bnh thng v d phng nng.

- Pht hin, xc nh, ch huy gi i quyt tr ngi.
- Gii quyt tr ngi

+ Bin php m bo thng tin lin lc + Gi i quyt tr ngi v sa cha thit

b hng.
+ Phng tin, thit b thng tin lin lc phc v gii quyt tr ngi thit b v
cu cha giao thng ngoi khu gian.
+ V tr, trch nhim ca cc n v v c nhn trong vic gii quyt tr ngi.

~ 32 ~

CHNG III: TNG I CHN S M TN DZY -1

THUYT MINH S DNG
3.1. Gii thiu chung
Tng i in thoi iu chn s m tn DZY -1 (sau y gi tt l tng
i) l thit b thng tin ng st kiu chung dy, s dng 9 tn s m tn xc nh
to thnh tn hiu gi chn s. Dng cho nhn vin, iu hng ha, iu
in lc v.v... pht mnh lnh v thu nhn bo co t nhn vin trc ban cc ga,
on trong khu on iu qun l.
Kch thc ca tng i: cao 385 mm, rng 531mm, su 330 mm, cc dy dn
t hm thng thoi chn s ti s iu sang u dn vo cc phn trn ca hm
my. Mi hm my lp t ngn my dng cho 2 ng dy, ngn my l tm mch
in kiu chn cm, c th thay ln cho nhau cng loi, hm my c th lp t xp
chng, bn trn v di hm my dng 4 chn bt c nh, kch thc 4 chn l
400x230 mm.
Tng i dng ngun ngoi 24V-1 chiu, dng tiu th ln nht ca mi
ng khong 0,6A.
Mi trng s dng: Nhit +5 +40C, m tng i khng ln qu
90% (+250C), trong phng my khng b rung ng.
3.2. Tnh nng chung
in thoi iu chn s m tn l thit b thng tin 2 dy chung ng,
tc l trn mt ng dy mc ni song song nhiu phn c, thng qua iu vin
gi chn s, tn s tn hiu gi chn ca tng i l: 500, 605, 730, 910, 1100,
1330, 1650, 1995 v 2420 Hz. Trong vi 7 tn s cui t hp bt k hai tn s
trc, sau li c th ghp thnh 42 tn hiu gi khc nhau. Vi 500 Hz v 730; 910;

~ 33 ~

1100; 1330; 1650; 1995; 2420 Hz c th ghp thnh 7 phn nhm tn hiu gi, cn
500 Hz v 650 Hz c th ghp thnh tn hiu gi chung.
in thoi iu m tn, tng i p dng phng thc thng thoi n
cng hai chiu, iu khin ni v nh v nghe, s dng thch hp cho dy trn, cp
gia cm m tn v c th iu khin t xa bng cc phng thc mch phc dng
ko di khu on iu .
Tng i iu m tn DZY-1 c ci tin trn c s ca tng i YD-4,
khc bit ch yu ca n l p dng phng thc 2 b khuch i ni, nghe tch
ring, s chuyn i ni, nghe iu khin bng mch khng c tip im thay cho
r le, vy nng cao c cht lng thng thoi, v tit kim thi gian duy tu.
Ngoi ra, so vi tng i iu khin YD-III n cng nh loi tng i YD-4, v mt
tnh nng n nng cao mc in ni, nghe ln 1 Nep v c phng v xuyn m
gia hai i dy cao hn, m bo cho hai i dy ng thi s dng nn nng cao
hiu sut s dng ca thit b.
Trong khu on khng c tng m, cho php suy hao ln nht l 19 dB i
vi 800 Hz ca i dy trn v cp gia cm m tn. Khi lp t s dng nn cho
phn c gm c tn s 2420 Hz t cc trm, on gn s iu .
Nhng sn phm v thit b s dng ng b gm: hm thng thoi chn s
DXT-1, phn c iu m tn DFY-1, b tng m 2 chiu m tn SZ-1, b phn
phi hi tip YDHF-1 (6 b), b phn phi hi tip YDHF-2 (2 b) v b khuch
i iu khin t xa DYF-1.
+ Mi tng i u km thm hm thng thoi chn s ca s iu , bn
p v microphone... mi th hai b.
+ Tng i gm c cc ngn sau: Ngn dn nhp ngun 2 tm, ngn iu
khin thi gian 2 tm, ngn chnh phi hp 2 tm, ngn khuch i t hp 2 tm,

