1

Xc nh ti trng ng t tc dng ln cng trnh theo

TCXDVN 375: 2006 bng Quy trnh n gin

1. M u.
Sau nhiu nm nghin cu tch cc, Vin KHCN Xy dng trnh B Xy dng ban hnh
tiu chun xy dng TCXDVN 375: 2006 Thit k cng trnh chu ng t (Phn 1v phn
2) phc v cng tc thit k v xy dng khng chn. Tiu chun TCXDVN 375: 2006
c bin son trn c s chp nhn Eurocode 8 ca chu u, trong bn phn vng gia
tc nn l ca Vit Nam, chp nhn ng cong ph dng 1 (dng cho cc vng c cng
chn ng b mt M
s
5.5 Richter trong Eurocode 8) l ng cong ph s dng trong
tiu chun ca ta, h s tm quan trng v phn cp v phn loi nh v cng trnh c sa i
so vi tiu chun chu u. Ngoi ra, trong TCXDVN 375:2006, cn b sung thm bng
chuyn i t gia tc nh t nn sang cc cp ng t theo thang MSK-64 hay thang
Mercally ci tin (thang MM) c th s dng khi tnh ton theo cc tiu chun ng t
khc nh CH II -7-81* ca Nga hay UBC: 1997 ca M.
Tuy nhin, vic p dng TCXDVN 375: 2006 trong tnh ton thit k l kh khn do h thng
Eurocode cha c s dng nhiu trong thc hnh thit k nc ta v cc ni dung trong
TCXDVN 375: 2006 v Eurocode8 c trnh by thin v kha cnh nghin cu, vi nhiu
hm lng khoa hc. V vy, bi bo ny trnh by mt quy trnh tnh ton n gin c th
gip cc k s d dng xc nh c ti trng ng t tc dng ln cng trnh theo
TCXDVN 375:2006 (Phng php phn tch tnh lc ngang tng ng).
2. Quy trnh tnh ton.
2.1. Xc nh gi tr t s a
gR
/g
Cn c vo bn phn vng gia tc nn chu k lp li 500nm cho nn loi A lnh th Vit
Nam cho trong TCXDVN 375: 2006, hoc cn c phn vng gia tc nn theo a danh hnh
chnh (cng cho trong tiu chun ny) xc nh gi tr t s a
gR
/g (trong : a
gR
- l nh
gia tc nn tham chiu a im xy dng cng trnh, g gia tc trng trng). T s a
gR
/g
cng c th ly theo s liu c cung cp bi c quan chuyn mn c thm quyn.
Ch thch: Cc gi tr cho trong bn phn vng gia tc nn v Bng phn vng gia tc nn
theo a danh hnh chnh (ca tiu chun TCXDVN 375: 2006) thc cht l cc gi tr ca t
s a
gR
/g. Ngoi ra tham s tung ph thit k S
d
(T) trong cng thc (4.5) v trong cc biu
thc t (3.13) n (3.16) ca TCXDVN 375:2006 khng ni g n th nguyn ca S
d
(T). Do
vy trong quy trnh tnh ton ny, trnh vic nhm ln th nguyn, gi tr S
d
(T) c thay
bng g T S T S
d d
/ ) ( ) ( = l i lng khng th nguyn.
2.2. Mc v h s tm quan trng.
Mc quan trng c c trng bi h s tm quan trng
l
. Gi tr ca
l
xc nh theo
iu 4.2.5 v Bng 4.3 ca TCXDVN 375:2006 (
l
= 1,25, 1,00 v 0,75 tng ng vi cng
trnh I, II v III)
2.3. Xc nh gi tr gia tc nh t nn thit k.
Gia tc nh t nn thit k a
g
ng vi trng thi gii hn cc hn xc nh nh sau (thng
qua g): a
g
/g = a
g
/g*
l
(1)
Ch : TCXDVN 375:2006 quy nh:
- ng t mnh a
g
/g 0.08, phi tnh ton v cu to khng chn.
2
- ng t yu 0.04 a
g
/g < 0.08, ch cn p dng cc gii php khng chn c gim
nh.
- ng t rt yu a
g
/g < 0.04, khng cn thit k khng chn.
2.4. Nhn dng iu kin t nn theo tc ng ng t.
C 7 loi nn t theo phn loi nn t theo TCXDVN 375: 2006, bao gm: A,B, C, D, E, S1
v S2. Cn c vo mt ct a tng v cc s liu kho st a cht cng trnh ti khu vc xy
dng v iu kin t nn theo tc ng ng t trong quy nh trong iu 3.1.2 v bng 3.1
ca TCXDVN 375:2006 nhn dng nn t phc v vic tnh ton khng chn.
2.5. Xc nh h s ng x q ca kt cu.
a. i vi kt cu b tng ct thp.
- i vi h khung hoc h khung tng ng (hn hp khung vch), c th xc nh gn
ng h s ng x q nh sau (cp do trung bnh):
q = 3.3 nh mt tng
q = 3.6 nh nhiu tng, khung mt nhp.
q = 3.9 nh nhiu tng, khung nhiu nhp hoc kt cu hn hp tng ng khung.
- i vi h vch cng hoc vch cng c l:
q = 3.6 - H kt cu hn hp tng ng vch cng, hoc h vch cng c l (h tng c
dm lin kt);
q = 3.0*k
w
- h tng vch cng ch c hai tng /vch cng (khng phi l vch cng c l);
q = 3.1*k
w
cc h vch cng khng phi l vch cng c l; trong k
w
xc nh theo biu
thc (2):
5 . 0 1 3 / ) 1 (
0
+ = <
w
k (2)
m

