Chng 1

Ni suy v xp x hm s
Bi 1: Tm a thc ni suy ti u bc ba tt nht ca hm

f (x) = 2x trn on

[-1,1].
Bi gii:
Chn cc nt ni suy

xk

l nghim ca a thc Chebyshev

xk = cos

+ k2
,
2n

n = 4,

T4 (x). Tc l:

k = 0, 1, 2, 3.

0, 924 f (x1 ) = 1, 897

8
3
x2 = cos
0, 383 f (x2 ) = 1, 304
8
5
0, 383 f (x3 ) = 0, 767
x3 = cos
8
7
x4 = cos
0, 924 f (x4 ) = 0, 527
8

x1 = cos

p dng cng thc a thc ni suy Lagrange ta c:

P3 (x) =

3
X

f (xi )Pi (x)

i=0

(x 0, 383)(x + 0, 383)(x + 0.924)

(0, 924 0, 383)(0, 924 + 0, 383)(0, 924 + 0, 924)
(x 0.924)(x + 0, 383)(x + 0, 924)
+ 1, 304
(0, 383 0.924)(0, 383 + 0, 383)(0, 383 + 0, 924)
(x 0.924)(x 0, 383)(x + 0.924)
+ 0.767
(0, 383 0.924)(0, 383 0, 383)(0, 383 + 0, 924)
(x 0.924)(x 0, 383)(x + 0, 383)
+ 0, 527
(0, 924 0, 924)(0, 924 0, 383)(0, 924 + 0, 383)
= 1, 897

= 0, 86x3 + 0, 25x2 + 0, 58x 1, 1

Bi 2: Hm

f (x)

c xp x bi a thc ni suy Lagrange ti ba im cch

u nhau trn on cho trc. Hy tnh gn ng gi tr ca hm ti im

nh gi sai s.

a)

f (x) = cos x trn on [0, 2 ], =

12

b)

f (x) = x cos x trn on [0, 2 ], =

Bi gii
Chn 3 nt ni suy cch u

{0, 4 , 2 } ta c bng gi tr hm f(x) nh sau:

x

f(x)

4
(2)
2

p dng cng thc a thc ni suy Lagrange ta c:

(x 2 )(x 4 )
2 (x 2 )x
P2 (x) =

2
4
4
2
4
= 0, 3357x2 0, 1092x + 1
2

2
8(1 2) 12
2 3) 12 + 2

2 + 2(2
P2 ( ) =
12
2

40 2 + 80
= 0, 948
=
122
Vy a thc ni suy bc ba tt nht ni suy hm s

f (x) = cos x

P2 (x) =

0, 3357x2 0, 1092x + 1.
Sai s ti im

l:
12

| P2 (

M3

) f ( ) |
| 3 ( ) |
12
12
3!
12

Vi

M3 = max | y (3) (x) |= max | sin x |= 1

[0,
]
2

[0,
]
2

) =| ( 0)( )( ) |
12
12
12
4 12
2

| P2 ( 12 ) f ( 12 ) | 0, 0299
3 (

Vy

cos ( 12
) = 0, 9484 0, 0299

b) Chn 3 nt ni suy cch u

0, 4 , 2

f(x)

ta c bng gi tr hm f(x) nh sau:

4
(2)

2
0

p dng cng thc a thc ni suy Lagrange ta c:

2 (x 2 )x
2 2 2
P2 (x) =
=
x + 2x
8
4

2
P2 ( ) =
= 0, 4936
6
9
Sai s ti im

l:
6

M3

| P2 ( ) f ( ) |
| 3 ( ) | 0, 0718
6
6
3!
6
Vy a thc ni suy bc ba tt nht ni suy hm s

2 2 2
x + 2x
3
3
3
Bi 2:Tnh tng: Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + ......... + n

f (x) = x cos x

P2 (x) =

Bi gii

Ta c:

4Sn = Sn+1 Sn = (n + 1)3

42 Sn = 4Sn+1 4Sn = (n + 2)3 (n + 1)3 = 3n2 + 9n + 7
43 Sn = 42 Sn+1 42 Sn = 6n + 12
44 Sn = 43 Sn+1 43 Sn = 6 = const
Vy

Sn

l a thc bc 4.Lp bng sai phn:

n

Sn

4Sn

42 Sn

43 Sn

44 Sn

8
2

19
27

36

18
37

64
4

100

6
24

61
125

225

p dng cng thc a thc ni suy Newton tin trn li u xut pht t x0 = 1,
3

ta thu c:

Sn = 1 + 8(n 1) +

19
18
(n 1)(n 2) + (n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
2
3!