~ 34 ~

ngn cnh bo o th 1 tm, ngn b dao ng 6 tm, ngn b iu khin 10 tm,

ngn b khuch i 4 tm.
3.3. Yu cu k thut
- Tr khng dy ngoi: trng thi thu tin vi tn s tn hiu l 800 Hz, khi
bin p ng dy ni v tr dy tng l 600 10%, ni v tr dy st l
1400 15%.
- Mc in ra u ni: Tng i trng thi ni, khi tn s bt u l 800 Hz,
mc in tn hiu l -35 dBm, c mc in u ra dy ngoi l 5 2dBm.
- c tnh iu khin m lng t ng v cng sut ra u nghe: Tng i
trng thi nghe, khi u dy ngoi a vo tn s 8000 Hz, mc in bin i trong
phm vi -31 dBm 0 dBm, cho php cng sut a ra c mc in bin i tng
ng l +20 2,5 dBm (+25 2,5) dBm.
- c tnh tn s bin : Tng i trng thi ni v nghe, trong di thng
300 ~ 2700 Hz, mc in ra ca n vi mc in ra ca 800 Hz chnh nhau khng
qu 1.3 dB.
- Mo phi tuyn: Tng i trng thi ni v nghe, tn hiu trong di thng
300 2700 Hz, h s mo phi tuyn ca tn hiu a ra khng ln qu 7%.
- phng v tp m: khng thp hn 52dB.
- c tnh chuyn i ng m: Tn s tn hiu a vo ti u vo pht tin
ca tng i l 800 Hz, mc in l -35dB, mc in a ra ti u thu tin ca b
khuch i khng ln hn -30dB.
- Mc in a ra ca tn hiu chn gi v c tnh tn s: Tn hiu gi 910
Hz c mc in a ra l +5 2dBm, mc in ra ca tn hiu gi t 500 Hz 2420
Hz .So vi mc in 910 Hz chnh lch km khng qu 2dBm (trong mc in
ra ca tn hiu gi di 910 Hz khng cao hn mc ra ca 910 Hz, mc ra ca tn
hiu gi trn 910 Hz khng thp hn mc ra ca 910 Hz).
- chun xc ca tn hiu chn gi khng ln hn 0.3%.
- n nh tn s ca tn hiu chn gi khng ln hn 0.4%.

~ 35 ~

- mo ca tn hiu chn gi: Trong phm vi mc in nh mc khng ln

hn 7%.
- Thi gian ko di ca tn hiu chn gi:
Thi gian ko di ca tn hiu th 1 l 2 0.2 giy.
- Xuyn m nghe hiu gia 2 i dy: Khi i dy xuyn nhiu trng thi
thu tin, mc in xuyn m nghe hiu ti u ra ca b khuch i khng ln hn 56 dBm.
- Khi tng i ny ni ln ng thoi ti ba, phi ni vo theo phng thc 4
dy, mc in tn hiu gi v m thanh ti u ra 4 dy l -20 2 dBm, mc in
m thanh ti u vo 4 dy l -2 dBm -22 dBm.
- in tr cch in: u dy ngoi vi t:
nhit +5 400C, m tng i l 45% 80% cch in khng thp
di 20 M.
nhit 350C, m tng i l 93% cch in khng thp di 1 M.
- Cng in khng: u dy ngoi vi mt t, nhit +5 400C,
m tng i l 45% - 80% khi p sut l (860 - 1060)mbar, phi c th chu c
in p hiu dng 500V 50 Hz trong 1 pht khng b kch xuyn hoc c hin tng
phng in (nh la).
3.4. Thuyt minh mch in.
3.4.1. S iu gi phn c (my l)
iu vin mun gi 1 phn c no hoc ton b cc phn c, trc
tin lm ng tc bm nt tng ng ca hm thng thoi cuc gi s, tc l tin
hnh gi c bit, gi nhm v gi ton b.
tin trnh by, cho 9 tn s tn hiu gi xp thnh m, v ly 2 trong 5 loi
m: 0, 1, 2, 4, 7 ny cng li biu th tn s gi thc nht v ly 2 trong 5 loi m
0, 1, 2, 4, 7 ny cng li biu th tn s gi th 2, c th nh sau:

