NH M CC H S

CN B NG TRONG PHNG TRNH HO H C Hong Vn Chung THPT Chuyn B n Tre

Trong cc bi t p tr c nghi m ha h c c nh ng bi t p c n ph i bi t cc h s cn b ng gi i, n u cn b ng y th m t nhi u th i gian, ti th y cng c th nh m nhanh cc h s cn b ng m khng c n ph i tm h t cc h s v cch nh m n y khi c n thi t cng gip ta cn b ng nhanh phng trnh ph n ng. 1. Nh m cc h s cn b ng trong ph n ng oxi ho kh b ng cch v n d ng b o ton electron v b o ton nguyn t : he so san pham kh so electron nhng so nguyen t tao san pham kh (neu co) = + he so chat kh so electron nhan Ch so san pham kh Tng t cho tr ng h p ng c l i. V d 1 : Cho m gam h n h p FeS v FeS2 c t l s mol 1:2 tc d ng v i axit sunfuric m c d thu c 6,552 lt SO2 ( ktc). Gi tr c a m l A. 4,920 B. 6,025 C. 4,820 D. 3,615 B m my tnh 1 l n : 6.552 22.4 (88 + 2 120) = (7 2 + 1) + (11: 2 + 2) 2 K t qu : 4,92 T i sao lm th ? V n d ng b o ton electron v b o ton nguyn t c th gi i thch cch nh m n y : he so SO2 9 = 7 2 + 1 = 4,5 = he so FeS 2 +3 +4 (FeS chuy n thnh Fe v S nh ng 7e, cn S+6 chuy n thnh S+4 (SO2) , ng th i S trong FeS cng chuy n thnh SO2) Tng t : he so SO2 15 = 11 2 + 2 = 7,5 = he so FeS 2 2 V d 2 : ( thi i h c kh i A 2009) Cho phng trnh ho h c: Fe3O4 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + H2O Sau khi cn b ng phng trnh ho h c trn v i h s c a cc ch t l nh ng s nguyn, t i gi n th h s c a HNO3 l A. 23x - 9y. B. 45x - 18y. C. 13x - 9y. D. 46x - 18y. Gi i : he so N x Oy 1 = 1: (5 x 2 y ) = he so Fe3O4 5x 2 y H s tr c HNO3 = x+(5x-2y)33=46x-18y V d 3 : T ng h s cn b ng (h s cn b ng l nh ng s nguyn dng nh nh t ) c a ph n ng : Fe(NO3)2+HNO3 Fe(NO3)3+NO+H2O l : A. 12 B. 14 C. 13 D. 15 Gi i : he so NO = 1: 3 he so Fe( NO3 ) 2 H s HNO3=1+3332=4 3Fe(NO3)2 + 4HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O T ng h s cn b ng=13

V d 4 : Cho 12,125 gam MS (M c ha tr khng i) tc d ng h t v i dd H2SO4 c nng d thot ra 11,2 lit SO2 ( ktc). Xc inh M. A . Zn B .Cu C.Mn D.Mg Gi i :
12,125 32 = 11,2 22, 4 (6 2 + 1)

K t qu : 65 (Zn) V d 5 : ( thi d b kh i A 2009) Cho phng trnh ho h c: Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + N2O + H2O (Bi t t l th tch N2O: NO = 1 : 3). Sau khi cn b ng phng trnh ho h c trn v i h s cc ch t l nh ng s nguyn, t i gi n th h s c a HNO3 l A. 66 B. 60 C. 64 D. 62 Gi i : he so x ( N 2O + 3 NO) 3 3 = = he so Al 8 + 3 3 17 H s c a HNO3 = 173+3(2+3)=66 V d 6 : ( thi d b kh i A 2009) Ha tan hon ton h n h p g m FeS2 0.24 mol v Cu2S vo dung d ch HNO3 v a thu c dung d ch X (ch ch a hai mu i sunfat) v V lt kh NO duy nh t . Gi tr c a V l A. 34.048 B. 35.84 C. 31.36 D. 25.088 Gi i :
(0,24 15 3 2 2 10 + 0,24 ) 22, 4 = 3 2 2 2 3