6
(n 1)(n 2)(n 3)(n 4)
3!
n2 (n + 1)2
n4 + 2n3 + n2
=
=
4
4

Vy a thc

Sn =

n2 (n+1)2
4

Bi 6: Biu din cc phn thc sau thnh tng cc phn thc ti gin:
a)

A=

x2 +6x+1
(x+1)(x1)(x4)(x6)

b)

B=

3x2 +x+1
(x1)(x2)(x3)

Bi gii
a) t

f (x) = x2 + 6x + 1 v chn cc im 1, 1, 4, 6 l cc nt ni suy a thc

f(x). Lp bng t sai phn:

x

f(x)

TSP b1

TSP b2

TSP b3

6
1

1
11

41

1
16

73

p dng cng thc a thc ni suy Newton tin trn li khng u xut pht t
im

x0 = 1, ta c:

f (x) = 4 + 6(x + 1) + (x 1)(x + 1)

A=

4
(x+1)(x1)(x4)(x6)

6
(x1)(x4)(x6)

1
(x4)(x6)

Vy dng tng cc phn thc ti gin ca A l:

A=

4
6
1
+
+
(x + 1)(x 1)(x 4)(x 6) (x 1)(x 4)(x 6) (x 4)(x 6)

b) t

g(x) = x2 + 6x + 1 v chn cc im 1, 2, 3 l cc nt ni suy a thc g(x).

Lp bng t sai phn:

4

f(x)

4f (x)

42 f (x)

10
2

15

6
16

31

p dng cng thc a thc ni suy newton tin trn li u xut pht t im
x0 = 1, ta c:
g(x) = 5 + 10(x 1) + 2!6 (x 1)(x 2) = 5 + 10(x 1) + 3(x 1)(x 2)
B=

5
(x1)(x2)(x3)

10
(x2)(x3)

3
(x3)

Vy dng tng cc phn thc ti gin ca B l:

B=

5
10
3
+
+
(x 1)(x 2)(x 3) (x 2)(x 3) (x 3)

Chng 2
Tnh gn ng nghim ca phng trnh
phi tuyn f (x) = 0
Bi 1: Tm khong phn li vi rng bng 1, gii phng trnh

f (x) = 0bng

phng php lp n vi chnh xc 0,01 v so snh s ln lp c lng vi s

ln lp thc t.
a)

f (x) = x4 3x 20

b)

g(x) = x3 2x 5 (x > 0)

c)

k(x) = x + ln x 2

d)

h(x) = x2 sin x

Bi gii
a) Ta c

f (2) = 10
f (3) = 34 3 = 52
Do

f (2)f (3) < 0 nn (2,3) l khong phn li nghim.

f 0 (x) = 4x3 3 > 0 x (2, 3)

t

x = x + f (x) = (x)
M = max f 0 (x) = 105
[2,3]

m = min f 0 (x) = 29
[2,3]

76
m
=
M
105
1
1
=
=
M
105
x4 3x 20
(x) = x
105
4
x
36x
4
=
+
+
105
35
21
q =1

0 (x)

Ta s kim tra iu kin ca

4x3 36x
| (x) | =|
+
| 1
105
35
(x) [2, 3] x [2, 3]
0

(x) =

36x
4
x4
+
+
105
35
21

Khi phng trnh c nghim xp x duy nht l

Chn

x0 = 2, 2, ta c dy lp

1
xn = 105
x4n1 +

36
x
35 n1

4
21

nh gi sai s :

| xn x |=

q
1q

| xn xn1 |=

76
29

| xn xn1 |

Lp bng tnh ton

| xn xn1 |

xn

2, 2

2,23

0,078

2,249

0,049

2,26

0,029

2,267

0,017

2,27

0, 0097 0, 01

Do , s ln lp thc t l 5 ln. tnh s ln lp c lng, ta p dng cng

thc nh gi sai s sau:

76 n
( 105
)
qn
| x1 x0 | 0, 01 29 | 2.23 2.2 |< 0, 01 n > 7, 34
| xn x |
1q
105

Kt lun: S ln lp c lng ln hn s ln lp thc s, nghim xp x l

x = 2, 27 0, 0097
b) Ta c:
Do

g(2) = 1 g(3) = 16

f (2)f (3) < 0 nn (2,3) l khong phn li nghim ca g(x).

x = x + g(x) = (x)
g 0 (x) = 3x2 2 > 0

x [2, 3]

M = max g 0 (x) = 25
[2,3]

m = min g 0 (x) = 10
[2,3]