~ 36 ~

Trong s mch in, m iu khin 1-5 chia lm 0 v 0", 2 v 2", 4 v 4",

7 v 7". Ngn iu khin thi gian ch yu dng iu khin thi gian chn gi
ca tn s th nht v tn s th hai. Mi ln gi s iu vin u phi n nt
tip im tng ng, ng thi pht 5 xung m khi ng ring bit qua cc, u
dy tng i a vo mch iu khin mt xung a vo mch iu khin thi gian,
cn 2 xung khc a vo 2 mch m ha tn s gi th nht. Hai xung m sau a
vo 2 mch m ha tn s gi th 2 lm khi ng tn s tn hiu cn thit pht
ra tn s th 2.
Trong qu trnh gi s, nu mun phn c b gi chung ko di trc
ban d lu , c th n nt ln nt bm, n sng ln theo ngoi vic gim st thnh
c tn s tn hiu gi th 1 cn nghe c m thanh ca tn s tn hiu gi th
hai, trnh t ng tc ca mch iu khin ngoi tr nu trn, cn c tc dng
lin tc i vi mch iu khin trong ngn iu khin thi gian, lc ny BG23
trong ngn iu khin thi gian v lin tc m nn ct tng in p xung m a
vo b iu khin, nhng qua tip im kha nt n cho cc a6 tip t. Lm cho
BG26 t m chuyn sang kha ng thi l m, BG24 chuyn trng thi t kha
sang m, xung (+) ca n a ra qua BG7, BG6 n cc B ca BG5, cng bc a
hi 1 trng thi bn th 2 vn trng thi bn tm thi, lm cho logic "v - ph
nh" ca tn hiu gi th 2 tng ng vn trng thi chuyn o ni trn, v logic
"v - ph nh" tng ng vn trng thi kha tip tc pht ra tn hiu gi th 2.
3.4.2. Tng i nghe, phn c ni
Khi thit b tng i nh v th b khuch i trng thi nghe, phn c
iu ni lin dy ngoi c th ni cng tng i tn hiu m thanh ca phn c
pht ra, a n cc a1, a2 ng dy ngoi qua cc b2, b1 ngn chnh phi hp,
cm dy ngoi bin p ng dy b1, dy thc 1, cun hn hp HQ, cc a4, a8
ngn chnh phi hp, cc 13, 14 ngn khuch i 1, cm 2 dy bin p B4, cc 12,
10, cc 7, 3 ngn khuch i 2 BG11, BG12, bin p B2, chit p W1, b suy hao

~ 37 ~

(R1, BG1) mch khuch i thu tin (gm cc b phn BG2, BG3, BG4, BG5, BG6
v bin p B3, B4... ghp li). Khi tng i nh v, mch iu khin ng m ca
khuch i 1, cp 1 dng thun cho BG11, BG12 trong mch chuyn i ng m,
tn hiu c th thng qua m khng b suy hao tn hiu sau khi c khuch i,
qua cm "u ra thu tin" i cc 13, 14, C5, C6 a vo u A17, A18 hm thng
thoi gi s ca s iu , qua bin p loa, iu vin nghe c phn c gi
vo thng thoi.
V phn c xa v phn c gn mc in ni a ra b suy gim bi ng
dy nn n tng i c mc in khng nh nhau, nu gi cho phn c xa c
cng sut ra, th phn c gn mc in a ra c kh nng gy qu ti cho khuch
i 2, vy b khuch i ca tng i c lp mch iu khin t ng m lng.
3.4.3. Tng i iu khin ni, phn c nghe
Khi iu vin nghe c phn c gi hoc phn c b gi, mun ni iu
vin dm bn p iu khin mch ng m chuyn o b khuch i, tip
im bn p tip ni ngoi, vic cp dng in thun cho BG9, BG10 ca mch
iu khin ng m ca ngn khch i cn ct t thin p cc b ca BG18,
BG19, c 2 bng ng thi ng lm cho tn hiu c th thng qua khng b suy
hao, tng i trng thi ni, tc iu vin ni ra a tn hiu qua microphone,
qua khuch i tng trc ca hm thng thoi gi s, qua cc A14, A15, cc C3,
C4 ca tng i hoc cc 1, 2 ca khuch i 1 "u vo thu tin" n mch khuch
i pht tin (gm bin p B1, B22, B3 v transistor BG1, BG2, BG3, BG4 ghp li)
ting ni c khuch i qua BG9, BG10, bin p B4, cm Z dy, cc 13, 14,
cc a4, a8 ca ngn chnh phi hp, cun hn hp qua cc a1, a2 ng dy ngoi
ca tng i, ra dy ngoi n phn c.