=
wi wi
l h /
0
(3)
Trong cng thc (3)
h
wi
- chiu cao tng th i, l
wi
l di ca tng th i.
b. i vi kt cu thp:
- i vi h kt cu u n theo c chiu cao v mt bng (xem TCXDVN 375: 2006) th gi
tr gii hn trn ca h ng x q c th ly theo Bng 1 nh di y.
Bng 1. Gi tr gii hn trn ca h s ng x q cho h kt cu thng thng

Dng kt cu Phn loi cp do
DCM (trung bnh)
a) Khung chu mmen 4
b) khng c h ging ng tm
H ging cho
H ging ch V

4
2
c) Khung vi h ging lch tm 4
3
d) Khung chu mmen kt hp h ging ng tm 4

2

e) Khung chu mmen kt hp vi tng chn.
Tng xy chn hc b tng khng c lin kt
m ch tip gip vi khung,
Tng chn phn cch vi khung chu mmen (xem
phn khung chu mmen)
4
L gii: TCXDVN 375: 2006 v Eurocode 8 quy nh cc nh thp chu c ng t cn
c thit k theo mt trong hai quan nim sau:
a) Kt cu c kh nng tiu tn nng lng thp (quan nim a);
b) Kt cu c kh nng tiu tn nng lng (quan nim b).
Theo quan nim a, ni lc c th c tnh ton trn c s phn tch n hi tng th m
khng xt n s lm vic phi tuyn ca vt liu. Cng theo quan nim a, kh nng chu lc
ca cc cu kin v cc mi lin kt cn c tnh ton theo tiu chun EN 1993 (Eurocode 3
Tiu chun kt cu thp ca chu u, tng ng vi TCVN 5573: 1991 hay TCXDVN
338:2005) m khng cn b sung thm cc yu cu khc.
Theo quan nim b, kh nng chu tc ng ng t ca cc b phn (vng tiu tn nng
lng) ca kt cu phi tnh n s lm vic ngoi gii hn n hi. Cc kt cu c thit k
theo quan nim b phi c mm do thuc cp do trung bnh hoc cao (DCM hoc DCH).
Nguy c ng t Vit Nam l t thp n trung bnh. Thc t cc kt cu xy dng Vit
Nam phn ln tho mn yu cu v cp do trung bnh, c h s ng x cao hn hoc bng so
vi kt cu b tng ct thp. Rt him khi gp cc loi kt cu thp c do hay tiu tn
nng lng thp hn so vi kt cu b tng ct thp. V vy, vic la chn h s ng x cho
trong Bng 1 l hp l, kinh t v c th chp nhn c khi tnh to ng dt trong iu kin
kinh t k thut ca nc ta hin nay.
2.6. Xc nh chu k dao ng ring c bn ca cng trnh.
a. i vi nh v cng trnh c chiu cao khng ln hn 40m, gi tr T
1
(tnh bng s) c th
tnh gn ng theo biu thc sau:
T
1
= C
t
.H
3/4
(4)
Trong :
C
t
= 0.085 i vi khung thp khng gian chu mmen;
C
t
= 0.075 i vi khung thp khng gian chu mmen v khung thp c ging lch tm.
C
t
= 0.050 i vi cc kt cu khc;
H l chiu cao ca cng trnh (tnh bng m) t mt mng hoc nh ca phn cng pha di.
b. C th p dng cc cng thc gn ng khc nh ca UBC: 1997, CH II -7-81* hay
ca cc ti liu k thut chuyn ngnh khc (v d: T=0.1n i vi nh cao tng c n tng
bng khung b tng ct thp ) hoc s dng cc chng trnh my tnh v m hnh phn t
hu hn (SAP 2000, STAAD III, InfoCAD) xc nh chu k dao ng ring ca nh v
cng trnh.


