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ေအာင္ထြန္း ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း PDF
ေအာင္ထြန္း ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း PDF
ေအာင္ထြန္း ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း PDF
{NyDv - 2007
$ 30 US
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e-mail: abfsu@abfsu.net, bakatha@loxinfo.co.th URL: http://www.abfsu.net
The Union Publishing
P.O Box (102), Mae Ping Post Office, Chiang Mai (50301) Thailand
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We also extend thanks to the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the
Open Society Institute for the financial support which made the printing of this document
possible.
EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rsm;tzJGYcsKyf
rwfv (13) &uf? 2007
- 1 -
FOR MY FATHER
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tzGJYcsKyf nDvmcH A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJY0iftjzpf a&G;cs,f
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1994 ck? pufwifbmv (23) &uf om,m0wDaxmifrS vGwfvmNyD;aemuf xdkpmtkyfa&;&ef
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aumif;? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkBuD;twGif; (3) ESpft&G,f cav;i,fav;rStp touf (100)
ausmf tzdk;tzGm;rsm;tqHk; if;wkdhyg0ifvIyf&Sm;rIudkvnf;aumif;? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkBuD;tm;
vnf;aumif;? uRefawmfeJhtwlaxmiftwGif; opm&SdpGmaexdkifcJUNyD; axmifwGif;wkdufyGJrsm;tm; opm&Sd
pGmyg0ifcJholrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? 1988 rS 1990 txd uRefawmfyg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhaom &efukefpufrI
wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*? ausmufwHwm;NrdKYe,fausmif;om;or*? 'Drdku&ufwpfausmif;om;
vli,frsm;tiftm;pk (&efukefwdkif;)? ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rsm;tzGJYcsKyf (atmufArmjynf)?
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rsm;tzGJYcsKyf (ArmEdkifiH)? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;pk
(NDRF) wdkhtm; *kPfjyKOD;Twfvdkufygonf/
uRefawmftm; i,fpOfuyif avUvm&ef EdkifiHa&;pmayESifU rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; ay;tyfcJUaom
bBuD;t&if; ocifa<u (0g;c,fr) tm;vnf;aumif;? rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; ulnD&SmazGay;cJUaom tb
OD;tkef;jrifUtm;vnf;aumif;? uRefawmfpmxkdifa&;jzpfcJhaom uRefawmfUtazxdkifcJUonfU tpdrf;a&mifpm;yGJcHk
av;tm;vnf;aumif;? tultnDay;cJUaom rcifrdk;at;tm;vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;wifvsuf/
atmifxGef;
- 13 -
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsq
YJ efusiaUf &;
'Drdkua&pDa&;
zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;
vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI
Nidrf;csrf;a&;
vlYtcGifUta&;BudK;yrf;rIESifU
(88) ESpf
(1903 - 1991)
ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
pmtkyx
f w
k af 0&jcif; trSm
Edik if w
H pfc\
k ordik ;f onf ,if;Edik if w
H iG ;f &Sd ordik ;f acwfumvudk rodrrSv
D u
kd o
f nfh vli,frsK;d qufrsm;
twGuf ta&;BuD;ygonf/ vli,frsKd;qufrsm;taejzifU rdrdEdkifiH\ordkif;udk tjzpftrSeftwdkif; od&SdEdkif&ef
vdktyfygonf/ od&SdkHwifru rdrdEdkifiH\ ordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;twGif;rS tm;aumif;csufrsm;udk vufqifhurf;
qufcEH ikd &f efEiS hf tm;enf;csurf sm;udk oifcef;pmxkw,
f w
l wf&ef yd
k ta&;Bu;D ygonf/ odrhk o
S m rdrEd ikd if t
H wGuf
rdrdykckH;ay:&Sd vuf&SdypKyefumv wm0efrsm;twGufa&m tem*wfwm0efrsm;twGufyg wm0efausyGefEdkifrnf
jzpfygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifU acwfumvtqufquf ordkif;jzpf&yfrSefrsm; pkpnf;azmfxkwfEdkifrI tm;enf;
cJyU gonf/ txl;ojzifU Adv
k af e0if;ppftmPm&Sit
f yk pf rk S 1962ckEpS f ppftmPmodr;f Ny;D aemufyikd ;f ordik ;f tarSmif
acwfudk usa&mufcJU&ygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;wGif ta&;ygonfU tcef;u@wGifyg0ifcJUonfU ausmif;om;
or*pdwf"mwfESifU ausmif;om;pdwf"mwfudktajccHonfU ausmif;om;or*vIyf&Sm;rI? ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
udk taMumufBuD;aMumuf&GHY cJUaom ppftmPm&SiftkyfpkrS ppftmPmodrf;NyD;NyD;csif; ausmif;y&0PftwGif;
aoG;pGe;f apcJo
U nfU (7) &uf Zlvikd af usmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIEiS hf ausmif;om;or*taqmuftODtm; &ufpufidk ;f jypGm
rdik ;f jzifNU zKd ccJG jUJ cif;jzifU jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI ordik ;f udk tpazsmufvufpwk;H ypf&ef BuKd ;pm;cJMU uygonf/
rnfonfU tkyfcsKyfolrqdk ordkif;trSefudk azsmufzsufvdrfnm r&Edkifyg/ jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;
vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f udv
k nf; ppftmPm&Sit
f qufqufrS rnfoyhkd ifvrd n
f mazsmufzsuaf pcsiu
f mrl azsmufzsuyf pf
&rnfr[kwfyg/ rsKd;qufqdkonfum azsmufzsufypfvdkhr&ovdk jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;om;rsKd;qufa[mif;rsm;rS
ausmif;om;rsK;d qufopftoD;oD;odhk ausmif;om;or* pdw"f mwfEiS hf ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI ordik ;f tqufqufukd
tpOftquf vufqifhurf;tarGay;cJhonfom jzpfygonf/ xdkhtwGufvnf; &ufpufMurf;MuKyfvSonfU
ppftmPm&Sipf epfatmufwiG f ppftmPm&Siq
f efu
h siaf &; ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm; qufwu
kd q
f o
kd vdk ay:aygucf UJ
&onfom jzpfygonf/
,ck jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ordkif;udk a&;om;jyKpkcJhonfU udkatmifxGef;onf 1988
ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIumvESifh &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykHBuD;twGif; &efukefpufrIwuodkvfausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfygonf/ 1990 ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;twGif; ausmif;om;or*acgif;aqmifwOD;
tjzpf ppftusOf;axmiftwGif; tusOf;uscHcJh&ygonf/ ppftusOf;axmiftwGif; olMuHKqkHcJh&onfh e,fcsJY
qefhusifa&;umvrS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsKd;qufrsm; rSonf acwftqufquf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
rsKd;qufrsm;xHrS od&SdcJh&onfU ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rItawGYtMuHK? ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIorkdif;rsm;rS jrefrmEdkifiH
orkdif;twGuf vdktyfaeonfU uGufvyfjzpfaeonfh jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;tm; jyKpk&ef
pdwful;ay:aygufcJUygonf/ ppftusOf;axmiftwGif;rS jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmonfU tcsdefrSpwif ,ck
jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f pmtkyt
f m; tywfwukwBf uKd ;pm;tm;xkwf a&;om;jyKpck yUJ gonf/ pmtkyaf &;
om;jyKpkNyD;cJUaomfvnf; ppftmPm&Sifpepfatmuf us,fjyefhpGm xkwfa0&efrjzpfEdkifcJhyg/ rdwLyGm;onfU
tqifUrQom wwfEdkifcJUygonf/ ,if;pmtkyf jyKpka&;om;cJUonfUudpjzpfyif udkatmifxGef;tygt0if pmtkyfjzpf
ajrmufa&;twGuf ulnDyHUydk;ay;cJUonfh rsKd;quftoD;oD;rS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ppftmPm&Sif
rsm;rS tndK;taw;BuD;pGmjzifU zrf;qD;tusOf;cscJUygonf/ wcsKdYausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rsKd;qufrsm;um ppf
tusO;f axmiftwGi;f usq;Hk uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;cJyU gNy/D wcsKu
Yd m tusO;f axmifrS vGwaf jrmufNy;D rMumrD usq;Hk uG,f
vGef oGm;&&Smonf/ wcsKdYum jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmcJUNyD jzpfonf/ udkatmifxGef;rSmum ,aehwdkif
ppftusOf;axmiftwGif; tusOf;uscHae&qJjzpfonf/
- 15 -
EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rsm;tzGJYcsKyf
rwfv (9) &uf? 2007 ckESpf
- 16 -
rmwdum
yxrwGJ (1903 - 1942)
-
aus;Zl;wifvTm (1)
udkatmifapmOD;\ trSm (5)
nDawmfaemifawmf or*ausmif;om;&Jabmftaygif;odkh OD;Twfjcif; (7)
ordkif;a&;oGm;wJU ordkif; (9)
udkatmifxGef; (pma&;oludk,fa&;tusOf;) (12)
pma&;ol\ trSm - yxrwJG (13)
pmtkyfxkwfa0&jcif; trSm (15)
rmwdum - yxrwGJ (1903-1942) (17-21)
pma&;ol\ trSm - 'kwd,wJG (23)
rmwdum - 'kwd,wGJ (1945-1962) (25-32)
1
2
4
4
5
8
11
13
14
14
15
16
17
19
20
20
35
35
36
36
36
"gwfyHku@ (38)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
37
37
39
39
"gwfyHku@ (42)
tcef; (5) udkvdkeDacwfaESmif;ydkif;
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1932 rS 1935) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
53
(u) 1932-33 wu o d k v f a jrvI y f & S m ;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
(c) ud k A pd e f E S i f h wu o d k v f a jrvI y f & S m ;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
- 1932-33 wuotrI a qmif t zJ G U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
(*) 1933-34 wuotrI a qmif t zG J U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
(C) 1934-35 wuotrIaqmiftzGJUESifh udkausmfNidrf;? udkEk? udkodef;az . . . . . . . . . .
55
(i) 1934-35 wuotrIaqmiftzJGU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
(p) 1935 ausmif;om; (11)a,muf ausmif;xkwfcH&onfhudp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
1931-32 Ou | OD ; bd k ; ul ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
1932-33 Ou | OD ; pH a zmf a tmif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
1933-34 Ou| OD;odrf;armif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
1934-35 Ou| OD;zdk;at; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tcef; (6) udkvdkeDacwfaESmif;ydkif;
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1935 rS 1936) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
60
(u) udkodef;az? q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;ESifh wdkYArmtpnf;tHk; . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
(c) 1935-36 wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tajctae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 18 -
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67
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69
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71
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77
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80
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83
83
84
85
86
87
87
89
(i-7) Auo nDvmcH usif;yjcif; jrifuGif; (arv (9)? (10) &uf 1937) . . . . . . . . . .
- udkA[def;rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(p) 'kwd,tBudrf Auo nDvmcH qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(q) 1937-38 wuoESifh AuotrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Z) 'kw,
d tBudrf ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or* uGezf &ifrh S wwd,uGezf &ifrh wdik rf D tpD&ifcpH m
(Z-1) jrbl ; aumf r wD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Z-2) rSwfwrf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Z-3) 1937-38 Auo\ vkyfaqmifrIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ps) wwd,tBudrf AuouGefz&ifhusif;y&ef jyifqifjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(n) Auo wwd,uGefz&ifhodkY zdwfMum;olrsm;pm&if; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(#) wwd,tBudrf AuonDvmcHusif;yjcif; jrifuGif; ({NyD 24-25 1938) . . . . . . . .
(X) 1938-39 AuoESifh wuotrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(!) ykodrfuGefz&ifhrS aEG&moDpcef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(!-1) ZD;csKdifhc&D; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
() wwd,tBudrf ykodrfuGefz&ifhwGif Ou| udkatmifqef; ajymMum;aom tzGifhrdefYcGef; . . . . . .
(P) rsKd;GefYr*Zif;aqmif;yg;tcsKdU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(P-1) "rESifht"r (a&;ol-okyPu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(P-2) aoG;pnf;Muavmh (a&;ol- &J&Jawmufoef;wif- NrKdUrausmif; &efukef) . . . . . . .
(P-3) qif;&Jom;ypnf;rJhrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; (a&;ol- armifA[def;) . . . . . . . .
(w) Auo? wuo OuX udkatmifqef;\ ausmif;ydwf&ufvkyfief;wm0ef vufrSwfygrl . . .
(x) cGyfa'gif;tvHteDatmufcH? aT0ga&mifcGyfa'gif;oHk;pGJyHk (1938? twGJtrSwf 1) tkd;a0 . . . .
(') 1938 &efukefwuodkvftufOya' jyifqifcsuf (rlMurf;) udp . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(") wuodkvfOya'Murf;udk tb,faMumifh pGefYy,fvdkuf&oenf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
("-1) pufwifbm (5) &ufaeY owif;pmrsm;wGif Ou| ukdatmifqef;\ rsKd;cspftrwfwkdYtm;
wkdufwGef;EId;aqmfcsuf
("-2) AuoESifh wuo trIaqmifwkdY\ jyefwrf;rS aumufEkwfcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . .
("-3) 1938 ck? pufwifbmv? (6) &ufaeY wuodkvfor*"rmkHwGif usif;yaom ausmif;om;rsm;
tpnf;ta0;wGif Ou| udkatmifqef;ajymaom rdefYcGef;
("-4) Auo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ukdA[def;\ xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . .
1936-37 Ou | OD ; &m&S p f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1937-38 Ou | OD ; b*srf ; (yk * H ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1938-39 Ou| AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106
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(q) yxre,fcsJUtmPmzDqefrI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Z) wwd,ausmif;om;oydwfBuD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ps) wwd,ausmif;om;oydwf*,uf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(n) udkatmifausmfpmay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(#) udkatmifausmfpsmye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- AdkvfatmifausmfewfoH (rif;ok0Pf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(X) 'kdYausmif;om;oDcsif; ESpfyk'f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(!) ref;tmZmenf (17) OD; ta&;awmfyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
() ref;tmZmenf (17) OD; psmyetcrf;tem; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- armfuGef;0ifoDcsif;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- rEav;acgif;aqmif udkarmifudkrdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- AuoOu|rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(P) tmZmenfrsm;aeY t"d|mefjyKpmwrf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1938-39 Ou | OD ; A[d e f ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1939-40 Ou| a'gufwmvSaT (tmPm&Sif) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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33 YEARS
MY BIRTHDAY
REMEMBERING
ordik ;f onf
vufawGY tawGt
Y MuKH
jzpfonf/
pma&;ol\ trSm
'kwd,wJG
uRefawmf 'kwd,wGJ (1945-62) ckESpftxd a&;om;&mwGif vrf;aMumif;wckay:wGifom
a&G;cs,fa&;om;cJUygonf/ xdkacwfu&SdcJUaom tpdk;&rsm; (zqyv) (tdrfapmifUtpdk;&) (yxptpdk;&) wdkhESifU
twdu
k t
f cHtzJt
YG pnf;rsm; (ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw)D (tvHeu
D eG jf rLepfygw)D (yrnw) ponfwEhkd iS hf ausmif;om;
rsm; qufpyfrrlS sm;udk ra&;om;rdap&ef txl;owdxm;cJo
U nf/ zqyvtpd;k & rSm;onf? rSeo
f nf/ tdraf pmift
h pd;k &
rSm;onf? rSeo
f nf/ yxptpd;k & rSm;onf? rSeo
f nf/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD rSm;onf? rSeo
f nf/ qd&k ,
S v
f pfygwD
rSm;onf? rSefonf ponfwdkhudka&;om;xm;onf r[kwfyg/ qdk&S,fvpf0g'? uGefjrLepf0g'? t&if;&Sif0g'
aumif;onf? qdk;onfwdkhudkvnf; a0zefa&;om;xm;onf r[kwfyg/
xdktcsdefumvu jzpfay:aeaom ausmif;om;trsm;pk\ qEESifUwxyfwnf;? teD;pyfqHk;jzpfonfU
ausmif;om;vSKyf&Sm;rIudkom &SmazGBudK;yrf;a&;om; xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ausmif;om;qdkonfrSm rnfonfUacwf
tcsdefwGif&Sd&Sd? rnfonfUacwf tcsdefwGifMunfUMunfU dk;om;pGm trSeftwdkif; jrifrIrsm;udkom azmfxkwfzGifU[
vIy&f mS ;rI jyKvyk Mf uygonf/ xdt
k csed u
f tpd;k &ESiUf oabmxm;wdu
k q
f ikd o
f nfvnf; &Srd nf? rwdu
k q
f ikd o
f nfvnf;
&Srd nf/ ausmif;om;wd\
hk tcGit
Uf a&;udk umuG,&f m if;tpd;k &ESiUf oabmxm;rwdu
k q
f ikd &f mwGif if;ausmif;om;
vIy&f mS ;rIrsm; jzpfay:vmonf/ jynfov
l x
l \
k toHrsm; om;orD;rsm;jzpfaom ausmif;om;rsm;tay: yJw
U ifu
kd cf wf
vmaomtcg ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm; ydrk jkd yif;xefvmrnfom jzpfonf/ xdahk MumifU uReaf wmfonf xdv
k rf;aMumif;
rsKd;udkom a&G;cs,fa&;om;xm;ygonf/
xkdpmtkyfjzifU 'Drdkua&pDESifUvltcGifha&; wdkufyGJtqifUqifUwGif usqHk;oGm;olrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;?
yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJUolrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkBuD;twGif; (3) ESpft&G,f cav;i,frStp
touf (100) ausmf tzdk;tzGm;rsm;tqHk; if;wdkhyg0ifvIyf&Sm;rIudkvnf;aumif;? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkBuD;
tm;vnf;aumif;? uReaf wmfet
hJ wl axmiftwGi;f opm&Spd mG aexdik cf NUJ y;D axmifwiG ;f wdu
k yf rJG sm;tm; opm&Spd mG
yg0ifcJUolrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? 1988 rS 1990 txd uRefawmfyg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJUaom &efukefpufrIwuodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm;or*? ausmufwHwm;NrdKYe,fausmif;om;or*? 'Drdku&ufwpfausmif;om;vli,frsm;tiftm;pk
(&efuek w
f ikd ;f )? ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*rsm;tzGcYJ sKyf (atmufArmjynf)? ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;
or*rsm;tzGJYcsKyf (ArmEdkifiH)? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;pk (NDRF) wdkhtm; *kPfjyKOD;Twf
vdkufygonf/
uReaf wmftm; i,fpOfuyifavUvm&ef Edik if aH &;pmayESiUf rSww
f rf;rSw&f mrsm; ay;cJaU om bBu;D t&if;
ocifa<u (0g;c,fr) tm;vnf;aumif;? rSww
f rf;rSw&f mrsm; uln&D mS azGay;cJaU om tbOD;tke;f jrifU (ociftek ;f jrif?U
wd;k wufa&;) tm;vnf;aumif;? rSww
f rf;rSw&f mrsm; uln&D mS azGay;cJaU om q&mOD;aomfaumif; (&efuek w
f uov
kd f
pmMunfUwdkuf) tm;vnf;aumif;? OD;pdk;odef; (wuoOu|a[mif;) \ vufESdyfpufdkuf udk,fa&;rSwfwrf;
tm;vnf;aumif;? OD;ombef;\ rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; tm;vnf;aumif;? tultnDay;cJUaom udkcGefqdkif;
tm;vnf;aumif;? rdwL ul;pufqikd &f pdS Ofwek ;f u rSww
f rf;tcsKYd ul;,lciG jUf yKcaUJ om udak t;Edik t
f m;vnf;aumif;?
pmrlMurf;twGuf vufa&;jzifU ulnDcJUaom rcifrdk;at;tm;vnf;aumif;? tultnDay;cJUaom rpkpk0if;ESifU
r&D&DxGef;wdkhtm;vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;wifvsuf/
atmifxGef;
(2? 11? 96)
- 23 -
DEDICATION TO
MY FATHER
AND MOTHER WHO HAVE
HELPED ME BECAUSE
EVERYTHING I CAN BE,
I CAN DO. THANKS.
rmwdum
'kw,
d wGJ (1945 - 1962)
tcef; (10) vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI
'Drdkua&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1945 rS 1947) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) 1945 Mo*kwfvrS atmufwkdbmv ta&;ay:wuokdvf oifwef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- ,m,D wuotrIaqmifaumfrwD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(u-1) 1945-46 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) 1946-47 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c-1) wuo 1946-47 \ vkyfaqmifrIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c-2) wuo pnf;rsOf;jyifqifjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c-3) 1946-47ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(*) AuoESifh wuo yl;aygif;xm;aom ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&moydwfaumifpD (1947) . . . . . . . . . . .
(C) ta&G;cH&aom Auo trIaqmiftzGJU ( 1946-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(C-1) Auo nDvmcH (1946-47) rS awmif;qdkcsufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(i) oxkHrD;yGm; eH&Huyfpmapmif (1946-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(p) oxkHrD;yGm; qkwfjzJcH&jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(q) oHrPdwyfESifh ausmif;om;wyfOD; (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Z) twGif;0efkH;0kdif;pOfu (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ps) AuoESifh ausmif;om;wyfOD; nDvmcH (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(n) trsKd;orD;XmetwGuf TefMum;vTm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1945-46 Ou| OD;oef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1946-47 Ou| OD;oef;armif (ol&d,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"gwfyHku@ (313)
tcef; (11) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI
'Drdkua&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif (1948 rS 1949)
ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) 1947-48 AuotrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) 1947-48 ynmoifESpf a[majymyGJrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(*) 1948-49 Auo tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(C) 1947-48 wuotrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(C-1) 1947-48 wuotrIaqmiftzGJU vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(C-2) 1947-48 tdk;a0r*Zif;yg uAsm? aqmif;yg;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- acwfqef; (ndK0if;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- &JabmfcsD;usL;ygonf (0if;OD;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- urmhausmif;om;tzJGUtpnf;rsm; (armifarmifausmf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- cGyfa'gif; (rif;ndKOD;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(i) 1948-49 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(p) 1948-49 &uo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(q) &efukeftpkd;&acwf wuokdvftajcaeESifh vlrsKd;a&;jyem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Z) 1948 taqmiftajctae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ps) 1948 ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1947-48 Ou| OD;pdefvS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 25 -
302
302
302
303
303
304
304
305
306
306
307
308
309
309
309
310
311
312
314
314
315
315
315
316
316
316
317
319
320
320
320
321
322
324
325
326
326
327
327
328
328
329
329
329
329
330
330
330
331
332
333
334
334
334
335
337
337
338
338
339
340
341
346
348
348
349
350
350
352
357
358
358
358
359
359
363
366
370
371
371
372
373
373
374
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
387
396
397
398
403
407
409
410
410
410
419
- 28 -
447
447
448
448
448
448
453
454
455
455
456
457
457
459
460
461
467
468
471
471
474
481
"gwfyHku@ (505)
tcef; (19) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI
'Drdkua&pDa&;? ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsdK;om;a&;toGif (1956 rS 1957)
ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) wwd,tMudrf wuodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pkHaqG;aEG;yGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) 1956-57 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(*) rjyD;jywfao;aom oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepfwkdufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(C) ausmif;om;or*rsm; zsufodrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufaom ynma&;0efMuD;Xme\ trdefYjyefwrf; . . .
(i) 1956 ck? atmufwkdbm 16 &uf? n 8 em&D ocifwif\ rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(p) ausmif;omrsm;0efcH*wdvTmyHkpH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(q) AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; ausmif;om;b0a&;cJhaomaqmif;yg; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Z) 1956-57 tkd;a0r*Zif;yg uAsmrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ps) wuo tvkyftpnf;ta0; awGU&Sd&aom jyemrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(n) &JacgifudkarG;zGm;jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(#) 1956-57 wuo 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(X) wuu Ou|opf podef;[ef usrf;opmusdefqdkyJGtcrf;tem;rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(!) wuo aMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
() 1956-57 wuotpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1956-57 Ou| OD;podef;[ef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
482
482
482
483
484
485
486
489
490
490
491
496
497
504
506
506
507
507
508
510
510
512
514
516
516
519
521
524
531
533
534
542
543
546
546
548
548
548
550
551
552
562
564
602
"gwfyHku@ (630)
"gwfyHku@ (666)
tcef; (24) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI
'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1961 rS 1962)
ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;or* trIaqmiftzGJU (1961-62). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) uarmufurynma&;wdkufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c-1) jzpfay:vmyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c-2) vIyfSm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c-3) yxptpdk;&wkefYjyefrI? ausmif;om;wefjyefvIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c-4) yHkpHajymif;vJjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c-5) uarmufurynma&; wdkufyGJumvwGifusif;yaom Auorsm;tzJGUcsKyfuGefz&ifh . . . . . .
- 31 -
603
604
605
605
606
606
606
611
629
642
642
645
645
645
645
647
647
648
648
648
648
649
651
652
666
667
667
667
668
668
670
671
(c-6) ig;cdkifqEjyyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(*) wuodkvftwGif;rS *,ufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(C) rEav;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(i) wyfOD;wdkY rlrrSefrIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OD;AaqGav; (1961-62) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(24)
(26)
(28)
(30)
(30)
(31)
ordkif;0ifpmGufpmwrf;rsm; - ( 1 - 107 )
rSDjirf;pmtkyfrsm; - ( u - i )
- 32 -
672
674
674
675
676
677
677
679
680
680
681
682
684
686
688
691
697
(1)
(2-13)
(14)
(15)
(16-27)
(27-28)
(29-43)
yxrwGJ
(1903 - 1942)
jzwfoef;rIrsm;ay:wGif
pdwf&SnfpGmjzifU
tbufbufu
tm;ay;ulncD aUJ om
]rr (EG,)f } tm;
txl;aus;Zl;wifrIjzifU
tcef; (1)
udv
k ekd aD cwfO;D ydik ;f
e,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1903 rS 1906)
usaemfwYkd ausmif;om;vIyf mS ;rIordik ;f udk e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsdK;om;a&;wdu
k yf w
JG cktjzpf avhvmMunfrh nfqv
kd QifNAdwo
d Qe,fcsJUonf 1885? Ek0d ifbmv (29) &ufaeY Armbk&ifoaD ygrif;udk zrf;qD; rEav;aejynfawmfukd
odr;f ydu
k cf NhJ yD;aemuf? 1886 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (1) &ufaeYwiG f ArmEkid if u
H kd NAdwo
d Qtifyg,mtwGi;f vufatmufow
G o
f iG ;f
udv
k ekd t
D jzpf owfrw
S t
f yk cf sKyfonfh tcsed rf pS wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd f tiftm;pkrsm;onf rdrw
d Ykd xrf;aqmifEikd o
f nfh
twdkif;twmjzifh qefYusifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuonf/ xdkodkY qefYusifrIaMumifh NAdwdoQwdkYonf (15) ESpfausmf ArmEkdifiH
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk aumif;rGefEkdifeif;pGm rtkyfcsKyfEkdifcJhay/ xdkodkYqefYusifrIrsm;? ckcHrIrsm;? rauseyfrIrsm;? olYuRefrcHvdkaom
ZmwdaoG;? Zmwdrmef wuf<urIrsm;udk NAdwdoQwdkY awGUMuHKae&pOf umvtwGif; 1903 ckESpfwGif atmufArmjynf
&efuek Nf rdKU Scd ;kd jyem pwifjzpfay:cJo
h nf/ if;vIyf mS ;rIrmS ArmEkid if aH usmif;om;ordik ;f \ yxrOD;qH;k aom vIyf mS ;rI
wckjzpfNyD; ausmif;om;? rdb? q&mwdkYu yl;aygif; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtm; ckcHqefYusifcJhaom vIyfSm;rIBuD; jzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
awG rsufESmjzKtpdk;&eJY t&mSdawGudk Sdcdk;&r,fwJhvm;? olwdkYu bmawGrdkYvJ? 'dkYvlrsKd;udk wrifzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fxm;wJh
e,fcsJUawGbJ? 'gudk 'dkYu bmjzpfvdkY Sdcdk;&rSmvJ/}}
(pum;csyf/
/ xdkacwfu q&mrsm;? ynma&;XmerS t&mSdrsm; tm;vHk;onf t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh tdEd,vlrsKd;
rsm;rSm tm;vHk;eD;yg; jzpfMuonf/)
]][dk;wkef;u q&mawGudk wynfhausmif;om;awGu Sdcdk;Muw,f/ bmjzpfvdkY Sdcdk;&ovJqkdawmh q&mawGu
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u wynfhawGudk ynmvnf;oifay;&w,f? aemufqHk; orD;yg ay;Muw,fuG? 'Dawmh [kdwkef;u q&m
awGu wu,fh aus;Zl;SifawG? tckacwfu wynfhausmif;om;awGqDu aiGnpf,lMuw,f/ aiG&rS ynmoifay;Mu
w,f? tck q&mu ausmif;om;awG&JU taptyg;yJ? 'gaMumifh rSdcdk;xdkufbl;uG}}
aSUaeav; OD;yk\ ajymcsufudk aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u [kdufpul;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jyefajymjy
Scd ;kd trdeUf udk uefYuu
G Mf u&ef vIUH aqmfay;onf/ xdt
k cge*du
k rausreyfjzpfaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf wd&pmefO,smOf
(,cifu wd&pmefO,smOfrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;? ,ck &efukefaq;HkBuD;ae&mwGif jzpfonf) wGif pka0; aqG;aEG;
Muonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;rS]]&efukef[dkufpul;ausmif;om;rsm;onf ynm0ef rpwmaumh\ trdefYtwdkif; q&mrsm;ESihf ynma&;t&mSd
rsm;tm; Sdrcdk;bJae&ef? oufqdkif&m ynma&;t&mSd wOD;OD; vma&mufcJhvQif Sdckd;enf; (3) enf;Sdonfh teuf
rnfonfhenf;jzifh Sdckd;&rnfudk ar;&ef}} qHk;jzwfvdkufMuonf/
aemuf&ufwGif ynm0efaxmufrif; OD;a0vif;onf &efukef[kdufpul;ausmif;odkY a&mufvmcJhaomtcg
ausmif;om;rsm;u atmufygtwdkif; ar;cJhonf/
]]usaemfwdkY ausmif;om;rsm;u q&mrsm;udk Sdckd;&r,fvdkY trdefYxkwfcJhw,f? 'DvdkSdckd;jcif; ae&mrSm Sdckd;jcif;
trsKd;rsKd;Sdw,f? vufESpfzufudk,Suf ezl;eJYxdNyD; Sdckd;jcif;? vufESpfzuf,Suf &ifbwfaSUrSmxm; Sdcdk;jcif;? vufESpf
zuf,Suf &ifbwfab;apmif; em;rSmxm; Sdcdk;jcif;&,fvkdY (3) rsKd;Sdw,f? b,fenf;eJY Sdcdk;&rSmygvJ}}
xdktcg ynm0efaxmufrif; OD;a0vif;u atmufygtwdkif;jyefajymcJhonf/
]]rif;wdkY ajymwJh Sdcdk;jcif; (3) rsKd; teuf vufESpfzufudk,Suf ezl;eJYxdNyD; OD;cs Sdcdk;enf;eJY Sdcdk;&r,f}}
,if;udpE iS hf ywfouf ausmif;om;rsm;? rdbrsm;ESihf ausmif;tkyq
f &mBuD;jzpfol ArmvlrsKd;rsm; tay: cifrif
&if;ES;D oHa,mZOfw,
G af eaom t*Fvyd t
f rsK;d om; rpwma0;vf&pfyif rausreyfjzpf ynm0ef rpwmaumhxH uefYuw
G f
cJah vonf/ xdYk aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf rdbrsm;wdYk onf 0dw&kd ,
d a[mvf (ac:) avQmfwef;Hk (,ck*vkyf )kH ae&mwGif
tpnf;ta0;usif;yNyD; ynm0ef rpwmaumh tqdkudk uefYuGufaMumif; wcJeuf qHk;jzwfcsufcsMuonf/
qHk;jzwfcsufrSm ]ynm0ef rpwmaumUonf PfopfxGifum taumuf PfaESm ausmif;om;rsm;ESifU rdbrsm; oabmrusatmif
ausmif;om;u q&mESifU t&mSdrsm;udk Sdckd;&ef trdefhxkwfjcif;onf roifUavsmf? xdkhaMumifU tpnf;ta0;BuD;rS
tjypfqdk uefhuGwfaMumif;}
odkY ausmif;om;rsm;? ausmif;om;rdbrsm; pkaygif;uefYuGwfjcif;aMumifh if; ynm0ef rpwmaumhonf
xdktrdefYudk twnfrjyKbJ zsufodrf;cJh&onf/
(c) 0dik t
f rfbaD t (Y.M.B.A) tp ausmif;om;u
jrefrmhordik ;f ESihf NAdwo
d Qe,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? vGwv
f yfa&;BudK;yrf;rlordik ;f wdYk wiG f yxrOD;qH;k ay:aygufco
hJ nfh
toif;BuD;jzpfaom 0kid t
f rfbaD t (Y.M.B.A= Young Mens Buddhist Association) toif;BuD;udk pwif xlaxmif
cJholrsm;rSmvJ &efukefaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfonf/
&efukefaumvdyf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;jzpfaom armifbab? armifarmifBuD;? armifvSaz? armifpdefvSatmif?