~ 38 ~

3.4.4. Thit b cnh bo

Khi cu ch ca mch dy no b t, th mch cnh bo lm vic. V n
cnh bo ca mch sng, chung reo.
Khi cu ch RD ngn dn nhp ngun b t, mch cnh bo c qu trnh
ng tc nh sau:
Transistor BG1 trong ngn cnh bo o th (th nghim) cc B t th m
chuyn sang th 0, BG1 bt u kha, ng thi cc B ca BG2 t th 0 chuyn
sang th m, bng ny t kha bin sang m, n cnh bo D2 sng, v BG2 m
nn BG5 cc B c th thp hn cc E, BG55 bt u m to thnh mch chung
mt chiu.
t e, c ca BG6 tip im 5, 6 ca chuyn trng thi t kha sang m 1, 2
ca chung 1 chiu -R16 - cu ch RD - u I13 - u a7 tng i - ngun cnh bo
-24V.
Trc my b kha chuyn trng thi t kha sang m v v tr c, ct mch
chung 1 chiu, mch cnh bo tr li trng thi lm vic bnh thng.
3.4.5. Phng thc ni vi mch ti ba
Khi in thoi iu mun s dng mch ti ba tin hnh iu khin t
xa, cn phi chim dng 1 ng thoi ti ba. Ti u c s iu (u A) cho
tng i tch bit ni vi u vo iu bin v u ra khuch i m tm (mc in
ti ch ni l -14dB v +4 dB) v cn phi ti u khia dy iu (u B), gia
my ti ba lp t b khuch i iu iu khin t xa (DYF-1).
Vn suy xt mc in u ni my ti ba vi thit b my ti ba l:
V thit b iu p dng 2 tn s m tn trc sau pht i, thi gian pht
i ca tn hiu, chn gi s di hn, vy so vi mc in u vo bnh thng ca

~ 39 ~

ti ba -14 dB cn phi thp 6 dB tc l -20 dB, nu khng s dn n mch ti ba b

qu ti, cn vi ting ni mc in cng thp 6 dB, v in thoi iu m tn c
di tn s ca tn hiu m thanh v tn hiu gi s hon ton trng hp, nu tn hiu
m thanh khng nn thp, s em li nhiu kh khn ln cho thit k b khuch i
iu khin t xa ca ng b thit b iu , m x l nh vy cng khng lm nh
hng ln n cht lng truyn dn ca in thoi iu , nn thit b ny p
dng bin php ng thi nn thp 6 dB.
3.5. Thuyt minh cc ngn my
3.5.1 . Ngn chnh phi hp (20.00)
Gm cc b phn ghp thnh nh: bin p ng dy B1, cun hn hp HQ,
mng cn bng B2, R1, W1, C3 C7, b suy hao SJ1 v b phn thay i phng
thc ni dy. Cun dy hn hp c tc dng chuyn i mch 2 dy v 4 dy, W1,
v C3 C7 ca mng cn bng dng nng cao cn bng ca cun dy hn
hp, bin p B1 dng phi hp tr khng dy ngoi, khi tr khng ng dy khc
nhau, cn thay i cc ni dy ca B2, nu dy ngoi l dy st 4mm B1, B2 ni
cc 1, 6 nu dy ngoi l dy ng 3mm, B1, B2 ni cc 2, 5 u ni dy xut
xng l theo tr khng dy thc 600 (3J1).
3.5.2. Ngn dao ng, ngn khuch i t hp (05- 05 - 07.00)
Mch dao ng ca 9 tn s c nh ca ngn ny u dng loi dao ng
LC chung cc b. Tn s dao ng ca n hon ton ty thuc co lng in cm
ca cun dy 1, 3 v tr s t phi hp, cun dy 4, 5 dng lm hi tip dng kim
u ra, cun dy 6, 7 dng lm cun kha, bnh thng cun dy kha ca cc b
dao ng chu s iu khin ca ngn iu khin nn hu nh trng thi ngn
mch, nn b dao ng khng t iu kin khi ng, vy khng c tn hiu ra.
Khi ngn ny theo trnh t iu khin ca ngn iu khin lm logic "v - ph nh"
ca tn s tng ng kha li , cun dy 6, 7 ca tn s dao ng trng thi
cao tr, b dao ng t n iu kin khi ng, mi c tn hiu a ra, tn hiu