1
25

m
10
3
=1
=
M
25
5
1
27
1
1 3
(x) = x (x 2x 5) = x3 + x +
25
25
25
5
3
27
0 (x) = x2 +
25
25
x [2, 3]
q =1

| (x) |< 1
(x) [2, 3]

x [2, 3]

Khi phng trnh c nghim xp x duy nht l

x .

nh gi sai s

| xn x |
Chn

q
1q

| xn xn1 |= 1.5 | xn xn1 |

1
(xn1 )3 +
x0 = 2 xn = 25

27
x
25 n1

1
5

Lp bng tnh ton:

| xn x |

xn

2, 04

0, 0266

2, 0636

0, 035

2, 077

0, 02

2, 0848

0, 0116

2, 089

0, 0065 < 0, 01

Do , s ln lp thc t l 5 ln. tnh s ln lp c lng, ta p dng cng

thc nh gi sai s sau:

| xn x |

qn
| x1 x0 |< 0, 01
1q

(0, 6)n < 0, 1

n>5
Kt lun: Nghim xp x ca phng trnh l

x = 2, 089 0, 0065. S ln lp c

lng ln hn s ln lp thc s .
c) Ta c:
Do

f (1)f (2) < 0 nn (1, 2) l khong phn li.

k 0 (x) = 1 +
t

k(1) = 1 k(2) > 0

1
x

x = x + k(x) = (x)
1
M = max k 0 (x) = max(1 + ) = 2
[1,2]
[1,2]
x
3
m = min k 0 (x) =
[1,2]
2
m
3
1
q =1
=1 =
M
4
4
1
1
=
=
M
2
x + ln x 2
x ln 2 + 2
(x) = x
=
2
2
1
1
0
(x) =
2 2x
Ta s kim tra iu kin ca

0 (x)

1
| 0 (x) | 1 x [1, 2](x) [ , 1] x [1, 2]
2
Khi phng trnh c nghim xp x duy nht l
Chn

x0 = 1, 6, ta c dy lp
xn =

xn1 ln xn1 + 2
2

nh gi sai s:

| xn x |=

q
1
| xn xn1 |= | xn xn1 |
1q
3

Lp bng tnh ton:

1
3

| xn xn1 |

xn

1, 6

1,565

0,012

1,559

2.103 < 102

Kt lun: Nghim xp x ca phng trnh l

d) Ta c:
Do

h( 12 ) = 34

x = 1, 559 2.103

h( 32 ) = 1

f ( 21 )f ( 32 ) < 0 nn ( 21 , 32 ) l khong phn li.

h0 (x) = 2x cos x

x = x + h(x) = (x)
M = max
h0 (x) = 2 + 5, 14
1 3
[2,2]

m = min
h0 (x) = 1
1 3
[2,2]

1+
m
=
M
2+
1
1
=
=
M
5, 14
2
x sin x
x2 + sin x + 5, 14x
(x) = x
=
5, 14
5, 14
2x + cos x + 5, 14
0 (x) =
5, 14
q =1

Ta s kim tra iu kin ca

0 (x)

1 3
| 0 (x) | =| 1 x [ , ]
2 2
1 3
1 3
(x) [ , ] x [ , ]
2 2
2 2

Khi phng trnh c nghim xp x duy nht l x

Chn

xn =

x0 = 0, 8, ta c dy lp

x2n1 +sin xn1 +5,14xn1

5,14

nh gi sai s

| xn x |=

q
1q

| xn xn1 |= 4, 14 | xn xn1 |

Lp bng tnh ton:

4, 14 | xn xn1 |

xn

0, 8

0,7899

0,0418

0,7878

8, 69.103 < 102

10

Kt lun: Nghim xp x ca phng trnh l

x = 0, 7878 8, 69.103

Bi 2: Tm nghim bng phng php Newton vi chnh xc

 = 103

cc phng trnh sau:

a)

g(x) = x3 2x 5 0 (x > 0)

b)

k(x) = x + ln x 2 = 0

c)

h(x) = x2 sin x = 0

Bi gii
a) Ta c :

g(2) = 1 g(3) = 16
Do

f (2)f (3) < 0 nn (2,3) l khong phn li nghim ca g(x).

Mt khc:

g 0 (x) = 3x2

g 00 (x) = 6x khng b i du trong [2,3]

Do :

M2 = max g 00 (x) = 18
[2,3]

m1 = min g 0 (x) = 10
[2,3]

nh gi sai s:

| xn x |
Chn

M2
9
| xn xn1 |2 =
| xn xn1 |2
2m1
10

x0 = 2, 2 v f (2, 2)f 00 (2, 2) > 0 hay x0

xn =

l im Fourier, ta c dy lp

2x3n1 + 5
3x2n1 2

Lp bng tnh ton

9
10

| xn xn1 |2

xn

2,2

2,1

0,009

2,0946

2, 62.105 < 103

11

ca

Kt lun: Nghim xp x ca phng trnh l

x = 2, 0946 2, 62.105

b)Ta c:

k(1) = 1
Do

k(2) > 0

f (2)f (1) < 0 nn (1,2) l khong phn li nghim ca k(x).