4
2.7. Ph thit k dng cho phn tch n hi.
Nh ni trn, khc vi TCXDVN 375: 2006, ph thit k trong quy trnh ny l i
lng khng th nguyn, k hiu l ) (T S
d
v g T S T S
d d
/ ) ( ) ( = (trong S
d
(T) l ph thit
k s dng trong TCXDVN 375:2006).
i vi cc thnh phn nm ngang ca tc ng ng t, ph thit k ) (T S
d
c xc nh
bng cc biu thc sau:
B
T T 0 :
(

|
|

\
|
+ =
3
2 5 . 2
3
2
gg ) (
q T
T
g
a
T S
B
g
d
(5)
C B
T T T < :
q
2.5
S ) (
g
a
T S
g
d
= (6)
D C
T T T < :

=
g
a
T
T
g
a
T S
g
C
g
d

q
2.5
gg
) ( (7)
D D
T T < :

=
g
a
T
T T
q
S
g
a
T S
g
D C
g
d

2
5 . 2
) ( (8)
Trong :
S, T
B
, T
C
, T
D
, xc nh theo Bng 3.2 ca TCXDVN 375: 2006.
T Chu k dao ng ca h (1 bc t do);
0.2 (h s ng vi cn di ca ph thit k theo phng ngang).
2.8. Xc nh ti trng ng t theo phng php tnh lc ngang tng ng.
a. iu kin p dng:
Phng php tnh lc ngang tng ng c th p dng nu nh v cng trnh p ng c
c hai iu kin sau:
- C cc chu k dao ng c bn T, theo hai hng chnh nh hn cc gi tr sau:

s
T
T
C
0 . 2
. 4
1
(9)
- Tho mn nhng tiu ch v tnh u n theo chiu cao.
b.Lc ct y:
Theo TCXDVN 375: 2006, theo mi hng ngang c phn tch, lc ct y ng t F
b

c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
W. ). (
1
T S F
d b
= (10)
trong :
5
1
) (T S
d
- Tung ca ph thit k (Xem mc 2.7) ti chu k T
1
;
T
1
Chu k dao ng c bn ca nh v cng trnh do chuyn ng ngang theo hng ang
xt;
W: - Tng trng lng ca nh v cng trnh trn mng hoc trn nh ca phn cng
pha di;
= 0.85 nu T
1
2 T
C
vi nh v cng trnh c trn 2 tng, = 1.0 vi cc trng hp khc.
c. Phn b lc ng t theo phng ngang:
Khi dng dao ng c bn c ly gn ng bng cc chuyn v ngang tng tuyn tnh dc
theo chiu cao, lc ngang F
i
tnh bng:

=
j
W
.
j
i i
b i
z
W z
F F (11)
Trong :
z
i
v z
j
l cao ca trng lng W
i
v W
j
so vi im t tc ng ng t (mt mng hoc
nh ca phn cng pha di).
3. V d tnh ton.
Mt cng trnh bng b tng ct thp 11 tng cao 40m, nn mng cc khoan nhi b tng ct
thp ta trn nn loi A theo Eurocode 8 ( vi v ct kt) hya loi B theo UBS: 1997,
nh gia tc nn tham chiu ti a im xy dng cng trnh a
gR
= 0.0806g (tng ng
vng IIA theo UBC: 1997 hay cp VII theo MSK-64).
So snh gia tnh ton lc ng t tc dng ln cng trnh theo tiu chun UBC: 1997 v
theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCXDVN 375: 2006.
a. Theo UBC: 1997.
Vng ng t: Vng IIA
H s vng: Z= 0.15
Loi t nn: S
B