armifb,Of? armifb'Gef;paom ausmif;om;vli,frsm;onf jrefrmou&mZf 1265 ck? yxr0gqdkvqef; (15) &uf?
t*Fvdyfou&mZf 1904 ckESpf? ZGefv (26) &uf we*FaEGaeY &efukefwuodkvf Ak'bmomtoif; (Rangoon
College Buddhist Association) udk pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf/
xdkYaemuf &efukefNrdKU 'gv[kdZDvrf; (,ck r[mAEKvvrf;) vrf;avQmuf&if;ESifh if;\ ausmif;om;
oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfaom armifarmifBuD;? armifvSazwdkYtm; armifbabu EkdifiHa&;tjrifjzifh xlaxmifaom Y.M.C.A
uJhodkY toif;BuD;rsKd; wnfaqmuf&ef Y.M.C.A taqmuftODBuD;tm; TefjyaqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/
2
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tcef; (2)
udv
k ekd aD cwfO;D ydik ;f
e,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm;
vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1918 rS 1921)
1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf
(u) aumvdyo
f ydwrf wdik rf D ausmif;om;rsm;tajctae
NAdwo
d Qe,fcsUJ wdYkonf e,fcsUJ pepfukd &if0,fyu
kd
f jrefrmjynfukd 0ifa&muf odr;f yku
d af omtcg ,if;wdYk\ pD;yGm;
a&; vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrIESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;,E&m;vG,fulpGm vnfywfacsmarGUap&ef tkyfcsKyfa&; t&mSduav;rsm;? pma&;
pmcsDrsm;? ukefonf yGJpm;i,frsm;yg0ifaom wdkif;&if;om; vlvwfwef;pm;w&yf arG;xkwf&ef vdktyfvmayonf/
,if;vlvwfwef;pm;udk e,fcsJUwdkYonf aS;ya'o&mZfydkifSifrsm;? ukefonfaygufprsm;ESifh vlvwfwef;pm;wdkYrS qGJ,l
pnf;Hk; odrf;oGif;cJhavonf/ xkdvlvwfwef;pm;wdkYudk t*FvdyfpmayESifh acwfynm tenf;i,f oifMum;ay;jcif;tm;
jzifh olwdkYtvdkSdaom EkdifiHa&;t,ltq tawG;tac:? vlwef;pm; tjrifESifh ynma&;pepfudk tvdktavsmuf yHkdkuf
oGif;NyD;om; jzpfatmif &nfG,fMuHaqmifayonf/
ArmjynfwGif aumvdyfynma&;udk 1878 uyif tpjyKcJhonf/ xdkpOfu aumvdyfynmudk oifMum;EdkifolrSm
1891 wGif ausmif;om;OD;a& (44) OD;omSdonf/ aumvdyfynm oifMum;Edkifol OD;a&enf;&jcif;rSm ynma&;p&dwf
jrifhrm;NyD; NAdwdoQwdkYu wrifjrifhxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ awmifolv,form; qif;&Jom; trsm;pkrSm txufwef;ynmudk
oifMum;zdkY tem;roDEkdifaom tajctaersdK;aMumifh aumvdyfynmudk oifMum;&ef wwfEdkifolrSm vGefpGm enf;yg;&jcif;
aMumifh jzpfonf/
1912 wGif aumvdyfynmoifMum;ol (300) rQ Sdvmonf/ tpdk;&rif;wkdY\ vufa0cH t&mxrf;? trIxrf;
rsm;u ydk tmHkpkdufvmMuonfrSm txufwef; ynmwwfvQif ydkBuD;rm;aom &mxl;rsm;udk &Sd&ef arQmfrSef;Mujcif;
aMumifh jzpfonf/ odkYaomf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpdk;&rSm odyHynm? aq;ynm? tif*sifeD,mynm tm;ay;rI tvGefenf;yg;
onf/ 1914 ck txd odyHbGJU&ol wOD;rQrSday/ odyHynmvdkufpm;rI rSdap&ef t*Fvdyfpmudk ydktav;ay;NyD;
pmar;yGJrsm;wGif ESdyfuGyf ppfaq;cJhonf/
4
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(1) OD;bab (bDat)
(2) OD;armifBuD; (trfat)
(3) 0wfvHkawmf& OD;aratmif
(4) OD;bvIdif (bDat)
(5) OD;uGrf; (bDat)
(6) OD;trftHk;cdkif wkdY (6) OD;om jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm; yg0ifcJhonf/ OD;bab? OD;xGef;Sdef? 0wfvHkOD;odef;armif
wkdYu owif;pmxJrS uefYuGufcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh 1920? Zlvdkifv (4) &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU? ql;avbk&m;vrf;
0dkiftrfbDattoif;csKyfHk; tpnf;ta0;cef;r A[dktoif;csKyf (*sife&,faumifq,f) tpnf;ta0;usif;y&m OD;cspf
vIdifu obmywdaqmifGufNyD; atmufygqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; yg0ifchJonf/
qHk;jzwfcsuftrSwf (3) wGif3/ ,cktcg &efuek Nf rdKU,leAD mpDwD (wuov
kd )f ausmif;BuD; zGiv
hf pS pf rD aH &;udpE iS hf yufouf ynmrif;BuD;
ruf[ef;wm;u Oya'Murf;a&;qGNJ yD;? 'kw,
d bk&ifcH twkid yf ifct
H zGUJ odYk wifoiG ;f jy|mef;&ef pDpOfaeMuonf[k Mum;od&
aMumif;? &efukef,leDAmpDwD ausmif;awmfBuD;onf jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;w&yfvHk;ESifh oufqkdifaom ausmif;awmfBuD;
jzpfojzifh xdak usmif;awmfBuD;twGuf Oya'Murf;a&;qGJ twnfjyKjy|mef;jcif;udpu
kd jrefrmEkid if t
H yk cf sKyfa&; jyKjyifajymif;
vJNyD;onftxd qkid ;f ihx
H m;&efEiS hf xdak usmif;awmfBuD;qkid &f m pDrrH I t&yf&yfwYdkuv
kd nf; wdik ;f oljynfom;wkYd u aG;aumuf
wifajrmufvdkufaom trwfrsm;tm; vTJtyf&eftqdkukd OD;vSazu wifoGif; tm;vHk;oabmwl qHk;jzwfMuonf/
0dkiftrfbDat NrdKUvHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0;rsm;uvnf; Oya'Murf; qkdif;iHhxm;&ef tpkd;&odkY tMuHay;awmif;qkdcJhonf/
xdktMuHay;awmif;qkdonfh twGif;rSmyif 1920 ck? Zlvdkifv (12) &ufwGif 'kwd,bk&ifcHu ol\ twkdifyifcHtpnf;t
a0;udk ac:,lNyD; ynmrif;BuD;ruf[ef;wm; wifoiG ;f aom ],leAD mpDwt
D ufOya'} udv
k ufcNH yD;vQif pdppf aemufwBudrf
tpnf;ta0; twnfjyKa&;twGuf wifoGif;&ef aumfrwDw&yf zGJUpnf;vTJtyfvdkufonf/ if;Oya'Murf;udk OD;ar
atmif tygt0if tpkd;&bufawmfom;rsm;u axmufcHonf/ xdkYaemuf t*FvdyfAsLdku&uf tpdk;&onf wdkif;jynfrS
a0zefEdkif&ef aMunm\/ if;Oya'Murf;rSm jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh oifhawmfonf[k bk&ifcHu ajymqkdcJhonf/
if;Oya'wGif AsLdku&uf e,fcsJUtpdk;&u jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm; txufwef;ynm roifMum;Ekdifap&ef csKyfcs,f
onfh atmufygtcsufrsm;yg0ifcJhonf/
(1) jrefrmjynfwGif wuodkvf wckwnf;om Sd&rnf/
(2) xkdwuodkvfvufatmufwGif aumvdyfausmif; wausmif;wnf;om Sd&rnf/
(3) xdkwausmif;wnf;aom aumvdyfonf &efukefNrdKU Sd&rnf/
(4) xdkaumvdyfausmif;wGif pmoifvkdaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;tdyf ausmif;pm; jzpf&rnf/
(5) rufx&Dual v;Si;f (ac:) wuov
kd 0f ifpmar;yGrJ xm;bJ tpd;k &ujyKvkyaf om [du
k pf ul;zdik ef ,f q,fwef;
pmar;yGJudk atmif&rnf/
(6) odkY&mwGif atmifolrsm;onf t*FvdyfbmomESifh tjcmbmomwck xl;cRefpGmwwfajrmuf atmifjrif
&rnf/
(7) q,fwef;atmif wuokdvf0ifcGifh&aomfvnf; wuodkvfynm&yfrsm;udk wcgwnf;p roif&bJ
xdw
k uov
kd yf nm&yfrsm;udk aumif;pGm vdu
k Ef idk &f eftwGuf (Preliminary Class) ac: jyifqifrt
I wef;
wGif wESpf ae&OD;rnf/
(8) xdkjyifqifrItwef;wGif wESpfaeaomfvnf; ESpfukefonfhtcg wuodkvfynm&yfrsm;udk vkdufEkdif&ef
t&nftcsif; rSdao;[k ,lqvQif wuodkvfynmudk qufvufoifcGifh&OD;rnf r[kwf/
(9) a&;ajz pmar;yGJtjyif EIwfwdkuf ajzqkd&rnfh pmar;yGJrsm;vnf; Sdao;\/
(10) odyHwef;atmifNyD; 0dZmwef;udk *kPfxl;ESifh atmifaomolrSomvQif r[m0dZmbGJUpmar;yGJudk 0ifa&muf
ajzqkdEdkifcGifh Sdrnf/ 0dZmbGJUdk;dk;atmifjrifHkrQESifh r[m0dZmbJGUpmar;yGJ r0ifEkdif/
(11) *kPfxl;wef;ESifh 0dZmbGJUwef; pmar;yGJudk odyHwef;atmifNyD; (3) ESpfMumrS 0if&rnf/
(12) *kPfxl;wef;ESifh 0dZmbGJUwef;udk wcgwnf; 0ifa&mufajzqkd ratmifvQif aemufxyfr0ifEkdifawmhacs/
if;tcsufrsm;udk avhvmMunfhvQif aumvdyfausmif; wausmif;wnf;ESifh jrefrmvlrsKd; tajrmuftjrm;udk
txufwef;ynm oifray;Ekdifay/ xdkwausmif;wnf;rS tmPmydkifrsm;u pDrHcsifovkd pDrH ausmif;om;OD;a&udk
uefYowfEkdif\/ rnfonfhynm&yfonf jrefrmrsm;ESifh oifhawmfonf if;wkdYu owfrSwfEdkifonf/ jrefrmrsm;ESifh
6
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(2) OD;om owfrSwfxm;onf/ odkYArmwdkif;&if;om;rsm; vHkavmufpGm yg0ifapjcif;rSdjcif;rSm roifhavsmf
ay/ xdYk aMumifh ,leAD mpDwt
D yk cf sKyfa&;tzGJUESihf qD;edwt
f zGUJ wdkYwiG f Armwkid ;f &if;om;rsm; vHak vmufpmG yg0ifap
oifhaMumif; tqkdukd OD;wkwfBuD;u wifoGif; OD;bvIdifu axmufcHNyD; trsm;oabmwl qHk;jzwfonf/
4/
wuov
kd Of ya'Murf;t& q,fwef;atmifNyD;aemuf ,leAD mpDw0D ifciG &hf &ef aemufxyf wESpx
f yfrH oifMum;&
OD;rnf[k qdo
k nfukd vH;k 0vufoifh rcHoifah y/ [ku
d pf ul;zdik ef ,f (10) wef; atmifjrifNyD;olwikd ;f ,leAD mpDwD
odYk 0ifciG jhf yKoifah Mumif; tqku
d kd om,m0wDO;D yku wifoiG ;f OD;oif;armifu axmufcNH yD; trsm;oabmwl
qHk;jzwfonf/
5/
ynmrif;BuD;\ Oya'wGif bDat? bDtufpDudk *kPfxl;ESifh atmifjrifrSom trfat? trftufpfpD oifvdku
oifMum;Ekid cf iG hf Sad prnfqadk om tcsuu
f kd y,fzsu
f bDat? bDtufpD atmifjrifow
l ikd ;f trfat? trftufpD
oifMum;EdkifcGifh Sdap&rnf[laom tqkdudk OD;pdefvSatmifu wifoGif; OD;odef;armifu axmufcHNyD; trsm;
oabmwl qHk;jzwfonf/
6/
rpwmruf[ef;wm;udk ynmrif;BuD;tjzpf cefYtyfaqmifu
G af ponfh tcsderf pS ArmEkid if H ynmoifMum;a&;
wGif wdk;wufaumif;rGef aqmifGufonfudk rawGU&/ qkwf,kwfysufjym;atmif jyKvkyfaejcif;omjzpfonf/
xdYk aMumifh rpwmruf[ef;wm;udk ynmrif;BuD;tjzpfrS z,fmS ;ajymif;aTU ypfoifah Mumif; tqku
d kd vufyw
H ef;
NrdKU OD;vlBuD;u wifoGif; anmifav;yifNrdKU OD;bdk;awu axmufcHNyD; trsm;oabmwl qHk;jzwfonf/
txufygqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk 'kwd,bk&ifcH? ArmEdkifiHtpdk;& ynma&;0efBuD;csKyfESifh tdEd,EkdifiH A[dktpdk;&
tzJGJUodkY qHk;jzwfcsuf tjynfhtpHkudk wifydkYawmif;qkdMuonf/
odYk &mwGif xdt
k cg oHvufo;D [kac:aom vufaxmufb&k ifcH qm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf acgif;aqmifonfh
NAdwo
d Qe,fcsJU AsLdku&uftpdk;&u ]rif;wkAhd rmawG ynma&;udk bmem;vnfvv
hkd }J [kqdkum wkdif;jynfrS uefYuGufcsuf
rsm;udk *krpdkufbJ vspfvsLIum 1920 'DZifbmv (1) &ufaeYwGif xdkwuodkvfOya'Murf;udk twnfjyKNyD;[k
aMunmvkdufonf/ 'DZifbm (7) &ufaeYrS pwifusifhoHk;rnf[k owif;xGufvmonf/
(*) oydwt
f wGujf yifqifMujcif;
&ef u k e f w u o d k v f Oya'onf 'D Z if b mv (1) &uf a eY twnf j zpf v mcJ h a yonf / od k Y & mwG i f
wuodkvfzGifhvSpfyGJ tcrf;tem;udk w&m;0if rusif;y&ao;acs/
jrefrmEkid if \
H 'kw,
d bk&ifcH qm&,f*seD ,fu&ufa'gufonf Oya't& wuov
kd t
f "dywdBuD; tjzpf 'DZifbm
v (7) &ufaeYwGif ]&efukefwuodkvfausmif;awmfBuD;} udk zGifhvSpf&ef aMunmxm;avonf/
&efukefwuodkvf ausmif;awmfom;rsm; jzpfvmMurnfh &efukefaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;wdkYtaejzifhum;
wuodkvf Oya'onf wuodkvfynma&;udk ysufpD;aponfomru trsKd;om;a&;*kPfodumESifh jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkY\
a,bk,stqifhtwef;udkyif ,kwfavsmhvmvdrfhrnf[k oabm&Sdxm;NyD; jzpfonf/
xdYk tjyif wuov
kd Of ya'onf trsK;d om;wdYk tm; aESmifBuKd;jzifh tpOfcsKyfaESmifxm;&ef NAdwo
d Qtpd;k &u zefw;D
xm;onfh vufeufaumif;wck jzpfonf[lvnf; rrSdwfrokef ,HkMunfMuonf/
xdkYaMumifh &efukefaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;BuD;wkdYonf wuodkvfOya' ysufpD;oGm;&ef vnf;aumif;? ,if;
Oya't& wuodkvfrzGifhjzpf&ef vnf;aumif;? jrefrmtrsKd;om;wdkY\ tpDtrHjzifh trsKd;om;wuodkvf wnfaxmif&ef
vnf;aumif; pdwftm;xufoefpGmawG;awm MuHqcJhMuavonf/
&efukefwuodkvf Oya'ysufjym;&efESifh wuodkvfausmif; rzGifhvSpfEkdif&ef ta&;rsm;udk BudKwifawG;awm
MuHqvsuf SdaeMuaom &efukefaumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;wdkYu Oya'yifSdaevifhupm; ausmif;om;rSdaom ausmif;
onf tcsnf;ESD;yifjzpf ausmif;udk oydwfarSmufMu&ef aemufqkH; tMuH&Muavonf/
,if;uJhodkY tMuH&onfhtwdkif; 1282 ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef; vqkwf (8) &uf ('DZifbmv 3 &ufaeU)
aeYv,fwiG f &efuek af umvdyrf S ausmif;om;BuD; (11) OD;wdYkonf aTw*d Hk uke;f awmfay: paeaxmifw
h iG f wuov
kd af usmif;
udk oydwfarSmufa&;wGuf vQKdU0Sufpnf;a0; wdkifyifMuonf/
tqkyd g ausmif;om; (11) OD;rSm-
1/ udkbOD;
(bDat txufwef;)
(aemif ta&;ydkif OD;bOD;? oHwGJ)
2/ udkzdk;uGef;
(bDtufpD txufwef;)
(aemif ocifAdkvfzdk;uGef;)
8
3/ udkbSif
(bDtufpD txufwef;)
(aemif tif*sifeD,m) (&efukef)
4/ udkbSif
(tkdifat txufwef;)
5/ udkxGef;0if;
(tkdifat txufwef;)
6/ udkazodef;
(tdkifat txufwef;)
7/ udknDydwf
(bDtufpD txufwef;)
(aemif pufSifw&m;olBuD;) (&efukef)
8/ udkat;
(bDat txufwef;)
(aemif ,pfrsdK;rif;BuD;)
9/ udkvSwif
(bDat txufwef;)
(aemif vTwfawmfaSUae)
10/ udkatmif'if (tdkifat txufwef;)
(aemif yifpifHk;tkyf)
11/ udkbcif
(tkdifat txufwef;)
(rEav;) wkdU jzpfonf/
aumvdyaf usmif;om;BuD; (11) OD;wdYkonf (2) em&De;D yg;Mumatmif tzufzufrS av;eufpmG qifjcifpOf;pm;
NyD;aemuf trdEidk if \
H *kPo
f u
d m udk u,fwifa&;twGuf aumvdyaf usmif;rsm;udk oydwaf rSmuf&ef qH;k jzwfvu
kd Mf uonf/
,if;udpudk rnfuJhodkY xajrmufatmifjrif&ef jyKvkyfMurnfudk wdkifyifESD;aESmMuNyD;vQif
(1) tjcm; ausmif;om;rsm; rvdkufaomfvnf; xdk (11) OD;wdkYonf ausmif;udk rysufruGuf oydwfarSmuf
NyD;vQif wdkif;jynf qlylx<uEkd;Mum;ap&ef vSnfhvnf w&m;a[m&ef?
(2) 'D Z if b mv (4) &uf a eY A[ef ; OD ; t&d , ausmif ; wd k u f w G i f aumvd y f a usmif ; om;rsm;
tpnf;ta0;ac:,l tusKd;taMumif; ajymjy&efwdkYudk qHk;jzwfMuavonf/
acgif;aqmif (11) OD;wdkYonf ,if;udpESifh ywfouf wpHkw&m tjypf&Sdu wOD;ESifhwOD; tultnDjyK
qd;k twl aumif;twl aemufrqkwyf J qufvufaqmifu
G &f ef opmjyKMuavonf/ opmjyKcsufrsm;udk t*Fvyd b
f mom
jzifh pmGuf oHk;Gufay:wGif a&; (11) OD;pvHk; vufrSwfa&;xdk; Muonf/
,if;opmjyKcsuf jrefrmbmomjyefrSm-
}atmufwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;ol uREkfyfwdkhonf &efukef,leDAmpDwD oydwfarSmufvIyfSm;rIBuD;wGif OD;pD;OD;udkif
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13/ udkbwif (Oya'ynm)
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14/ udkpkd;0if; (bDat txufwef;)
(aemif ynma&;txl;t&mSd)
15/ udkxGef;az (tdkifat txufwef;)
(aemif xGef;aeUpOf t,f'DwmcsKyf)
16/ udkb[ef (bDatwef;)
(aemif [dkufukwfpmawmfjyef)
17/ udkvlaz0if; (bDDat txufwef;)
(aemif aS;a[mif;okawoe? ausmufpm0ef)
18/ udkbausmf (tdkifat txufwef;)
(aemif tpdk;&yHkESdyfwdkufnTefMum;a&;0ef)
10
(aemif w&m;Hk;csKyfaSUae)
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rsm;onf pmoifcef;wGif roifMum;Ekdifaom vlrI0dZmynm&yfrsm;udk vufawGUqnf;yl;cGifh &cJhonf/ e,l;bm;rm;
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14
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ausmif;jyefwuf&ef &mZoH xyfay;avonf/ xdkaeYrSmyif ausmif;om;rsm;tpnf;ta0; usif;y &moufyef
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16
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5/ trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; zGifhvSpf&mwGif ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\omrefynma&;udk t"duxm;cJhonf
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aumifpD (University Boycotters Council) rS (We are the Sowers) aMunmcsufudk MunfhvQifodEkdifonf/
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f ufaom Oya'udk twnfjyKvdu
k af Mumif;udk xkwjf yefaMujimcJ&h m wdik ;f oljynfom;taygif;wdYk
onf rsm;pGmyif 0rf;enf;aMuuGv
J suf aeMuonfh twGi;f rSm &efuek af umvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf *syfqifaumvdyf
ausmif;om;taygif;onfvnf; if;Oya' twnfjyKvkyfvmonfhtwGuf wnDwGwfwnf; pnf;a0;wdkifyif
MuNyD;vQif ,ck Oya'twdik ;f twnfjzpfomG ;cJyh gvQif odyaH usmif;awmfMuD; ynmoifMum;a&;ESiw
hf uG trsKd;om;
wdkY\ tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;onf vGefpGmepfemjcif;rsm;udk rjzpfMuap&ef vGefcJhaom wevFmaeYu p ausmif;om;
aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf ausmif;rwufbJ aecJhMuavonf/
xdkuJhodkY &efukef,leDAmpDwD odyHausmif;awmfBuD;\ Oya'twdkif; ausmif;om;rsm;aomfrS vdkufemoifMum;
vdkaompdwf tvsOf;uif;rJhaMumif;udk tpdk;&rif;wdkYonf ,cktcg aumif;pGmxifSm; odomvmNyD jzpfaMumif;
odkYjzpf jrefrmtrsKd;om;taygif;wdkY rESpfoufaom Oya'rsm;udk twnfjyK&m tcsnf;ESD; tv[ jzpfaom
aMumifh ESpfouf vdkufemaqmifGufMurnfjzpfaom Oya'udk topfwzef jyKjyifpDrHay;vdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunf
ayaMumif;/
,cktcg &efukef,leDAmpDwD Oya'udkyif rBudKufrESpfoufMuonfhtwGuf ,ckuJhodkU tjzpftysufrsm;udk
vufiif;'d|awGUMuHKae&NyDudk axmufqaomtm;jzifh xdkYxufrsm;pGm ta&;BuD;aom jrefrmjynf jyKjyifajymif;vJ
a&;udk ay;&m tu,f jrefrmtrsKd;om;taygif;wdkY rESpfoufaom qm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf puif;udk
twnfrsm;jyKcJyh gvQif 0rf;enf;aMuuGpJ &mBuD;rsm;ESihf awGUMuHKMu&vdrt
hf ek ;f rnfvm; [l awG;awm pd;k &drv
f sufyif
Sd&ayonf/ odkYjzpf uRefyfwdkY udk,fpm;vS,fBuD;rsm; awmif;qdkonfhtwdkif; txuftpdk;&BuD;rsm;u tu,f
ay;vmcJhygrl? atmuftpdk;&wdkYu uefYuGufaESmuf,Sufjcif; jyKvkyf&ef tvsOf;yif roifhravQmf jzpfayaMumif;/
if;&efuek af umvdyEf iS hf *syfqifaumvdyf ausmif;om;taygif;wdYk ausmif;rwufbJ raeMujyD;tcg tvHu
k l iS f
[dkufpul;ausmif; Ak'bmom jrefrmtrsKd;om; ausmif;om;uav;wdkY\ pdwfysuf&yHk taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
aocsmpGm awG;awmMunfhvdkuf jyefyguvnf; wrsKd; 0rf;enf;bG,fBuD;yif jzpf&jyefaMumif;/
if;uliS f [ku
d pf ul;ausmif;om;rsm; ynmoifMum;&onfrmS vnf; t*Fvyd pf mudo
k m oifMum;&onf r[kwb
f J
Ak'bmomw&m;awmfBuD;ESifh qefYusifonfh c&pf,mefusrf;pmudk oifapjcif; c&pf,mefw&m;udk em&jcif;rsm;udk
jyKvkyfMu&onfhtwGuf ynmEke,fi,fG,faom uav;vli,frsm;udk rdrdwdkYbmom ouf0if,HkMunf&ef?