~ 40 ~

dao ng a vo ngn khuch i t hp qua BG1 khuch i tng trc v BG2,

BG3 khuch i dy ko 1 u a ra.
3.5.3. Ngn cnh bo o th (04.00)
Ngn ny c lp mch gi s, thng loi v o th cho nhn vin trc my s
dng, mch in p dng trong ngn v mch cnh bo khi cu tr t.
Khi trc my mun o th gi s ng dy no , bm phm ng dy
trn mt my, v xoay nm tn s (BK1, BK2) n v tr tn s c , lc
chun b cho xung m khi ng ng thi a vo mch m ha tn s v
mch iu khin thi gian, sau bm phm gi s, 5 xung m a vo ngn iu
khin, t n khi ng tn hiu cn thit, a tn s th nht v tn s th 2 ra
ng dy. Khi trc my mun gim thnh hoc thng thoi, c th dng u cm 2
rut cm vo cm dy ngoi, b kha BJ l lin lc gim thnh o th c vi
phn c ni trn dy .
Mt ng h o c ba chia l 10V, 30V v mc in. Vch mu l biu
th v tr c mc in 5 dB khi tr khng 600.
3.5.4. Ngn iu khin (0809.00 1,315.00)
Trong s mch in m ha ca iu khin 15 ln lt l 0 v 0, 1 v 1, 2
v 2, 4 v 4, 7 v 7 mch m ha gm cc linh kin rt c bn mch logic hp
thnh: BG2 dng lm o pha, BG3 lm logic v ph nh ca tn s th nht,
BG4 lm logic hoc ph nh chung, BG5 lm logic v ph nh ca tn s
th 2. hnh thc cu to mch v ph nh v hoc ph nh nu trn ging
nhau, l loi mch logic in tr gin n, cn c trng thi ban u khc nhau ca
u vo m phn bit tc dng ca logic v ph nh dng vi logic hoc
ph nh m. Trong ph nh tc l b o pha tranzitor, BG6, BG7 lm
thnh mch BG7 m, v bnh thng BG14 ca ngn iu khin thi gian m,

