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Introduction
After the invention of the airplane, designers and engineers created new aircraft for a variety of uses. Airplanes became a part of daily life.
They were used regularly to ship
cargo and to transport people. Over time, the speed of aircraft has increased.
Introduction
Aircraft can be grouped based upon
how fast they can fly. These groups called as speeds of flight or regimes of flight There are three basic speeds of flight which are Subsonic (low, medium
waves travel. Roughly speaking, the speed of sound is 343 m/s (or 1236 km/h, or 768 mph). When we refer to the speed of sound, we measure it in Mach numbers. In the late 19th century, physician named Ernst Mach developed Mach Number theory. Mach number are used to show the pilots speed in comparison to speed of sound.
Mach
Low speed
can be divided into three: low speed, medium speed and high speed
Medium speed
High speed
0 and 100 miles per hour (mph). They were lightweight vehicles with a small engine or no engine at all. The aircraft in this group include the earliest types of aircraft, such as kites, balloons and early airplanes. Modern aircraft in this speed regime are hang gliders and ultra lights aircraft.
biplanes, propeller planes, helicopters, small plane like the modern Cessna
The Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet, the Lear Jet, the Sikorsky Blackhawk helicopter and many fighter planes fly within this speed regime.
The Concorde, the F-15 Eagle, and the SR-71 Blackbird are some examples of airplanes that can fly at supersonic speeds.
No. greater than 5 (M>5). This is more than five times the speed of sound. These vehicles have highpowered rocket engines with short, thin wings. The best known examples of hypersonic aircraft are the X15 and the space shuttle
designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the speed of sound . The only SST to see regular service was the Concorde , and the only other design built in quantity was the Tupolev Tu-144 . The last passenger flight of the Tu-144 was in June 1978, and the Concorde's last flight was on 26 November 2003 .
The Tupolev Tu-144 was the first supersonic transport aircraft (SST), constructed under the direction of the Soviet
Concorde: Fastest Commercial Aircraft. Primary Users: British Airways & Air France
First flown in 1969, Concorde service commenced in 1976 and continued for 27 years. It flew regular transatlantic flights from London Heathrow (British Airways) and Paris Charles de Gaulle (Air France) to New York JFK and Washington Dulles, flying these routes at record speeds, in under half the time of other airliners.
in landing
Weight Saving
Aircraft skin was made from Aluminium
However, as of 2005 , there are no more SSTs used in regular commercial service.
High Costs
The faster the speed the higher the air
resistance, thus the higher the drag. As the drag increases, more power/fuel require to overcome the drag which lead to high fuel cost. As, SST consume higher fuel, this leads to higher ticket costs. As a results, only low passengers demand on this aircraft services
Narrower fuselage
SST demand narrower fuselage designs.
Therefore, capacity for passengers on
approximately the same amount of fuel to cover the same distance, but the 747 can carry more than four times as many passengers. airlines.
Takeoff noise
SST has very high engine noise levels, associated with very high jet velocities used during take-off. This noise disturbing the communities near the airport.
This is an environmental hazard Noise
pollution
Poor range
Range means how far can the aircraft fly with a tank of fuel.
SST can only carry lesser fuel due to
airline trying to increase passenger volume. This means that SST can not cover many routes.
Conclusion
The cost of operating supersonic aircraft do not outweigh the benefits that airlines could get from them.
Thus, today supersonic transport aircraft services has stopped. Only the military consistently use supersonic aircraft these days.
Question Bank
a) Write the equation of Mach number and define the speed of sound.(3M)
b) Explain the CHARACTERISTICS of subsonic,
supersonic and hypersonic aircraft. Give examples for each type. (12M)
Question Bank
a) Define SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT (SST) Aircraft. Provide examples. (5M)
b) Explain four (4) REASONS why airliners