Mt khc:

k 0 (x) = 1 +

1
x

k 00 (x) = x12

khng b i du trong [1,2].

M2 = max k 00 (x) = 1
[1,2]

m1 = min k 0 (x) =
[1,2]

3
2

nh gi sai s

| xn x |
Chn

x0 = 1, 5

M2
1
| xn xn1 |2 = | xn xn1 |2
2m1
3

f (1, 5)f 00 (1, 5) > 0

hay

x0

tha mn l im Fourier, ta c dy

lp

xn =

xn1 (3 ln xn1 )
xn1 + 1

Lp bng tnh ton

1
3

| xn xn1 |2

xn

1,5

1,5567

1, 072.103

1,557

3.108 < 103

Kt lun: Nghim xp x ca phng trnh l

c) Ta c

x = 1, 557 3.108

h( 12 ) = 34

h(1) = 1
Do

f ( 21 )f (1) < 0 nn ( 12 , 1) l khong phn li.

Mt khc
khong

h0 (x) = 2x cos x

h00 (x) = 2 + 2 sin x khng b i du trong

( 21 , 1)

h00 (x) 12
M2 = max
1
[ 2 ,1]

m1 = min
h0 (x) = 1
1
[ 2 ,1]

12

Khi ta c cng thc nh gi sai s

| xn x |
Chn

M2
| xn xn1 |2 = 6 | xn xn1 |2
2m1

x0 = 0, 8 v f (0, 8)f 00 (0, 8) > 0, ta c dy lp

h(xn1 )
h0 (xn1 )
x2 xn1 cos xn1 + sin xn1
= n1
2xn1 cos xn1

xn = xn1

Lp bng tnh ton

6 | xn xn1 |2

xn

0,8

0,7874

5, 7.103

0,7872

2, 4.107 < 103

Kt lun: Nghim xp x ca phng trnh l

x = 0, 7872 2, 4.107

Bi 3: Tnh bng phng php lp n v phng php Newton vi chnh

xc 0,001.
a)

13

b)

cos 200

Bi gii
a) Ta s quy bi ton v dng: Tm nghim dng gn ng ca phng trnh :

f (x) = x2 13 = 0
Do

f (3)f (4) < 0 nn (3,4) l khong phn li ca f(x).

Cch 1: Phng php lp n

f 0 (x) = 2x > 0 x [3, 4]M = max = 8; m = min = 6

[3,4]

[3,4]

x = x + f (x) = (x)
1
1
=
=
M
8
m
1
q =1
=
M
4
1 2
1
13
(x) = x (x 13) = x2 + x +
8
8
8
13

Khi :

1
0 (x) = 1 x
4
0
| (x) | < 1 x (3, 4)
(x) (3, 4) x (3, 4)
Khi phng trnh c nghim xp x duy nht

| xn x |
Chn

vi nh gi sai s

1
q
| xn xn1 |= | xn xn1 |
1q
3

x0 = 3, 5, ta c dy lp
(xn1 )2 + 8xn1 + 13
xn =
8

Lp bng tnh ton

Kt lun:

| xn x |

xn

3, 5

3, 59375

0, 03125

3, 6043

0, 00354

3, 6054

3, 75.10(4)

13 3, 6054 3, 75.104

Cch 2: Phng php Newton

Ta c:

f 0 (x) = 2x; f 00 (x) = 2 khng i du trong khong (3,4). Dy lp:

xn = xn1

Chn

(xn1 )2 + 13
f (xn1 )
=
f 0 (xn1 )
2xn1

x0 = 3, 8 v f (3, 8)f 00 (3, 8) > 0 hay x0

M2 = max f 00 (x) = 2;

l im Fourier.

m1 = min f 0 (x) = 6

[3,4]

[3,4]

Cng thc nh gi sai s:

| xn x |

M2
1
(xn xn1 )2 = (xn xn1 )2
2m1
6

Lp bng tnh ton

1
(xn
6

xn1 )2

xn

3, 8

3, 6105

5, 983.103

3, 60555

4, 12.106
14

Kt lun:

13 3, 60555 4, 12.106

b) D thy

cos 600 = cos(3 200 ) = 4 cos3 (200 ) 3 cos 200 =

t

1
2

cos 200 = x (x > 0). Khi , bi ton c quy v tm nghim gn ng ca

phng trnh bng phng php lp n.

g(x) = 4x3 3x
V

1
(x > 0)
2

f ( 23 )f (1) < 0 nn ( 23 , 1) l khong phn li nghim ca phng trnh.

g 0 (x) = 12x2 3 > 0

t

x ( 23 , 1)

x = (x) = x + g(x)
M = max
g 0 (x) = 9
2
[ 3 ,1]

g 0 (x) =
m = min
2
[ 3 ,1]

7
3

1
1
m
20
=
q =1
=
M
9
M
27
1
1
4
12
1
(x) = x (4x3 3x ) = x3 + x +
9
2
9
9
18
4x
+
4
0 (x) =
3
2
| 0 (x) | < 1
x [ , 1]
3
2
2
(x) [ , 1]
x [ , 1]
3
3

Khi phng trnh c nghim xp x duy nht l x vi nh gi sai s:

=

| xn x |
Chn

q
20
| xn xn1 |=
| xn xn1 |
1q
7

x0 = 1, lp bng tnh ton:

Kt lun:

20
7

| xn xn1 |

xn

17
18

0,1587

0,9404

0,0115

0,9398

4, 28.103

0,9397

2, 589.104

cos 200 0, 9397 2, 589.104

15

Chng 3
Cc phng php s trong i s tuyn
tnh
Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh sau bng phng php kh Gauss:
a)

A=

-3

-3

10

-1

b =

11
4

Xt ma trn m rng sau :

11

-1

-15

-1

10

11

-1

-9

-5

-3

18

-1

x1 = 2, x2 = 1, x3 = 1
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l

x = (2, 1, 1)

b)

-1

A=
-1

-1

b =

-3
2

Xt ma trn m rng sau :

-1

-3

-1

-1

-1

x1 = 1, x2 = 0, x3 = 1.
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l

x = (1, 0, 1)

16

c)

-1

A=
1

-1

-1

-1

-1
-1

b =
6
0

Xt ma trn m rng sau :

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-3

-7

-2

-3

-2

-1

-7

-2

-1

-5

-1

-7

-2

-1

-5

-1

-7

-2

-1

0
-3

0
4

-1

-1

5
1

-1

x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 1, x4 = 0
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l

x = (1 1, 1, 0)

Bi 2+3: Kim tra iu kin c th p dng phng php lp Jacobi cho

mi h trn. trong trng hp c th p dng hy xc nh s ln lp n t
c nghim gn ng

x( n) vi sai s k x(n) x k < 102 , trong x l nghim

ng ca h, nu chn xp x ban u

x = (0, 0, 0)T .

Dng nh gi hu nghim

i vi phng php Jacobi , tm nghim gn ng vi sai s 0,01.

Bi gii
a)

A=

-3

-3

10

b =

1 2 5
q = max( , , ) < 1
5 3 10
17

11
4
6

Suy ra ma trn A c tnh cht cho tri nn phng php Jacobi hi t. Ta c dy

lp sau:

1 (n1) 11
(n)
+
x1 = x3
5
5
1
4
1
(n1)
(n1)
(n)
+ x3
+
x2 = x1
3
3
3
3
2
6
(n)
(n1)
(n1)
x3 = x1
x2
+
10
10
10
Cng thc nh gi sai s

k x(n) x k

q
k x(n) x(n1) k = 2 k x(n) x(n1) k
1q

(n)

(n)

(n)

2 k x(n) x(n1) k

x1

x2

x3

2,2

1,33333

0,6

4,4

2,08

0,8

0,993

1,067

2,0014

0,971

1,064

0,342

1,9872

1,02087

1,0062

0,1156

1,99876

1,0063

0,99199

0,029

2,0016

0,9977

0,99837

0,017

0,9989

5, 14.103 < 102

Vy nghim xp x ca h phng trnh l :(2, 0,9989 , 1) vi sai s l

5, 14.103

v s ln lp thc t l 7 ln.