H s C
V
: C
V
= 0.15
H s tm quan trng l: l= 1.0
H s ph thuc loi kt cu: R = 5.5 (khung b tng ct thp chu mmen)
Khung b tng: C
t
= 0.0731
Chiu cao nh h
n
: h
n
= 40 (m)
Chu k c bn T:T = C
t
*(h
n
)
3/4
= 0.731* s 16 . 1 ) 4 / 3 ( 40 =

.
Tng trng lng kt cu: W
Tng lc ct y V: V = (C
v
*I)/(R*T)*W
V = 0.15*1.0/(5.5*1.16)*W = 0.0235W
Lc ct y 0.0165W W * 1 * 0.15 * 0.11 W * * * 11 . 0
min
= = + = I C V V
a

Lc ct y V V
max
= (2.5*C
a
*I/R)*W= (2.5*0.15*1/5.5)*W= 0.0682W
Vy lc ct y V bng: V = 0.0235*W. (15)
6
b. Theo TCXDVN 375: 2006
Xc nh t s a
gR
/g

: 0.0806
H s tm quan trng
1:

1
= 1.0
Xc nh t s a
g
/g: a
g
/g = 0.0806
Loi t nn: A:S = 1.0, T
B
= 0.15, T
C
= 0.4, T
D
= 2
H s ng x: q = 3.6 (khung b tng ct thp nhiu tng nhiu nhp)
Khung b tng: C
t
= 0.075
Chiu cao nh H : H = 40(m)
Chu k c bn T
1:
T
1
= C
t
*(H)
3/4
= 0.075*

40 (3/4) = 1.19s.
Nh vy: T
1
< 4T
C
= 1.6s v 2.0s.
Tho mn iu kin tnh theo phng php tnh lc ngang tng ng.
Tng trng lng kt cu: W
Ph thit k : ) (T S
d
) (T S
d
= 0.0188
Tng lc ct y
b
F :
b
F = 0.0188*W (16)
Nhn xt:
So snh (15) v (16), nu tnh theo TCXDVN 375:2006 th lc ng t s xp x 80% lc
ng t tnh theo UBC: 1997. Tuy nhin, khi tnh theo UBC : 1997 nhng vi h s vng ly
thng t gi tr nh gia tc nn (= a
g
/g) th V = 0.014*W. V lc ng t tnh theo UBC:
1997 s bng khong 77% lc ng t tnh theo TCXDVN 375: 2006 (c hai u tnh thng
t gia tc nn).
4. Kt lun
Bi bo ny trnh by quy trnh tnh ton n gin xc nh ti trng ng t tc dng ln
cng trnh theo TCXDVN 375: 2006 (phng php phn tch tnh lc ngang tng ng).
Trong quy trnh ny, s dng t s a
gR
/g v tham s ph thit k : ) (T S
d
- l cc tham s
khng th nguyn, vi mc ch trnh nhm ln khi tnh lc ng t F
b
theo cng thc (4.5)
ca TCXDVN 375: 2006 do c th p dng sai n v ca gia tc trng trng v khi lng
kt cu. Quy trnh ny l n gin, r rng, cc k s c th d dng p dng trong tnh ton
thit k thng qua cc bng tnh lp trn EXCEL. Khi tnh ton thit k hay tnh ton kim tra,
c th kim sot cc kt qu tnh ton.
Ngoi ra, v d tnh ton cho thy lc ng t tnh ton theo TCXDVN 375: 2006 thp hn
so vi lc ng t tnh theo UBC: 1997 (nu quy i theo vng). Tuy nhin, nu cng tnh
trc tip t gia tc nn, lc ng t tnh theo TCXDVN 375: 2006 ln hn so vi UBC:
1997.
Theo kinh nghim ca chng ti, gi tr lc ng t vo khong 1.88% tng khi lng cng
trnh (i vi nh cao 11 tng trn nn loi A) nu tnh theo TCXDVN 375: 2006 l c th
chp nhn c (c v mt kinh t v k thut).


(Ngun: Tp ch KHCN Xy dng, s 4/2007)