zsm;a,mif; aoG;aqmifjcif; jzpfonf[k qd&k ayvdrrhf nf/ xdu
k o
hJ Ykd aoG;aqmif jyKvkyo
f jzifv
h nf; ynmEke,faom
uav;tcsKdUonf c&pf,mef t,l0g'bufodkY vdkufygoGm;MuonfrSmvnf; rsm;pGmyif 0rf;enf;bG,fBuD; wck
jzpfayawmhonf/
xdu
k o
hJ Ykd jzpf&jcif;taMumif;rsm;udk aocsmpGmpOf;pm;ygu Ak'b
mom jrefrmtrsK;d om;uav;wdYk\ bmoma&;
qHk;IH;&onfh tcsufrsm;udk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xifSm;pGm odSdMuayjyD/ xdkuJhodkY trsKd;om;rsm; epfem&jcif;
taMumif;&if;udk pdppfvdkufvQifvnf; jrefrmtrsKd;om; wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfxm;aom Ak'bmom [dkufpul;
ausmif;rsm; rSdjcif;aMumifhyif jzpf&onf[kqdkvQif vGJEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/
odkYjzpf ,ckta&;onf &efukefjrdKU&Sd vlBuD;vlaumif;taygif;wdkYESifhwuG toif;BuD; toif;i,fwdkY\
tay:odkY txl;ojzifh wm0efusa&mufvmNyD jzpfaomaMumifh &efukefNrdKUwGif Ak'bmom [dkufpul;ausmif;BuD;
waqmif tjrefjzpfajrmufatmif tm;xkwfoifhMuygaMumif;/
27
28
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(tay:) 1921 ckESpfu ygarmu q&mrIdif;? uxdu 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdwdkh yg0ifxlaxmifaom A[ef;aumvdyf tzJGY0ifrsm;? q&mrsm;
(atmuf) OD;t&d,ausmif;wdkufrS trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif; 1924 ckESpf aemufqHk;usefSdaom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifU q&mrsm;
'kwd,wef; xdkifvsuf? 0JrS,m- 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK (5 a,mufajrmuf)? rpwmarmifrIdif; (ac:) q&mvGef; (6 a,mufajrmuf)
29
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
30
31
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
32
33
1971 ckESp?f (50) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeh aT&wkobif txdrf;trSwf awGYqHkyJGodkhwufa&mufcJUMuaom 1920 ausmif;om;oydwf ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;
aSYwef;^xdkifvsuf (0JrS,m)- Ou| OD;vlaz0if;? OD;odrf;armif? em,u OD;bab? qmarmifBuD;? OD;atmifZHa0
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
Source: Unknown
34
tcef; (3)
udv
k ekd aD cwfv,fyikd ;f
e,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vli,frsm; vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1922 rS 1930)
(u) 1922-23 wuov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;tajctae
wuov
kd af usmif;BuD;\ taxGaxGtajctaerSm wd;k wufrb
I mrQrS?d xkid ;f xkid ;f rIid ;f rIid ;f ESihf usqif;&efbufoYkd
,drf;,dkifpjyKaeonf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkif; tvGefpdwfyg0ifpm;pGm tm;ay;onfh abmvHk;toif;rSmyif tvGef
qkkwf,kwfpjyKaeonf/ ausmif;om;ausmif;olwkdY\ pdwf"mwfrSmvnf; wufwuf<u<urSd [efrysufoGm;vm pdwf
vufryg tajctaerysuf oGm;aeMu&onf/ wufwuf<u<u pGrf;pGrf;aygufayguf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;vnf;
ray:ayguf? ygarmut"dywd q&mBuD;a*spavmpf\ ywf0ef;usif todik ;f t0kid ;f rSwyg; aysmf iT v
f ef;qef;jcif; uif;aeMu
onf/ 'kwd,ESpftNyD; pdwfysufNyD; ausmif;rS xGufoGm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;rSm trsm;pkjzpfonf/ xdktcsdefu &efukef
aumvdyf (1925-28) wnfae&mrSm ,ckjynfolYaq;HkBuD; (R.G.H.) ESifh rsufESmcsif;qkdifvsuf rif;BuD;vrf;
(Commissioner Road) ,ck Adv
k cf sKyfvrf;rBuD;wGif
dS abmf'gausmif;aqmifrmS jynfvrf; waumif;ESihf jynfausmif;
aqmif (2) ckomSd yk*HaqmifrSm aqmufvkyfqJSdonf/ EkdifiHa&;tzGJYtpnf;wckuJhodkY pnf;Hk;rI rSday/ EkdifiHw0Srf;
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vIyfSm;rIrsm; yHkrSeftaetxm;jzifhomyg0ifonf/ 1930 ckESpfrS 1939 ckESpftwGuf wuo
(&efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*) ESihf Auo (ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*) wdYk acgif;aqmifrjI zifrh S
omvQif 1938 yxrtaxGaxGoydwfBuD;udk OD;aqmifaom wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;? ocifrsm;tjzpf
yg0ifvmMuonf/ if;wkYd\ BudK;yrf;rIjzifo
h m ucsiaf jr? csi;f awmifwef;? Sr;f jynfe,ftESYH a&muf&dS ef ausmif;om;rsm;u
vkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
if;toif; rSm 1931 ckEpS f txd BuD;yGm;a&;r*Zif;udk xkwaf 0cJo
h nf/ tjcm; pmtkyt
f oif;rsm;ESiv
fh nf; qufo,
G rf jI yK
um pmzwfcef;rsm; wnfaxmifcJhonf/
(*) ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qkid &f mvli,ftzGUJ csKyEf iS hf ausmif;om;rsm;
1930 ckEpS f tapmydik ;f umvrsm; trsKd;om;a&;wGif [du
k pf ul;ESihf wuov
kd ?f aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm;
pdwt
f m;xufoefpGm yg0ifvmMuonf/ ]ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qkid &f mvli,frsm;tzGcYJ sKy}f (ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mvli,frsm;toif;[k
tp yxrydkif;wGif ac:onf) wnfaxmif&mwGif ausmif;om;trsm;pk yg0ifvmMuonf/
if;tzGJUudk 1930 tapmydkif; wnfaxmifcJh&m(1) q&mwif - Ou| (NrdKUrtrsdK;om;ausmif;tkyfBuD;)
(2) udkxGef;xGef; - 'k-Ou| (aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(3) udkbaomif; - 'k-Ou| (aumvdyfausmif;om;) (wkdYArmtpnf;tHk; pwifwnfaxmifol)
(4) udkEk
- tusKd;aqmifwGJbuf (aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(5) udkApdef
- tusKd;aqmif wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL; (,k'oefaumvdyfausmif;om;) (ocifApdef)
(6) udkcefY
- pm&if;ppf(aumvdyfausmif;om; OD;oefYtudk)
(7) udkpdef
- aiGxdef; (aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(8) udktkef;
(aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(9) udkav;armif
(aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(10) udkbwif
(aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(11) udkoD[ef
(aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(12) udkpHodrf;
(aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(13) q&m[def
(NrdKUrtrsdK;om;ausmif;q&m)
-wkdY yg0ifzGJYpnf;cJhonf/
if;toif;BuD;onf 1931 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (29) &uf? 1293 ckESpf? 0gqkdvqef; (15) &ufaeYwGif aTwd*Hk
bk&m; pwk'domZ&yf pkpnf; EkdifiHjcm;jzpf pD;u&ufraomufa&;udk vdkufvHpnf;Hk;cJhonf/
if;wkdYrSm 1931 ZGefvwGif aTwd*Hkbk&m;Sd pwk'domZ&yfjyKvkyfaom tpnf;ta0;qHk;jzwfcsuft& EkdifiH\
pD;yGm;a&;? EkdifiHa&;udp&yfrsm;wGif trsKd;om;a&;vIyfSm;rIrsm; jzpfay:&ef vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
t"dukPf; (ukvm;-Arm t"dukPf;) udk taMumif;jyK wdkYArmtpnf;tHk; aMujimcsufudk xkwfa0vdkufonf/
if;aMujimcsufwiG f aoqH;k aomolrsm;pm&if;ESihf trsKd;om;a&;ESihf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;pdw"f mwfrsm; jyefvnfiS o
f efvm
ap&eftwGuf &nf,
G
f xdak eY 1930 arv (30) &ufaeYrmS yif ]wdAhk rmtpnf;tH;k } udk wnfaxmifco
hJ nf/ xdak Munm
pmwrf;wGif ocifbaomif;? wdkYArmtpnf;tkH;? jcHtrSwf (33)? a&wmSnfvrf;? A[ef;NrdKUe,f[k azmfjyxm;onf/
if;aMujimcsuf-
wkdYArmpmwrf;
Armjynfonf
Armpmonf
Armpmonf
Armjynfudk
Armpmudk
Armpum;udk
'kdYjynf
'dkYpm
'dkYpum;
cspfyg
csD;jrifhyg
av;pm;yg
-[kazmfjyxm;onf/
wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;[k qkd&m wdkYArmjynfxJSdaom vlrsKd;tm;vHk;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh t"dyg,f azmfaqmif
jcif; txdrf;trSwf jzpfonf/ jrefrm[laom pum;rSm ]jrefonf? rmonf}[laom t"dyg,faqmifaomfvnf; ESmoHyg
abmifusOf;onf/ tm;enf;onf/ Srf;? u&if? ucsif? rGef? &cdkif? yavmif? awmifol? qvHk? em*? jrefrmpaom Arm
wkdif;&if;om; tm;vHk;udk jcHKiHkrdap&ef Arm[laom pum;vHk;udk aG;onf/ bukef;ESifh ]brm} [kra&;bJ ]A} vcsKduf
ESifh a&;jcif;rSmvnf; ]b}onf &Hzef&Hcg ]A}oHxGufojzifh pdwfrcs& ]A}vcsKdufESifh ]Arm}[k a&;jcif;jzpfonf/
ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m wdAhk rmtpnf;H;k trIaqmifrsm;tpnf;ta0;yJG rSww
f rf;"gwyf kH (ckEpS f rod&)
38
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
&efukefwuokdvfrS AsLdku&uf rsufESmjzLq&mBuD;rsm;uvnf; rpwmpavmh ausmif;ydwfrnfh tqkdudk oabmwlMu
onf/
ref;Oypmaumvdyfudk tNyD;tydkifydwfypfrnf[k qHk;jzwfcsufaMumifh 1928 wGif ref;Oypmaumvdyf 1920
yxrausmif;om;oydwfuJhodkY oydwfarSmufvkrcef; jzpfoGm;onf/
rEav;NrdKU rif;wkdifyiftrwf A[kdpnf OD;bOD;onf &efukefSdaepOf ref;Oypmaumvdyfydwf&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf
csvdkufaom qD;edwftpnf;ta0;NyD;qHk;onfESifh wNydKifeuf OD;bOD;onf &efukef ol&d,owif;pmrSae ref;Oypm
aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm; Nidrrf aebJ oydwaf rSmufMu&ef Ed;I aqmfvu
kd o
f nf/ xdt
k csdef ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;
rsm;or*vnf; rSdao;ay/ EkdifiHa&; pdwf0ifpm;jcif;vnf; rSdao;ay/ trnfrazmfbJ OD;bOD;\ vIHYaqmfrIaMumifh
&efukef qD;edwftpnf;ta0;NyD;qHk;onfh aemufwaeYrSmyif OypmaumvdyfrSausmif;om;rsm; rdrdwdkY zmodzmomae
rjzpfrSef; odvmMuNyD; pkHk;pkHk;jzpfvmMuonf/ rD;cJjymzHk;yrm olwkdY&ifwGif; udef;atmif;aeaom ZmwdrmefwkdY yGifhxGuf
vmMuonf/ xdktcgausmif;tkyfBuD; rpwmat'DrmS,fu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol udkcifarmifuav;
(aemif zqyv0efBuD; Adkvfcifarmifuav;) tm; ]q&mu wuov
kd t
f rIxrf;jzpfvhkd 'Dupd r mS ygvhkd rjzpfb;l / rif;wku
hd pd
jzpfw,f/ tvsOf;oifUovdk MunfUaqmifGufMu/ ref;Oypmaumvdyfydwf&if q&m &efukefrjyefawmUbl;/ q&mU NrdKYudkbJ
q&mjyefawmUr,f} [k ajymonf/
ref;Oypmaumvdyf q&mBuD;rpwmrmS,f cGifhoGm;wkdif; udk,fpm;vS,f ausmif;tkyfBuD; vkyfaom ocFsm
uxdu q&mBuD; OD;vSazmfOD;uvnf; aemufuG,fuae tultnDay;rnf[k ajymMum;cJhonf/ ygVdq&m OD;vSatmif
uvnf; xdkodkY ajymonf/ ausmif;q&mtm;vHk; ausmif;om;rsm;vkyfrnfh tpDtpOfudk taESmuft,Sufray;acs/
xkdYaemuf q&mBuD; OD;vSazmfOD;onf pufbD;wpD;ESifh NrdKUrd? NrdKUz? ausmif;om;rdbrsm;xHoGm; tultnD
ay;&ef wdkufwGef;onf/ trsKd;om;ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;&mZwftdrfodkY oGm;a&mufvnf; q&mBuD; (2) OD; ausmif;
om;rsm; ta&; aqG;aEG;Muonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tpnf;ta0; usif;yaomtcg tqdkwifoGif;&ef t*Fvdyfpmjzifh
q&m (2) OD; a&;om;oDuHk; ay;onf/
ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; q&mrdbrsm;ESifhwuG rEav;NrdKUrS &[ef;awmftSifjrwfrsm;xH csO;f uyfMuonf/
xdt
k cg rEav;NrdKU? tdraf wmf&m (14) cef; Z&yfBuD; NrdKUvH;k uRwf tpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/ ref;Oypmaumvdyf
rydwfa&; tqkdudk ausmif;om;rsm;u &J&JawmufwifoGif;NyD; if;tqdkudk &efukefwuodkvf rvdkufavsmvsif aSUodkY
wvSrf;wufrnf[k &mZoHay;vdkufonf/
e,fcsJUNAdwdoQ AsLdku&uftpkd;&onf 1920 ausmif;om;rsm;oydwfuJhodkY jzpfoGm;rnfpkd; ausmif;om;rsm;
vdv
k m;csufukd tjrefq;kH vdu
k af vsmcJo
h nf/ odYk ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm; qEjy&m (14) cef;? tdraf wmf&m
Z&yfBuD;rSm aemifwGif OD;ausmfNidrf;? Adkvfcifarmifuav;? OD;vSarmif? OD;odef;azjrifh? OD;odef;atmifwkdY\ EkdifiHa&;
oaEwnf&m XmeBuD; wckjzpfcJhonf/
40
tcef; (4)
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif;ydik ;f
e,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; vGwv
f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI trsKd ;om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1930 rS 1931)
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
ausmif;om; b0jynfhpHkaeonf[k ,lqaeMuonf/ bGJU'D*&D&NyD;vQif tpdk;&tvkyf 0ifvkyf&efom pdwf0ifpm;Muonf/
odkYaomf trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfrsm;onf wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm; twGif;odkY wkdif;jynfrS enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh 0ifa&mufvm
Muonf/ if;wdkYxJrS trsKd;om;a&; pdwf"mwfxufoefaom udkEk? udkApdef? udkav;armifwkdYonf wkdYArmtpnf;tHk;
pwif wnfaxmifcJh&m ocifbaomif; (udkbaomif;) ESifhtwl vnf;aumif;? ArmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&mvli,frsm;tzGJUcsKyf
zGJUpnf;&mvnf;aumif; qufoG,fyg0ifcJhMuNyD; if;wkdYrSm trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wuodkvfrS EkdifiHa&;
jyifqifrItaejzifh tzGJUtpnf;wck zGJUpnf;vdkMuonf/
(*) &efuek w
f uov
dk af usmif;om;or* taqmuftODjzpfay:vmyHk
1926 ckESpftxd &efukefwuodkvfwGif ausmif;om;or*tzGJU rSdao;acs/ xdktcsdefu wuodkvft"dywd
qm[mukwb
f wfwvm (Sir Harcourt Butler G.C.I.E., I.C.S) \ arwm&yfccH sut
f & qefuek o
f nfEiS hf qefpufyikd f
Sif OD;ndKonf wuodkvfausmif;om;or* jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf aiGusyf wodef;ckESpfaomif; (170000) udk 1926
wGif vSL'gef;cJhonf/ 1929 ckESpfwGif or*taqmuftODudk pwifaqmifvkyfcJh&m 1930 ckESpf aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&uf
rprD (3) vcefYtvdw
k iG f aqmufvyk Nf yD;pD;oGm;onf/ if;taqmuftODBuD;onf aemifwcsdew
f iG f e,fcsJUtpd;k & qefYusif
a&;XmecsKyfjzpfcJhvQif e,fcsJUu aqmufcGifhay;rnfr[kwf/ OD;ndKvnf; a'gufwmbGJU r&awmhay/ or*taqmuftOD
aqmufvyk Nf yD;pD;aomtcg ausmif;tkyBf uD; rpwmpavmh (D.J Sloss) onf ,leAD mpDwu
D Rrf;bm; tm;upm;Hak b;em;
Sd jrufcif;jyif vufbuf&nfyjJG zif{h nfch NH yD; OD;ndKtm; *kPx
f ;l aqmifa'gufwmbGUJ tyfEiS ;f onfh tcrf;tem;[kajymvdu
k f
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1930 ckEpS w
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kd af usmif;om;or* taqmuftOD
(C) &efuek w
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kd af usmif;om;or* (wuo) pwifjzpfay:vmjcif;
wuov
kd t
f "dywd a'gufwma*spavmhrmS NAdwo
d QMoZm vTr;f rd;k cH&qH;k olwOD;jzpfonf/ if;\oabmxm;rSm
wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm; pmoif bGJU ('D*&D) &NyD;aomtcg NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ Xmetvkyfrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;?
tdEd,tpkd;&\ Xmetvkyfrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? NAdwdoQtifyg,m\ &JwyfzGJUwGif vnf;aumif;? tdEd,tpdk;&\
opfawmESifh ynma&;XmewGif vnf;aumif; paom tvkyfrsm;om 0ifvkyf&ef vdkvm;onf/ odkYaomf xdkae&mrsm;
ArmtrsKd;om;rsm; twGuf ae&mtenf;i,fom &SdNyD; tvkyfvkyf&ef pdwfxufoefaom vli,frsm; NydKifqdkifaeMu
42
rSwfcsuf- or*taqmuftODudk a'gufwmOD;ndK (K.S.M., L.L.D.) u vSL'gef;NyD; 1927 ck? 'DZifbm (5) &ufaeYwGif wuodkvft"dywd
Armjynfbk&ifcH qm[mukwfbwfwvm (G.C.I.E., K.C.S., I.C.S.) u tkwfjrpfcsonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
if;trIaqmifaumfrwDonf or*taqmuftODEiS hf yufoufaomudp& yfrsm;? or*u,
kd pf m;aqmifu
G cf iG ?hf
pnf;rsOf;Oya' rlacsma&;qGJa&;ESifh wuodkvftmPmydkifrsm;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef tcGifhtmPmSdvmonf/
or*ESifhwuodkvftmPmydkifMum; oabmxm;uGJvGJaom t"dutcsufrSm wuodkvfausmif;om;a[mif;
rsm;ESihf bJUG &ausmif;om;rsm;tm; or*tzGUJ 0iftjzpf vufc&H ef udpj zpfonf/ wuov
kd t
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kd af umifprD S
wifjyaom if;tcsufrmS or*pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESihf qefYusifaMumif; or*u wifjyaomfvnf; wuov
kd t
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aumifpD trIaqmifvlBuD;tcsKdU tultnDay; 'k-t"dywdu vufcHNyD; zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf; tacsmudpr Sm ajyvnfoGm;
avonf/
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tm; twnfjyKvdkufaomtcg zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;Oya'onf twnfjzpfvmonf/ wuo taqmuftODudk q&mBuD;
ygarmu OD;azarmifwifu &efukefwuokdvfausmif;om;or* Ou| udkausmfcifxH vTJtyfay;vkdufonf/
44
ocifApdef
wuov
kd af usmif;om; udAk pdeo
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ac:vQif ]y&JqifUqm} "Present Sir" [k ausmif;om;tm;vH;k u xl;aeMuonfukd
udkApdefu xkdodkYrxl;bJ ]a&mufygNyDcifAsm;}[k udkApdefu yxrOD;qHk; xl;cJhonf/
taqmifo[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;wGifvnf; udkApdefonf tjcm;aom udkb
aomif; (enf;jy) wdkYESifh wGJ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; w&m;
rsm;a[m &efukefwuokdvfrS ,k'oefaumvdyfodkY ajymif;aTUcH&onf/ q&m OD;az
armifwifonf udAk pdeEf iS hf udb
k aomif;wkYd \ Ekid if aH &;vIyf mS ;rIukd tm;ay;cJo
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odkYaomf udkApdefonf ,k'oefaumvdyfodkY a&mufaomfvnf; q&mpH
awmfvSefa&;ESifh yufoufaom axmufcHcsufrsm;? rSefuefaMumif; aMunmcsufrsm;?
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUtm; qufvufawmfvSef&ef vkyfaqmif&rnf[k aMunmcsufrsm;udk
jzefYcsdcJhjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? &efukefwuokdvfrS ajymif;aTUvdkufaom udkApdef
udk ,k'oefaumvdyfrS ausmif;xkwfypf vdkufonf/
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wuokdvfausmif;(enf;jy) ocifbaomif;onf wdkYArmoDcsif;udk wuodkvfajrwGif ysHUESHY&eftwGufvnf;
aumif;? wuokdvfajr wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;ESifh ocifvli,frsm; MoZmysHUESHY&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? ocFsmenf;jy (aemif
Oya'? yxrESp)f ausmif;om; udx
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udkEkwkdYESifh wkdifyif 1930 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (19) &uf? paeaeYn oxHkaqmifo[m,ESifh pmzwfcef; yxrqHk;
oDqdkMuonf/ yJcl;aqmifrS udkav;armif? yk*HaqmifrS ausmif;om; udkApdefESifh ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;? oxHkaqmifrS
ausmif;om;rsm; cef;vH;k jynfh wufa&mufMuonf/ taqmifrLS ; ygarmu OD;azarmifwifuvnf; oDqcdk iG jhf yKvdu
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aom vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI ocifacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfvmonf/ if;wdkYArmoDcsif; wuodkvfausmif;rS xkwfa0aom
wuokdvfr*Zif;wGif t*FvdyfArm (2) bmomjzifh azmfjycJhonf/ wkdYArmoDcsif;udk 0dkiftrfbDat ocifwifu a&;pyf
ocifvSabmfESifh ocifbaomif;wkdYu ulnDcJhonf/
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udkausmfcifudk aG;aumufwifajrmuf trIaqmifaG;aumufyGJBuD;Muyf&efESifh ,m,DtrIaqmif tzGJUi,fav;rsm;
zGJYpnf;ay;vkdufonf/ xkdtzGJUi,fav;rsm;onf or*pnf;rsOf;Oya'a&;qGJNyD; xkwfa0&efESifh ausmif;om;or*
aG;aumufyGJBuD;Muyf&efyg wm0ef vTJay;vkdufonf/ xdktzGJUav;\ oufwrf;rSm av;vausmfomMumcJhonf/
1931-32 pmoifESpf or*tpnf;ta0;rS wuokdvfocFsmXmerS EkwfxGuf yxrESpf Oya'oifwef;
wufa&muf oifMum;aeaom ausmif;om; udkxGef;pdef\ ajymyHkqdkyHk? owdSdyHkrsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm; txifBuD;Mu\/
udkxGef;pdeftm; ausmif;om;or* Ou| tqifhtwef;ESifh oifhawmfoljzpf udkApdefu udkxGef;pdeftm; Ou| tqdk
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twGufom} [k a&;xm;aom txufwef;ukef;ywfwGif avaumif;avoefY&&ef
udkxGef;pdef wufoGm;onf/ pdwfxJvnf; ]vlacsmifwJh txufwef;ukef;ywfrSm
'if;wdkYawGu ZdrfcHNyD; pD;eif;vdkufyg Muw,f/ wkdif;&if;om;awGuawmh atmufrSm
ig;yd? ig;csOfodyfxm;ovkdeJY vkdufyg&w,f}} awmufwcsufacgufNyD;rS ]]'if;wkdh
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ightaMumif; jy&ao;wmaygh} ukdxGef;pdefonf Oa&mywkdufom;rsm;om[kqkdaom
ukef;ywfwGif tdyf,mvdyfudk cyfwnfwnfESifh jzefYcif;NyD; vJavsmif;vdkufygvm
onf/ xdktcg rsufESmjzL yxrt&mSd (Chief Officer) a&mufvmNyD; ]]rif;wkdY
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rqif;&if 'Duaeiguefcsvdkufr,f}} [k a'golykefxNyD; tdyf,may:vSJaeaom udkxGef;pdefudk nmajcjzifhuef&ef [efjyif
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]]rif;rqif;&if aoewfeJYypfr,f/ bmrSwfvdkYvJ ig'DoabFmrSm ypfowfEkdifwJh tmPmSdw,f}} xdktcg
udkxGef;pdef u ]]ypfowfEkdifwJh tmPmSd&ifvJ ypfav? cifAsm;ypfwmeJY usKyf"m;eJYxkd;r,f? olaoudk,faoaygh? usKyfwkdY
wkdif;&if;om;awGrSm ZmwdrmefSdw,f? cifAsm;wdkYqDrSmyJ Sdwmr[kwfbl;}} oabFmtxufwef; ukef;ywfwGif qlqlnHnH
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46
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jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh reuf (8) em&DwGif tqHk;tjzwf ay;ygr,f}} [k aMunmcJhonf/
aemufaeY reuf (8) em&DwGif or*taqmuftOD ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; jynfhESufvsufSdonf/
udkxGef;pdefwdkYbufrS rJqG,f&mwGif udktdef xufomonf/ odkYaomf udktdefbufrS vlrsm;u EdkifiHa&;ESifh bmoma&;
a&maESmNyD; rJq,
G Mf uonf/ udx
k eG ;f pderf mS rlpvifbmom0if wOD; jzpfonf/ aG;aumufyrJG usi;f yrD udx
k eG ;f pdeEf ikd rf nf[k
48
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
jyKvkyfcJUw,f/ EkdifiHa&;pdwf"mwf e,fcsJYqefhusifa&;pdwf"mwf Ekd;Mum;vmatmif pnf;Hk;cJUw,f/ rpwmpavmUuodawmU
usaemfwhdk pnf;H;k rIysuaf tmif olt
h vdak wmf&ad wGukd ajrm ufay;Ny;D aG;aumufyJG 0ifcidk ;f wmyJ/} vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf
udkxGef;pdefu okkdYajymMum;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/
udkxGef;pdefESifh raS;raESmif;yif olYudkaxmufcHaom trIaqmifaumfrwD0if trsm;tjym; taG;cH&onf/
wa,mufESpfa,mufu vGJ tm;vHk;eD;yg;rSm ausmif;tkyfBuD; tvkdawmf&drsm; r[kwfay/
1931 &efukefNrdKU (10) ESpfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeY usif;y&m ausmif;om;vli,frsm;? q&mrsm;?
0HomEkrsm;? ,leDAmpDwDausmif;om;rsm;? wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;rS ocifrsm;? udkApdef (ocifApdef)? ocifav;armif? udkxGef;
pdefwkdY pkpnf; yg0ifcJhonf/
Ou|
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
aiGxdef;
rSwfcsuf- wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;udk a&;om;&mwGif ]]wdkY}} ESifh ]]'dkY}} ESpfrsKd;vHk; oHk;onfudk awGU&onf/ odkYaomf rl&if;wHqdyfESifh
acgif;pD;pmwrf;wGif wdkYArm[k oHk;xm;onf/
ocifAwif\ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkrSwfwrf; (jr0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf)? pmrsufESm (15) atmufajcrSwfpkwGif
]]wdkYArmtpnf;tHk; ay:pwGif 'dkYArm[k ra&;om;bJ? wdkYArm[koma&;onf/}} [k azmfjyxm;onf/
,ckpmtkyfwGif wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;udk a&;om;vsif ]]wdkY}} [k oHk;oGm;rnf/ a<u;aMumfoHrsm;udk toHudk ,l a&;om;ojzifh
a<u;aMumfoHrsm;udk ]]'dkY}} ESifhom a&;om;azmfjyrnf/
ocifAwif\ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkrSwfwrf;? pmrsufESm (20) wGif wdkYArmoDcsif;tm; wdkYArmur0g[k azmfjyxm;onf/
50
&efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* (,m,D) yxrqH;k Ou|jzpfonf/ &ckid t
f rsK;d om; wOD;jzpf oHwNJG rdKUwGif
zGm;jrifc\
hJ / oHwNJG rdKU tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;wGif owrwef;txd ynmavhvm qnf;yl;cJo
h nf/ &efuek Nf rdKU
A[kt
d pd;k &txufwef;ausmif;odk ajymif;aTUynmqnf;yl;NyD;? 1925 ckEpS w
f iG f (10) wef; pmar;yGu
J kd atmifjrifchJ
onf/ &efuek w
f uov
kd w
f iG f qufvuf ynmoifMum;cJo
h nf/ 1929 ckEpS w
f iG f olaX;OD;ndKu or*taqmuftOD
aqmufvyk v
f LS 'gef;&m? 1930 ckEpS w
f iG f NyD;pD;cJ\
h / or*taqmuftOD Sad omfvnf; or*tzGUJ tpnf; rSjd zpfae
ojzifh OD;ausmfcifonf or* jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;rIwiG f acgif;aqmifco
hJ l wOD;jzpfonf/
or*tzGUJ tpnf; ray:aygufap&ef acsm?h ajrmuf? Ncdr;f ajcmufjcif;udk cHc&hJ \/ wuov
kd af usmif;om; ynmwwf
rsm;\ ]]rufvHk;}} jzpfaom tdEd, y#dnmOfcH0efxrf; tkdifpDtufpf &mxl;jzifh acsmhjrLjzm;a,mif;jcif; cHcJh&\/
OD;ausmcf ifum; r,dr;f ,dik ?f or*jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf acgif;rmpGm BuK;d yrf;cJo
h o
l m jzpfonf/ or*jzpfajrmufap&ef
&efuek w
f uov
kd f dS ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf yxrqH;k aqG;aEG;wkid yf ifc\
hJ / xdak qG;aEG;yGw
J iG f OD;ausmfcifonf
obmywdjzpf\/ or*pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDzGJUpnf;&ef wuodkvfudk,fpm; t"dywdESifh aqG;aEG;yGJwGif
ud,
k pf m;vS,o
f ;kH OD;teuf yg0ifow
l OD;vnf; jzpfayonf/
or*pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDzGJUpnf;aomtcg OD;ausmfcifonf obmywdtjzpf wm0ef,l vkyfaqmif
cJ\
h / or*pnf;rsO;f a&;qGNJ yD;aemuf wuov
kd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;tzGEJ iS hf awGUqHak qG;aEG;yGw
J iG f ud,
k pf m;vS,f tjzpfjzifh
yg0ifcJhonf/ or*pnf;rsOf;udk twnfjyKaom 1931 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (9) &ufaeUwGif usif;yonfh
ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;rS? wuotrIaqmif (9) OD; aG;cs,faomtcg OD;ausmfcifonf wuo Ou|
jzpfvmcJah yonf/
1931 ckEpS w
f iG f Oya'oifwef;rsm;udk atmifjrifco
hJ nf/ rdrZd mwdNrKd Ujzpfaom oHwNJG rKd UwGif aSUaetjzpf vkyaf qmif&if;?
jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU0if? jrLeDpDy,fOu|tjzpf NrdKUjya&;&mrsm;udk aqmifGufcJhonf/ ppfNyD;acwf 1951 ckwGif
jynfoUl vTwaf wmftrwftjzpf &efatmifrq
J Ee,frS aG;aumuf wifajrmufjcif; cH&NyD;? qGpZf mvefjynf bef;NrdKU
usif;yaom urmhvTwfawmfrsm; nDvmcHokdY jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUudk acgif;aqmifum wufa&mufcJhzl;
avonf/ OD;ausmfcifonf ,ck &efuek Nf rKdUwGif vTwaf wmfaSUaetjzpf vkyaf qmifvsufadS yonf/
51
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
yxrqH;k wuoOu|
OD;xGe;f pdef B.Sc., B.L. (1931-32)
Source: Oway Magazines
&efuek w
f uov
kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or*\ yxrOD;qH;k aG;aumufwifajrmufc&H aom Ou|jzpfonf/ &ckid jf ynf
oHwGJNrdKU Zmwd jzpfonf/ 1924 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuodkvfwGif pwifynmqnf;yl; 1928 ckwGif 0dZmodyH
bGUJ xl;udk qGwcf ;l cJah vonf/ 1931-32 ckEpS w
f iG f Oya'ynmrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;aepOf wuoOu|tjzpf
aG;aumufwifajrmufjcif; cHc&hJ oljzpfonf/
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm; bkef;rD;aevawmufyonfh umvjzpf tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif? a*smhbk&ifrif;jrwf\
bke;f awmfbUJG rsm;udk oDqu
kd m tpnf;ta0; zGiv
fh pS cf MhJ u&\/ OD;xGe;f pdef wuoOu| jzpfvmaomtcg? a*smb
h &k if
bke;f awmfbUJG tpm; wdYk ArmtrsdK;om;oDcsif;jzifh zGiv
hf pS cf ahJ vonf/
wuov
kd f bGUJ ESi;f obifcef;ronf jrefrmrqef? wkwb
f &k m;ausmif;ESihf wlae jrefrmtrsK;d om; okyaf y:ap&ef
jcaoFh yk rf sm; xm;&ef awmif;qkcd \
hJ / wuov
kd t
f aqmuftODrsm;wGif t*Fvefjynfvyk f oHwcH g;rsm;udk oH;k rnfh
tpm;? jrefrmjynfjzpf opfom;wHcg;rsm;ukd toHk;jyK&efvnf; awmif;qdkcJhonf/
1931 ckEpS w
f iG f trsK;d om;atmifyaJG eU pwifusi;f y&m trsK;d om;atmifyaJG eUwGif a'gif;tvH (cGyaf 'gif;tvHr[kw)f
udk or*rS pwiftoH;k jyKcJ\
h / pD;u&ufoydwaf rSmufa&;wGif or*onf ArmEdik if v
H il ,frsm;tpnf;tH;k (,ck
Avp r[kwf)? wkdYArmtpnf;tHk;wdkYESifh yl;wGJ vkyfaqmifcJhonf/
OD;xGe;f pdeo
f nf or*Ou|tjzpf oufwrf;rukerf D Ekwx
f u
G o
f mG ;cJo
h nf/
wuorS xGufNyD;aemuf ausmif;q&mtjzpf vnf;aumif;? Oya'pmar;yGJ atmifjrifNyD;aemuf aSUaetjzpf
vnf;aumif; vkyaf qmifco
hJ nf/ *syefacwfwiG f cdik 0f eftjzpf Ekid if w
hH m0efudk xrf;aqmifc\
hJ / 'kw,
d urmppftNyD;
t*Fvdyfrsm; jyef0ifvmaomtcg OD;xGefpdeftm; axmif'Pf (25) ESpf tjypfay;cJh\/ (9) v ESifh (4) &uf
tMumwGif vGwaf jrmufco
hJ nf/ ,ck &efuek Nf rdKUwGif vTwaf wmfaSUaeBuD; wOD;tjzpf aqmifu
G v
f suf So
d nf/
52
tcef; (5)
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif;ydik ;f
e,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; vGwv
f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1932 rS 1935)
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
aom vlxkEkdifiHa&;vIyfSm;rIudk tpm;xkd;aeonf/ wuodkvfy&0PfxJwGifvnf; ausmif;om;or*udk tvdkawmf&d
ausmif;om;rsm;u acgif;aqmifaeonf/ rsuEf mS jzLtmPmydik rf sm;ESihf twku
d t
f cHjyKaom ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ab;a&muf
aeonf/
Ou|
twGif;a&;rSL;
'k-Ou|
or*r*Zif; t,f'Dwm
pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rSL;
Ou|
'k-Ou|
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
(pmMunfhwkdufrSL;? odef;azjrifh)
(vlxkqufqHa&;ESifh 0g'jzefYcsda&;)
(t,f'Dwm? or*r*Zif;)
(aiGxdef;)
55
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
8/ udk0if;
9/ udkodrf;armif
(tm;upm;rSL;)
(pnf;Hk;a&;)
56
OD;bdk;ul;
(1931-32)
Source: Oway Magazines
57
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
OD;pHazmfatmif
(1932-33)
M. A., B. L.
58
OD;zdk;at;
B. Sc., (Hons/ Rgn.), B. L., (Rgn.), Ph D., (Lond.)
D. I. C., F. R. Met. Soe. (Lond.)
Source: Oway Magazines
(1934-35)
(OD;ode;f armifr)S
rSwcf su-f xdkaiGrsm;udk 1934-35 ck wuotrIaqmifwOD;jzpfol OD;odef;azjrifhu wuodkvf"rmHk
aqmuf&mwGif oHk;pGJ&ef tqdkwifoGif;zl;onf[k 1955 ckESpfxkwf aiG&wkobifpmapmif
wGif OD;ode;f azjrifh azmfjyzl;onf/ ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsad &;twGuf [Hom0wDurk P
D
ESihf awGUqHak qG;aEG;ajzSi;f cJ\
h / OD;ode;f armifonf pwD;b&m;om;ukrP
v
D rD w
d ufwiG f xifmS ;
aom tkycf sKyfa&;rSL;wa,muftjzpf vkyaf qmifvsufo
dS nf/
59
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tcef; (6)
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif;ydik ;f
e,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; vGwv
f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1935 rS 1936)
(u) udo
k ed ;f az?q&mBu;D ocifu,
kd af wmfriId ;f ESihf wdAYk rmtpnf;tH;k
1296 ckESpf? waygif;vqkwf (12) &uf? 1935 ck? rwfv (30) &uf
aeYvnf (2) em&D a&eHacsmif;NrdKUv,f wefaqmif;BuD; usi;f yaom wdYk Armtpnf;
tH;k uGezf &ifo
h Ykd wuov
kd af usmif;om; udo
k ed ;f azonf &efuek Nf rdKUrS rpwmarmifriId ;f
trnfcH rsKd;cspfpma&;q&mBuD; ygarmuO;D vGe;f tm; yifah qmifvmNyD; if;uGezf &ifh
ociftrnfcHum wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;0if wOD;tjzpf aMunmvdkufonf/
xdktcsdefrSp q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;\ tm;ay;rI? vli,frsm;ESifh
udk,fwdkif tyifyef; tqif;&JcHum yg0ifvkyfaqmifrIaMumifh wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;rSm
w[kefxdk; wdk;wufvmNyD; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI tSdeft[kef jrifhwufvmonf/
q&mBu;D ocifu,
kd af wmfriId ;f
wuov
kd t
f mPmydik rf sm;\ zdEydS rf u
I kd ckc&H ef pl;prf;SmazG&if; Edik if aH &;abm*aA'tygt0if rmhupf pf mayrsm;udk
wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm; awGUSdzwfIvmjcif;ESifh wuodkvfe,fajrtwGif; Armjynfpmtkyftoif;? e*g;eDpmtkyf
toif;wdkYrSwqifh awmfvSefa&;pmayrsm; ydkrdk0ifa&mufvmonf/ wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;BuD;tcsKdUonf wdkYArm
tpnf;tHk;ESifh ydkrdk&if;ESD;vmonf/
1935-36 ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef;? udkodef;az? udkwifarmifwdkY ocifjzpfvmNyD; 1935-36 wuo
aG;aumufyJG udEk k Ou|tjzpf taG;cH&aomtcg ausmif;om;rsm; wdYk Armtpnf;tH;k ESihf ydrk q
kd ufo,
G rf rI sm; Sv
d mum
ocifrsm;ESihf yd&k if;ES;D vmonf/ NAdwo
d Qe,fcsUJ qefYusiaf &;? vGwv
f yfa&;BudK;yrf;rI pdw"f mwfrsm;? awmfveS af &; pdw"f mwf
rsm; ydkrdkjrifhrm;vmonf/
60
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(2) OD;tm; ausmif;xkwv
f Qif ausmif; qlyrl rI sm; xyfrjH zpfay:vmrnf[k qdNk yD; ausmif;tkyBf uD; tqdu
k kd uefYuu
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f nf/
Mum;jzefajzonfhtaeESifh t"dywd a'gufwmqufonf udkEkESifh udkausmfNidrf;udk qlylvHIYaqmfrI rvkyfygbl;[k 0efcHcsuf
vufrSwfa&;xdk;ckdif;&m udkEkESifh udkausmfNidrf;wdkYu rxdk;ay;ay/
Source: Internet
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
wuokdvfe,fajrrS av;pm;xdkufaom yk*dKvfrsm;qdkonfh acgif;pOfjzifh(1) jruf&dwfonfh rmvDukvm;BuD;yHk?