~ 41 ~

thng qua -24V R23 BG8 cc 10- cc ngn iu khin, thi gian BG14- cc ce(-6V) lm cho BG6 kha, BG7 m v gi trng thi ny. BG9, BG10 dng iu
khin logic v ph nh ca tn s gi th nht no .
3.5.5. Ngn dn nhp ngun (.10.00)
Ch yu dng ni ngun -24V - 1 chiu t ngoi vo, cho cc ngn.
ngn nga nhiu xuyn am nghe hiu do thng qua ngn cm ng gy ra nn t
thm mch lc LC. Ngn ny cn lp b n p in t bng Tranzitor ghp song
song n gin, cho -24V i thnh -6V n p cp thin p m cho cc mch
logic ca ngn iu khin v ngn iu khin thi gian, cho php dng coongtacs l
500mA.
Vra = V1 + Vbe2 + Vbe3 v Vbe2, Vbe3 gn bng 0,7V m V1 c BG1 n
p, vy Vra cng c n nh, nhng khi i bin ng th c bin i cht t.
3.5.5 . Ngn khuch i ( 1.1 12.00)
Ngn ch yu c 4 b phn ghp li: khuch i pht tin, khuch i thu tin,
iu khin m lng t ng, iu khin ng m v chuyn i ng m.
3.5.5.1. Khuch i pht tin
Gm c cc b phn bin p B1, B2, B3 v tranzitor BG1, BG2, BG3, BG4...
hp thnh. BG1, BG2 l mch ghp trc tip 2 tng, dng nh thin ca tng 1 ly
t cc e ca tng 2, mch hai bng in hnh ny c im cng tc 1 chiu rt n
nh, tng ch cng tng i cao, tng 2 dng bin p ra, c tc dng o pha, v
hai u cun th 3, 5 cng du nn tn hiu u vo hai bng tng cui c ddienj p
ngc pha, BG3, BG4 ghp thnh khuch i cng sut y ko mt u cc tham
s trn di ca mch in hon ton i xng h s ca BG3, BG4 phi bng
nhau v tt nht l ng cg/ tuyn cng ging nha, qua trnh khuch i ca
BG3, BG4 tng t mch y ko ch B.

~ 42 ~

3.5.5.2. Khuch i thu tin

Gm cc b phn bin p B2, B3, B4 v tranzitor BG2, BG3, BG4,
BG5, BG6.v.v.. ghp thnh v c bn 2 mch khuch i thu v pht l nh nhau,
BG2 l b pht cc e c tr khng vo rt ln, mc ch chnh l a vo mch
iu khin m lng t ng m lp t.
3.5.5.3. Mch iu khin m lng t ng
Bao gm b suy hao bin i ( in tr R1 v tranzitor trng BG1), mch
nn dng ( diot BG8, BG9) v mch thi gian ( C3, C13, R22-W3).
Mch ny s dng hin tng khc nhau ca in tr ng gia cc
S.D khi thin p t trn cc G ca tranzitor thng khng ging nhau, v tr
khng vo ca BG2 rt cao in tr ng ca BG1 v R1 hp thnh b suy hao
bin i, tr s in tr ng ca BG1 ln b khc nhau, hnh thnh suy hao khc
nhau.
V Tranzitor trng l loi linh kin iu khin bng in p nn
mch iu khin khng cn thm khuch i xoay, 1 chiu, tn hiu iu khin trc
tip ly t u ra ca b khuch i.
3.5.5.4. Mch iu khin ng m v chuyn o ng m
Mch iu khin ng m gm BG5BG8 ghp li, chuyn o ng
m gm bin p B3, B4 v diot BG9, BG10 trong ngn khuch i 1 v bin p B2
cng diot BG11, BG12 trong ngn khuch i 2.
Khi trng thi thu tin mch pht tin kha c tt hn, ti u vo ni
thm 2 Tranzitor BG18, BG19 ghp thnh ng m song song, lm cho BG18,
BG19 ng thi m chp mch u vo b pht ltin, khi pht tin v BG8 m vy
cc C c th bng 0 nn BG18, BG19 kha tng ng nh mch m.

~ 43 ~

3.5.6. Ngn iu khin thi gian (16.00)

BG1, BG2 v BG5, BG8 ghp thnh hai mch a hi mt trng thi bn ( a
hi ch). Ly v d a hi ch BG5, BG8 thuyt minh mch hi ny khi cha c
xung Trig, a vo th n ch c mt trng thi n nh tc l BG5 m v BG8
kha. Khi cc B ca BG8 c xung m khi ng a vo th mch s t trng thi
n nh chuyn sang mt trng thi n nh tm thi khc (BG8 m. BG5 kha)
nhng sau mt thi gian nht nh, mch s t ng tr li trng thi ban u.
Qu trnh chuyn o ca Trig trong mch a hi ch thc cht l qu trnh
phng in v tch in ca mt t in, v sau khi mch a hi ny chuyn o,
in p tch ban u cho C5 i qua BG8 m hnh thnh in p ng, a vo cc
B ca BG5 lm cho BG5 tm thi kha, nhng ng thi lc ny hnh thnh qu
trnh phng ca t in.
BG14, BG22 ghp thnh mch logic hoc ph nh , BG2 l logic v
ph nh. Chng u l logic diot, nhng v trng thi khi u ca u vo
khc nhau nn c tc dng khc bit l logic v ph nh vi logic hoc ph
nh cn cc Tranzitor khc u l b o pha nn khng cn thit n phi gii
thiu na.
3.6.