K t qu : 35,84 V d 7 : Phng trnh ho h c: Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + N2O + H2O c t ng h s cn b ng l 145, t l s mol NO:N2O l : A. 2:3 B. 3:2 C. 1:3 D. 3:1 Gi i : he so x (aNO + bN 2O) 3 = he so Al 3a + 8b H s c a HNO3 l : (3a+8b)3+3a+6b=12a+30b T ng h s cn b ng : (3a+8b)+( 12a+30b)+ (3a+8b)+(3a+3b)+(6a+15b)=145 27a+64b=145 b<145:64=2,265.... b=1 a=3 b=2 a=0,629.... (lo i) V d 8 : t m gam h n h p X g m FeS v FeS2 b ng oxi d n khi ph n ng x y ra hon ton thu c m10,88 gam ch t r n Y. N u oxi ha hon ton m gam h n h p X b ng dung d ch H2SO4 c nng d thu c 56,448 lt kh SO2 ( ktc). Gi tr c a m l : A. 40,32 B. 42,88 C. 41,60 D. 43,20 Gi i : G i x l s mol FeS v y l s mol FeS2 trong m gam h n h p (321,516)x+(641,516)y=10,88 (72+1)x+(112+2)y=56,448+22,4=2,52 Gi i ra ta c x=0,16 mol v y=0,24 mol m=0,1688+0,24120=42,88

V d 9 : L y cng 1s mol h n h p no sau y v i t l s mol km theo tc d ng v i HCl c l ng kh clo nhi u nh t ? A. KMnO4 (40%)+KClO3 (60%) B. KClO3 (70%)+K2MnO4 (30%) C. KMnO4 (80%)+ K2MnO4 (20%) D. KClO2 (16%)+KClO3 (84%) Gi i : Gi s ban u m i h n h p u c 1 mol,ta tnh s mol Cl2 sinh ra : 5 5 1 A.0,4 + 0,6 ( + ) = 2,8 2 2 2

c d thu

5 1 4 B.0,7 ( + ) + 0,6 = 2,7 2 2 2 5 4 C.0,8 + 0,2 = 2, 4 2 2

3 1 5 1 D.0,16 ( + ) + 0,84 ( + ) = 2,84 2 2 2 2 V d 10 : Cho cc phng trnh ph n ng (1) Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NxOy + H2O (2) Mg + HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + NxOy + H2O (3) Fe(OH)2 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + H2O (4) Fe(NO3)2 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + H2O T ng h s cn b ng v tri l 11x4y l c a ph n ng : A. (1) B. (2) C. (3) D. (4) Gi i he so N x Oy 3 (1) = he so Al 5x 2 y T ng h s v tri : (5x-2y)+[3x+(5x2y)3]=23x8y he so N x Oy 2 (2) = he so Mg 5x 2 y T ng h s v tri : (5x-2y)+[2x+(5x2y)2]=17x6y he so N x Oy 1 = (3) he so Fe(OH ) 2 5 x 2 y T ng h s v tri : (5x-2y)+[x+(5x2y)3]=21x8y he so N x Oy 1 (4) = he so Fe( NO3 ) 2 5 x 2 y T ng h s v tri : (5x-2y)+ [x+(5x2y)3(5x2y)2]=11x4y V d 11 : Nung nng h n h p X ch a 15,8 gam KMnO4 v 24,5 gam KClO3 m t th i gian c 36,3 gam h n h p Y g m 6 ch t. cho Y tc d ng v i dung d ch HCl c d un nng, l ng kh clo sinh ra h p th hon ton vo 300 ml dung d ch NaOH 5M un nng c dung d ch Z. Cc ph n ng x y ra hon ton. Tnh kh i l ng ch t r n khan thu c khi c c n Z. A. 111 gam B. 12 gam C. 79,8 gam D. 91,8 gam Gi i 15,8 5 24,5 5 1 15,8 + 24, 5 36,3 S mol Cl2= + ( + ) 2 : 2 =0,6 mol 158 2 122, 5 2 2 16
t 3Cl2 + 6NaOH 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O Kh i l ng ch t r n khan = 0, 6 71 + 1, 5 40 0, 6 18 =91,8 gam
0