(2) or*'&0rf OD;odef;yHkawG or*pmapmifrSm OD;xdyfxm;xnfhcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh or*r*Zif;onf
tpdk;&tmrcHaiG awmif;onfh twdkuftcHpme,fZif;pm&if;wGif tjrJyg0ifonf/
Oa'gif;EdkifiH
Oa'gif;toH}
(ps) 1936 td;k a0r*Zif;yg udak tmifqef;\ ausmif;om;avmu oH;k oyfcsuaf qmif;yg;
uRefynmESifh ocifynm
vlBuD;ESifU vli,f
wdkif;jynfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;wGif vlBuD;? vli,f[l
tvkyform; ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;Sdonf/ vlBuD;wdkYtzdkYrSm aumif;
rGefaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk TefjyEdkifonfh pGrf;&nfowdSdap
&rnf/ vli,fwdkYrSmum; xdkokdYTefjyonfhvrf;udk wef;wef;
ajzmifhajzmifh aMumufGHUjcif;uif;odvsuf vdkuf&J&ayrnf/
,ckArmjynfwGifum; vlBuD;rsm;rSmvnf; pGrf;&nfowd
rSd? Avmcsnf;jzpfaeonfudk awGU&onf/ vli,fwdkYtm;
aumif;rGefaom erlemjy&rnfjzpfaom vlBuD;rsm;pGmwdkYonf
uvyfwufjcif;? zJdkufjcif;? trsKd;rsKd; uvdrfaphjirf;qif
onfh trIrsKd;om awGU&onf/ odkYjzpf&um; tu,f aqmif
Gufcsifaom vli,frsm;rSm Tefjyrnfh tvif;a&mifuif;rJh
vsuf trdkufarSmifxJwGif ajcprf;vufprf;jzifhom tcsdefukef
&avonf/
tcsKdUolwdkYu vlBuD;rsm;udk qJ
onf
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vrf;TefrnfU
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vlBuD;SdvQif
udprSm vli,fESifhvlBuD; (2) OD;
(2) buf p vH k ; tjypf r uif ; ay/
vli,fwdkhonf
vlBuD;wdkYrSm azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif;
aSYodkhwdk;wuf
aumif;rGefaom enf;vrf;Tefjy
jcif;rSd? vli,fwdkYrSm vlBuD;wdkY\
vkyfief;udk
udk,fhtjypfudk jyHkrSwyg; tjcm;vkyf
xGifEdkifrnf
jyjcif;rSd/
uREfkyfwdkYtzdkYrlum; tdEd,jynf
jzpfonfUtjyif
rS r[wr*ED? pDtm'uf? rdkwDvm
rdrdwdkhtvSnfU
ael;? wdvuf tpSdolwdkY uJhodkY
vnf;aumif;? tdkif,mvefrS 'DAuf?
usa&mufaomtcg
tDwvDjynfrS *&daAmv'D? rpfZeDwdkY
acgif;aqmifonfU
uJhodkYvnf;aumif;? ususee acgif;
vkyif ef;udk ryifyef;bJ aqmifEdkif acgif;aqmifrnfh rnf
onhfvlBuD;rqdk aemufvdkuftjzpf
xrf;aqmifEdkifay
vdkufygaqmifGuf&ef toifhSday
onf/ xdkodkY acgif;aqmif&Jrnfh
vdrfUrnf
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emrnfBuD;onfh wuodkvf vrf;TefrnfhvlBuD;
SdvQif vli,fwdkYonf aSUodkYwdk;wuf vkyfief;udk xGifEdkif
rnf jzpfonfhjyif rdrdwdkYtvSnfhusa&mufaomtcg acgif;
aqmifonfhvkyfief;udk ryifyef;bJ xrf;aqmifEdkifayvdrhf
rnf/ uREfkyfwdkY vli,fwdkYuvnf; xdktcsdef xdktcgtwGuf
,ckuyif toihfjyifxm;&ayrnf/ BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&
ayrnf/ txl;ojzifh uREfkyfwdkY wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;
onf ta&;wGif tcsuftjcm jzpfavonf/ odkYjzpfvifh
65
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
rdk;ESifh ajrBuD;rQ uGmjcm;aeonfudk awGU&ayonf/ ynmoif
Mum;a&;&mwGif toufarG;0rf;ausmif; ynm&yfrsm; tjyif
dk;dk;oifMum;&mwGifvnf; pGrf;pGrf;wrH? udk,fh'l;udk,fcRefvdk
onfhpdwfESifh xdkokdYjyKjyifEdkifonfh t&nftcsif;wdkYudk ausmif;
om;vli,frsm; arG;jrLvmEdkifatmif jyKjyifay;onf/
tdEd,jynfESifh ArmjynfSd vufSdynma&;pepfrSm rlv
wef;? tv,fwef;? txufwef;? wuodkvf tqifh av;
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66
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68
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
The Hell-Hound at Large
Escaped from Awizi, a devil in the form of a balck dog. Had been during his
brief span on earth a base object of Universal odium and execration, - sentenced to
Eternal Damnation for Treachery, Theft, Presumption, Intrague, Pettifogging, Sadism,
Churlishness, Vulgarity, etc. A pimping knave with avuncular pretensions to some
cheap wiggling wenches from a well-known Hostel, he was also a hectic popularityhunter, shamming interest in Games, Concerts, Association etc., menacing the public
placed with his unwanted presence though generally welcomed to everywhere as
small-pox. His only distinguishing marks have been the abominable V.D. ulcers on
his neck and buboes due to copulation with his own wife.
Will finder please, kick him back to Hell?
Yamamin
From: "Oway" or The Voice of the Peacock, Voice of the RUSU, Jan. 1936; Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 56.
Source: Internet
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76
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ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; em;vnfxm;Muonf/
oydwftSdefjrifhwufvm&m tifvsm;aqmifrS ausmif;ol (150)? udkodrf;armifacgif;aqmifaom ,leDAmpDwD
*syfqifausmif;om;rsm;yg0ifvmonf/ udkbZHacgif;aqmifaom &cdkiftrsKd;om;rsm;vnf; ygvmonf/ aq;aumvdyf
oydwfudk udkvSaT (udkvSaznD tmPmSifudkvSaT) acgif;aqmifcJhonf/
NrdKUvkH;uRwfausmif;om;rsm;? txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;yg 0ifa&mufvm oydwftSdefjrifhvmonf/
te,fe,ft&yf&yfSd ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; pGrf;tm;SdorQ yg0ifulnD wdkYArmtpnf;tkH;uvnf; te,fe,f
t&yf&yfSd tpnf;tkH;cGJrsm;odkY TefMum;csufrsm;ay;ydkY yg0ifulnDaponf/ jynfvkH;uRwfausmif;om;oydwfodkY
a&mufcJh&ef axmuful oydwfarSmufay;cJhaom ausmif;rsm;rSm jynf? BudKUyifaumuf? vufyHwef;? okH;q,f? rif;vS?
aysmfbG,f? rEav;? rkHGm? armfvNrdKif? ajrmif;jr? yJcl;? jrif;jcH? ykodrf? rdwDvm? zsmykH? aTbdk? anmifav;yif? yckuL?
rif;bl;? tif;pdef? awmifBuD;? aygif;wnf? usKdufvwf? [oFmw? awmifil? rk'kHNrdKUrsm;Sd ausmif;aygif; (45) ausmif;
yg0ifcJhavonf/ oydwform;rsm;pcef;udk *sDpDbDat orwBuD; OD;pdk;odrf;a&mufvmonf/ olonf *sDpDbDatwGif
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; tjyif;xefqkH; acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfum &mxl;r,lbJ tm;vkH;udktwdkuftcHvkyfcJhonf/ ]rif;wdkh
atmifqef;wdkhvdk vkyf&r,f? 'grsKd;rS igwdkhydkaumif;r,f? ydkwdk;wufr,f}[k ajymMum;cJhonf/ udkEk? udk&mSpf? udktkef;ESifh
tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf NrdKUrsm;odkYoGm;a&muf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wifjyum vlxktpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;
jyKvkyfavonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(x) oydww
f m;xGuMf ujcif;
ukd&mSpfacgif;aqmifaom oydwfarSmufausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkYpdwf"mwfrSm tjrifhqHk; a&mufaecsdef
jzpfonf/ oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ pm;0wfaea&;udk acgif;aqmiftoD;oD;u wm0ef,l aqmifu
G f
aeMuonf/ oydwfvkyfief;ay:vpD wuodkvftmPmydkifrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifa&;udpw
Gif oydwfarSmufaumifpD0if (Inner
Circle) tjrJaqG;aEG; wdkifyifaeMuonf/ oydwfarSmufolrsm;xJwGif tvdkawmf&d owif;ay;avmufaumifrsm;
Sdwef&monf/ rnfolrnf0g[k cGJjcm;odEdkif&ef udkausmfNidrf; acgif;xJwGif axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJUzGJU&ef pdwful;ay:vmNyD;
oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;ESifh aumifpD0ifrsm;tm; udkausmfNidrf;\ axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJUrsm;u SJ'dk;vkyfonf/
rwfvpmar;yGJudk wuodkvftmPmydkifrsm;u rjzpfjzpfatmif usif;y&ef qHk;jzwfNyD;jzpfonf/ xdkpmar;yGJ
0ifa&mufajzqd&k ef A[kad usmif;aqmifrsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; pkaqmif;aexdik af ponf[k udak usmfNidr;f \ axmufvrS ;f
a&;tzGJUrS oydwfowif; &Sdonf/ xdktcsdefu ,leDAmpDwDausmif;om; OD;a&rSm (800) ausmfSd aeYausmif;om;OD;a&
(300) ausmf Sdonf/ ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;OD;a& (700) ausmf bk&m;ay:odkY a&mufSdaeonf/ ,if;tcsdefwGif
rnfonhu
f pd E iS jhf zpfap oGm;a&mufaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tmPmydik w
f Ykd u A[dak usmif;aqmifrsm;twGi;f aeYa&mnyg
ac:xm;onf/udkausmfNidrf; owif;rSm A[dkausmif;aqmifrsm;twGif; a&mufSdaeaom pmar;yGJ0ifajzvdkolrsm;qDu
r[kwfay/ bk&m;&ifjyif oydwfpcef;odkY a&mufvmaom olrsm;qDu jzpfonf/
xdkausmif;xJodkY a&mufvmolrsm;udk tmPmydkifrsm;u ppfaq;NyD; ausmif;aqmifwdkYwGif cGJ oD;jcm;xm;&m
pm;a&;? aomufa&; usyfwnf; usOf;ajrmif;aeonf/ ,if;udpE iS yhf wfouf oydwaf rSmufaumifp\
D qH;k jzwfcsuft&
pm;a&;? aomufa&; usyfwnf; usOf;ajrmif;olwdkYtwGuf tpm;taomuf aeYpOfoGm;ydkY&ef bk&m;&ifjyifoydwfpcef;odkY
vmvdo
k rl sm;tm; ntkPw
f ufcsed f ra&mufcif A[kad usmif;aqmifrsm; 0if;eHab;rS avSum;axmif xGuv
f mEdik af p&efwYkd
jyKvkyfay;onf/ udkomvSESifh udkndKxGef;wdkYu tpm;taomuf ydkYMuavonf/ xdktcg ygarmurufudkif;u
0if;wHcg;wGif ydwaf pmifah eonf/ oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;jzpf 0ifciG rhf y[kajymonf/ udo
k mvSEiS hf udn
k Kd xGe;f u
tpm;taomuf rsm;udk oHwikd Mf um;rS ausmif;om;rsm; tm;ay;rnf[k ajymaomtcg rpwmrufuikd ;f u ]rif;wdo
hk x
d m;zdu
hk
rif;wdhk oydwaf rSmufwm igt
h aeeJh vk;H 0oabmrwlb;l ? 'gayr,fU rif;wd&hk YJ vky&f nfuikd &f nf? pnf;urf;Srd eI hJ wnfMunfru
I kd
csD;usL;w,f} [k ajym&if; udkomvSESifh udkndKxGef; oHwdkifMum;rS tpm;taomufydkYonfudk bmrSrajymay/
wzef 1936 ck? azazmf0g&Dv? 26 &uf? eHeuf (5) em&DwGif wuodkvfausmif;odkY ausmif;om;tiftm;
(300) cefYonf armfawmfum;jzifh oydwfwm;&ef xGufcJhMuonf/ oydwfaumifpD0if o&Jbat;u acgif;aqmifonf/
wuodkvfor*kH; tpkcGJ ae&mcsavonf/
Source: Unknown
wuov
kd af usmif; oydww
f m;Mu&mwGif tif;0ausmif;aqmif oHwcH g;0 vJt
S yd af eMuaom oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;
82
(") oydw\
f tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm;
1/ rwfv tv,fwGif ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpwmpavmh ae&mwGif ygarmuOD;azarmifwifudk ausmif;tkyfBuD;
tjzpf cefYvdkufonf/
2/ 1920 jynfh ausmif;om;oydwBf uD;xuf 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydwBf uD;onf ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;Hk \
Edk;Mum;rI pdwf"gwf ododomom xifxifSm;Sm; wdk;wufjynfh0rI Sdvmonf/
3/ 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;onf tcsdef,lBudKwifjyifqif oydwfarSmufvdkufaom oydwfBuD;
83
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
r[kw/f e,fcsUJ tpd;k &\ ESyd u
f yG v
f eG ;f rIaMumifo
h m jzpfc&hJ aom oydwBf uD;jzpf oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;xk
BuD;onf wdkYArmtpnf;tkH;ESifhwuG e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf BuD;rm;aom
EdkifiHa&; tiftm;opfBuD;w&yf jzpfay:cJhonf/
4/ aemiftem*wfwGif e,fcsJUudkwGef;vSef vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rnf[k ocifatmifqef;? ocifEk?
ocifodef;az (odef;azjrifh)? ocifvSaz? ocifA[def;? ocifAaqG? ocifoef;xGef;wdkY ay:vm&onf/
5/ ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;rSm aemufqHk; oydwfvSefcJhaomfvnf; vli,fobm0udk azmfjyokyfaqmifaom
jiif;cHkrIrsm; ay:aygufjcif;ESifh t,ltqjyif;xefolwdkYu wuodkvfudk &moufyefpGefYvTwfoGm;Muonf/
udkEk? udkvSaz? udkodef;az? ukdxGef;tkHESifh ausmif;om;tcsKdU ausmif;jyefrwufMuawmhay/ udkodef;azESifh
udx
k eG ;f tko
H nf owif;axmufEiS hf aus;Gmjyefvnfxal xmifa&; ynmawmfoifq&k aomfvnf; pGeYf vw
T Nf yD;
EdkifiHjcm;odkY roGm;cJhacs/
6/ oydwfacgif;aqmifudkEk\ ]NAw
d o
d Qtpd;k &uzGiaUf y;wJU wuov
kd rf sm;[m vcpm;uReu
f av;awG arG;xkwf
ay;&ef uRefxkwfukefvkyfief;pufHkawGjzpfw,f} [laom pum;onf ausmif;om;rsm;pdwfxJwGif pGJusef
&pfcJhonf/
7/ wjynfv;kH Sd ausmif;om;xkpnf;H;k vIyf mS ;rI ydrk o
kd yd o
f nf;ckid rf mvmNyD; ]ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;
or* (Auo)} "All Burma Students' Union- ABSU" trnfjzifh azmfxw
k Ef ikd cf o
hJ nf/ Auoonf
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ordik ;f pOfwiG f yxrOD;qH;k tBudrf zGUJ pnf;vdu
k af om wjynfv;kH ausmif;om;tzGUJ csKyfBuD;
jzpfonf/
8/ wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;\MoZm ausmif;om;xktwGif; us,fjyefYpGm xdk;ESuf0ifa&mufoGm;NyD; wdkYArmtpnf;
tHk;ESifh ausmif;om;or*rsm; ydkrdkcdkifrmpGm yl;aygif;rdvmonf/
9/ 'kwd,tBudrf jynfvHk;uRwf ausmif;om;oydwfwdkufyGJBuD;onf awmif;qdkcsufrsm; vufiif;tm;jzifh
tjynfht0 r&aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;atmifjrifcsufrsm;rSmum; HI;edrhf&jcif;rsm;xuf omvGefum ordkif;wGif
&pfrnfh atmifjrifcsufrsm; &SdcJhonf/
10/ 1920 jynfhwGif tufOya'udk jyifqifcsuf oydwfwdkufyGJrS r&Sdaom ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk 'kwd,
ausmif;om;oydwfu atmifjrifpGmjyifqifEdkifcJhonf/
11/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf a'gufwmbarmf? wuov
kd af umifp0D ifrsm;? Edik if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm;
ESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;rIaMumifh todPfrsm; zGHUNzdK;vmNyD;? rdrdudk,frdrd ,HkMunfvmum tpkd;&ESifh ygvDref
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; em;vnfvmonf/ Edik if aH &;vIyf mS ;rI? wGe;f vSerf EI iS Uf awGq
Y akH qG;aEG;a&;udk em;vnfvm
onf/ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rnfodkhuefhowf&rnf? wdk;csJY&rnfudk em;vnfvmonf/ tcsdefuefhowfrI?
vlxak xmufcrH \
I tquftoG,?f ud,
k u
Uf ,
kd u
f x
kd ed ;f csKyjf cif;ESihf Nird o
f ufpmG vdv
k m;csurf sm; qGq
J efw
h ifjyEdik yf kH
udk oabmaygufvmayonf/
12/ trsKd;om;wuodkvf ay:aygufvmayonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(A) e*g;eDpmtkyt
f oif;tp ausmif;om;u
Source: Unknown
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk yHkrSefowif;vTmrsm; jzefYcsd ausmif;rsm;wGif vdkufemap&ef aqmifGuf&rnf/
or*aG;aumufyGJrsm;udk usif;yNyD; AuonDvmcH qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk rvdkufemaom? yg0ifvkyfaqmifrI
rSdaom or* tzGJUcGJrsm;udk ta&;,lpdppf&rnf/
Auorsm;tzGJUonf tzGJU0ifwOD;OD;u trsKd;om;a&;vIyfSm;rIudk qefYusifvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? or*udk
qefYusifvQifaomf vnf;aumif; if;udk vsifjrefpGm pHkprf;ar;jref; or*rS trsm;pkjzifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsum if;udk
or*rS xkwfy,fEdkifonf/
-ponfwdkY jzpfonf/
88
OD;Ek
(1935-36)
Source: Internet
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
oydwpf pkH rf;a&;aumfrwDzUGJ jcif;? qmjrbl; acgif;aqmifaom pkpH rf;a&;aumfrwDzUJG jcif;jzifh oydwt
f a&;awmfyu
Hk kd
NyD;jywfapcJo
h nf/ ta&;awmfyo
Hk nf (3) vrQMumcJ\
h / or*Ou| ukEd o
k nf ausmif;om;rsm;\ cspMf unfav;pm;
rIudk cH&onf/ ukBd uD;Ek[
l xifmS ;cJ
h ,ckwikd yf if ac:vsuf SMd uao;onf/ or*Ou| oufwrf;ukeq
f ;Hk
wuov
dk rf S xGuo
f mG ;aomfvnf; or*wiG f jyemay:vmonft
h cg aSUaqmifajzSi;f jcif; jyKcJ&h avonf/
ukdEkonf wuokdvfrS xGufNyD; wkdYArmtpnf;tkH;okdY 0ifa&mufaqmifGufonf/ ppfrjzpfrDu wkdif;jynftm;
ynmay;&mwGif ausmMf um;cJah om e*g;eDpmtkyt
f oif;ukd xlaxmifc\
hJ / t*Fvyd ef ,fcsUJ orm;rsm; zrf;qD;jcif;cH&NyD;?
*syef0ifvmaomtcgrS vGwaf jrmufcahJ vonf/
*syefacwfwiG f tpk;d &tzGYJ Ekid if jH cm;a&;0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efc,
H cl o
hJ nf/ ppftNyD;wGif zqyvtzGYJ 'k-Ou|tjzpf
aqmifu
G cf NhJ yD;? Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;wkYd usqk;H aomtcg zqyv Ou|ESihf 0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvmcJah vonf/ 1956
ckepf ZGev
f wGif 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;rS Ekwx
f u
G cf jhJ yD; 1957 ckEpS rf wfvwGif 0efBuD;csKyf jyefjzpfco
hJ nf/
zqyv uGaJ omtcg oefYiS ;f zqyv Ou|tjzpf aqmifu
G
f Ekid af wmf0efBuD;csKyfyif jzpfjyefonf/ 1958 ck?
atmufwb
dk mvwGif Akv
d cf sKyfae0if;tm; tpk;d &tmPm vTaJ jymif;ay;cJjh yD;? 1960 ckEpS w
f iG f usi;f yaom taxGaxG
aG;aumufyBJG uD; jyD;aomtcg Ekid if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf tjzpfyif jyefv
f nfwifajrmufjcif; cH&jyefavonf/ (td;k a0)
90
1936 'kw,
d ausmif;om;oydwu
f mv ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;
0JrS,m- udn
k Kd jr? udEk k (vufnKd ;axmif pum;ajymaeol)? udx
k eG ;f wif? trnfrod? udx
k eG ;f tH?k udb
k at;? udt
k ek ;f ? trnfrod? udn
k Kd xeG ;f
pm;yJw
G zufjcrf;wGif xdik af eolrsm; (0Jr,
S m)- udck ifarmifuav;? trnfrod? udv
k aS z (Adv
k v
f uFsm)
udck ifarmifuav;
(aemif 0efBu;D Adv
k cf ifarmifuav;)
91
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
Source: Unknown
92
1936 ck wuov
kd o
f ydwaf rSmufaumifp0D ifrsm;
wDaubGef;
udkxGef;wif
OD;xGe;f ndK
udak tmifoed ;f
rpwmAm;rm;
udkbquf
udktkef;
udkvSarmif
udkoD[ef
udkbat;
Source: Unknown
udkGefh
93
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
aTw*d o
kH ydwpf cef;rS tvSLcHxu
G v
f maom ausmif;om;rsm;
aTw*d o
kH ydwpf cef;Icif;rsm;
xrif;csuw
f m0ef,&l aom td;k olBu;D tzJYG
Source: Unknown
94
1936 ck wuov
kd f oydwaf rSmuf&mwGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; &efuek Nf rKd w
Y iG ;f pDwef;vSnv
Uf nfMuonf
aSq
Y ;kH wef; vuf0b
J ufrS yxr trsK;d orD;- rcifjr (aemif ynma&;uxdu)? 'kw,
d - rtH;k (aemif ygVd ygarmu? rEav;)
1936 ckEpS ?f arv (10) &ufaehnwGif aTw*d &kH ifjyifay: ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; oydwv
f eS t
f pnf;ta0;usi;f yaeyHk
95
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
96
1936 ck &efuek w
f uov
kd f
'kw,
d ausmif;oydwf
okyaf zmfumwGe;f
1936 ck 'kw,
d ausmif;oydwf Ny;D aemuf wuov
kd rf *Zif; azmfjycJah om umwGe;f rsm;
97
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tcef; (7)
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif;ydik ;f
e,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; vGwv
f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1937 rS 1938)
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
12/ ukdwif
pma&; wkdYjzpfonf/
uk&d mSpo
f nf or* (2) ckpvkH;\ Ou|jzpfvmNyD;? ukdatmifqef; wuo twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfvmayonf/
if;wkdYonf ,leDAmpwDtufOya' jyifqifa&;vkyfief;ukd tvsiftjref jyifqifMu&ef vIHYaqmfcJhMuonf/ aESmifhaES;ae
aom jrbl;aumfrwD aqmifGufcsufrsm; vsifjrefvmap&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf/ 1936 oydwfESpfywfvnfaeYwGif
ausmif;om;rsm; xkt
d pD&ifcpH m jyifqifrI vsifjref&ef qEjycJo
h nf/ ukad tmifqef;ESihf uk&d mSpo
f nf a'gufwmbarmfEiS hf
awGUqkH jrbl;aumfrwD tpD&ifcHpm vsifjrefap&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf/
Source: Unknown
1937-38 wuo trIaqmiftzGJY ? (0JrS pa&aomf) 'kwd,- udkvSaT? wwd,- udkatmifqef; (abmifcyfxm;)? pwkw- Ou| udk&mSpf
(i) 'kw,
d tBurd f AuonDvmcH
1936 ck ausmif;om;oydww
f iG f udAk [de;f onf if;\ BudK;yrf;rIEiS hf vky&f nfuikd &f nfrsm;aMumifh xifSm;vm
ayonf/ 1936 ckwGif Arm[kokH; 1937 ck tpydkif; jrefrm? aemufydkif; 1938 ck aemufydkif;rSp 1962 cktxd Arm
[kac:onfh ArmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;uGezf &ifu
h kd rEav;wGif usi;f yonft
h cg udAk [de;f onf {nfch aH &; aumfrwD
Ou| jzpfvmonf/
(i-1) ukdA[def;rS ukdpdefckdokdh ay;ykdhaompm
'kwd,tBudrf
jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ifU{nUfcHaumfrwD
pmeHygwfA[kdtrsKd;om;ausmif;? rEav;NrdKU
aeYpGJ- 31-3-37
rdwfaqGMuD; ukdpdefckdcifAsm;
ay;pmukd &Sdygonf/ rdwfaqGMuD;wkdY NrdKUrSukd,fpm;vS,fwOD; apvTwfrnf[kod&ojzifh 0rf;ajrmufyg\/
uGefz&ifhtusdK;taMumif;ESifh ywfouf {nhfcHaumfrwD\ aMunmpmwrf;ukd yl;wGJxnfhvkdufyg\/ uGefz&ifh
tpDtpOfrsm;ukdvnf; owif;pmwkdufrsm;okdY ykdYxm;ojzifh rdwfaqGBuD;wkdY rMumrD awGUjrifMuygvdrfhrnf/
pmESifhtwl uGefz&ifh{nfhcHaumfrwD\ aMunmpmwrf;rsm;ukdvnf; wifydkYvkdufygonf/ pdwfxufoefaom
rsKd;cspfausmif;om; vli,ftaygif;wkdYxH a&mufatmif a0iSay;apvkdygonf/ okdYar;jref;ojzifh aus;Zl;wif
ygaMumif;/
A[def;
{nfUcHaumfrwD cs,f,mrif
101
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(i-2) ukdatmifqef;rS ukdpdefckdodkhay;pm
jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*toif;
ALL BURMA STUDENTS UNION
wuokdvf0if;
eHygwf --------------&efukefNrdKU-------------
UNIVERSITY ESTATE
No. ---------------Rangoon-------1937
tpD&ifcHygonf ukdpdefckdcifAsm;
ay;ykdYaompmukd &yg\/ rEav;uGefz&ifhodkY ukd,fpm;vS,fvTwfonf Mum;& 0rf;omyg\/
rD;&xm;bufrS rEav;vmvQif toGm;tjyef rkdif (100) txuf a0;aomc&D;twGuf 1 tcrQom
ay;&ygrnf/ Oyrm 0g;c,frrS rEav;okdY rkdif (150) a0;onf qkdygpkdY? xkdc&D;toGm;tjyef kd;kd;twGuf 4d^usvQif oufomcGifh&&ef kHykdifxHajymvQif 3d^- rQom ay;&ygrnf/ xkdoufomcGifhukd rwfv (23) &ufaeYrSp
arv (22) &uf txd &Ekdifygonf/ rkdif (100) ESifh (100) xufatmufusaom c&D;twGufum; rkdif (101) c&D;
twGuf usoifhonf pm;p&dwf 1 vkd&ygrnf/ Oyrm 0g;c,frrS rEav;okdY rkdif (100) odkYr[kwf rkdif (90) om
a0;onfqkdMuygpkdY? kd;kd;twkdif; toGm;tjyef pm;p&dwf 3d^- usvQif? rkdif (101) c&D;twGuf toGm;tjyef
p&dwfum; 3d^- 4d^- us\/ okdYjzpfvQif xkdrkdif (100) okdYr[kwf (90) oma0;onfh c&D;toGm;tjyeftwGuf
oufomcGifh&vQif 3d 4J \ 1 om ay;&ygrnf/ okdYjzpf tp 2d 7J om usygrnf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif rkdif
(100) xufyo
dk nfh toGm;tjyef c&D;twGuf k;d k;d ay;&rnfh tp\ 3^4 omay;& rdik w
f &mESihf w&mxufenf;aom
c&D;toGm;tjyeftwGuf rdkif 101 toGm;tjyefEIef;\ 3^4 om ay;&ygrnf/ odkYjzpf rdkifw&mxufydkaom c&D;
twGuf oufomcGifh&ygonf/ xkdxufenf;aom c&D;twGuf oufomcGifhrsm;pGm r&/ Tikcet rsm;udk tp
c&D;puyJ Return Ticket yg ygonfh vufrSwfrsm;ukd 0,f&ygvdrfhrnf/
rD;oabFmESifh rEav;rS vmvQif toGm;tjyef c&D;p&dwf\ 3^4 avsmhygvdrfhrnf/ Oyrm- 0g;c,frrS
rEav;okYd toGm;tjyef rkdif (300) Sd p&dwfNyD; kd;kd;twkdif;usvQif 6^-omay;&ygrnf/ okdYaomf yxrqkH;
aiG 9d^- k;kd k;d twdik ;f oabFmvufrw
S cf o
H nft
h cg ay;&ygvdrrhf nf/ onfvadk iGay;onft
h aMumif; ajypmjzwfyidk ;f ukd
awmif;yg/ if;jzwfyidk ;f ESiw
hf uG rdwaf qG\ vdypf mtjynft
h pkyH g uRefawmfxYdk xH ykYd vu
dk yf g/ xkt
d cg uRefawmfwYdk u
{&m0wDrD;oabFmukrPD refae*smxH axmufcHpma&;vkdufvQif cifAsm;ay;NyD;rS 3d^- ukd jyef &ygvdrfhrnf/
uGefz&ifhtaMumif;odvkdvQif rEav;odkY pkHprf;yg/ ,cktcg ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;vTwfrnfh or*toif;
rsm;rSm (30) cefYSd rnfaGUrnfrQ vTwfrnfrodao;/ xkdYjyif or*toif;r[kwfaom tjcm;e,frsm;rS ukd,fpm;
vS,f vTwfrnf Mum;od&ygonf/ xkdaMumifh ausmif;om;aygif;rnfrQudk ukd,fpm;vS,fykdYrnf wyftyfaocsm
rajymEkdifao;yg/
yl;wGJyg uGefz&ihfEId;aqmfpm ykdYvkdufygonf
atmifqef;
102
jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*toif;
ALL BURMA STUDENTS UNION
wuokdvf0if;
eHygwf --------------&efukefNrdKU-------------
UNIVERSITY ESTATE
No. ---------------Rangoon-------1937
atmifqef;
103
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(i-4) ukdjrpdefokdh ukdatmifqef;rSay;pm
jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*toif;
ALL BURMA STUDENTS UNION
wuokdvf0if;
eHygwf --------------&efukefNrdKU-------------
UNIVERSITY ESTATE
No. ---------------Rangoon, 27th March, 1937
wuokdvf0if;
eHygwf --------------&efukefNrdKU ------------
UNIVERSITY ESTATE
No. ---------------Rangoon, 20th March, 1937
Ko Mya Sein
C/O U Gone Man
Bassein
104
105
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(i-7) Auo nDvmcH usif;yjcif; jrifuGif; (arv 9-10 &uf 1937)
rEav;uGefz&ifh jzpfajrmuf&ef udkatmifqef;? ukdA[def;? ukdodef;atmifwkdY wESpfausmf MudK;yrf;cJh&avonf/
ukad tmifqef;qkv
d Qif twGi;f usus acgif;aqmifyidk ;f taeESihf uGezf &ift
h pDtpOf? rdeYf ceG ;f twkrd sm; nEd idI ;f aqG;aEG;vsmxm;
csufrsm;? rEav;rS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;eJYnd? &efukefa&mufvmwJh e,fausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk
Sif;jyNyD; pnf;kH;cJh&onf/ &efukefrvmEkdifaom e,fausmif;om;awGqD pma&;Sif;csufxkwfjcif;? ar;jref;csufawG
jyefMum;jcif;? pDpOfvsmxm;ykH tMurf;zsif; ay;ykdYjcif;rsm; pmtBudrftBudrf tjyeftvSef qufwkdufvkyfcJh&onf/
rEav;uGefz&ifh atmifatmifjrifjrif NyD;ajrmufoGm;jcif;onf {nfhcHaumfrwDxJwGif yg0ifaom rEav;
ausmif;om;rsm;\ BudK;yrf;rIESifh ukdatmifqef;? ukdvSaz? ukdodef;atmifwkdY\ tultnD? pnf;kH;rI? {nfhcHaumfrwD
cs,f,mrif ukdA[def;\ raerem; vkH;yrf;tm;xkwfrI? qufqHa&; acsmarmajyjypfrI? tajymtqkd odrfarGYEl;nHHhrIwkdY
aMumifh te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS vmMuaom ukd,fpm;vS,f tm;vkH;vkdvkdu todtrSwfjyKMuavonf/ ukdA[def;onf
{nfhcHaumfrwD zGJUNyD;NyD;csif; Armjynf tNrdKUNrdKUu ausmif;om;or*awGu wuf<uaom ausmif;om; wOD;csif;awGqD
pmtwefwef BudKa&;NyD; pnf;kH;vIHYaqmfcJhonf/
1937 arv (9) &uf? eHeuf (8) em&D tcsdefrSp rEav;NrdKU? A[kdtrsKd;om;ausmif;0if;BuD; twGif;
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ifh 'kwd,tBudrf usif;y\/ xkduGefz&ifhokdY NrdKUay:rS vlBuD;vlaumif;rsm;ESifh
yef'pf*sm0gvmael; pum;ajymqkdcsufukd emMum;&efvmaom ukvm;vlrsKd;wkdYrSm rsm;jym;vS\/
tpnf;ta0;rprD eHeuf (9) em&D tcsdefcefY 0wfvkHawmf& OD;ausmfjrifh? or*toif;Ou|a[mif; ukd&mSpf?