Tnh s ln lp c lng, s dng cng thc nh gi sai s tin nghim :

kx(n) x k

qn
k x1 x 0 k 102
1q

2
( )n 3 2, 2 102
3
n 16
Suy ra s ln lp c lng

16 ln.

b)

-1

A=
-1

-1

4
18

b =

-3
2
3

1 2 1
2
q = max( , , ) = < 1
2 3 2
3
Suy ra ma trn A c tnh cht cho tri nn phng php Jacobi hi t, ta c dy
lp sau:

1 (n1) 3
(n)
x1 = x3

2
2
1
2
1
(n1)
(n1)
(n)
x3
+
x2 = x1
3
3
3
1
1
3
(n)
(n1)
(n1)
x3 = x 1
+ x2
+
4
4
4
Cng thc nh gi sai s

k x(n) x k

q
k x(n) x(n1) k = 2 k x(n) x(n1) k
1q

Lp bng tnh ton

(n)

(n)

(n)

2 k x(n) x(n1) k

x1

x2

x3

32

2
3

89
41
48
191
192

1
12
5
36
13
288

3
4
31
24
97
96
535
576

-1,0356

0,02546

1,00998

0,162

-0,995

-0,0152

1,01526

0,0813

-0,99237

3
-3, 42.10

0,99495

0,04

-1,002525

4, 226.103

0,99724

0,015

-1,00138

7, 83.105

1,001687

8, 3.103 < 102

3
1,5
0,5625
0,368

Vy nghim xp x ca h phng trnh l :(-1,00138, 0 , 1,001687) vi sai s l

8, 3.103

v s ln lp thc t l 9 ln.

Tnh s ln lp c lng, ta s dng cng thc nh gi sai s tin nghim :

kx(n) x k

qn
k x1 x 0 k 102
1q

n 15
Vy s ln lp c lng

15 ln.

19

Bi 4: Tm nghim gn ng bng phng php kh Gauss - Seidel vi sai s l

0,001.
Bi gii
a)

A=

-3

-3

10

b =

11

4
6

1 2 5
2
q = max( , , ) = < 1
5 3 10
3
Suy ra ma trn A c tnh cht cho tri nn phng php Gauss - Seidel hi t, ta
c dy lp sau:

1 (n1) 11
(n)
x1 = x3
+
5
5
1
1
4
(n)
(n)
(n1)
x2 = x1 + x3
+
3
3
3
3
2
6
(n)
(n)
(n)
x3 = x1 x 2 +
10
10
10
Chn

x0 = (1.5, 0.5, 0.5), ta c cng thc nh gi sai s sau:

k x(n) x k
(n)

q
k x(n) x(n1) k = 2 k x(n) x(n1) k
1q
(n)

(n)

2 k x(n) x(n1) k

x1

x2

x3

1,5

0,5

0,5

2,1

0,8

1,07

1,14

1,986

1,028

0,9902

0,456

2,00196

0,99608

1,001372

0,06384

1,9997256

1,000549

0,9998079

8, 94.103

2,003842

0,9998

1,000155

1, 482.103

7, 684.104

Vy nghim xp x ca h phng trnh l :(2, 1 , 1) vi sai s l

ln lp thc t l 6 ln.

b)

-1

A=
-1

-1

4
20

b =

-3
2
3

7, 684.104

v s

1 2 1
2
q = max( , , ) = < 1
2 3 2
3
Suy ra ma trn A c tnh cht cho tri, do , phng php Gauss- Seidel hi t,
ta c dy lp sau:

1 (n1) 3
(n)
x1 = x3

2
2
1
1
2
(n)
(n)
(n1)
x2 = x1 x3
+
3
3
3
1
1
3
(n)
(n)
(n)
x3 = x1 + x2 +
4
4
4
Ta c cng thc nh gi sai s sau:

k x(n) x k
Chn

q
k x(n) x(n1) k = 2 k x(n) x(n1) k
1q

x0 = (0, 5, 0, 5, 1, 5), ta c bng tnh ton sau:

(n)

(n)

(n)

2 k x(n) x(n1) k

x1

x2

x3

-0,5

0,5

1,5

34
25
24
143
144

1
12
1
72
1
432

11
12
73
72
431
432

0,0972

-1,001157

3, 8594.104

1,000489

0,0162

-0,99975

7, 97.105

0,9999176

2, 8.103

-1

2, 609.104

5.104 < 103

1,167
0,583

Vy nghim xp x ca h phng trnh l :(-1 , 0 , 1 ) vi sai s l

ln lp thc t l 7 ln.