2. Nh m cc h s cn b ng trong ph n ng d a trn t l k t h p : V d 1 : T ng h s cn b ng c a ph n ng : FexOy + CO FenOm + CO2 l : A. m+y+2ny2mx B. n+x+2nx2my C. m+y+2nx2my D. n+x+2ny2mx Gi i Cn b ng Fe : n FexOy + CO xFenOm + CO2 Ban u v tri c ny nguyn t O trong oxit s t v ph i cn mx nguyn t O trong oxit s t, m 1 phn t CO chi m 1 O thnh 1 phn t CO2 h s c a CO v CO2 l (nymx) nFexOy + (nymx)CO xFenOm + (nymx)CO2 T ng h s cn b ng l n+x+2ny2mx V d 2 : T ng h s cn b ng c a ph n ng : Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + N2O + N2 + H2O trong t l s mol NO : N2O : N2 = 1 : 2 : 3 l : A. 248 B. 386 C. 368 D. 284 Gi i Ch v tri c a ph n ng t l s nguyn t N: s nguyn t O=1:3 do c n i u ch nh t l s nguyn t N trong cc s n ph m kh v O trong H2O cho ng t l 1:3 (trong mu i nitrat t l N v O ng 1:3). V i : 3NO + 6N2O + 9N2 ( trnh phn s ta nhn t l trn cho 3 l ch s g c nitrat rrong Al(NO3)3 S nguyn t N trong s n ph m kh : 3 + 6 2 + 92 = 33 S nguyn t O trong s n ph m kh : 3 + 6 = 9 h s H2O l 3339=90 h s HNO3=180 h s Al=h s Al(NO3)3=(18033):3=49 T ng h s cn b ng l : 49+180+49+3+6+9+90=386 V d 3 : T ng h s cn b ng c a ph n ng : Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + SO2 + S + H2O trong t l s mol SO2: S = x : y l : A. 5x+10y B. 6x+12y C. 8x+16y D. 7x+14y Gi i Ch v tri c a ph n ng t l s nguyn t S: s nguyn t O=1:4 do c n i u ch nh t l s nguyn t S trong cc s n ph m kh v O trong H2O cho ng t l 1:4 (trong mu i sunfat t l S v O ng 1:4). V i : xSO2 + yS S nguyn t S trong s n ph m kh : x+y S nguyn t O trong s n ph m kh :2x H s H2O l 4(x+y)2x=2x+4y h s H2SO4=2x+4y h s Mg=h s MgSO4=2x+4y(x+y)=x+3y T ng h s cn b ng l : (x+3y)+(2x+4y)+(x+3y)+x+y+(2x+4y)=7x+14y V d 4 : Cho phng trnh: FeSO4 + KMnO4 + KHSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O. T ng h s c a cc ch t c trong phng trnh trn khi cn b ng l (h s l cc s nguyn t i gi n) A. 36 B. 52 C. 48 D. 54 Gi i Sau khi nh m h s cn b ng theo s thay i s oxi ho ta c : 10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + KHSO4 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + H2O N u v ph i c H2O sinh ra d dng suy ra h s c a KHSO4 l 9 (s nguyn t H b ng 2 l n s nguyn t O, do 2KMnO4 c 8 nguyn t O), t suy ra h s c a K2SO4 l 6 v c a H2O l 8. 10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 16KHSO4 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 9K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O T ng h s =52 V d 5 : Trong phng trnh ph n ng: a K2SO3 + bKMnO4 + cKHSO4 dK2SO4 + eMnSO4 + gH2O ( cc h s a,b, c... l nh ng s nguyn t i gi n). T ng h s cc ch t tham gia ph n ng ( a + b + c ) l: A. 13. B. 10. C. 15. D. 18. Gi i Sau khi nh m h s cn b ng theo s thay i s oxi ho ta c : 5 K2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + KHSO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + H2O

T 5 g c SO3 thnh 5 g c SO4 c n 5 nguyn t O, tng t nh v d 4 suy ra s nguyn t O trong 2KMnO4 pht sinh H2O l 85=3 suy ra h s c a KHSO4 l 6 t suy ra h s c a K2SO4 l 9 v c a H2O l 3. 5 K2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 6KHSO4 9K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O a + b + c=5+2+6=13 3. Nh m h s O2 trong ph n ng chy : i v i h p ch t h u c c th tnh h s cn b ng c a oxi : he so O2 = (so C 2 + So H 2 - So O trong X) 2 he so chat hu c X V d 1 : t chy hon ton 1 th tch hi rocacbon Y l ch t kh ktc c n 6,5 th tch O2 ( ktc). Hy ch n cng th c phn t ng c a Y. A. C4H8 B. C3H8 C. C4H4 D. C4H10. Gi i : A (42+8:2):2=6 (lo i) B (32+8:2):2=5 (lo i) C (42+4:2):2=5 (lo i) D (42+10:2):2=6,5 V d 2 : ( thi d b kh i A 2009) t chy hon ton 1 mol ancol no A c n 3.5 mol O2. Cng th c phn t c a A l A. C2H6O B. C2H6O2 C. C3H8O3 D. C3H6O2 Gi i : A (22+6:21):2=3 (lo i) B (22+6:22):2=2,5 (lo i) C (32+8:23):2=3,5 D Lo i v khng ph h p tnh ch t no (m t d : (32+6:22):2=3,5) V d 3 : t chy m gam h n h p g m 40% kh i l ng CH4; 40% kh i l ng C4H10 v 20% kh i l ng m t hidrocacbon X c n 3,674 m gam Oxi. Cng th c phn t c a X l A. C2H4 B. C3H6 C. C3H4 D. C2H2 Gi i : Ch n m=1, cng th c phn t X : CxHy 0,4 0, 4 0,2 3,674 (1 2 + 4 : 2) : 2 + (4 2 + 10 : 2) : 2 + (2x + y : 2) : 2 = 16 58 12x + y 32 Th y=2 x=1,5075.. Th y=4 x=3,015.. Th y=6 x=4,5227 V d 4 : t m gam ancol no m ch h X c n 1,2174m gam oxi. S nhm ch c trong X l : A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Gi i : Cng th c c a ancol no m ch h : CnH2n+2k(OH)k hay CnH2n+2O k Ch n m=1. Ta c :