Ou|opf ukdatmifqef;? {nfhcHtzGJUcs,f,mrif ukdA[def;wkdYu yef'pf*s0gvmael;ESifh if;\orD;tm; tpnf;ta0;
pifjrifhay:okdY ac:aqmif eHeuf (9) em&Dxkd;onfESifh wNydKifeuf wdkYArmoDcsif;udk wnDwnmwnf; tm;vkH;rwfwyf
&yf oDqkdMuonf/
ukdA[def;rdefhcGef;
udAk [de;f
xkdYaemuf 1936 wuokdvfor* Ou| ukd&mSpfu 1937 wuoOu| ukad tmifqef;tm; if;&mxl;vTaJ y;
& wm0efausyeG v
f rd rhf nf[k ajym ESpcf sKyt
f pD&ifcpH m tjzpftysuu
f dk Si;f vif;onf/ xkad emuf jrefrmhEidk if aH &;? ynma&;?
jrbl;aumfrwD tpD&ifcpH m? uif;bJvt
f pD&ifcpH mwkYdEiS hf ywfouf aqG;aEG;Muonf/
xkad emuf Ou|opf udak tmifqef;u yef'pf*s0gvmael;tm; uGezf &ifBh uD; zGiv
hf pS &f efEiS hf rdeYf ceG ;f ajymMum;&ef
yefMum;ojzifh yef'pf*s0gvmael; rdefYcGef;ajymMum;onf/
arv (9) &ufaeY? nae (6) em&Dcw
JG iG f wuov
dk o
f r*toif; Ou|topf ukad tmifqef;u obmywd tjzpf
aqmifu
G Nf yD; rdeYf ceG ;f ajymMum;onf/ xkYd aemuf ukad tmifqef;onf jiif;ckzH ,
G rf Sad om atmufygtqku
d kd wifoiG ;f onf/
urmvk;H qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm;toif;BuD;ESihf jrefrmEkid if aH usmif;om;rsm;toif;BuD; qufo,
G &f ef? if;tqkd
ukd ukdvSaTu axmufcHonf/
106
107
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
help bring freedom, prosperity and contentment to nation. Who will give credence to the doctrine
that out of slavish education comes a lordly mentality and freedom. Admitting, for purposes of
argument that exertion in education create a large numbers of educated persons in the country and
that we do not gain say that the country that has a big number of educated persons is more
advanced, yet there comes the problem which is hard of solution - the unemployment problem that
shadows the quantitative regress of education.
To solve this problem, the question of economics must be touched. When we face the
problem of Bumas economic recovery and a square meal for every body, the alien capitalists who
hold the key positions looms large and grim in the picture, with Burmas slavedom as a background. When we realize this, the longing for the attainment of worldly bliss and contentment
freedom is the deciding factor. Therefore, is it not proper that we comrades should participate in
politics? Politics, Economics and Education are three very deluding expressions. Should a
foreigner suggest to a Burman, Dont you dabble in politics?, the Burman would no feel it at all;
but should he be advised; Dont you strive to regain your freedom? It would hard him to the
quick. Therefore, to be brief, let us not pay attention or be misled by words and expressions or
shibboleths. As we are Burmans, let us try for Burmas advancement. Whoever hinders us in this
endeavour not him as an energy of the nation.
Comrades, the problems that we are said to tackle such as costly but valueless system of
education, illiteracy, the daily growing menace of unemployment. Imperialism, defense against
Fascism, prevention of breach of war, etc. are such problems by the judicious handling of which, I
am confident the status of Burma would be raised by one step.
Comrades, in the earlier part of my address, I have said that our deliberations will have a
salutary effect on the world. I will briefly explain how the world will benefit. That the world is
menaced by war, all of us know. Consuming with the fire of greed, fire of hatred and fire of pride one
nation is growling x with menace at the other. Knowing how terrible and how frightful the last war
was, the people are clamoring for peace. The means of achieving peace is in the hands of the
youths.
There are students association in many parts of the world and they are striving for peace.
We also joining and cooperating with youth movement of the other countries should crush
imperialism and Fascism and bring peace, plenty and prosperity to the world.
(p) 'kw,
d tBurd f Auo nDvmcH qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tcrJhrlvwef; ynmroifrae&aom Oya'jyKvkyf xkwfjyefoifhaMumif; xifjrifoabm&
onfhtwkdif; wkdufwGef;aMumif; tqkdukd ukdGefYwifu wifoGif; awmifil ukdxGef;armifu axmufcHonf/
(2)
aTbkdSd txufwef;aeSife,fausmif;ESifh tjcm;NrdKUrsm;Sd aeSife,fausmif;rsm;ukd tpkd;& todrSwfjyK&ef
tqkdukd aTbkd ukdodef;armifu tqkdwifoGif; rEav; ukdA[def;u axmufcHonf/
(3)
jrefrmjynftpk;d & ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESihf pufrv
I ufro
I ifausmif;rsm; trsKd;rsKd;zGiahf y;&ef tpnf;ta0;BuD;
u wkdufwGef;aMumif; tqkdudk ukdomxGef;u wifoGif; ukdausmfpdef (a&eHacsmif;) u axmufcHonf/
(4)
jrefrmjynf ausmif;wkdif;ausmif;wkdif;wGif tcgtcGifhMuHKonfh yGJrsm;jzpfap? trsKd;om;aeYrsm; jzpfap?
wkYd ArmoDcsi;f rsm;ukd pdww
f uf<uap&eftwGuf oDq&dk ef wku
d w
f eG ;f aMumif; tqku
d dk ukad tmifoed ;f u wifoiG ;f
ukdjrwfom'Gef;u axmufcHonf/
tqkdrsm; qkH;jzwfjyD;aemuf oydwfarSmufacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfaom ukdEku pum;ajymMum;onf/
arv (11) &ufaeYwGif trsKd;om;wuokdvf &efykHaiGtwGuf rEav;NrdKUay: ausmif;om;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;
vSnfhvnfaumufcHMuonf/
(1)
Ou|
'k-Ou|
twGif;a&;rSL;
tkd;a0t,f'Dwm
aiGxdef;
pma&;
Auo trIaqmiftzJGY
(1) ukdatmifqef;
(2) ukdvSaT
(3) ukdjrpdef
(4) ukdA[def;
(5) ukdodef;[ef
(6) ukdvSarmif
(7) ukdausmfjrifh
(8) ukdxGef;wif
(9) ukdoef;wif
(10) ukdxGef;pdef
(11) ukdzkd;tkH
(12) ukdbZH
(13) ukdpkd;armif
109
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
wuo trIaqmiftzGJY
(1) ukdb*srf;
(2) ukdvSaT
(3) ukdvSarmif
(4) ukdat;ausmf
(5) ukdndKjr
(6) ukdbSrf;
(7) ukdatmifqef;
(8) ukdAaqG
(9) ukdwifarmif
(10) ukdjrSdef
(11) ukdxGef;az
(12) ukdA[def;
(13) ukdpkd;armif
Ou|
'k-Ou|
pmMunfhwkdufrSL;
Editors and publicity officer
aiGxdef;
(Ex: Office)
(Manager away)
(t,f'Dwm Union News)
(Inter University Affairs)
(Chairman-social Sub Committee)
(Z) 'kw,
d tBurd f ArmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;or* uGezf &ifrh S wwd,uGezf &ifh rwkid rf D tpD&ifcpH m
(Z-1) jrbl;aumfrwD
'kwd,uGefz&ifhu qkH;jzwfvkdufonfhtwkdif; or*toif;BuD;\ tvkyftrIaqmifu atmufygyk*dKvfrsm;
yg0ifaom wuokdvftufOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrwD ukd zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
(1) OD;ausmfjrifh
0wfvkHawmf&
(2) a'gufwmxifatmif
0wfvkHawmf&
(3) OD;wifarmif
t,f'Dwm? e,l;bm;rm;
(4) OD;xGef;oef;
t,f'Dwm? bm;rm;*sme,f
(5) ocifodef;armif
wkdYArmtpnf;tkH;
(6) udk&mSpf
(Auotoif;BuD;\ Ou|a[mif;)
(7) ukdatmifqef;
(Auotoif;BuD;\ vufSd Ou|) (aqmfMool)
txufyg aumfrwDonf jrbl;aumfrwDtpD&ifcHpmukd tao;pdwf pOfpm;aqG;aEG;NyD; wuokdvftufOya'
jyifqifa&;tpD&ifcHpmukd a&;om;cJhonf/ if;rSjrbl;aumfrwD\ tpD&ifcHpmESifU ywfouf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*toif;rS
cefhxm;tyfaom wuokdvfjyifqifa&;aumfrwDrSwfwrf;
jyqkdtyfaomrSwfwrf;rSm ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;toif; tvkyftrIaqmifu rEav;NrdKUwGif
arv (10) &ufaeY usi;f yonfh 'kw,
d tBudrf ArmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;uGezf &ifh qk;H jzwfcsuf trSwf (4)
t& cefYxm;tyfaom wuov
dk t
f ufOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrwDu ynma&;zuf jrefrmjynftpk;d &okYd wifoiG ;f aom
rSww
f rf;jzpfonf/ tvkyt
f rIaqmifrmS ZGev
f (17) aeYwiG rf S awGUqkEH idk
f tqkyd gaumfrwDzUJG pnf;&ef txl;usyfwnf;
aeonfudk awGU&ygaMumif;? tcsKUd u aumfrwDwiG f cefYxm;vkad om yk*Kd vBf uD;rsm;rSm e,fwiG f adS e waMumif;? wcsKdUrSm
txl;udpr sm;ae waMumif;? tvkyt
f rIaqmifrmS yk*Kd vBf uD; ( 6) a,mufrQom qkcH NhJ yD; aumfrwDwiG f cefYxm;Ekid af Mumif;?
if; (6) a,muf teufrv
S nf; (2) OD;aom yk*Kd vfBuD;wkYd rmS rvTrJ uif;omojzifh uREkyf w
f Ydk tm; rulnED ikd yf gaMumif;?
okYdjzpf&m useyf *k Kd vBf uD;rsm;jzpfaom 0wfvakH wmf& OD;ausmjf rif?h uk&d mSp?f ocifoed ;f armif? OD;wifarmifEiS hf usaemfwYdkonf
(8) &ufwkdifwkdif aeYpOfpOf;pm; tjrefrSwfwrf;wif&ygaMumif;/
rSww
f rf;ukd tvkyt
f rIaqmifu aemufZv
l idk f (28) &ufaeY pnf;a0;aomtcg Oya'jyKtzGUJ 0if trwfrif;
wkdYESifh tjcm;jynfolwkdYtm; xkwfa0&ef cGifhjyKvkdufygaMumif;? okdY&mwGif tjcm;tvkyfudp txl;rsm; vkyfom;
110
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
Xmeu pwkdifyif axmufyHh&efqkdaom tcsufudkvnf; oabmwlyg\/ if;tjyif tjyifty woD;wjcm;
qif;&JEGrf;yg; xkdufoifhaom qif;&Jaom? ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vkH;twGuf wuokdvfynm&&eftwGuf
wckwnf;aom enf;vrf;[k uREkyf w
f Ydk txl;,kMH unfaom t&mum; aemufq;Hk wuov
dk pf mar;yGaJ tmifNyD;
aumvdyrf sm;wGiaf eaom pmoifausmif;om;rsm; oifMum;tyfaom tcsdeaf phNyD;aom tcgrsKd; tjcm;tvGwf
ausmif;om;rsm;ukd k;d k;d wuov
dk f pmar;yGt
J m;vk;H ukd 0ifa&mufajzqkEd idk &f ef cGijhf yKjcif;yifjzpfygaMumif;? xkad Mumifh
qkdcJhNyD;aom enf;t&vnf;aumif;? qkdvwHUaom pnf;urf;rsm;t& vnf;aumif;(1) wuokdvfokdY0ifcGifh&aom ausmif;om;wkdif; Oypmwef;pmar;yGJukd tvGwf0ifcGifh& wzef 'D*&D pmar;
yGJukd uefYowfaom tcsdefNyD;aemuf 0ifcGifh&&ef?
(2) tpk;d &aq;ausmif;rS vnf;aumif;? tpk;d &pufrv
I ufrI ynmoifausmif;rS vnf;aumif;? bDtpdk aD umvdyf
rS vnf;aumif;? vkdifpifvufrSwf&aom Oypmwef;rS vnf;aumif; atmifaomolwkdif; (3) ESpfrQ
q&m0ef (okdYr[kwf) pufq&m? tif*sifeD,mtjzpf jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf trfbDbDtufpf pmar;yGJukd
vnf;aumif;? tif*sifeD,m bDtufpDpmar;yGJukd vnf;aumif;? 0ifcGifhay;&ef (tu,f uJhokdY
trfbDbDtufpf atmifaom ausmif;om;rsm; NAdwdoQ aq;bufqkdif&maumifpDu todrSwfrjyKvQif
b,fuJhokdY jyKvkyf vQif todrSwfjyKrnfjzpfaMumif; pkHprf;ajymay;apvkdygaMumif;)/
7/ tqkdyg pnf;urf;csufrsm;tjyif tm;vkH;tvGwf0ifausmif;om;rsm;twGuf jzpfap? tcsKdUtwGufjzpfap
vkdonfhtavsmuf atmufyg pnf;urf;csufrsm;udk xm;EkdifygaMumif;(1) avmu"gwf 'D*&DbUJG xl; (okYd r[kw)f 'pfyvkrd mvufrw
S t
f wGuf twef;tpm;t& vkt
d yfaom vufawGU
tvkyu
f dk todrw
S jf yKtyfaom "gwfcJG w
Hk iG f vkyzf ;l aMumif; oufaocHpm wifjy&ef (okYdr[kw)f xkv
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ajrmufwif vlBuD;rSm ausmif;om;r[kwfonfh wuokdvfbGJUxl;&olrsm;om r[kwfbJ tjcm;vlMuD;rsm;rS
vnf; ajrmufEkdifcGifh &apvkdygaMumif;( tykd'f-32 ukdvnf; Munfhyg)/
45/ pmrsufESm (31) wGif ,leDAmpwDaumvdyfausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUokdY ausmif;tkyfMuD;u ajrmufolonf
ygarmucsnf; r[kwb
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pmrsufESm (34) yxr axmufcHcsufudk oabmwlygonf/ okdYr[kwf [kdufpul;pmar;yGJESifh wuokdvf
0ifcGifhpmar;yGJ cGJppf&ef tMuHay;ygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf (2) ck pvkH;ukdjzpfap? wckwefonfjzpf
ap 0ifEidk cf iG &hf S
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q&mrsm; txl;ojzifh txufwef;q&mBuD;rsm;rSm tcsdefykd vkHavmufpGm &Muonf[k xif\/ ,k'oef
aumvdyfwGif q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; txl;&if;ESD;Mu\/ ,leDAmpwDaumvdyfwGifum; xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
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ygvQif trSefokdY a&mufvdrfhrnf[k xifygaMumif;/ &efukefwuokdvfor*toif;ukdvnf; vwfwavm
aumvdyfESifh wuokdvfausmif;om;rsm;udpw
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aMumif;? if;tjyif or*toif;udk Oya'topfwGif pwufusLt&xm;vQif ab;jzpfp&m rjrifygaMumif;/
48/ wuokdvf wGJbufaumvdyfrsm;twGif; tvkkyfvkyfykHrsm;ESifh ywfouf pkHprf;a&;aumfrSifwck zGJUpnf;&ef
pmrsufESm (36) wGif azmfjyxm;aom qD;edwftzGJU\ awmif;yefcsufudk uREkfyfwdkYruefYuGuf? okdY&mwGif
xkdaumfrSifukdapmihfpm; tufOya'jyifqifa&;ukdum; raESmifhaES;apvdk/
49/ rSww
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f m; wuov
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rsm;ukd oifMum;&eftwGuf pnf;rsOf;ususee csxm;oifhonf[k xifygaMumif;/ ae&mwGif wuokdvf
onf tpd;k &ESihf yl;aygif; vkyu
f idk &f rnf jzpfaMumif;/ ,ckup xkt
d a&;twGuf pcef;poifNh yD jzpfaMumif;/
118
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
qkdif&m toif;kH;rsm; &Sd&ef MudK;yrf;aeMuonf/
8/ ArmjynftESHYtjym;wGif a&ab;? avab; qkdufa&mufojzifh vl (1) odef;ausmf tkd;rJhtdrfrJhtxd 'kujzpfcJh&m
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Jh nf/ Armjynf
a&ab;? avab;u,fq,fa&;tzGUJ u aumufcaH om u,fq,fa&;&HyaHk iGwiG f w0ufausmfausmfrmS ausmif;
om;rsm; aumufcHay;aomaiG jzpfonf/
9/ rEav;ausmif;om;uGefz&ifh qkH;jzwfcsuf trSwf (1) t& urmvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;toif;BuD;ESifh
qufoG,fxm;onf/ toif;MuD;u MuD;rSL; 1937 ck? Mo*kwfv (25) &ufaeYrS (28) &ufaeY txd
jyifopfjynf? yg&DNrdKUawmf usif;yaom urmvk;H qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;uGezf &ifo
h Ydk Armjynfausmif;om;rsm;
ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf "EkjzLOD;at;armiftm; wufa&mufapcJhonf/ Armjynf\ ukd,fpm;vS,f "EkjzLOD;at;
armifrSm jALkdac: A[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUodkYvnf; aG;aumufwifajrmufcH&onf/ (tifwmaeSife,f
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f ifrh f (ac:) urmvkH;qkdif&m vli,frsm;pka0;&m pcef;odkYvnf; "EkjzLOD;at;armif wufa&mufcJhonf/)
10/ 1291 ck? awmfovif;vqkwf? (2) &ufaeYwGif &efukefaxmifMuD; twGif; jyif;xefcsKyfwnf;aom
axmifOya'ukd uefYuGuf (166) &ufvkH; t[m&rrSD0JbJ rdrd\ twabm tykyfaumifudk pGefYcGmcJhaom
tmZmenf OD;0dpm&\ (8) Mudrfajrmuf txdrf;trSwfukd Auo toif;u BuD;rSL; ArmjynftESHUtjym;wGif
tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;ycJh\/ OD;0dpm&aeYESifh ywfoufaom pmwrf;ukdvnf; tajrmuftjrm;kdufum
if;aeYwGif a0iSurf;vSrf;cJhonf/
11/ Ekd0ifbmv (1) &ufaeYwGif jrefrmwEkdifiHvkH;wGif tpnf;a0;BuD;rsm; usif;y atmufyg qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;
csrSwfcJhonf/
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wnfw&hH m wnfwahH Mumif; jzpfaom yGv
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f ufrrhJ sm;jcif;? ppfjzpfjcif; ponfwYdu
k kd jzpfymG ;aponfh e,fcsUJ pepftwGi;f okYd vGecf ahJ om
(52) ESpu
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cJhonfhtwkdif; tNrdKUNrdKUSd ausmif;om;rsm;u vkdufemcJhonf/ xkdaeYwGif ]igwkdhtrsKd;om;0g'} ac: pmwrf;udk
kdufESdyf xkwfa0cJhonf/
13/ Auotoif;rS kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJhaom pmwrf;rsm;rSm(u) Auotoif;\ pnf;rsOf;Oya'
(c) rEav;uGefz&ifh\ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;
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(C) ausmif;om;rsm; Ekd;Mum;avmh (t*Fvdyfausmif;rsm;twGuf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh kdufESdyfonf)
(i) wuokdvftufOya'jyifqifa&; tpD&ifcHpm
(p) 0w&m;trGef (OD;0dpm&aeYtwGuf)
(q) e,fcsJUpepfukd igwkdYtvkdrSd (Ekd0ifbm? 11 &uftwGuf)
120
em,u
aiGxdef;
tusKd;aqmifpmcsD
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ukdarmifwif
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h sif;yjcif;onf Armjynf te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS ausmif;om;rsm; wOD;ESifh wOD; &if;ES;D apjcif;? awGUqkH
&mvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;? qif;&Jom;rsm;ta&;? wkdif;jynfta&;? urmMuD;\ta&; ponfhjyemrsm;ukd
bGif;bGif;BuD; aqG;aEG;&jcif;? NyD;cJhonf vkyfief;rsm;udk okH;oyfqifjcifNyD; oumv aSUtzkdY rnfonfhtvkkyfrsm;
vkyfaqmifrnf[k t"d|mefcsjcif;? vkyfief;tpDtpOf useaocsmjcif; ponfwkdYonf Auotoif;BuD;\ vkyfief;rsm;
jzpfonf/ uGezf &ifah tmifjrifrrI mS e,ftoD;oD;? NrdKUtoD;oD;rS ausmif;om;rsm;\ uk,
d pf m;vS,f rsuEf mS pkn
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121
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
jcif; tay:wnf&m ,ckusif;yrnfh ykodrfuGefz&ifhokdY NrdKUwkdif;? e,fwkdif;rS ausmif;om;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&muf
apoif\
h / jrefrmjynf NrdKUe,ftoD;oD;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; or*rsm; wnfaxmifa&;? jrefrmEkid if t
H 0Sr;f Sd ausmif;om;
rsm;tm;vkH; waygif;wpnf;wnf; jzpfEkdif&ef usif;yrnfh ykodrfuGefz&ifhwGif ausmif;om;pkHnDpGm wufa&mufap&ef
vIYHaqmfay;jcif; ponfwkdYtwGuf AuotvkyftrIaqmifrsm;ukd vlpkcGJ jrefrmjynftESYH apvTwfxm;onf/ NrdKUe,f
ausmif;om;or* rwnfaxmif&ao;aom NrdKUe,frsm;wGif tjrefraES; or*toif;rsm; wnfaxmifcg ykodrfuGefz&ifh
wufa&muf&ef udpudk zdwfMum;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; uGefz&ifhwGif bmawGajymrnf? bmawGvkyfrnf?
bmukad wmif;rnf ponfwYdkukd wifMudKpDrH xm;&rnfjzpfonf/ ykord u
f eG zf &ifEh iS hf yl;wG
J aEG&moDpcef;rsm;ESihf jrefrmEkid if H
vkH;qkdif&m tar;yGJrsm;ukd usif;yvdrfhrnf/
aEG&moDpcef;rsm; usif;y&jcif;rSm
1/ ArmjynfSd t&yf&yfausmif;om;rsm;onf wa,mufESifhwa,muf ykdrkd&if;ESD; wkd;wufaumif;rGefpGm
qufqH&ef?
2/ jrefrmjynfSd te,fe,fwkdY\ xl;axGaom taMumif;rsm;ukd ykdrkdodSdem;vnfEkdif&ef?
3/ ausmif;om;rsm;\EkdifiHa&; rsufpdtjrifus,fap&ef?
4/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh awmGmae aoG;&if;om;&if;rsm;jzpfaom trsKd;om;wkdY ykdrkd&if;ESD;ap&ef?
5/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf qif;&Jom;ypnf;rJhrsm;ESifh waoG;wpdwfwnf;SdaMumif;? if;wkdYESifh yl;aygif;
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wkdufckdufrnfjzpfaMumif;udk jyo&ef?
-ponf&h nf,
G cf sufrsm; ygSo
d nf/ aEG&moDpcef; atmifjrifap&eftwGuf tvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ 0if ukAd [de;f
tm; wm0efvTJtyfxm;avonf/
pvif;NrdKU
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rif;bl;
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123
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
69/ Mr. tDA&m[if
70/ ukdtifvkdif;
71/ ukdatmifBuD;
72/ ukdxGef;wif
73/ q&mqkd;
74/ ukdoef;Sdef
75/ ukdaua,mfpdef
76/ ukdxGef;armif
77/ ukdpHwif
78/ ukdazwif
79/ ukdatmifwif
80/ ukdb
81/ ukdwifaT
82/ ukdarmif0g
83/ ukdukdMuD;
84/ ukdwkd;,SOf
85/ ukdaomif;pdef
86/ ukdbaumif;
87/ ukdEkdifarmif
88/ ukdjroef;
89/ ukdbarmif
90/ ukdapm
91/ ukdukdMuD;
92/ ukdarmifnGefY
93/ ukdarmifarmif
94/ ocifwifjrifh
95/ ukdcspfjzL
96/ ukdba*;vf
97/ ukdtkef;jrifh
98/ ukdarmifarmifpdef
99/ ukdarmifpdef
100/ ukdvSMudKif
101/ ukdatmifaz
102/ ukdarmifarmifvGif
103/ ukdbabmf
104/ ukdEkdifarmif
xm;0,fNrdKU
aygif;wnfNrdKU
aygif;wnfNrdKU
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tif;pdef
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rvIdifNrdKU
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rEav;NrdKU (pDeD,m ISC ref;Oypmaumvdyf)
rEav;NrdKU
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tvkH
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jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
eHygwf (6) tqku
d dk a'gifMh u;D ukad zoifu wifoiG ;f ? rvIid f udak tmifwifu axmufco
H nf/ wuov
dk af usmif;om;
ukb
d av;u jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f (tcvGw)f rlvwef; ynmroifrae&[k jznfph u
G jf yifqifvsuf twnfjyKonf/
eHygwf (7) tqkdukd rkHGm ukdwifaqGu wifoGif;&m Oyrm Oyar,sjzifh wefqmqifvsuf rSwfom;zG,f&m
pum;rsm;jzifh ajymqkdaomfvnf; rdrdrauseyfaom tcsuftwGuf a'gopum;av;rsm;ygojzifh em,u ukdatmifqef;
u cPcP owday;&onf/ xdt
k qku
d dk a&eHacsmif; ukad usmpf ed u
f vnf; pum;ajymaumif;aumif;ESihf axmufccH o
hJ nf/
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uGufaMumif; trsm;yif 0ifa&mufajymqkdNyD;aemuf rJ,laomtcg (4) rJ? (7) rJESifh y,fvkdufonf/
eHygwf (8) tqkdukd &ckdifjynfu ukdbMudKifu wifoGif; udkpH&ifu axmufcH&m jyifqifjznfhpGuf&ef t
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141
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147
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148
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ukvm;rJ? rsufESmjzLrJwdkYjzifh toufSLae&aomaMumifhom ArmtusKd;udk tcGifh&oavmuf rpGrf;aqmifEkdifaom GefY
aygif;tpkd;&tzGJU wckvkH;tjzpfudk igwkdY GHUSmjcif;jzpfav\/ ArmtrsKd;om;csnf;yg0ifaom tpkd;&tzGJU ay:aygufvm
aom tcgwGifvnf; Armqif;&Jom;tusKd;udk vkH;aphywfaph pGrf;aqmifEkdifrnf[k igwkdYrarQmfudk;/ vufSd uRefArmjynf
tkyfcsKyfa&;t& zGJUpnf;tyfaom rnfonfh tpkd;&tzGJYrQ wkdif;jynfudk pdwfwkdif;usatmif rpGrf;aqmifEkdif? odkYaomf
trsKd;om; tpk;d &onf ukvm; rsufEmS jzL? rJrsm;ukd iJ&h aom tqk;d Gm;qk;H GeYf aygif;tpk;d & xufum; wkid ;f jynftusKd;ukd
ykdrkdaqmifGufEkdif vdrfhrnf[k igwdkY wxpfcs ,kHMunfaMumif;/ pufwifbmv (4) &ufaeY naetxd igwkdYonf
Oya'Murf; twnfjzpfajrmufa&; twGuf BudK;yrf;vsuf SMd uayao;onf/ okYd &mwGif wkid ;f jynftusKd;ukd ykrd adk qmifu
G f
Ekdifvdrfhrnf[l igwdkYwxpfcs ,kHMunfaMumif;/
150
151
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(yk*)H OD;b*sr;f
B.A., B.L.
(1937-38)
Source: Oway Magazines
152
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef; B. A
(1938-39)
Source: File Photo
tcef; (8)
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif;ydik ;f
e,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; vGwv
f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1938 rS 1939)
1.
2.
3.
4.
154
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
YJ efu
h siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
CHAPTER (II)
Membership and Subscriptions
Only the students, Graduates, Registered Graduates, members of teaching staff of the
University of Rangoon, and past students who have belonged to the University before the
formation of the Union, shall be admitted to membership of the Union except as provided in
section is of this chapter.
Explanation: - Students are those pursuing a course of study in the University with a view to
qualifying themselves for a degree, certificate or diploma in the University of Rangoon.
Those members of Union who are not or cease to be student members shall not enjoy the
right (except as provided in chapter VIII)
(1) to hold any office, and
(2) to vote at Business Meetings and elections.
Persons who are eligible for membership in the Union may apply to become members by
filling and submitting the membership form (which can be had from the General Secretary or
Hall Secretaries an application) duty proposed and seconded by two members of Union: such
applications shall be accompanied by the entrance fee and subscription mentioned in Section 4.
(1) A member who is admitted to the Union shall pay an entrance fee of rupee one.
(2) Student-members shall pay a yearly subscription of rupees two. The subscription shall be
payable in a lump sum at the time of admission.
(3) If a student is admitted to the membership of Union during the period extending from
November to May ( both months inclusive ) we shall pay the full yearly subscription.
(4) Non-Student members shall pay a life membership fee of rupees twenty-four, but it may be
paid in two equal installments, the first at admission and the second within six months
thereafter.
Members are liable to be fined, suspended or expelled.
Any member may resign from the Union by notifying his intention to the General Secretary
provided that he pays all sums due from him to the Union and provided also that the Executive
Committee accepts the resignation of the member after satisfying itself that all conditions
governing the resignation of membership have been fulfilled.
A member who shall resign under Section 6 shall cease to be a member of the Union except as
provided in Section 14.
A member who has resigned may be re-admitted to the Union on payment of an entrance fee
and the full subscription of the current year.
A member shall be expelled from the membership of the Union if a motion for his expulsion be
carried at a Business Meeting.
No motion for the expulsion of a member shall be proposed except by a member of the
Executive Committee and no motion shall be proposed for the expulsion of more than one
member.
No motion for the expulsion of a member shall be carried unless at least one-third of the
student members so voting shall have voted upon it and at least two-thirds of the members so
voting shall have voted in favour of it.
A member who has been expelled can be re-admitted only after a motion for his re-admission
has been carried at a Business Meeting.
The conditions for and restrictions upon the proposal and carrying of motions for re-admission
of a person who has been expelled from membership shall be the same as those imposed in the
155
16.
17.
18.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
156
case for the expulsion of a member by Section 9, 10, and 11 of this Chapter.
Any member who has resigned or has been suspended shall be liable to expulsion as if he was
still a member of the Union in respect of acts done while he was a member.
Upon re-admission, a member who has been expelled must pay an Entrance fee and the full
subscription for the current year and all sums due from him to the Union at the time of his
expulsion, which remain unpaid.
Any member who has resigned or has been suspended or expelled shall be excluded on all
occasions from the premises of the Union until and unless his suspension is removed or he
has been re-admitted.
The Executive Committee shall have power, by a majority of two-thirds of those present, to
cancel the membership of any member whom they shall consider not to be eligible for
membership of the Union, and no such member shall be re-admitted without the consent of
the Union at a Business Meeting by a simple majority of those voting. Any member who is the
subject of the such a decision by the Executive Committee shall have returned to him only the
subscription for the current year.
Harm any membership of the Union may, by a resolution carried at a Business meeting by a
majority of three-fourths of those voting, be conferred on persons of distinction provided
that at no time shall the member of such member exceed twelve and that in any academic year,
not more than three such members shall be elected.