Bi 5: Cho h phng trnh Ax=b vi

-1

A=
-1

-1

b =

-3
2

a) Tm nghim ca phng trnh bng phng php kh Gauss;

b) Gii h bng phng php Choleski.
Bi gii

21

5.104

v s

a) Xt ma trn m rng sau :

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-2

-1

-3

x1 = 1, x2 = 3, x3 = 0
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l

x = (1, 3, 0)

22

-1

-1

-1

-3

Chng 4
Tnh gn ng o hm v tch phn
Bi 1: Tnh gn ng o hm cp 1 v cp 2 ca cc hm s ti cc im vi
gi tr cho trong bng sau:
a)

y = ex

Ta s gii bi ton bng cch ni suy a thc Newton tin trn li u vi khong
cch

h = 0, 05
x

2,7183

42 y

4y

43 y

44 y

0,1394
1,05

7, 1.103

2,8577

4.104

0,1465
1,1

7, 5.103

3,0042

4.104

0,154
1,15

7, 9.103

3,1582
0,1619

1,2

3,3201

23

f 0 (x0 )
f 0 (1)
f 0 (1, 05)
f 0 (1, 1)
f 0 (1, 15)
f 00 (x0 )
f 00 (1)
f 00 (1, 05)
f 00 (1, 1)
b)

42 y0 43 y0 44 y0
1
(4y0
+

)
h
2
3
4
1
7, 1.103 4.104
(0, 1394
+
) = 2, 71967
0, 05
2
3
7, 5.103 4.104
1
(0, 1465
+
) = 2, 85766
0, 05
2
3
1
7, 9.103
(0, 154
) = 2, 85766
0, 05
2
1
(0, 1619) = 3, 238
0, 05
1
11
2
3
4 4 y0 )

(4
y

4
y
+
0
0
2
h
12
1
3
(7, 1.10 4.104 ) = 2, 68
2
0, 05
1
(7, 5.103 4.104 ) = 2, 84
0, 052
1
(7, 9.103 ) = 3, 16
2
0, 05

y = ex

Ta s gii bi ton bng cch ni suy a thc Newton tin trn li u vi khong
cch

h = 0, 05
x

0,3679

42 y

4y

43 y

44 y

0, 018
1,05

103

0,3499

3.104

0, 017
1,1

7.104

0.3329

2.104

0, 0163
1,15

9.104

0,3166

0, 0154
1,2

5.104

0,312

24

f 0 (x0 )
f 0 (1)
f 0 (1, 05)
f 0 (1, 1)
f 0 (1, 15)
f 00 (x0 )
f 00 (1)
f 00 (1, 05)
f 00 (1, 1)
c)

42 y0 43 y0 44 y0
1
(4y0
+

)
h
2
3
4
1
103 3.104 5 4
(0, 018

.10 ) = 0, 3725
0, 05
2
3
4
4
4
7.10
2.10
1
(0, 017
+
) = 0, 34567
0, 05
2
3
1
9.104
(0, 0163
) = 0, 335
0, 05
2
1
(0, 0154) = 0, 308
0, 05
1
11
2
3
44 y0 )

(4
y

4
y
+
0
0
2
h
12
1
11
3
4

(10
+
3.10
+
) = 0.667
0, 052
12.5.104
1
(7.104 2.104 ) = 0, 2
0, 052
1
(9.104 ) = 0, 36
2
0, 05

y = sin x

Ta s gii bi ton bng cch ni suy a thc Newton tin trn li u vi khong
cch

h = 0, 05
x

0,8415

4y

42 y

43 y

44 y

0,0259
1,05

2, 1.103

0,8674

1.104

0,0238
1,1

2, 2.10 3

0,8912

2.104

0,0216
1,15

2, 4.103

0,9128
0,0192

1,2

1.104

0,9320

25

42 y0 43 y0 44 y0
1
(4y0
+

)
h
2
3
4
1
2, 1.103 104 1 4
(0, 0259 +

+ .10 ) = 0, 5388
0, 05
2
3
4
3
4
2, 2.10
2.10
1
(0, 0238 +

) = 0, 4967
0, 05
2
3
1
2, 4.103
(0, 0216 +
) = 0, 456
0, 05
2
1
(0, 0192) = 0, 384
0, 05
1
11
2
3
44 y0 )

(4
y

4
y
+
0
0
2
h
12
1
11
3
4

(2,
1.10
+
10

) = 0.8367
0, 052
12.5.104
1
(2, 2.103 + 2.104 ) = 0, 8
0, 052
1
(2, 4.103 ) = 0, 96
2
0, 05

f 0 (x0 )
f 0 (1)
f 0 (1, 05)
f 0 (1, 1)
f 0 (1, 15)
f 00 (x0 )
f 00 (1)
f 00 (1, 05)
f 00 (1, 1)

Bi 2: Dng cc hnh cn trung tm, hnh thang, Simson tnh gn ng tch

phn vi s on

n = 5, n = 10 v nh gi sai s.

so snh nh gi sai s vi sai

s thc s.