o th, lp t v bo dng

3.6.1. Nhng iu ch khi lp t

Sau khi tho my trong hm ra trc tin kim tra ton b trong my xem
cc linh kin v dy phi c hon chnh khng, ng h o, thn my c b tn
thng khng? Ri mi tin hnh lp t.
3.6.2. Ngun in dn vo
Tng i c cp ngun n p 1 chiu ( nh hp BWY- 24V) v phi bo
m khi mt in xoay chiu c th cp ngun d b bng c quy, ng knh dy

~ 44 ~

cp ngun cn c vo s iu v phng ngun in m thit k, v bc dy

ngun phi cch in tt, m bo cng c gii, khng nh hn di 1mm.
Thn v my phi c dy tip t c v bc cch in v dy khng nh hn
di 1mm.
3.6.3. Phi dy gia s iu vi tng i
Tham kho bn v T4042.00.00DY v 4043.00.00DY, phi dy gia hai
bn nh biu trang 12b.
3.6.4. Dy ngoi dn vo
Dn vo t dy ngoi n tng i cn phi c trang b bo an v thu li
tt, kim tra chng loi dy diu v ni tng ng cc u dy ca bin p
ng dy ngn chnh phi hp.
3.6.5. Th nghim thng thoi, gi s
- M in: Ngun in cp cho my, c th bt cng tc ca ngn dn nhp
ln ngun trn, dng ng h ngn cnh bo o th kim tra in p c bnh
thng khng, nu qu cao hoc qu thp, phi lp tc ngng cp in gii
quyt tr ngi.
- o th mch cnh bo.
- Nhn vin trc my v s iu cn o th gi thng thoi vi phn c.
- iu tit cn bng ca cun hn hp ngn chnh phi hp.
Ngn ny c in tr GR, chit p v t C3- C7 lm thnh mng
cn bng, trc khi m my cn cn c c tnh ng dy m iu chnh cn
bng, c th tin hnh nh sau:
Ni song song Nep cao tr k ln cm 2 dy ca b khuch i,
bm phm ca i dy o trn ngn cnh bo o th, vn nm xoay tn s th 1,

~ 45 ~

th 2 v tr 1995Hz, phm gi s tnh hiu 1995Hz lin tc a ra, t bin i

v chnh chit p W sao cho kim ch mc in nh nht mi thi.
- S iu v phn c tin hnh gi s, thng thoi o th.
- Ngoi tr o th tr khng bn ngoi, cc mc o th khc v o th xut
xng u tiu chun ni dy ng. Trc tin chun b v hiu chun my o, bo
m o th phi cn bng, bc che chng nhiu, tip xc theo phng php nh
sau:
- Khi o th tr khng dy ngoi dng phng php so snh, ni dy.
Lc o bt cu dao sang pha ng dy, chnh Vnk n p1, lc ny tr
s ca in tr R tc l tr khng dy ngoi, khi o tr khng ngoi l 1400 cn
ni li bin p ng dy theo thit k ri mi o th c.
o th mc in m thanh: dng b dao ng 600 ni tr pht ra tn hiu
800Hz vi mc in -35dBm ti cm u pht tin ca khuch i 1 cho tip t
cc C8 ca tng i, ti u 4 dy dng Neper k 600 o th u cui ( trc khi
o phi cho u cm 4 rut trn cm dy ngoi ca ngn chnh phi hp cm vo
cm u ra 4 dy).
o th mc tn hiu gi s: khi o cc tn s, s dng ngn cnh bo o th
tn s gi tng ng lin tc pht ra, ti u ra 4 dy vn dng Neper k 600 o
th u cui l c.