CHAPTER (III)
The Property and Premises
No property of any description, designed for use in the premises of the Union shall be
removed from the premises without the permission of the Executive Committee, and the
penalty for such removal shall be a fine of five rupees and if the property so removed is lost
or damaged a further, liability for the current price of such property shall arise.
Any member who shall damage the property of the Union shall pay the expense incurred
on his account by the Union for repair or replacement.
The premises of the Union shall not be used for any other than the ordinary purpose of the
Union expect as provided in Chapter XX.
No one shall be allowed to play any game on stakes on the premises of the Union.
No alcoholic drink shall be stored or drunk on the premise.
The Executive Committee shall have power to regulate the admission of members and nonmembers to the premise and functions of the Union and it may from time to time frame rules
and issue direction for purpose.
CHAPTER (IV)
Officers of the Union
The following shall be the officers of the Union (1) The President
(2) The Vice-President
(3) The Treasurer
(4) The General Secretary
(5) The Librarian
(6) The Editor.
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
YJ efu
h siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(1) Only those members of the Union who have completed one year of membership of the
Union and who are whole time students shall be eligible for election to the offices of the
President, Vice-President, and General Secretary.
(2)(a) A member shall not be eligible for election to the office of the president, unless in
addition to the qualification laid down in Section 1 above, he has been a member of the
Executive Committee, either as an officer or as an ordinary member for at least one
academic year.
(2)(b) Members who have held office for at least one academic year in the Mandalay
Intermediate College Union shall be exempted from the qualification regarding one year's
membership of the Union laid down in sub-Section 1.
If any officer is absent from Rangoon for period exceeding one month continuously during
any term excluding the vacations or is unable to carry on his duties for one month continuously,
his office shall become vacant.
Any officer may resign his office by notifying his intention to the Executive Committee, but
he shall remain in office until a new officer has been elected in his place.
In case of any officer being absent from Rangoon for a period exceeding three days but not
exceeding thirty days (excluding the vacations) a new officer who shall affiliate in his place
during his absence shall be elected by the Executive Committee from among its members.
If any officer is censured by a Business Meeting, his office shall become vacant, and shall be
debarred from standing as a candidate for any election within one year thereafter.
If any officer shall become prematurely vacant by resignation or otherwise, the vacancy shall
be filled by-election within ten days of its becoming vacant, and the President shall conduct
such by election. Any member of the Union desirous of proposing a candidate for the vacant
office shall not less than two days before the day of election, submit to the president a
nomination paper showing the name of his candidate duty proposed and seconded and
signed by the candidate.
(1) Any officer if being elected to any office at any by-election, has to resign his former office.
(2) Any elected member of the Executive Committee if being elected to the office of President,
Vice-President or Treasurer at any by-election shall ipso facto resign his seat as an elected
member of the Executive Committee.
The term of office for any officer shall expire after General Election.
CHAPTER (V)
The President
The President shall be elected annually.
The President shall be Chief Executive Officer of the Union and shall have the general control
of its premise.
The President shall be the chairman of all meetings of the Union except sub-committees and
select committees.
The President shall be an ex-officio member of all committees and sub- committees.
The President after the expiry of his term of office, shall become an ex-officio member of the
Executive Committee for the ensuing year, but as an ex-officio member he shall not have the
power to vote.
The President shall after the expiry of his term of office never be eligible for re-election to that
office.
157
8.
9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
158
The President shall in case of emergency advise any office, member or servant of the Union
as to Unions rules and practices and any advice so give shall be reported by him to the
Executive Committee so that they may determine whether it is desirable to make any new rule
or practice upon the matter in question.
The President shall in urgent case have power, by giving not less than twenty-four hours
notice call a Special Meeting of the Union or to change the time or the day appointed for any
meeting.
The President shall not address the House from the Chair, except in his official capacity.
CHAPTER (VI)
The Vice-President
The Vice-President shall be elected annually at the same time as the President.
In the absence of the President his duties shall devolve upon the Vice-President, except as
provided in Section 3, 4 and Chapter IV.
The Vice-President shall be in the charge of the Executive department.
The Vice-President shall examine and sign all bills before they are handed over to the treasurer.
The Vice-President shall seven days before the last Business Meeting of each year, place
upon the boards a report for the outgoing term, which shall be read to the Union at the said
meeting and the members present shall have the right to discuss upon the report.
The Vice-President, if he is again not elected to any office after his term of office has expired
shall become an ex-officio member of the Executive Committee for the ensuing year, but as an
ex-officio member, he shall not have the power to vote.
CHAPTER (VII)
The Treasurer
The Treasurer shall be elected annually at the same time as the President and Vice-president.
Only those members of the Union who are graduates of this University and two years standing
as members shall be eligible for election to this office.
The treasurer shall supervise the collection of subscriptions fees and fines and be responsible
for the due application of the Unions revenues in accordance with the Budget provisions.
The Treasurer shall at the beginning of each year prepare and submit to the Executive
Committee for consideration and sanction a budget containing a detailed estimate of the
income and expenditure for the year together with a statement of all capital and invented
funds under each head of account. The Treasurer may with the consent of the Executive
Committee make transfers of funds from head of account to another provided that the total
amount of expenditure allotted in the Budget shall not be exceeded. The Treasurer shall after
Budget has been passed by the Executive Committee, place it upon the boards.
The Treasurer, may in the case of the late sum for any head of expenditure in the Budget being
insufficient demand additional provision for the head of expenditure and such demand, if
sanctioned by the Executive Committee shall be placed upon the boards by the Treasurer.
The Treasurer shall place upon the boards of the Union not less than fourteen days before
the last Business Meeting of each year a statement of all sums received and paid of liabilities
incurred of the balance in credit existing up to the time of the report and his statement shall be
read and considered at the meeting.
The Treasurer must not keep more than fifty rupees in his hand at a time as soon as he has
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
YJ efu
h siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.(1)
(2)
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4. (1)
more than rupees fifty in possession he must at once deposit all sums over and above fifty
rupees in the bank (mentioned in Chapter XI, section I) except as provided in section 9.
The Treasurer shall draw any sum in the name of the Union with the sanction of the Executive
Committee for the purpose of the expenditure provided of with Budget, but all withdrawal
forms or cheques must be counter-signed by the Vice- President.
The Treasurer shall issue reminders to the members of the Union who have not paid up their
subscriptions fees, fines and other liabilities to the Union within the prescribed period and
inform the General Secretary the names of members, who are liable to be suspended according
to rules.
The Treasurer shall account to his successor for all money received and paid by him up to the
time of his leaving office and shall supply his successor with an account of all Union Funds.
CHAPTER (IX)
Hall Secretaries
The Executive Committee shall annually appoint one or more secretaries from among the
members of the Union for each Hall and for the day students.
A Hall Secretary must be a resident of the Hall for which he is appointed and he shall ipso
facto vacate his office if he goes out of residence in that hall.
A day student secretary must be a day student of the college for which he is appointed and
he shall ipso facto vacate his office, if he closes be a day student or leaves the college.
The President may convene meetings of the Hall secretaries and the General Secretary and he
shall be the chairman of such meetings.
The Hall Secretaries shall make known to the residents of their Halls the nature and object of
the Union and collect Union subscriptions from them.
The Hall Secretaries shall do such other work as may be assigned to them by the President in
connection with the Union in their respective Halls.
CHAPTER (X)
The Executive Committee
The Executive Committee shall consist of
(1) The President,
(2) The Vice- President,
(3) The Treasurer,
(4) The Librarian,
(5) The Editor,
(6) Six members elected by the members of the Union including the General Secretary
(7) Ex- Officio members
(8) The Editor and librarian shall be appointed by the Executive Committee either from among
the six elected members of the committee or from among the student members of the Union.
The election of the members mentioned in Section I, Clause 6, shall ordinarily take place
annually after the election of officers.
Only members of the Union who have been members for at least one year and are still students
of the University, shall be eligible for election to the Executive Committee.
The President and the Vice-President of the previous year the Committee for the current year
as provided in Chapter 5 and 6.
159
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
1.
160
Members who have been members of the Executive Committee of the Mandalay Intermediate
College Union shall be exempted from the qualification regarding one years membership of
the Union Laid down in sub-Section 1.
The General Secretary shall summon all meetings of the Executive Committee at the direction
of the President who shall be the Chairman of the Committee.
The General Secretary shall record the minutes of all meetings of the Committee.
The Executive Committee shall appoint all sub-committees as provided and may also appoint
any sub-committee not specifically provided for.
The Executive Committee shall consider and pass orders on the budget presented by the
Treasurer as provided in Chapter 7, Section 5and 6.
The Executive Committee shall receive all donations endowments and other such moneys as
may be given to the Union.
The Executive Committee shall appoint tradesmen to be employed by the union.
The Executive Committee shall budget to the control of the whole House at their Business
Meetings, regulate the appointment and dismissal of the Unions servants and determined
from time to time the salaries and wages of such servants.
The Executive Committee shall make such reports to the whole House at their Business
Meetings with regard to the appointment and remuneration of the Unions servants and with
regard to the tradesmen employed by Union, as the Committee may from time to time determine.
The Executive Committee shall, subject to the control of the whole House at their Business
Meetings make rules for the position of fines on members of the Union.
The Executive Committee shall subject to the control of the whole House at their Business
Meetings, fix the time and period within which the premises will be open.
The Executive Committee shall have power to invite any person or persons not being members
of the Union to speak at any debate or to deliver lectures at Special Meetings.
Five members shall from a quorum for any meeting of the committee.
No member of the Executive Committee shall vote by pray.
Any member of the Executive Committee any ask the president to call a meeting of the
Committee and the president shall convene such meetings as he may deem necessary.
The Committee shall meet to consider motions for business to be put before Business meetings.
The officer concerned shall present their reports at business Meetings as required by the
provisions of the Constitution.
Any elected member of the Executive Committee (other an officer) who goes out of residence
from Rangoon for a period exceeding thirty days during full term of the University or absents
himself from three consecutive meetings of the Committee shall cease to be a member of the
Committee and a new member shall be elected in his place. Members absent from consecutive
meetings of the Committee shall be reminded of their absence by the General Secretary.
The Executive Committee may spend a sum not exceeding thirty rupees in any one term for
exceptional purpose, in pursuance of the objects of the Union in addition to the provisions,
made in the budget and the additional grants mentioned in Chapter 7, Section 6.
CHAPTER (XI)
Finance
All funds accruing to the Union shall be deposited to the credit of the Union in a bank
appointed by the Executive Committee.
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
YJ efu
h siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
(23)
(24)
(25)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(1)
An ordinary fund shall be created in to which shall be paid all sum derived from fees,
subscriptions, fines and other sources allotted to meet the annual expense of the Union.
A reserve shall be created, into which shall be paid sum derived from endowments, donations
interest on investments, or other than those mentioned in Section 2 of this chapter. At least
two-thirds of the balance left from the ordinary fund annually shall be transferred to this fund.
No part of the reserve fund shall be used for any purpose except for replacements of damaged
or worm out furniture and equipment or except by virtue of a resolution passed at a Business
Meetings.
The Executive Committee shall prescribe form or cheque for voluntary subscriptions and
donations towards the Reserve Fund.
The Executive Committee shall appoint a qualified auditor annually.
The accounts of the income and expenditure of the Union shall every year in July be audited
by the auditor (Section 7) and the audited accounts together with the auditors report under
his signature shall be placed upon the boards not less than fourteen days before the first
Business Meeting of the Academic year of the University. The Treasurer shall present his
report at that meeting.
The presidency shall check the account and bank books.
The Chairman shall be the sole judge on any point of order and may call any member to order
at any meeting and shall have power to take such action as he may think necessary to enforce
his decisions.
There shall be no voting proxy at any meeting.
A meeting adjourned for lack of quorum shall not require a quorum and the date to which it
has adjourned.
CHAPTER (XII)
Business Meetings
At Business Meetings the financial and administrative business of the Union shall be
transacted.
At such meetings motions for rejection of any act or resolution of the Executive Committee
which is alleged to be in excess of the powers conferred upon the said Committee by the
constitution may be moved.
At such meetings the following motions may be moved;
(1) Motion to amend, add to, or repeal the constitution
(2) Motion for expulsion of any member of the Union.
(3) Motion for re-admission of expelled members.
(4) Motion to censure any office of the Union.
(5) Motion to reverse any decision of the President, under Chapter 5, Section 7.
(6) Motions for appointment of a select Committee for any purpose relating to the Union.
Question relating to the working of the Union or affecting the interest of the Union may be
asked.
The decision arrived at such meetings shall be final.
The procedure at Business Meeting shall be governed by the following rule:A Business Meeting shall be held at least once at the end of each University term, the last
meeting taking place in February; but the president shall have the power to convene emergency
161
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
162
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
YJ efu
h siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
1.
(1)
(2)
2.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
At special Meetings,
Motions affecting the interests of the students of the University shall be moved, or
Lectures or address may be delivered an any subject or topic other than religious, by any
person and the invitation of the Executive Committee.
The procedure at special meeting shall be governed by the following rules:The president shall fix the day time at which the meeting is to be held and shall gave power to
hold such meeting in place of any data debate.
The Executive Committee shall, and presentation of a requisition of not less than thirty
members of the Union, convene a special meeting. Such requisition shall state in writing the
object for which the meeting is to be called.
The procedure for the satisfaction and submission of motions and amendments shall be the
same as for Business Meeting, but the President shall put before the Executive Committee all
such motions and amendments.
The procedure on motions and amendments shall be governed by the rules prescribed
for Business Meetings except in case of lectures and address.
163
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
164
No motion shall be moved if a meeting is specially called for the lectures or address.
CHAPTER (XIV)
Debates
Meeting for debates shall be held as far as possible every Friday during full term of the
University except as otherwise decided by the president.
The Debates may be either in Burmese or in English as decided by the president.
The Debates may be any subject other than a religious subject.
The selection of motions for debates shall rest solely with the president.
Any member may suggest a motion for debate and signify his willingness to move it by a
written intimation to the President in selecting motions for debates the President shall take
into consideration suggestions so made.
The President shall be responsible for providing a motion for every debate and he shall
choose at least four principle speakers, i.e. a move and his supporter, and an opposer and his
supporter for each motion.
The Chairman, shall if so directed by a meeting, adjourn the meeting from time to time and day
to day, no Business shall be transacted at an adjourned meeting other than the business left
unfinished at the meeting at which the adjournment took place.
No motion for adjournment shall be moved for any purpose other than that of continuing the
debate an subsequent day.
In the absence of the President, a Chairman of the meeting shall be elected by the members
present from among themselves.
CHAPTER (XV)
Meeting in General
Procedure on motions, resolutions, and amendments at meeting of the Union in general shall
be governed by the following rules:
The speaker shall address the chair and may not read their speeches.
Every motion at a meeting shall be seconded, otherwise it shall drop.
Any motion or amendment standing in the name of a member who is absent from the meeting
or who declines to move it may be moved by other another member with the permission of the
chair.
No motion or amendment once moved shall be with drawn without the leave of the House.
No speech on any motion of amendment shall exceed fifteen minutes but the chairman shall
have power to extend this time.
A member who rises with the permission of the chairman to speak an the conclusion of a
speech has the right to be heard. In case of competition, the chairman shall decide who is in
possession of he meeting.
Except as here in after provided, a member having spoken to a motion is not at liberty to speak
again to such motion.
Any member may (even whilst another is spoken) rise to explain any misconception of
expressions used by him but he shall not make a speech.
There shall be no personal reference to any member except in censure motions and than only
provided that such reference is relevant to the subject.
Any member may call the Chairmans attention to a point of order even whilst another is
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
YJ efu
h siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
1.
2.
165
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
166
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
YJ efu
h siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The President elect shall conduct the election for the Executive Committee not later than two
weeks after his election.
If there be more than six candidates for the Executive Committee, the election shall be conducted
by a straight vote. Every member entitled to vote shall have one vote for each seat, but he
shall vote give more than one vote to the same candidate. The six candidates on the top of the
poll shall be declared elected.
The counting of votes shall take place on the someday or on the day following the poll in the
presence of the officers, tellers and candidates or their authorized representative and the
results shall be published on the boards and the officer who conducted the election shall call
out the names of the candidate elected at the first meeting of the House following the election.
In the election shall decide the issue by his casting vote.
No distinguishing mark shall be placed upon the notice issue against the names of candidate
who have served on the Executive Committee or as officers of the Union before.
Every election shall take place by ballot; and the voting papers shall be in such form as the
president or the Returning officer shall direct.
No member shall vote by proxy.
The nomination or voting papers shall not be published in any case or shall they be
subsequently examined unless a scrutinizing be demanded by a candidate or his propose or
by at least ten members of the Union within three days of the announcement of the results of
the election, when the President, thinks fit shall empower two ex-members or ex-officio members
of the Executive Committee to examine the voting paper; and they shall make a report to the
President, whose decision on the question shall be final.
If a requesting signed by fifty or one- fourth of the student members, which ever is less, be
presented to the president within a week after the election, he shall summon a Business
Meeting which shall elect a select- committee of fix members, to investigate any election
called into question by such requesting.
If by a majority of two-thirds of the select-committee so appointed it is held proved that any
candidate has spent more than ten rupees to secure his election by canvassing, such election
shall be declared void and he shall not be eligible for election to any officer or the Executive
Committee for one year.
CHAPTER (XVIII)
Library
There shall be a Library Sub-Committee consisting of a librarian and six members. The librarian
and the members of the Sub-Committee shall be nominated by the Executive Committee from
among its members or the members of the Union, and the Treasurer shall be an ex-officio
member of the Sub-Committee.
The Librarian shall be the chairman of the Sub-Committee.
The Librarian shall be in charge of the library and Reading Room; and the key of the
library shall be kept with the librarian who may entrust them to the chief clerk.
The library Sub-Committee shall buy such books of general interest to the members as they
may decide from time to time and shall keep such periodicals as they may think fit out of the
sum allotted for the purpose.
The library Sub-Committee shall, subject to the control of the whole House at Business
Meetings, make rules relating to the library and Reading Room.
167
10.
1.
2.
Any member may borrow any not meant for reference, from the library in accordance with the
library rules.
The Executive Committee shall receive all books presented to the Union Library, and hand
them over to the Librarian.
The Librarian shall issue motives relating to the library and shall present a report with regard
to the library at the last Business Meeting of the year.
The Librarian shall keep a book in the library for suggestions with regard to the library and
Reading Room and a list of books borrowed and a list of all books and equipment belonging
to the library.
At any Business Meeting any member may propose the discontinuance of any newspaper or
periodical taken by the Union.
CHAPTER (XIX)
Union Magazine
There shall be a Magazine Sub-Committee consist of a Editor, a Manager and five members.
The Editor and members shall be nominated by the Executive Committee from among the
members of the Union and the Treasurer shall be an ex-officio member of the Sub-Committee.
The Editor shall be the chairman of the subcommittee and he shall be responsible for the
publication of the Union Magazine.
3.
The Editor shall be responsible for the choice of articles for publication in the Magazine.
4.
The Manager shall collect and supervise the collection of advertisement and other relative
matters, he shall as sit the Treasurer in the collection of advertisement bills etc and he be
generally responsible for the business side of the Magazine.
5.
The Editor shall be the publicity officer of the Union and shall publish all matters handed to
him by the Executive Committee and he shall bring to the notice of the Executive Committee
any criticism or publication effecting the Union or the students of the University.
6.
The Magazine Sub-Committee shall with the approval of the Executive Committee fix the time
for the publication of the Magazine.
7.
The Sub-Committee shall, subject to the control of the whole House at the Business Meeting
make rules relating to matters concerning the Union Magazine not otherwise provide for in
the constitution.
1.
2.
3.
CHAPTER (XX)
Affiliation of Other Societies
Any society of the University or of its constituent colleges may be affiliated to the Union on
application to the Executive Committee who shall have the power of rejecting any application
without assigning any reason.
Every society shall, if affiliated, pay an annual affiliation fee of rupees five and the annual
affiliation fee shall become due on the first day of the first term of each Academic year.
Every affiliated society shall have the use of the Hall on the sitting or Reading Room once in
every month on a day approved by the Vice-President upon payment of rent at reduced rates
to be fixed by the Executive Committee.
Note- Chapter VIII is missing in the orginal copy of Aung Tun. (Anna*: 4 Pice = 1 Anna, 16 Annas = 1 Rupee)
168
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
YJ efu
h siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
CHAPTER (XXI)
Indoor Games
The Executive Committee may subject to the control of the whole House at Business Meetings
arrange for indoor games.
Only members of the Union shall be allowed to take part in door games, but members may be
permitted to bring guests in accordance with rules laid down by the Executive Committee for
the purpose.
Rules relating to indoor games shall be made by the Executive Committee subject to the whole
House at Business Meeting.
CHAPTER (XXII)
Restaurant
The Union Restaurant may be let out to a messing contractor by calling for tenders annually
until such time as the Executive Committee may decide, with the approval of the whole House
at Restaurant otherwise.
Tenders for letting the Restaurant shall be called for annually unless the Executive Committee
extends the period of lease of the lessee then in occupation.
The Executive Committee shall, subject to the approval of the whole House, formulate the
terms under which the Restaurant is to be let out.
TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
Not with standing anything contained in the constitution, the first elections of officers and of
the Executive Committee shall take place on such days as may be fixed and is such manner as
may be prescribed by the students of the University at a mass meeting.
Not with standing anything contained in the constitution, candidates for such elections must
have completed at least two years of study in the University.
Not with standing anything contained in Section 3, Chapter 11, the first members of the Union
shall be those who being eligible for Membership apply to the president to become members
within one month of the first election of officers, such applications shall be accompanied by
the Entrance Fee and subscription mentioned in Section 4, Chapter 11, but if the activities of
the Union begin in December 1930, the subscription for the remaining period of the Academic
Year shall be rupees three.
SCHEDULE 1
RULES
Premises - The Union premises shall be open from 6:00 a.m to 7:30 p.m on week days during
full term and from 6:00 a.m to 9:00 a.m Saturdays and holidays; but on Debate or other meeting
days the premises shall be kept open till the closing of the meetings.
Fines Fines for non-payment of any fee or subscription or of any sum amounting to not less
than three rupees after it is due, shall be imposed, at the rate of annas* two for every fifteen
days, provided such five shall not exceed eight annas*.
Suspension of members If a member does not discharge a liability mentioned in rule 2 within
sixty days after it is due together with the fines, he shall be suspended from the membership
of the Union, such member shall not be released from suspension until his liabilities are
discharge.
169
(pma&;q&m '*kefwm&m)
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(Games Officer)
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173
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eyfrSefatmif rpm;&? tSufvHkHk t0wftpm;udkyif vHkavmufatmif r0wfMu&? aeylrdk;GmumuG,fHkrQ tdk;tdrfESifhyif
vlwdkif; raeEkdifMu? rQ vlawG vlwef;aph raeEkdifMuonftcsdefwGif aps;aygaygESifh ra&mif;vkdaom "eSifwdkYonf
ydkvQHaeaom rdrdpufHkxGufypnf;rsm;jzpfonfh pm;ukef aomufukefwdkYudk tpm;rpm;&ojzifh toufiifaeMuaom
vlAdkvfyHkwdkY aSUarSmufrSmyif yifv,f oGefypfjcif;? txnftvdyfrsm;udk t0wfudkrS r0wfEkdifaom qif;&Jom;awG
tv,frSmyif rD;yHkIdUjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfaeMuayonf/
1800 ck avmufwiG f taemufEidk if rH sm; xGe;f um;vmaom pufryI nmacwfonf "eSipf epftm; ewfa&uef
wGif a&csdK;ay;vkduf ouJhodkY kwfjcnf; BuD;us,f wkd;wufapcJhayonf/ puftm;jzifhvnfaom pufHkBuD;rsm;rSm
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ukefypnf;rsm;udk a&mif;cs&efESifh pufHkxGuf ukefypnf;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef ukefpdrf;? ukefMurf;rsm;udk &Sd&ef twGuf
"eSifEkdifiHwdkYonf tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;udk t"rodrf;ykduf Muavawmhonf/ "eSifpepf\ aemufqufwGJjzpfaom
e,fcsJUpepfjzifh "eSifrsm;\pHaysmf&m vljzLEkdifiHwkdY\ urmBuD;wckvHk;udk cGJpdwfa0jcrf;um ,liifvkdufMuojzifh igwdkY
vl0g? vlrrJ sm;\ Armjynf? tdE,
d jynf? tmz&duwdu
k pf onfwYkdrmS vljzLwdYk\ aus;uReb
f 0? olwYkdv&dk m oH;k pGcJ aH e&onfh
ypnf; toHk;aqmifb0odkY usa&mufaeMu&ayonf/
xdYkaMumifyh if obm0w&m;tm;jzifh igwkYdom oH;k aqmifcpH m;Ekid cf iG hf adS om Armjynf\ ajrqDMoZm[lorQwYdkukd
wdkif;wyg; "eSifwdkY\ vuf0g;BuD;tkyfum odrf;ydkuf ,liifxm;rIaMumifh igwkdYwawGrSm Arm&mZ0ifwGif b,ftcgrQ
rMuHKbl;cJah om qif;&J iwfrw
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f nfh ab;qd;k ?
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e,fcsJUpepf\ tnO;f cH&qH;k aom olrsm;rSm v,form; jzpfayonf/ v,form;awGrmS rd;k Gm aeylraSmif? aexGuu
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f m;rsm;tm; oydwu
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Sif;vif; a[mMum;NyD;aemuf n (10) em&DwGif ,if;wkdYESpfOD;tm; ta&;ydkiftrdefYjzifh yk'fr (107) ESifh zrf;qD;
axmifcs vdkufavonf/ xdknwGif;csif;yif oydwfpcef;rS ocifausmf'if? OD;"r? ocifodef;armif? ocifrmwdkY tcsKyf
axmif twGif;odkY a&mufvmNyD; rauG;NrdKUwGif vlrsm;pka0;jcif; rjyK&? yk'fr (144) udkvnf; aMunmonf/ aemufwaeY
reufwGif ocifvGifonf a&eHajrrS a&mufvmNyD; csufcsif; tzrf;cH&onf/
uJhodkY &efukefNrdKUodkY OD;wnfcsDwufvmaom a&eHajr oydwfwyfBuD;onf 4? 12? 38 &uf? eHeuf (11)
em&DwGif rauG;NrdKUodkY a&mufSdvmavonf/ a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; &yfem;cGifhr&rD acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom OD;0g,r?
OD;aZmwdu? OD;E? ODeE? ocifz;kd vSBuD;? ocifbwif? ocifbarmif? ocifoed ;f azBuD;wdYk ukd e,fcsJUvufyg;aprsm;u
zrf;qD; vdu
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ocifxGef;cif\ owif;ay;csuft& ocifazoef;? ocifpkd;? ocifxdef0if;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;
jzpfaom udkA[def;ESifh udkAaqGwkdYudk rauG;NrdKUodkY oGm;a&muf&ef aG;cs,fapvTwfvdkufonf/ ausmif;om;wdkYonf
yPmrtvHcsdK;jyonfhtwdkif; 1938 ck 'DZifbmv (7) &ufaeY a&eHajrtvkyform; (2000) cefYESifh v,form; (2)
aomif;ausmfudk &efukefodkY csDwufvmrnfhta&; BudKqdk{nfhcHjyifqifa&;twGuf EkdifiHa&;*dkPf;aygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;BuD;
w&yfukd aTw*d akH jc&if; OD;b&DZ&yfwiG f ac:qdu
k sif;ycJ&h modYk &J&aJ wmuf udo
k ef;wif? udAk aqGwYkd wufa&muf wm0ef
,lcJhMuonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif em,u ODZ#dv? Ou| ocifxdyfwifudk,fawmfBuD;? twGif;a&;rSL; ocifpHxGef;
vSESifh ocifoef;xGef;wdkY aqmifGufMu&m a&eHajrtvkyform;ESifh v,form;rsm;tm; BudKqdka&;? jyifqifrIpDpOf
wm0efcGJa0&m BudKqdka&;aumfrwDwGif udkAaqG (or*) onfvnf;aumif;? auR;arG;a&;ESifh b@ma&;wdkYwGif NrdKUr
&J&Jawmuf udkoef;wifonfvnf;aumif;? yg0ifxrf;Guf&ef wm0ef,lMuawmhonf/
8? 12? 38 &ufwGif Auo tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJYrS aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefawmhonf/
&Jabmfw-hkd
igwdkY\ aoG;csif;om;csif;rsm;jzpfaom a&eHajroydwfarSmuf tvkyform;rsm;tm; vnf;aumif;? yJcl;?
a0gtpSdaom e,frSv,form;rsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYepfemcsufrsm;? vdkvm;csufrsm;udk awmif;qdk&ef?
rdrdwdkY qEtiftm;jy&ef ,cktcg rdrdwdkYqdkif&m e,ftoD;oD;rS csDwuf vmMuukefavNyD/
odYk vQif tqif;&J tepfemcHum GH mS rke;f wD;zG,af umif;vSaom Ekid if cH sJUpepf? aoG;pky"f eSirf sm;udk &J&&J if&h ifh
wGe;f vSeNf zdKzsuf&ef csDwufvmMuukeaf om igwdYk \ol&aJ umif; &JabmfwYkd tm; igwdYk Auotoif;rsm;u csDwuf&m
vrf;c&D;wGifSdaom (u) c&D;OD;BudKjyKjcif;?
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ulnDaqmifGufMu&ef igwdkY A[dkor*toif;BuD;u xkwfqifh taMumif;Mum; vkduf&ygaMumif;/
AaqG
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tpnf;tHk;odkY zdwfMum; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tvkyform;qEjyyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifulnD&ef zdwfMum;cJhonf/
ausmif;om;ESifh tvkyform; aoG;pnf;nDGwfa&;rS wqifh vlxkvIyfSm;rIqDodkY OD;wnfap&ef wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;
acgif;aqmifrsm;u ajymMum;cJo
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f u
kd af om ocifazoef;?
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udAk [de;f ESihf udAk aqGwUkd onf a&eHacsmif;NrdKU ausmif;om;rsm;qEjyyGEJ iS hf ausmk if;om;rsm;y#dyuukd ajzSi;f &ef taMumif;jyK
177
178
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k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
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orm;rsm;onf xdkrw&m;rIudk iHkUrcH? tjyif;txef wGef;vSef w&uf? ESpf&uftwGif; rauG;rS xGufMurnf/ &efukef
A[dXk mersm;rS apvTwv
f u
kd af om rdrw
d Ykd onf a&eHwyfBuD;udk aSUaqmifrnfjzpfonf/ rdrw
d Ykd ukd jynft
h apcHrsm;u a&eH
wyfBuD;udk acgif;raqmifEkdif&ef zrf;qD;csif zrf;qD;vdrfhrnf/ zrf;qD;vQifvnf; wAdkvfwuf wAdkvfqif;pepfjzifh a&eH
wyfBuD; qufvufcsDwufrnf {uefjzpfonf/ a&eHwyfom;rsm;\ ta&;udk rdrdwdkYuJhodkYyif rauG;Sd ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;? NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;tm; 0dkif;0ef;ulnDMu&ef arwm&yfcHcJhygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh wuG NrdKUvlxkuyg
ulnDvQif rauG;NrdKUrS a&eHwyf xGufcGma&;rSm atmifjrifrnf rkcsjzpfaMumif; a[majymonf/ wufa&mufvmMuaom
ausmif;om;ausmif;ol (200) ausmfwkdYuvnf; a&eHwyfom;rsm;ta&;udk tpGrf;ukef ulnDrnfjzpfaMumif; uwday;
qH;k jzwfonf/ 'DZifbm (12) &ufaeY naewGif rJx;D ausmif;wku
d f oydwpf cef;wGif tpnf;ta0;BuD; w&yfusif;yonf/
xdt
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k pnf;ta0;wGif ocifxed 0f if;? udAk [de;f
wdkY a[majymonf/ ocifpdk;ESifh ocifazoef;rS 11? 12? 38 &uf nae (6) em&D (5) rdepf tpnf;ta0; a[majym
rIjzihf &Jrsm;u zrf;qD;oGm;avonf/
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k zf suf qufvuf csDwufrnfjzpf
aMumif;? jrif;cGmwpfcsuaf yguv
f Qif rD;[ke;f [ke;f awmufap&rnf/ &Jabmfwo
hkd wd urmodatmifjyMuyg/ e,fcst
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udAk aqGwYdkukd qlyv
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k u
kd m &mZ0wfusix
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zrf;qD;vdkuf&m wjynfvHk;ausmif;om;rsm; ykGufqdwftHkudk wkwfeJYxkd;rdouJhokdY a'gotkd;aygufuGJMuavonf/ udk
A[def;? udkAaqG? ocifpdk;? ocifxdef0if;? ocifazoef;ESihf (5) OD;udk zrf;qD;vdkufavonf/
Auoonf ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;udk t"duxm; vIyf mS ;aepOf ,if;\ wk;d wufjzpfay:rI tvm;tvmudk
BudKwifodjrifol AsLdku&ufrsm;? ykvdyfpHkaxmufrsm;taejzifh ausmif;om;xkavmutwGif; xkd;azmufNzdKcGif; zdESdyf
zsufqD;&ef wm0efopfw&yf xrf;aqmifvm&awmhonf/ xdkzdESdyfjcif;onf wGef;uefjcif;ESifh &ifqdkif&jrJ"rwm twdkif;
ausmif;om;xk\ ydkrdkEdk;Mum;rIudk jzpfay:aponf/
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usif;y tpk;d &ESihf ta&;qd&k ef pDpOfMujcif;wdYk ukd wk;d wufaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u owdxm;vsufo
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ap jALdku&uftmPmydkifrsm;u wm;qD;xm;yHk? oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;xm;yHkwdkYukd ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifwYkd awGUjrifMuonf/ rdrw
d Ukd epfemcsufrsm;udk w&m;ojzifh ta&;qdv
k mMuonfh awmifov
l ,form;rsm;udk
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Hrk u acgif;aqmifrsm;udyk g wa,mufNyD; wa,muf NzdKcGaJ ejcif;wkYdukd rsu0f g;xifxif awGUjrifae&aom ausmif;om;rsm;
onf rw&m; tzdEydS cf &H vsuf&adS om awmifov
l ,form;wdYk EiS fh tvkyo
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rsm;avmuf rrdkuf qHk;rpum;ajym&ef rvdkaMumif;? GefYaygif;tpdk;&tzGJU0ifwkdY\ rsufESmudk rMunfhvdkaMumif;?