Z
a)A =
0

dx
1+x

Z
b)B =

1
x

x.e dx

Z
c)C =

Bi gii
a) u tin ta s tnh tch phn bng cch tnh thng thng :

1
1+x

A=

R1

dx
0 1+x

= ln(x + 1) |10 = ln 2

f (x) =

Vi

n = 5 [0, 1], ta c cc nt i l : 0 ; 0,2 ; 0,4 ; 0,6 ; 0,8 ; 1

2
=2
[0,1]
[0,1] (1 + x)3
24
M4 = max f 4 (x) = max
= 24
[0,1]
[0,1] (1 + x)5
M2 = max f 00 (x) = max

26

cos3 xdx

i+

1
2

yi

yi+ 1
2

10
11

0,1

5
6

0,2

10
13

0,3

5
7

0,4

10
15

0,5

5
8

0,6

10
17

0,7

5
9

0,8

10
19

0,9

1
2

4,428

3,4595

Khi :
Phng php hnh ch nht trung tm

ICN = h

n1
X

hi+ 1 = 0, 2.3, 4595 = 0, 6919

2

i=0
Suy ra sai s c lng hcn l:

| E |

M2
(b a)h2 = 3, 34.103
24

Sai s thc s hcn l

| ln 2 0, 6919 |= 1, 247.103
Phng php hnh thang

n1
X
y0 + yn
) = 0, 6956
IHT = h(
hi +
2
i=0
Sai s c lng hnh thang l :

| E |
Sai s thc s hnh thang l

M2
(b a)h2 = 6, 67.103
12

| ln 2 0, 6956 |= 2, 4528.103

Phng php Simpson

2
1
IS = ICN + IHT = 0, 6931333
3
3
27

Sai s c lng Simpson l :

| E |
Sai s thc s Simpson l

M4
(b a)h4 = 1, 33.105
2880

| ln 2 0, 69313333 |= 1, 384.105

b) u tin ta s tnh tch phn bng cch tnh thng thng :

=1

f (x) = xex B =

2
e

Vi

R1
0

x.ex = x.ex +

R1
0

ex = (xex ex ) |10

0, 264241117
n = 5 [0, 1], ta c cc nt i l : 0 ; 0,2 ; 0,4 ; 0,6 ; 0,8 ; 1.

M2 = max | f 00 (x) |= max | 2ex + xex | 0, 735759

[0,1]

[0,1]

M4 = max | f 4 (x) |= max | 4ex + xex | 1, 471518

[0,1]

[0,1]

i+

1
2

yi

yi+ 1
2

1
0,1

0,09048

0,2

0,16375
0,3

0,22224

0,4

0,26813
0,5

0,303265

0,6

0,32929
0,7

0,34761

0,8

0,35946
0,9

0,36519

0,36788
1,48851

1,329505

Phng php hnh ch nht trung tm

ICN = h

n1
X

hi+ 1 = 0, 2.1, 329505 = 0, 2659

2

i=0
Suy ra sai s c lng hcn l:

| E |

M2
(b a)h2 = 1, 226.103
24
28

Sai s thc s hcn l

| 0, 735759 0, 6919 |= 1, 66.103

Phng php hnh thang

IHT = h(

n1
X
i=0

hi +

y0 + yn
) = 0, 260914
2

Sai s c lng hnh thang l

| E |
Sai s thc s hnh thang l

M2
(b a)h2 = 2, 4525.103
12
| 0, 735759 0, 260914 |= 3, 32.103

Phng php Simpson

1
2
IS = ICN + IHT = 0, 264238
3
3
Sai s c lng Simpson l :

| E |
Sai s thc s Simson l

M4
(b a)h4 = 8, 175.107
2880

| 0, 735759 0, 264238 |= 3, 12.106

c) u tin ta s tnh tch phn bng cch tnh thng thng :

t

f (x) = cos3 x
Z
Z
1
3
3
( cos 3x cos x)dx
cos xdx =
C=
4
4
0
0
1
3
= ( sin 3x sinx)|0 = 0
12
4
Vi

n = 5 trn [0, 1], ta c cc nt i l : 0 ; 0,2 ; 0,4 ; 0,6 ; 0,8 ; 1

29

i+

1
2

yi

yi+ 1
2

10

0,86024
0,5295

3
10
2
5

0,2031
0,0295

5
10
3
5

0
-0,0295

7
10
4
5

-0,2031
-0,5295

9
10

-0,86024

-1
0

Phng php hnh ch nht trung tm

ICN = h

n1
X

hi+ 1 = 0
2

i=0
Phng php hnh thang

IHT

n1
X
y0 + yn
= h(
hi +
)=0
2
i=0

Phng php Simpson

1
2
IS = ICN + IHT = 0
3
3

30