14n + 2 + 16k (3n + 1 k) 2 = 1 1,2174 32

Th k=1 n=0,7078.. Th k=2 n=1,8539.. Th k=3 n=3,0000 Th k=4 n=4,1461 V d 5 : M t lo i m ch a 40% triolein, 20% tripanmitin v 40% tristearin. X phng ha hon ton m gam m trn thu c 138 gam glixerol. t m gam lo i m trn c n bao nhiu lt O2 ( ktc) ? A. 2846 B. 2653 C. 2718 D. 2534

Gi i : Triolein : C57H104O6; tripanmitin : C51H98O6; tristearin : C57H110O6 0, 4m 0, 2m 0, 4m 138 + + = 12 57 + 104 + 16 6 12 51 + 98 + 16 6 12 57 + 110 + 16 6 92 m=1304.273145
0, 4m 57 2 + 104 : 2 6 0, 2m 51 2 + 98 : 2 6 0, 4m 57 2 + 110 : 2 6 ( + + ) 22, 4 = 12 57 + 104 + 16 6 2 12 51 + 98 + 16 6 2 12 57 + 110 + 16 6 2

KQ : 2653,324306 V d 6 : t chy hon ton m gam h n h p FeS v FeS2 c t l v s mol l FeS :FeS2=1 :2 c n 16,8 lt O2 ( ktc). Gi tr c a m l A. 33,93 B. 54,29 C. 32,57 D. 46,12 Gi i : m 1, 5 + 2 1,5 + 4 16,8 ( + 2 )= 88 + 2 120 2 2 22, 4 m=33.93 Bi t p t gi i : 1) Cho 20,8 gam h n h p FeS v FeS2 tc d ng v i dd H2SO4 c nng d th y thot ra 26,88 lit SO2 ( ktc). Xc nh % theo kh i l ng m i ch t trong h n h p ban u. A.13,46%; 86,54% B.42,3%; 57,7% C .63,46%; 36,54% D. 84,62%; 15,38% 2) Cho phng trnh ho h c: FeSx + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO+ H2SO4+ H2O Sau khi cn b ng phng trnh ho h c trn v i h s c a cc ch t l nh ng s nguyn, t i gi n th B. 3+x. C. 4+2x. D. 1+2x. h s c a HNO3 l A. 4+4x. 3) Cho phng trnh ho h c: Fe3C + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO+ CO2 + H2O Sau khi cn b ng phng trnh ho h c trn v i h s c a cc ch t l nh ng s nguyn, t i gi n th h s c a HNO3 l A. 40. B. 36. C. 42. D. 36. 4) Phng trnh ho h c: Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + N2O + H2O c t ng h s cn b ng HNO3, N2O v Al l 101,t kh i c a h n h p kh NO v N2O so v i H2 l A. 19,9 B. 19,2 C. 20,6 D. 16,4 5) Cho phng trnh: KClOx+HCl KCl+Cl2+H2O. T ng h s c a cc ch t c trong phng trnh trn khi B. 2+4x C. 4+4x D. 2+2x cn b ng l A. 4+2x 6) Cho phng trnh: Cl2+KOH KCl+KClOx+H2O. T ng h s c a cc ch t c trong phng trnh trn khi cn b ng l A. 2+8x B. 8x C. 6x D. 2+6x 7) Cho phng trnh: Al+HNO3 Al(NO3)3+A+B+H2O A,B l 2 ch t kh , kh i l ng phn t trung bnh c a h n h p kh A v B l 35,6 v sau khi cn b ng t ng h s cn b ng (h s cn b ng cc ch t l s nguyn dng t i thi u) l 209. A v B l : A. NO v NO2 B. N2 v N2O C. NO v N2O D. NO v N2O 8) Cho phng trnh ho h c: FexOy+ HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NaOb+ H2O Sau khi cn b ng phng trnh ho h c trn v i h s c a cc ch t l nh ng s nguyn, t i gi n th h s c a HNO3 l A. 18ax6bx2ay. B. 16ax4bx2ay. C. 18ax4bx2ay. D. 16ax6bx2ay. 9) t chy m gam h n h p X g m C2H4 , C3H4 v ankan Y c cng s mol c n 24m/7 gam O2. Cng th c ankan Y trong h n h p X l : A. CH4 B. C2H6 C. C3H8 D. C4H10. 10) t chy m gam h n h p H2NCH2COOH v CH2=CHCOONH4 c t l s mol 1:1 c n 8,96 lt O2 ( ktc). Gi tr c a m l : A. 10,93 B. 13,09 C. 14,05 D. 15,04 11)Cho m gam h n h p X g m 20% MnO2; 35% KClO3 cn l i l K2MnO4 (v kh i l ng) tc d ng v i dung d ch HCl c nng d thu c 1 l ng Clo oxi ho v a 10,08 gam Fe. Gi tr c a m l A. 16,91 B. 17,80 C. 15,89 D. 12,71