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aemufwaeY (odYk) w&uf? ESp&f uftwGi;f ausmif;om;wkYdonf NrdKUwGi;f pDwef;vSnv
hf nf yk'rf (144) udk csK;d azmufum
tmPmzDqefMuvdrfhrnf[k cefYrSef;Muonf/ ausmif;om;vIyfSm;rIonf a&eHajr tvkyform;ta&;ESifh ywfouf
qufpyfvsufSdonf/ a&eHajr tvkyform;ta&;ESifh a0gawmifolv,form;ta&;rSm wdkYArmocifrsm;u vrf;Tef
aSUaqmifvsufSdonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifESifh wdkYArmtpnf;tHk; acgif;aqmifrSm wpdwfw0rf;wnf; qufpyf
vsufSdonf/ xdktcsdefu tvkyform;ta&;? awmifolv,form;ta&;? ausmif;om;ta&;wkdYudk wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;
ocifrsm;rSwyg; ygvDreftwGif; tmPm& GefYaygif;tzGJU taeESifhvnf;aumif;? tmPmrJh twkduftcH ig;yGifhqkdif?
rsKd;cspfponfh EkdifiHa&;tzGJUrsm; taeESifhaomfvnf;aumif; pdwfyg0ifpm;rIrSd? odkY&mwGif OD;apmonf vlyg;vleyf
wa,muf jzpfonht
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tmPm,l&ef pwifpidk ;f jyif;avonf/ odYk aomf OD;apm\ tmPmzDqefa&;wku
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183
184
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usef&pfcJh\/
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pojzifh ajrjyiftufrQ wcJeuf [pfatmfa<u;aMumfMuonf/ xkdYaemuf av;a,mufwGJ pepfwuswGJ
pDwef;um puax&D,uf (ac:) twGif;0efHk;BuD;udk 0kdif;vkdufMuonf/ xdkYaemuf (1000) tpk? (500) tpk? (300)
tpk tpSdojzifh vlpkcGJum twGif;0efHk; t0ifwHcg;rsm; aSUwGifydwfqdkYum twGif;odkY0if&mvrf;rrsm; ajrBuD;ay:wGif
tm;vHk; pkHk;xkdifMuNyD; ausmif;ol trsKd;orD;av;rsm;u aSUuSdavonf/ xdktcsdef Hk;BuD;t0if av;zufav;rsufESmSd
wHcg;tm;vH;k ydwq
f Ykd xm;NyD;jzpf&m 0if xGu
f r&awmhay/ if;rSm NAdwo
d Qtpd;k & A[dt
k pd;k & H;k pdu
k &f m ae&mjzpfonf/
(15) rdepftwGif; ykvdyfrsm;? ppfwyfrsm;? jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm; a&mufSdvmMuonf/ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;
rsm;onf twGif;0efHk;udk 0kdif;&ef qHk;jzwf&jcif;rSm xda&mufpGm e,fcsJUNAdwdoQtm; qefUusif uefYuGufEkdif&ef jzpf\/
twGif;0efHk; 0kdif;&onfrSm vG,fulvSonf r[kwfay/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJU bDvl;\ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfpGmaom zdESdyfrIrsm;
urf;ukefcJhonfrSmvnf; rauG;NrdKU a&eHajr tvkyform;rsm; zdESdyfrIu xifSm;pGm oufaoxlvsuf Sdonf/
odkYaomf jynfhZmenf? rsKd;cspf om;ysKdorD;ysKdwkdYu jynfolUvGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ taMumif;w&m;twGuf rdrd
wdYk toufcEmwkYd ukd pGeYf vw
T &f ef qyfuyfyal Zmf vSL'gef;&ef qH;k jzwfcsufcsNyD;olrsm; jzpf\/ xkYd aMumifh toufuykd "me
rxm;bJ taocHwu
dk yf 0JG ifrnfh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;um; tajrmuftjrm;yifjzpf\/ wurmvH;k wkev
f yI f u
kd cf wf
oGm;atmif NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;udk tefwkrnfh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;u 'kESifha';yif jzpf\/ ausmif;om;wkdYonf
rdrdwdkY acgif;aqmifrsm;\ trdefYTefMum;csufrsm;udk wduspGm vkdufemcJhMu\/ tdajE&&? pnf;urf;wus av;a,muf
wwGJpDwef;pD twGif;0efrsm; Hk;udk 0dkif;xm;MuonfrSmvnf; ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ pnf;urf;ao0yfrIudk
jyovsuf oufaoxlaeonf/
twGif;0efHk;BuD;tm; txJtjyif 0ifxGufr&atmif ydwfqkdY 0kdif;&HvkdufonfESifh wNydKifeuf tpdk;& ykvdyf
ppfwyfrsm;? jrif;pD; ykvyd rf sm;onf rsufv;kH jyL; rsufqH jyL;jyL;jymjymjzifh twGi;f 0ef;kH w0ku
d f ysm;yef;cwfrQ ajccsif;Iyf
vIyfSm;oGm;Muonf/ xkdYaemuf &efukefykvdyfrif;BuD; rpwmy&ufpawmh? ykvdyfrif;BuD; rpwma&;Edk;? &mZ0wf0ef
vkyf'g;? OD;xGef;tHk? rpwmbD(pf) wkdYuvnf; csufcsif; qkdufa&mufvm Muonf/
ol&d, owif;pmwkduf teD;Sd wHcg;rBuD;rSm t&ma&mufqHk; wHcg;rBuD;jzpf ausmif;om;rsm; vufrOD;rD
rsufESmjzL a*:&mykvdyfrsm; t&ifa&mufESihfNyD; pDwef; ydwfqdkYxm;Muojzifh if;wdkYaSUwGif ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol
(400) cefYu wHcg;rBuD;udk ydwfqdkYvkdufavonf/
udkatmifausmfonf if;wm0efusaeaom ol&d, owif;pmwkduf teD;Sd 0ifayguf pnf;urf;wus
wm0ef,l uGyfuJvsufSd\/
]rD;wkwf? rD;wkwf IdY IdY}
]ocifrsKd;a[U 'dkhArm}
]ta&;awmfyHk atmifygap}
a<u;aMumfoHrsm;um; wuf<uvsufSd\/ AD*if'wfvrf;? pywfvrf;? 'gv[kdZDvrf;? *sm'gtDpu,fvrf;wkdY
um; ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jynfhESufae\/ ylavmifaom aea&mifatmufwGif ausmif;om;rsm; pkHk;vsufSd\/ ykvdyfrif;
BuD;wkYd trdefYay;vdu
k o
f nfEiS hf wNydKifeuf a*:&mykvyd t
f csKdUu ausmif;ol tysKd,
G af v;rsm;udk ajcaxmuf (2) bufrS
udik
f ajrjyifwiG f wGww
f u
dk f &uf&ufpufpuf qGaJ c:oGm;&m wawmifqpf? vufwYdk wiG f yGe;f yJu
h ek o
f nf/ xkid af eaom
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; a*:&mykvyd rf sm;u bdeyfrsm;jzifh uefjcif;? wufeif;jcif;rsK;d jzifh ausmif;om;xkrsm;udk pwifNzdKcGaJ wmh
onf/ vlrqefaom jyKrlaqmifu
G rf rI sm;aMumifh tuGu
J jJG yJjyJ a0'empGu
J yf? aoG;&J&u
J satmif cHpm;&ojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;
vIyfSm;qlyGufvmonfwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ ]&efrvkyef }hJ ]onf;cHMu} [laom toHrsm; tqufrjywf
xGufvmojzifh NidrfcHae&onfrS wyg; acgif;aqmifrsm; pum;udkrvGefqefMu/ ausmif;om;rsm; pnf;urf;wusom
qEjyjrJjyMu\/ xdkodkY vIyfvIyfSm;Sm;jzpfaepOf NrdKUrausmif;rS tiftm; (1000) cefYSdaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol
wyfBuD;rSm ajcusnDnDvSrf; csDwufa&mufSdvmNyD; ]'dAhk rm? 'dAhk rm} [k wzufESifhwzuf yJhwifdkufrQ wefjyefatmf[pf
&if; tpkvkdufcGJum wHcg;SdorQudk xyfqifhydwf aevdkufMuonf/
185
186
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
YJ efu
h siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;rsm;ukd ykvyd rf sm; qJ,
G rf;du
k Ef u
S af ejcif;? jrif;rsm;jzifh twif;0ifa&mufeif;onfukd ab;rS &yfMunfh
aeaom vlxBk uD;onf rcHr&yfEidk jf zpfum ykvyd rf sm;udk atmf[pfqq
J kd Budr;f armif;Muonf/ jynfow
l Ykd \ a'grmeftoHrsm;
um; twGif0efHk;BuD; ywf0ef;usif w0kdufwGif yJhwifxyfrQ jzpfcJhMu&\/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk xkaxmif;NzdKcGif; zdESdyf
tm;r&ao;bJ jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm;onf vlxkBuD;udkygjrif;rsm;jzifh 0kdif; vdkufvHwkdufcdkuf wufeif;cJhMuao;\/ ausmif;
om;? ausmif;olrsm;onf vlrqefatmif tdkufcHvmMu&m eHygwfwkwf 'PfaMumifh rcsdrqefY jzpfum tkyfBudK;jywf
vJusonf/ rI&uf rjrif&ufEidk af om ausmif;om;rsm;u ausmif;olrsm; aSUrS umuG,&f if; ud,
k pf m; tdu
k cf MH u&onf/
odYkaomf ausmif;olrsm;rSmvnf; jrif;pD;a*:&m qm*sirf sm;xHrS a0;&modYk rajy;Ekid af y/ jrif;ESiv
hf u
kd
f wku
d v
f nf;wku
d ?f du
k f
vnf;dkufonf omru aoG;l;aoG;wrf; xajy;aeaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;udkyif tnmray;/ qifhuJqifhuJ
du
k Mf uojzifh vrf;wavQmufv;kH aoG;csif;csif; &Jvsuf waxG;BuD;vJaeaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ &ifemp&m
aMuuGzJ ,
G jf zpftifrmS rI&uf? rjrif&ufp&m aumif;vSayonf/ aoG;tkid x
f J vJusaeaom Adv
k af tmifausmfukd ocifvS
az ayGUxm;\/ udkatmifausmfrSm owdarh aeNyD/ wudk,fvHk; 'Pf&mrsm; jynfhESufum aoG;rsm; pD;usvsufSd\/
,if;odYkaoG;xGuo
f ,
H ?kd temw& 'Pf&mrGjzifh vJuaJG eMuaom ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;udk ab;rS &yfrMunfh
&ufaom t&yfom;rsm;ESifh ol&d,owif;pmwkduf tay:Sd NrdKUawmf0ef OD;buav;? atmufvTwfawmftrwf OD;xGef;
atmif? OD;tdr?f rEav; ol&,
d OD;xGe;f &if? rEav; OD;pHvaS bmf? ykord t
f rwf OD;btke;f wkYdu wG,
J x
l rf;yd;k ol&,
d wku
d af y:
odYk wa,mufNyD; wa,mufwif&m ol&,
d wku
d t
f yk f OD;buav;tcef;ESifh t,f'w
D mcsKyf *VKefO;D apm tcef;rsm;rSm vlem
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;jzifh jynfhESufvsuf Sdaeonf/ trsKd;om;olemjyKwyfrsm;ESifh ol&d,wyfrsm;u aq;0g;
xnfhay;Muonf/ 'Pf&m jyif;xefaom udkatmifausmfESifh wuG ykZGefawmif jrLeDpDy,fausmif;rS udktkef;az? NrdKUrrS
udkoef;atmif? *syfqifaumvdyfrS udkbvIdifwkdY tygt0if vlemwifum;jzifh aq;HkokdY wokwfNyD; wokwf wifydkYay;
vdkufMuonf/
(ps) wwd,ausmif;om;oydwf*,uf
trsKd;om;olemjyKwyf? NrdKUrolemjyKwyf? rD;owfvlemwifum;rsm;u 'Pf&m&aom ausmif;om;? ausmif;
olrsm;ukd BudK;pm;*kpdkuf o,f,lydkYaqmifjcif;aMumifh vlem[lorQ aq;HkodkY csufcsif;a&mufMu&onf/ aq;Hk
q&m0efrsm;onfvnf; Muifem,k,pGm jyKpkMuavonf/ 'Pf&m&olrsm;\ rcsdrqefYa0'emcHpm; nOf;nL atmf[pfoH
rsm;rSm t0dpDi&Jcef; MunfhjrifMum;od ae&ouJhodkY jzpfaeonf/ ausmif;om;rdb nDtudkarmifESrrsm; vma&mufMu
atmf[pfidka<u; jrnfwrf;aeyHkrSm Mum;&uf Munfh&ufp&m rSday/
ausmif;om;? ausmif;oltm;vkH;udk ykvdyfrsm;u kdufESuf owfjzwfukefNyD? 'Pf&m&oltm;vHk; twHk;tHk;
aq;Hak &mufuek Mf uNyD qkad om owif;rSm vQifjrefpmG ysHUESYH y&dwo
f wfBuD;rsm; 'Da&tvm; aq;HBk uD;twGi;f wSed x
f ;dk
rsm;jym;vmMuonf/ kwjf cnf;qko
d vkd 'kw,
d ta&;ydik af [mif; rpwmwdwq
f o
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k yd rf sm; a&mufvmNyD; ajcmuf
vSeUf ESix
f w
k u
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H u
dk Mf u&onf/ jynforl sm; rausreyfjzpfvm&m NAdwo
d Qyikd f
tmtD;wD armfawmfum; wpif;udk rGraG Muatmif zsufq;D ypfvu
dk Mf uonf[al om owif;ESit
hf wl odrBf uD;aps; waps;
vHk;rSm yGwfavmkdufNyD; upOfhuvsm; jzpfum wkefvIyfajcmufjcm; oGm;onf/ 'Pf&m& ausmif;om;rsm;tm; trwf
OD;xGef;atmif? *VKefOD;apm? OD;yk? OD;vSabmf? rEav;OD;xGef;&if? rEav;OD;xGef;ndK? 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK? OD;jrifhodef;? OD;
tdrf? OD;btkef;? ykodrfOD;jrwkdY vma&muf MunfhItm;ay;orI jyKaecsdefwGif eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmf 'Pf&m&
ausmif;om; rsm; rnfrQ rsm;jym;onfudk odvkd ar;jref;&m 'Pf&m&olrsm;rSm*syfqifaumvdyfrS
(1) udkatmifausmf
tkdifat txufwef; (Adv
k af tmifausmf)
(2) udkxGef;Sdef
tkdifat txufwef;
&efukefwuokdvfrS
(3) udkaTarmif
(4) udkodef;vIdif
(5) udkwifarmif
(6) udkwifarmif (2)
tkdifat txufwef;
tkdifat txufwef;
tkdifat txufwef;
bDat txufwef;
187
188
NrdKYrausmif;rS
(10) armifboef;
(11) armifbdk;OD;
(12) armifvSarmif
(13) armifxGef;pdef
(14) armifpdk;vGif
(15) armifoef;jrifh
(16) armifarmif
(17) atmifoef;jrifh
(18) armifausmfcif
(19) armifodef;aT
(20) armifvSaz
(22ESp)f
(18ESp)f
(21ESpf)
(18ESp)f
(10ESp)f
(17ESp)f
(16ESp)f
(23 ESpf)
(20 ESpf) twGif;vlem
(16 ESpf) twGif;vlem
(17 ESpf)
ausmif;aygif;pHkrS
(21) armifboef;
(22) armif[ef
(23) armifoef;
(24) armifausmfpdef
(25) armifb
(26) armifwifoef;
(27) armifvSarmif
(28) armifarmifBuD;
(29) armifodef;vIdif
(30) armifausmfarmif
(31) armifatmifpdef
(32) armif<u,f
(33) atmifudk
(34) armifxGef;wif
(35) pdefatmifvif;
(36) armifatmifoGif
(37) armifpHvS
(38) armifoef;
(39) pkd;armif
(40) armifwifarmif
(41) armifodef;vIdif
(42) armifSdef
(43) armifusif
(44) cifarmifMunf
(45) ocifboef;
(46) ukdxGef;az
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
YJ efu
h siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(47) armifausmfGefY (19 ESpf) 27? yk*Haqmif
(48) armifudkav;
(21 ESpf) 9? yk*Haqmif
(49) armifwifarmif (21 ESpf) 10? yk*Haqmif
(50) udkbvIdif
(20 ESpf) *syfqifaumvdyf
(51) armifausmftHk;
(17 ESpf) ykZGefawmifjrLeDpDy,fausmif;
(52) armifpHodkuf
(20 ESpf) vrf;rawmfjrLeDpDy,fausmif;
(53) armifausmf
(20 ESpf) ykZGefawmif
(54) armiftkef;az
(20 ESpf) ykZGefawmif
(55) armifbGefY
(19 ESpf) tpkd;&[dkufpul;
(56) armifcspf
(25 ESpf) ausmif;q&m? ykZGefawmifuGufopf
(57) cspfudkvS
(18 ESpf) rufo'pf
(58) armifuef
(22 ESpf) ,leDAmpDwD (twGif;vlem)
(59) armifbaX;
(16 ESpf) ykZGefawmifjrLeDpDy,f (twGif;vlem)
(60) armifwifarmif (20 ESpf) pdef*Ref; (twGif;vlem)
(61) armifausmf
(30 ESpf) 286? pufqef; (twGif;vlem)
(62) armifxGef;wif
(26 ESpf) pyg,fS,faemfrefausmif; (twGif;vlem)
(63) armifbvIdif
(20 ESpf) *syfqifaumvdyf (twGif;vlem)
(64) armifausmf
(20 ESpf) armfwifvrf; (twGif;vlem)
(65) ocifatmifwif (23 ESpf) 63? 7vrf;
(66) armifodef;atmif (24 ESpf) oxHkaqmif
(67) udkxGef;Sdef
(20 ESpf) oxHkaqmif
(68) armifwifarmif (19 ESpf) rufo'pfausmif;
(69) rjrjr
(17 ESpf) 156? 48vrf;? ykZGefawmifjrLeDpyg,f
(70) rapm&D
(18 ESpf) bHkabbm;rm;opfpuf
(71) rpdefpdef
(16 ESpf) bHkabbm;rm;opfpuf
(72) armifpdef
(25 ESpf) trsKd;om;olemjyKwyfzGJU
(73) udkausmfpdef
(26 ESpf) owif;vTmt,f'Dwm (twGif;vlem)
(74) OD;xGef;az
(38 ESpf) Oya'jyKvTwfawmf
vufa&;wkd pma&; (3) OD;rSm OD;acgif;a&m vufyg 'Pf&mtBuD;tus,f &SdNyD; twGif;vlemtjzpf ukoxm;
&onf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwkdYrSm 'Pf&m&Hkomru tzrf;tqD;udk 'Pf&mudk,fpDESifh cHcJhMu&ao;onf/ or*
trIaqmifrsm;jzpfaom udx
k eG ;f Sed ?f udw
k ifarmif? udo
k rd ;f atmif? udck ifarmifwif? udo
k ef;ESifh udv
k aS zwkYd rmS 'Pf&mrsm;jzifh
tzrf;cH&NyD; ol&,
d t,f'w
D mrsm;\ tmrcHcsufjzifh aq;Ho
k Ykd wifyYkd vu
kd Mf u&\/ aemufwaeYxw
k f owif;pmrsm;wGif
pmvHk;rJBuD;rsm;jzifh]odrfarGYaom ausmif;oluav;rsm;ukd Murf;wrf;pGm ESdyfuGyfjcif;}
]&efukefNrdKY u
B D; ykvdyfwkwfpGrf; jyjyefNyD}
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e,fcsUJ vufuikd w
f w
k f GeYf aygif;tpk;d &onf ajzSi;f csuw
f &yfukd xkwu
f m ausmif;om;rsm;u tMurf;zufvm
xdef;odrf;&jcif;jzpfaMumif;? &Sdaom'Pf&mrsm;rSm rajymyavmufaMumif; vdrfnmvsufSd\/ rdrdwdkY\ BuD;rm;aom
trJuGufjypfrIBuD;udk ausmif;om;rsm;tay: yHkcsae\/ udkatmifausmfrSm wuokdvfaq;HkwGif Muyfrwfukoaeaomf
vnf; owdr&wcsuf &wcsufjzpfae\/ 'Pf&mjyif;xefvo
S jzifh owd&vmonft
h cg jyif;xefpmG cHpm;ae&\/ ol\
EIwrf v
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hf ,f? aocsiaf oyap? uReaf wmf aoaysmNf y}D wZGwx
f ;kd ajymvsuf\
dS /
teD;rS ausmif;om;&JabmfwOD;rS pum;rajym&ef wm;aomfvnf; r&ay/ ]udv
k aS T b,fE,
S v
hf ?J ausmif;om;awG vGwv
f yfa&;
eD;Ny?D ta&;awmfykH atmif&r,f? atmif&r,f} udak tmifausmrf mS owdvpfomG ;jyefonf/ owd&vmaomtcg pum;rajymEkid f
bJ taMumifom;Munfah eonf/ q&m0eftMuHay;csuft& wuov
kd af q;Hrk S aq;HBk uD;odYk ajymif;aTUuko&\/ odYkaomf
roufom? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf udkatmifausmfhtjzpfudkMunfhum e,fcsJUvufudkifwkwf barmf? bOD;
189
GeYf aygif;tpd;k &\ ,kwrf mrIu&kd ifemvsuf MdS u\/ odYkjzifh wwd,ajrmufaeU
wGif 'DZifbm (22) &uf Mumoyaw;aeY? aeYvnf (1) em&D (25) rdepfwiG f OD;
acgif;wGif eHygwfww
k 'f Pf&m (3) csufawGU OD;acgif;cGu
H o
JG mG ;av\/ or*
taqmuftODtvHwikd rf S tvHonf wkid w
f 0ufoYkd wjznf;jznf; avsmu
h savNyD?
tmZmenf Adv
k af tmifausmf uG,v
f eG af vNyD/
vufeufryg? tMurf;rzuf tEkoufoufjzifh tvGew
f &mEke,fonfh
ausmif;om;? ausmif;oluav;rsm;\qEjyrIukd a'gufwmbarmf GeUf aygif;tpd;k &
AsLdu
k &ufjynft
h apcHyv
k yd w
f Yku
d rnmrwm &ufpufidk ;f jyrIaMumifh &efuek w
f NrKd UvH;k
NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;onf jyif;xefpmG ,lMuHK;r& 0rf;enf;Muvsuf tcsi;f csi;f owif;
ar;oluar;? aq;Ho
k Ydkajy;oluajy;jzpfMuavonf/ rsujf rifawGUSdMuonfh vef
csm;ukvm;rsm;? bwfpfum;orm;rsm;ESifh jrif;vSnf;orm;rsm;vnf; tvkyf&yf
tmZmenf Adv
k af tmifausmf
qkid ;f vdu
k Mf uonf/ uDvv
D rf;ESihf xD;wef;vrf;Sd Armopfqidk rf sm;onf 0rf;enf;
onfh txdr;f trSwjf zihf qkid yf w
d v
f u
kd Mf uonf/ n (9) em&DwiG f ausmif;om;owif; wjynfv;kH odYkjzefUrnfp;kd &efuek yf v
k yd f
tzGUJ onf ol&,
d owif;pmwku
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k af tmifausmf aoqH;k &jcif;rSm
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190
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wzGJzGJESifh GmvsufSd\/ touf (16) ESpfcefYSdaom vli,fwa,mufonf taqmif;vnf;ryg? rdk;Gmonfudkvnf; *kpkduf[ef
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aSUwGifSdaom owif;pmukd 0g;pm;rwwfpkduf Munfhaeav\/ Munfh&if;Munfh&if; rsufESmrSm ajymif; vmawmh\/
wjznf;jznf; a'goa&mifvTrf; vmawmh\/ rsufvHk;onf us,fus,f vmawmh\/ vlvnf;aSUodkY udkif;vmay\/
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wGif udkif&ef? avQmuf&ef pmwrf;rsm;rSm tkwfrsm;ESifhuyfvsuf eH&HwGifaxmifxm;ayonf/ pmwrf;wckonf olYtm;aS;OD;pGm
qD;EIwfqufavonf/ vlum;awGvnf; Sday\/ e*kdu a'goa&mifvTrf;aom rsufESmonf ydkwif;rmvmay\/
rsufvHk;rsm;rSm xdkpmwrf;udk pkdufMunfhae&mrS owif;pmbufodkY wzefjyef a&mufvmjyefonf/ owif;pmxJSd
"gwfyHkwdkYonf ol\aSUwGif rvIyfr,Suf wnfvsufSdae\/ rsufvHk;xJrS rsuf&nfwkdYonf rsufawmifESpfcsuf tcwf
owif;pmay:odkY usum "gwfyHkrsm;ukd oGm;uefawmhMuav\/ acgif;onf wzefjyef axmifvmjyef\/ rsufvHk;wdkYum;
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]onf;nnf;cHvQif olhuRefjzpf}
[laompmwrf;onf ol\rsufvHk;udkqD; {nfhcHjyef\/ vli,f\pdwfESifhpmwrf;onf oabmcsif; wkduf[efwl\/
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ygatmif qkwfxm;aomvufrSm txufodkY tenf;i,fajrmufvm\/ rsufaphum; ... owif;pmodkY vnfjyefav\/
raS;raESmif;yif ]][if;}} [k oufrudkcsvdkuf\/ owif;pmxJSd"gwfyHkwdkYrSm ,ciftwdkif;yifSdao;\/ pmrsm;um;
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pmwrf;qDodkY rsufrSef;wrf; oGm;av\/ oli,frsufESmonf tenf;i,f NyHK;a,mifa,mif&SdvmNyD;aemuf rsufaphudk
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pkduf Munfhaejyefav\/ olYrsufESmonf arSmifrJvmum vlvnf;tenf;i,f wkefvmay\/ rsufESmum; bDvl;0ifouJhodkU
xif&\/ wzefowif;pmudk pl;pkdufMunfh aejyefav\/ MunfhavMunfhav ydk aMumufp&m aumif;vmayawmh\/
raS;raESmif;yif ]]'Hk;}} [k pm;yGJudk vufoD;ESifhxkvsuf ]kid ;f vku
d af vuGm} [kqkdum tcef;wGif;rS kwfw&uf xGufoGm;awmh\/
tcef;wGif;um; ydkrdkwdwfqdwfvsuf usef&pfav\/ pmtkyfrsm;rSm zwfoludk arQmfvsuf SdMuukef\/ trIaqmifrsm;\
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191
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Source: ASO
Source: Unknown
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pcef;tjzpf xm;Sdavonf/
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kd rf S wuo
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avmufatmif c&moHrsm;ESifh udak tmifausmftm; tkt
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tzGJUrsm; yg0ifMuonf/ tzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;wkdYu 0rf;enf;aom txdrf;trSwftjzpf 'dkYArmtrsKd;om;tvHESihf a'gif;
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vku
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wvlYb0?IrvSatmif
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194
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udkwnf MuHaqmiforQawG atmif&rnf )2
uRefynmy,fzsufrnf? wu,frrufonf? y,fzsufrnf? onfynm 'dkYrvdkNyD tydkbJ xifawmhonf?
ocifynmSmpdkYtwnf igwdkYjynf? SmpdkYtwnf vkyfudkifumpm;Ekdifonf? xiftSm;wufvrf;rSD?
odkYrSomyiftwnf? om;auR;rI? r,m;auR;rI wckynm udk,fpDygEkdifrnf/
(oHNydKif) ( urmrSm omwnf? wufvlrsm;pGefhpm;NyD; ArmtmZmenf? ausmif;om;awG aqmifGufrnf )2
( ckaetcgrSm 'dkhArmjynf? ta&;BuD;vmaygh twnf )2 atmf - - aoG;pnf;ygawmhrnf - or*
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1/
2/
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(4) bPfwkdufrsm;udk ydwfapjcif;?
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196
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ponfjzifh rzG,fr&m tkef;oD;a<uoHudk ajrNydK[efvkyf ay;onfh owif;aMumifh NrdKUGmajcmufjcm; tqr
wef aiGukef&acsonf/
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pOfu pHkaxmuftifpywfawmf a';Apfonf ykvdyfbdeyf pD;eif; tdrfxJodkY 0ifa&mufjcif;udk tpdk;&u av;av;
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197
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199
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&[ef;awmf (7) yg; ajray:odkY vJusoGm;awmfrlonf/ odkY&mwGif tvHudkif &[ef;awmfrSm aoewfxdrSef
ajray:odYk vJusomG ;aomfvnf; tvHwidk u
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atmif xdef;odrf;awmfrlEkdifjcif;rSm Armhordkif;wGif armfuGef;wifxkdufonfh tmZmenfol&Jaumif; r[kwfygavm/
wyfOD;rS &[ef;awmf (7) yg; ajray:odkY vJusoGm;onfESifh wNydKifeuf tawGUtMuHKrSdaom vlxkrSm
kwfkwfoJoJjzpfum aemufodkY SJoGm;avonf/ ausmif;om;? t&yfom; (5) a,mufaoewf xdrSefjyefavonf?
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201
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f yfa&;udk toifuo
hJ Ydkyif ,ljyygtH/h vljzpfusK;d eyfatmif jyMuukeyf gtH[
h k t"dXmefjyKNyD;aMumif;udk
&Jabmftm; ig ae&mrS uwdqdkyg\/
tkd &JabmfudkvSarmif&Jabmfu ysKdrspfEke,f i,fG,fvifhupm; &cJvSpGmaom rEkow vlYb0udkyif &uf&ufa&ma&m pGefYcGmoGm;
ayNyD/ Murf;wrf; &ufpufaom vlowftmPmom; tpkd;&wdkYonf riJhrnm &Jabmf\udk,fcEmrS &Jabmf\toufudk
xkwaf qmifomG ;acsNyD/ &Jabmfonf ypfcwfvu
dk af om aoewf'Pf&m &Sv
d suEf iS yfh if 'Pf&mudk vufEiS zhf u
d m (wkid ;f jynf
ESihf vlrsK;d twGuf aSUodYk w;kd Muyg? aemufrqkwMf uygESi)hf [l ArmhaoG;yDyD &J&ifph mG a<u;aMumfoo
H nf igwkYd \em;wGi;f rS
rxGuaf wmhNyD/ vGwv
f yfa&; wku
d yf q
JG ;kH cef;odYk ra&mufrcsi;f &Jabmf\ owday;EI;d aqmfoo
H nf ig\em;0wGif tjrJrjywf
Mum;a,mif aeayawmhrnf/
tdk &JabmfudkbaX;&Jabmfonf rGejf rwfaom aojcif;qkukd vufco
H mG ;Ekid af yonfh yk*Kd vfx;l tmZmenf wOD;jzpfojzihf 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;om aemufq;kH EIwcf eG ;f qufoyg\/ &Jabmf\ol&owd pHerlemudk ,l igwkYd qufvuf aqmifu
G Mf uygtH?h pGeYfpm;
MuygtHh/
igwkdYonf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ rNyD;rcsif; &JabmfuJhokdYyif toufpGefY BudK;pm;aqmifGufygtHh[k tcsdef
ae&mrS iguwdjyK\/ opmqdkyg\/ igwdkY\opmwnfMunfrIudk jzpf&mb0uae 0rf;ajrmufMunfEl;jcif; jzpfyg
apownf;/
tkd oGm;avol tmZmenf&JabmfwdkY oifwkdYuJhodkY tmZmenfyk*dKvfcRef yk*dKvfrGefwdkYudk arG;zGm;Muonfh rdcif?
zcif? aus;Zl;Sifrsm;udk igwkdY uefawmhyg\/ dkusKd;yg\/ Sdcdk;yg\/ oifwkdY\ rGefjrwfaom aojcif;udk igtm;us
awmh\/ rSef;q wrf;wrdawmh\/ taoapmMuavpGwum;/ IMuOD;avmh? toifwkdY\ jyif;pGmaom ZmwdaoG;?