12) H n h p X g m FeS2 v Cu2S. Ho tan hon ton X trong dung d ch H2SO4 c nng thu c dung d ch Y v 8,96 lit SO2 kc. L y 1/2 Y cho tc d ng v i dung d ch Ba(NO3)2 d thu c 11,65 gam k t t a, n u l y 1/2 Y cn l i tc d ng v i dung d ch Ba(OH)2 d kh i l ng k t t a thu c l A. 34,5 gam. B. 15,75 gam. C. 31,50gam. D. 17,75 gam. 13) M t dung d ch c ch a H2SO4 v 0,543 gam mu i natri c a m t axit ch a oxi c a clo (mu i X). Cho thm vo dung d ch ny m t l ng KI cho n khi iot ng ng sinh ra th thu c 3,05 gam I2. Mu i X l A. NaClO4. B. NaClO3. C. NaClO2. D. NaClO. 14) Cho phng trnh ho h c: Cu2S + HNO3 CuSO4+Cu(NO3)2+NxOy+H2O Sau khi cn b ng phng trnh ho h c trn v i h s c a cc ch t l nh ng s nguyn, t i gi n th h s c a HNO3 l A. 20x4y. B. 30x8y. C. 20x8y. D. 30x4y 15) Crackinh 11,6 gam butan v i xc tc thch h p thu c h n h p X g m 5 hi rocacbon. Tch ring h n h p X thnh 2 ph n: h n h p Y g m cc anken v h n h p Z g m cc ankan. t h n h p Y c n 14,112 lt O2 ( ktc). t h n h p Z (metan chi m 50% th tch ) c n V lt O2 ( ktc). Gi tr c a V v hi u su t ph n ng l : A. 15,232 v 60% B. 15,008 v 80% C. 15,008 v 60% D. 15,232 v 80% 16) Ha tan h t 5,355 gam h n h p X g m FeCO3 v FeS2 trong dung d ch HNO3 1,25M thu c dung d ch Y (ch a m t ch t tan duy nh t) v V lt ( ktc) h n h p D (ha nu ngoi khng kh) ch a hai kh.Gi tr c a V l A. 1,512. B. 3,864. C. 4,116. D. 1,008. 17) T ng h s cn b ng c a ph n ng FeS2+HNO3 Fe2(SO4)3+NO2+SO2+H2O l A. 72 B. 74 C. 64 D. 84 18) Cho ph n ng : Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO2 + NO + N2O + H2O T l th tch kh thu c l: VNO2 : VNO : VN 2 O = 1 : 2 : 3 . H s nguyn t i gi n c a HNO3 l: A. 120 B. 31 C. 48 D. 124 19) Cho ph n ng sau Fe3O4 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + NO + H2O N u t l s mol gi a NO v NO2 l 1 : 2 th h s cn b ng c a HNO3 trong phng trnh ho h c l A. 38 B. 66 C. 48 D. 30 20) Ho tan hon ton m gam h n h p X g m FeS2 v Cu2S vo axit HNO3 (v a ), thu c dung d ch X (ch ch a hai mu i sunfat) v 8,96 lt ( ktc) kh duy nh t NO. N u cng cho l ng X trn tan vo trong dd H2SO4 c nng thu c V lit ( ktc) kh SO2 . Gi tr c a V l A. 8,96. B. 13,44. C. 6,72. D. 5,6.