Zmwdrmef &ifhoefjcif; t[kefaMumifh oifwkdY\ toufudk xkwfaqmifoGm;avaom &ufpufvSonfh "eSif yg;uGuf
tmPmom; tpk;d &onf rwnfr&yfEidk ?f ,dr;f ,dik v
f suf pkypf jrKyfp Supf zG,f jyKwfus&avNyD/ onfvQif toifwYkd\
205
AuoOu|rdefhcGef;
(udkodef;atmif zwfMum;jcif;)
&Jabmfw-hkd
rw&m;vGef;aom t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ vufatmufodkY Armjynfusa&mufaom tcsdeftcgrS p ,ck tcdsef
avmuf ArmvlrsKd; wrsKd;vHk;\ pdwfonf rylyifcJh&acs/ ,ck tcsdefavmuf tzdtpD; tESdyftpuf rcHcJh&bl;acs/
,ck tcsdefavmuf remMunf;cJh&bl;ay/
vlrsKd;jcm; tpdk;&\ zdpD;ESdyfpufjcif;cH&aom rnfonfh uRefwdkif;jynf? rnfonhf uRefvlrsKd; rqkd uReftjzpfrS
vGwfajrmuf&ef BudK;pm;Mu&mwGif omrefrw&m;aom zdESdyfjcif;wkdYxuf xl;uJaom zdESdyfjcif;wdkYonfum; awGU&jrJ
tpOftvm yifjzpf\/ rvGwfvyfaom olYuRefb0rS vGwfajrmufvkd rsm;rsm; BudK;pm;avav? zdESdyfnif;qJjcif;
rsm;rsm; cH&avavyif jzpf\/
'Pfwyfkdufjcif;? w&m;pGJjcif;? axmifoGif;cH&jcif;? e,fjcm;ydkYcH&jcif;? wkwfkdufcH&jcif;? vSHpGyfxdk; cH&jcif;
rsm;ESifh towfc&H jcif; wkUd um; vGwv
f yfa&; wku
d yf 0JG ifow
l ikd ;f okYd csD;jriahf om qkvmbfrsm;jzpfonfukd &Jabmftm;vH;k wdYk
rsuf0g;xifxif jrifNyD;om; jzpf\/ vlwkdif;vlwdkif;onf omrefqif;&Jjcif;rsKd;udk cHEkdif\/ omref nOf;qJjcif;rsKd;udk
cHEkdif\/ omref pGefYpm;jcif;rsKd;udk jyKEkdif\/ rxl;qef;vSay/
odkY&mwGif ,cktcsdefum; igwdkY &Jabmfausmif;om; wpkonf omref qif;&Jjcif;? omref pGefYpm;jcif;rsKd;udk
ao;i,fonf[k ,lqMuNyD;jzpfaMumif;udk wkdif;oljynfom; &[ef;SifvlwdkY odSdMuNyD;jzpfonhf tjyif &JabmfwdkY\
kyftavmif;rsm;onf oufaotjzpf wnfvsufSdacsNyD/ ArmvlrsKd;onf rnfonfhtcgurQ uReftjzpfudk rkef;wD;
GH mS aom pdwx
f m;? ocifjzpfvadk om pdwx
f m;onf ,cktcsdeaf vmuf ryGm;rsm;cJb
h ;l ay/ ,ckuo
hJ Ydk aom tajcodYk a&muf
atmif zefwD;vkyfaqmifvmcJhonfh ta&;wGif oifwdkYwawG toufpGefY wkdif;jynfwm0efudk aqmifGufoGm;jcif;onf
wkdif;jynftm; rnfrQ cspfaMumif;? qif;&Jom;wdkY tusKd;twGuf rnfrQ tepfemcH umuG,fapmifhaSmufvdkaMumif;udk
&mZ0ifwGif pmwif&rnfjzpfaom oufaotaxmuftxm; jzpfcJhavNyDwum;/
&Jabmf udkwifatmif? udkvSarmif? udkbaX;wdkhuRefausmif;om;? ausmif;olwYkd \ r[kwrf cHvakd ompdw?f wkid ;f jynfukd cspfcifaom pdww
f Ykd ukd toufEiS v
hf
J
oifwkdYonf toa& qnfcJhNyD? armfuGef;wif&pfatmif igwdkY udk,fpm; oifwkdY aSUrSae wkdufcJhNyD/ ausmif;om;?
ausmif;olwdkY\ tqifhtwef;udk jrifhcJhNyD/
tdk &JabmfwYdk oifwYdk wawGonf ArmjynfdS ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwYkd \ ud,
k pf m; wkid ;f jynftwGuf touf
pGefYum trIawmfxrf;cJhonfrsm;udk igwkdY rarhawmhNyD/ igwkYd 0rf;rajrmufbJ raeEkdifawmhNyD/ igwdkY rcsD;usL;bJ rae
EkdifawmhNyD/ aus;Zl;rqyfbJ raeEkdifawmhNyD/
]]olyek af cwf}} [k ac:qk&d rnfjzpfaom ,cktcsdew
f iG f tjcm;wkid ;f jynfv
dS rl sm;ESihf tqift
h wef;wlatmif Arm
jynftm; zefw;D ay;aom olyek af usmif;om;wdYkum; oifwYkdwawGyif jzpf\/ tdyaf rmusvsuf adS om Armjynfom;wdYktm;
Ekd;atmif EId;ay;aom olrsm;um; oifwkdYyif jzpf\/ vGwfvyfa&; yef;wkdifodkY aES;auG;pGm oGm;vsufSdaom ArmjynfBuD;
udk tSdefjyif;pGm oGm;atmif jyKjyifay;olrsm;rSmvnf; oifwkdYyif jzpfawmh\/
tkd &JabmfwdkY aoewfypf towfcH&rnfhaeYu vSnfhvnfMu&mwGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; aSUrSae
oifwkdYwawG rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfvsuf SdMuonfudk igawG; jrifrdygNyD? vSHpGyfwyfxm;aom aoewfBuD;rsm;jzifh
&ifqkdifawGUMuvsufyif tmZmenfyDyD 'l;wkefjcif;? &ifckefjcif; vHk;0uif;rJhvsuf Armausmif;om;wdkY\ owdudk jyvsuf
Sad om oifwYkd &Jabmf (3) OD;tm; rSe;f q jrifryd g\/ jyif;xefvaS om aoewf'Pf&mjzifh aoG;tjzmjzm pD;qif;NyD;vQif
rcsdrqefYjzpfcg rvGwfvyfaom Armjynfudk tjrefvGwfvyfatmif jyKvkyf&ef BudK;pm;&pfMuyg[k rSmMum;onfh tvm;
&Jabmfausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkYtm; rvGJrz,fom emMunf;pGm cGJcGmoGm;onfh &Jabmf (3) OD;wkdY\ jzpftifudk
awGUvkdufwdkif; igwkdY 0rf;enf;Mu&\/ igwkYd rsuf&nfrqnfEkdifatmif jzpf&\/
tdk &Jabmf (3) OD;wkYd rvGwfvyfaom Armjynfudk vGwfvyfatmif jyKvkyf&efwm0efudk igwdkY xrf;aqmif&pf
206
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
YJ efu
h siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ygrnf/ oifwkdY toufpGefYoGm;ovdk igwkdYvnf; aemufuvkduf taES;ESifh tjref toufpGefY oifwkdY tavmif;Sd&m
t&yfrSae t"d|mefjyKyg\/
vufeufwpHw
k &m rygonf omru &efrpl w
d x
f m; vH;k 0rSad om oifwYdk wawGtm; Muuf? iSu?f wd&pmefrsm;
ypfowfovdk? &ufpufMurf;MuKwfpGm ypfowfMuojzifh oifwdkYum; igwkdYESifh uif;a0;Mu&NyDjzpfaomfvnf; oifwkdY\
tmZmenfpdwf"gwfonf igwdkYtm; tpOfwpkduf aSUaqmifvsufSdavNyD/ oifwkdY\ pdwf"gwfudk igwkdY\ udk,fwGif;odkY
oGwo
f iG ;f oifwYdk \ vufiw
k jf zpfaom wdu
k yf u
JG kd NyD;Nidr;f atmif tpOfrjywf toifwYkd ukd aus;Zl;qyfaomoabmjzifh
uwday;yg\/
tkd &JabmfwdkY oifwkdY\ pdwf"gwfudk aemufqHk;tBudrf tdktaojyK&ef ArmjynfvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*
trIaqmifrsm;ESihf tjcm;NrdKUrsm;Sd ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; rvma&mufEidk o
f nfukd cGijhf yK&ef awmif;yefyg\/ Armjynf
aESmifBudK;udk ajyatmif BudK;pm;vkyfaqmifygrnf[k if;wdYk\udk,fpm; igwkYd udk,fpm;vS,f (3) OD;onf oifwkdY\
kyftavmif;rsm;udk OD;ckduf opmjyKyg\/
uJhokdY tmZmenfrsm;\ &J&ifhajymifajrmufpGm toufpGefYoGm;rIudk *kPfjyKcsD;usL; ajymMum;NyD;aemuf
tmZmenf (17) OD; kyftavmif;udk tkwf*loGif;NyD; trQtwef;a0um oN*KvfyGJtcrf;tem;udk atmifjrifpGm kyfodrf;
vkduf\/
(P)
tmZmenfrsm;aeY t"d|mefjyKpmwrf;
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
YJ efu
h siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif
r[kwfavm/
odkYjzpf&m vGwfvyfa&;\ wefzkd;onf tqHk;tp rSdonfhtwkdif; vGwfvyfa&;udk t&,l&ef BudK;yrf;tm;
xkw&f m pnf;pdrf toufwYkd ukd pGeYf Mu&jrJjzpfonfrmS urmY"rwmjzpfonfudk taxmifaom urmY&mZ0ifrsm;uvnf;
axmufcv
H suf Sad eayonf/ igwdYkonfvnf; "rwmobm0udk vGeq
f efum tb,frmS vQif vGwv
f yfa&;udk t&,l&ef
jzpfEkdiftHhenf;/ toufpGefYoGm;Muukefaom tmZmenfol&Jaumif;wkdYonf igwdkYtm; vGwfvyfa&; vrf;rSefudk xifxif
Sm;Sm; jycJhMuayNyD/ xdktmZmenfol&Jaumif;wkdY\ ajc&mudk waeYaeYwGif igwkdY eif;&awmhrnfrSm rvGJraSmifomaom
wm0ef0w&m;yif jzpf\/ vGwv
f yfa&;atmifyef;udk qGwcf ;l vko
d rl sm;um; tiftm;csed YJ ,dr;f EGUJ aeaom rde;f rvsm? vlrrm
wdkY\ t&mr[kwf/ owd? AswdESifh jynfhpHkaom &J&Jawmuf tmZmenfol&Jaumif;wdkY\ t&momvQifjzpfay\/ usm;udk
cvkwf? opfikwfudk oifjzL;? ql;udk arGY&mozG,f oabmxm;um tcsKyftcs,f? taESmifht,Suf? tqD;twm;[lorQ
wdYk ukd ydik ;f jzwf y,fiS ;f csO;f eif; okwo
f ifvsuf &J0phH mG ? iga,musmF ;[k BudK;pm;tHcJ ZGeJ bJBuD;olwYdkomvQif vGwv
f yfa&;
atmifyef;udk qifjref;&rnf jzpfownf;/
tdk tmZmenftaygif; ol&Jaumif;wkdY? taqGwdkY\ jyif;xefvSaom xGufoufwkdYonf? pdwf"mwfrsm;onf
igwdkY\ udk,fcEm wnfaeudef;atmif; ygapownf;/
taqGwYkdonfum; vlwYkd\ oufwrf;wGif xrf;aqmif&rnfh rdrw
d Ykd wm0ef0w&m;udk toufpeG Yf xrf;aqmif
oGm;Muojzifh &mZ0ifajymifum *kPfarmufMuay\/ taqGwdkYonf trsKd;\ *kPfukd aqmifoGm;EkdifMuouJhokdY igwkdY
vnf; aqmifEkdifatmif tcsdeftcg aumif;onf rMumrwif qkdufa&muf ygapownf;/
tdk tmZmenftaygif; ol&aJ umif;wkYd taqGwYkd \ xufoefvaS om ZG?J jrJpcJG idk rf mvSaom rsKd;cspfpw
d ?f xdyx
f yd f
MuJ wcJeufaom owdponfh rGefjrwfonfh t&nftcsif;wkdYudk igwdkYonf pdwftm;xufoefpGm csD;usL;Mobm
axmyem jyKMuyguke\
f / taqGwYkd\ 0dnmOfpw
d "f gwfrsm;onf vGwv
f yfa&; yef;wdik o
f Ydk aS;IomG ;aeMuaom igwdYk tm;
rD;I;wefaqmifBuD;ozG,f OmPftvif;a&mifudk ay;vsufSdacsNyD/
tdk tmZmenftaygif; ol&Jaumif;wkdY igwdkYonf taqGwdkYtm; igwkdY jyKorQ 'geukokdvf tzdkYzdkYudk trQ?
trQ? trQ ay;a0Muygukef\/ taqGwdkYonf Mum;onfhae&mu om"k tEkarm'em jyKEkdifMuonfjzpf vGwfvyfaom
ok*wdb0wGif vGwfvyfaom yk*dKvfrsm;tjzpfjzifh vGwfvyfa&;\ t&omudk aumif;pGm cHEkdifMuygapownf;/
ArmjynfzGm; wkdif;&if;om;taygif;wdkY igwdkYonf ,aeYup igwkdY wrsKd;om;vHk; OruGJodkufrysuf pnf;vHk;
nDGwfa&;udk &atmif aeYnrtm; aqmif&GufBudK;yrf;MuygukeftHh/
oef;aygif; rsm;pGmaom ArmvlrsKd;wkYd onf rdrw
d Ykd wdik ;f jynfBuD;udk vH;k 0vGwv
f yfa&; ay;rSomvQif auseyfEikd f
rnf[laom jyif;xefonfh pdwfqEudk jyMuukeftHh/
igwkYd ArmvlrsdK;wkYd \ pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;? omoem bmoma&;? vlrsdK; wk;d wufzYHG NzdK;a&;paom
BuD;yGm;rI trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudkvnf; igwdkYonf toufaoG;cJ wnfaeorQ umvywfvHk; pGrf;aqmif tm;xkwfMuukeftHh/
igwkdY Armwdkif;? Armwkdif; vGwfvyfa&;udk wu,fvkdvm;aom pdwf"gwfrsm; udef;atmifaeorQ umvywf
vHk; ArmjynfBuD;onf wu,fyif vGwfvyfa&; &rnfrSm rvGJaom taMumif;yif jzpf\/
tkd tcsif;wkYd &J&ifw
h nfMunf ArmyDoolwYkd omvQif Armjynf vGwv
f yfa&; a&mifjcnfoef;vmNyD[k xifmS ;
pGm awGUjrifEkdifrnfjzpfownf;/
ta&;awmfykHatmifygap
1301 ckESpf?
&efukefNrdKY? tmZmenfaehaumfrwDtzGJY
209
OD;A[de;f
(1938-39)
Source: Oway Magazines
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
YJ efu
h siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif
a'guw
f mvSaT
(1939-40)
M.B.B.S
rauG;NrKd w
Y iG f udAk [de;f ESit
Uf wl
tzrf;cH&aom
wuotwGi;f a&;rSL; udAk aqG
Source: Aung Tun's Original Copy
jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm t,f'w
D m OD;cspaf rmif (*sme,fausm)f u ay;tyfcahJ om vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k yf 0GJ if *kPx
f ;l aqmifvufrw
S f erlemyHpk H (1)
212
udak tmifausmEf iS t
Uf wl tdu
k cf &H aom
udMk unfarmif (aemif Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D
Munfarmif)
213
Source: Aung Tun's Original Copy
jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm t,f'w
D m OD;cspaf rmif (*sme,fausm)f u ay;tyfcahJ om vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k yf 0GJ if *kPx
f ;l aqmifvufrw
S f erlemyHpk H (2)
Adv
k af tmifausmf tygt0if wuov
kd af usmif;om;rsm; &efuek f twGi;f 0ef;kH udk 0dik ;f aepOf
214
Ou|q&mawmf OD;uvsmP
av;jyifav;&yfv;kH qdik &f m&[ef;ysKt
d zJcYG sKy?f
a0,efbo
kH mwdu
k f
rEav;oydwfacgif;aqmif
Ou|q&mawmf OD;uvsmPESifh
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
udkatmifwdkhtm; axmif'Pf (2)
ESpfpD toD;oD;csrSwfcHcJh&onf/
udck sex
f eG ;f (10 wef;? A[dt
k rsK;d om;ausmif;)
wydw
hk v
GJ qkwf (12) &ufwiG f trdechf sonf/
udu
k akd v; (10 wef;? 0ufpvD,aH usmif;)
wydw
hk v
GJ qkwf (12) &ufwiG f trdechf sonf/
215
216
217
Source: Aung Tun's Original Copy
rEav;oydww
f iG f usq;kH cJah om tmZmenf (16) OD;\ psmyeyJG
Adv
k f (16) OD;\ psmyetcrf;tem; aps;csKad wmf taSb
Y ufwiG f jrif&yHk
218
rEav;oydww
f iG f usq;kH cJah om tmZmenf (16) OD;\ psmyeyJG
em&DpifauGw
Y iG f ausmif;olrsm;\ ppf&xm;,mOf vGeaf jrmufNy;D aemuf e*g;eDtrsK;d orD; aq;vdycf t
kH zJu
YG kd jrifEikd \
f
219
(2)
OD;ynmaZmw
ukoEd m Hw
k u
kd f
toufawmf - 28
0gawmf crnf;awmf - OD;pH
r,fawmf - a':zD
aumhp&Gm? oxH'k pD Bww
d f
a*G;csKw
d u
kd f
toufawmf - 25
0gawmf crnf;awmf - OD;atmifb
r,fawmf - a':zmG ;cspf
qumBu;D NrKd ?Y rtlyif'pD Bww
d f
(3)
OD;a0ykv
(4)
OD;Zedw
wl;armif;wdu
k ?f tr&yl&
toufawmf - 27
0gawmf crnf;awmf - OD;xGe;f vS
r,fawmf - a':v'S eG ;f
jrpfusK;d pmwdu
k ?f yJc;l 'DpBww
d f
pukwu
kd f
toufawmf - 35
crnf;awmf? r,fawmfwrhkd mS
uG,v
f eG Nf y;D ? arG;pm;
r,fawmfrmS yckuL wGi&f dS
yckuL 'DpBww
d f
(5)
OD;tmavmu
aiGawmifwu
kd f
toufawmf - 30
0gawmf - 10
crnf;awmf - OD;Edik f
r,fawmf - a':quf
OoQpu
f ek ;f Gm? a&eHacsmif;tydik f
rauG;'DpBww
d f
(9)
AdkvfvSarmif
(10)
Adkvfwifatmif
OD;edAm eausmif;
touf - 15
owrwef;
tb - OD;ul;
trd - a':&if
a[rmZv? rEav;NrKd Y
(11)
Adkvfrl
(12)
AdkvfxGef;atmif
(owif;pma&mif;
trdtm;vkyaf uR;aeol)
touf - 18
tb - OD;vS (uG,fvGef)
trd - a':prd hf
qdik ;f wef;? rEav;NrKd Y
220
(13)
Adkvfatmifxl;
(14)
Adkvfcifarmif
'udP
0ef rvGeaf usmif;
touf - 21
tb - OD;pHaumif;
trd - a':apmcif
'udP
0ef? rEav;NrKd Y
touf - 19
tb - q&matmif
trd - a':oufcikd f
O,smOf0if;? rEav;NrKd Y
(15)
AdkvfxGef;td
ukeo
f nf
touf - 53
tb - OD;aTyiG Uf
trd - a':rif;csKH
r&rf;jc?H rEav;NrKd Y
(16) AdkvfbvGef;
touf - 33? tb - OD;pHcsed ?f trd - a':nrd ;f ?
o&ufwyif&mG ? rEav;'DpBww
d f
(17)
Adkvfa&Tdk; (ac:) Adkvfcifarmif
Adv
k af &T;kd onf touf 16 ESprf Qom&Sad o; rEav;NrKd ?Y wkww
f ef;&yf? tb- t0def yI ?f trd- rBu;D wdu
hk arG;zGm;aom
wkwu
f jym; Ak'b
momjzpf? 0HomEkpw
d x
f ufoefojl zpf&m rMumrDu a&eHoydww
f yf &efyakH iG aumufcaH &;wGif
tm;BuKd ;rmefwuf aqmifu
G cf o
UJ jl zpfaMumif;/
if;rSm wkww
f ef;? omoedu,k0toif;ESiUf vdu
k yf gNy;D vQif ausmif;om;rsm;a&SrY S wuf aoewf'Pf&m &&SNd y;D vQif aq;Hw
k iG f
(*) &ufMumrS aoqH;k oGm;&SmaMumif;? aq;Hk ukopOf rdbrsm; tm;wuf&ef pum;rsm;om ajymMum;oGm;aMumif;/
1300 jynf?U waygi;f vqef; (10) &ufaehwiG f oN*K [\
f /
Adv
k cf ifarmif\ tavmif;udk ol<u,fpk okefwiG f ,laqmifvmyHk
221
twGi;f 0ef;kH jzpfygG ;cJah om t"dukP;f ESifh ywfouf pHpk rf;a&;aumfrwD tpD&ifcpH m
Resolution on the Report of the Secretariat Incident Enquiry Committee
(,ck r[mAEKvvrf;)
(,ck Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;)
(,ck taemf&xmvrf;)
(,ck odrfjzLvrf;)
twGif;0efHk;ajryHk
222
-0-
twGi;f 0ef;kH jzpfygG ;cJah om t"dukP;f ESifh ywfouf pHpk rf;a&;aumfrwD tpD&ifcpH m
-1-
some on foot. On arrival there each gate was blocked by a group consisting of both boy and girl
students. The ages of the girl students ranged between 13 and a little over 20. These activities of
- 2 -
bring them round to the Sun Press. The students were to be formed into letter "L" and
- 3 -
standing about there waiting for the barriers to arrive before they were put up on the spet.
There was a very large and unruly crowd and we decided to driven them a bit further away
from the corner. As the police party advanced the crowd fell back
- 4 -
than turned around the Sacretariet and when they were about to reach the corner of
Sparks Street and Bigandet Street I saw police force headed two or three mounted
- 5 -
The other members of the House of Representatives, U Ain, U Ba On and U Tun Aung
speak more or less in a similar strain.
- 6 -
of Police. As the police rushed forward to rescue this sergeant we were very heavily
- 7 -
(4) If they had, whether the police asked the students to disperse before force was used
again against them;
- 8 -
the procession was likely to cause a breach of the peace. That brings us to section 128 of the
- 9 -
Sparks Steet was about 30 or 40. Most of them will girls, some of whom were even not older than
13 or 14. We want this aspect of the case to be kept steadily in view because of what we propose
to say in the letter part of our report.
- 10 -
- 11 -
- 12 -
- 13 -
- 14 -
- 15 -
- 16 -
- 17 -
- 18 -
- 19 -
- 20 -
- 21 -
- 22 -
- 23 -
- 24 -
- 25 -
- 26 -
- 27 -
- 28 -
- 29 -
- 30 -
- 31 -
- 32 -
- 33 -
- 34 -
- 35 -
- 36 -
- 37 -
Exhibit A
yHk (u)
Exhibit B
yHk (c)
Exhibit C
yHk (*)
vJusaeolrSm
udkMunfarmif
- 38 -
Exhibit D
yHk (C)
Exhibit E
yHk (i)
Exhibit G
yHk (q)
- 39 -
Exhibit H
yHk (Z)
Exhibit I
yHk (ps)
Exhibit O
yHk (")
- 40 -
Exhibit M
yHk ()
Exhibit Q
yHk (r)
- 41 -
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tcef; (9)
udv
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e,fcsUJ qefu
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ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1939 rS 1940)
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm(1) a&eHajr tvkyo
f rm;csDwufvma&;ESihf Armwjynfv;Hk Sd ausmif;om;rsm; tmPmzDqef qlyjl cif;rsm;ESihf
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&Jabmfw-hkd
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&JabmfwYkdonf tjrJtvkyv
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ta&;awmfykHatmifygap
oef;wif
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&efukefausmif;om;rsm;oydwfpcef;
twGif; ausmif;om;oydwftiftm;rSm wufom aeav\? &efukef tdEd,om; ukvm;ausmif;jzpfaom
bifa*gtu,f'rD? 'DatbD yefcsmyDausmif;ESihf a&'D,m;aumvdyaf c: ukvm;ausmif;rsm; yg0ifvmMuonf? acgif;aqmif
wdkYrSm rpwmwdkSDbDa*gqifESifh rpwmtm&D&mwdkY jzpfonf/
&efukefNrdKU wdkif;&if;om;bmomoifausmif; (31) ausmif;ESifh t*Fvdyf-jrefrm (2) bmomoifausmif;
(22) ausmif;? 53 ausmif;Sdonfh teuf wdkif;&if;om;bmomoifausmif;rsm; vkH;0zGifhvSpf rjzpfawmhbJ (2) bm
omoifausmif; (6) ausmif;rSmvnf; zGifhvSpfonf qdkkHrQ zGifhvSpfxm;onf/ ausmif;wufaom ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm
w0ufyif rSdacs/ tcsKdU av;ig;ausmif;avmufrQom qdkif&mu aoG;aqmifvnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rdbrsm;xH
vdkufvH ausmif;um;rsm;jzifh ac:jcif;aMumifh ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol 1^3 ausmf 2^3 eD;yg; wufa&mufaeonf/
xdkodkYaom ausmif;rsm;udk cGJ tvSnfhus oydwfwm;avonf/
14? 2? 1939 wGif oydwfwm;&aom ausmif;rsm;rSm(1) rufo'pfa,musFm;av;ausmif; (5) vrf;rawmf bufywpfausmif;
(2) rufo'pfrdef;uav;ausmif;
(6) pdefAifhqifausmif;
(3) q&mjzpfoifausmif;
(7) 0dwdk&d,ausmif;
(4) pdefar&D (vrf;rawmfausmif;)
ausmif;rsm;udk oydwfwm;&m atmifjrifavonf/
267
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(p) a'guw
f mbarmfjyKwu
f sjcif;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;aphpyfjcif;
a'gufwmbarmfonf oHCmawmfrsm;rS wqifh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfcJhaomfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;u rEkwf
rxGufcsif; aphpyfrI rjyKvkyf[k ajymqdkavonf/ udkvSaTu a'gufwmbarmf EkwfxGuf&efom awmif;qdkavonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;u 1935 tufOa'udk zsuf&efom ajymqdkavonf/
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usif;yavonf? &mxl;vufrcH&ef qkH;jzwfavonf/
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268
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wGuf
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272
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trdeYf ay;rnfh Adv
k w
f yfom;wdYk tm; trdefYtmPmray;rD rdrdu (owd) ae&rnf/ xdkYaemuf trdefYray;rD
wyfom;rsm;tm; (oHrPd) [kaSUajy;pum; (owday;pum;) udk atmfNyD;rS vdk&mtrdefYudk ay;&rnf/ trdefYay;&mwGif
yg;pyfzsm;rS ayghqqxGuaf om toHrsKd;ESihf trdeYf ray;&/ vnfacsmif;rS tpfxGuaf om toHrsKd;ESihf av;av;eufeuf
trdefUay;&rnf/
(2) owd[k trdefhay;jcif;
trdefYonf t*Fvdyfvdk (Attention) [laom pum;ESifhvnf;aumif;? paumufrsm;\ (Alert) [laom
pum;ESiv
hf nf;aumif;? xyfwx
l yfrQ jzpfavonf/ trdeYfay;oltwGuf (owd) [k qd&k mwGif (o-oH) udk cyf Snf n
S q
f
JG
(wd) rsm;pGm jywfom; yDoap&rnf/ (wd) oHudk toHjzwfESifh wdkawmif;pGm trdefYay;&rnf/ (oESifh wd) Mum;wGif
wpfpuefY? ESpfpuefYrQ tcsed Mf umap&rnf/ (owd) [k qdak paomfvnf; o-"d[k vnfacsmif;oH xGuaf p&rnf/ owd[k
trdeUf ray;rD (oHrPd) udk yxrqifh qdk&rnf/ (oHrPd) [k qifhqdkvdkuf (2-3) puefYavmufMumrS owdudk
trdefYay;&rnf/
Oyrm- oHrPd -- om -- "d
t&mSdtrdefYay;vQif wyfom;rsm;u OD;acgif;? udk,f? ajc? vufwdkYudk wnfhrwf wnfNidrfpGm xm;&rnf/
rsufpdwdkYrS wyg; wudk,fvkH; rvIyfSm;&/ vufacsmif;rsm;udk tenf;i,fauG; vufrrsm;\ txufqkH; tqpfrSm
auG;aeaom vufdSK;tqpfay:wGif wnfSdap&rnf/ vufqpfwdkYudk ab;wGifxm; vufz0g;udk aygifzsm;bufodkY
vSnfhxm;&rnf/ vufrudk aSUvnf abmif;bDcsKyfdk; aemufem;wGif uyfcg oufompGmxm;&
rnf/ vufESpfzufpvkH; udk,fESifh ajzmifhwef;pGmxm;&rnf/ vufrsm;udk aemufodkYrauG;ap&/
ajczaemifhjcif; xdxm; ajcrwckESifhwck (8) vufruGm xm;&rnf/ wenf;tm;jzifh odUk
jyKvky&f mwGif axmifh (45) 'D*&D S&d rnf/ owdtrdefUudk vdu
k ef mjyKvkyf&mwGif toufudk atmifh
vludkjyif;xefpGm awmifhxm;&ef rvdkacs/
(3) oufom
(Stand at Ease) ESifh xyfwlxyfrQjzpfonf/ owdrS oufomodkY trdefYay;vQif b,fajcudk b,fbufodkY
waycefY aTU vufESpfbufudkvnf; wNydKifwnf; aemufodkY,lcg nmvufzrdk;udk b,fvufz0g;ESifh qkyfudkif&rnf/
vufrsm;udk aeom,kHqefY vIyfvIyfSm;Sm; raeap&/ udk,fudk ajcESpfacsmif;ay:wGif tm;jyK oufompGm ae&rnf/
wudk,fvkH; NidrfNidrfoufouf ae&rnf/ b,fajcudk aTU&m nmajcudk vkH;0vIyfSm;jcif; rjyK
vkyf&/
oufomrS owdodkY trdefYay;&mwGif wyfom;rsm;onf b,fajcudk nmajcodkY uyf
vufrsm;udv
k nf; (owd) trdefYrSmuJhodkY ae&rnf/
274
ty wud,
k v
f ;Hk vIyf mS ;Edik ?f wyfom;rsm; ({ap) taetxm;wGif &yfae trdeUf ay;olu (oHrPd)[k qifq
h v
kd u
kd v
f Qif
tm;vkH; (oufom) taetxm;odkUjyif aeMuap&rnf/ NyD;rS trdefUay;oHudk apmifhqdkif;Mu&rnf/
(5) aejrJ
(As Usual) ESifh xyfwlxyfrQ jzpfayonf/ taetxm;wckckudk jyKvkyf&ef wyfom;rsm;u trdefYay;NyD;rS
ae&mvGwf
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(8) nmu - nd
wyfom;rsm; vlpDjcif; taetxm; aumif;pGm rnDao;vQif trdefUudk ay;&rnf/ xdktcgoHrPdtrSwfESifh
aemufwef; nmbufqkH;vlrS vGJ usefwyfom;tm;vkH; aSUodkY ajcvSrf;w0ufrQ wuf&rnf/ NyD;rS ajcaxmufrsm;udk
wjznf;jznf; aTUum rdrdnmbuf wa,mufausmf wyfom;\ ar;zsm;uav;udk jrif&,kHSdonfhtcgwGif &yf&rnf/
trdefYay;oludk,fwdkif odkYr[kwf vufatmufcH t&mSdwOD;OD;u wyfom;rsm; nD? rnDudk ab;uae Munfh&rnf/
aSUxGuaf eolwYkdukd aemufaTU&ef ajym&rnf aemufxu
G af eolwYkdukd aSUwd;k &ef Tejf y&rnf/ trdeYfukd tcgcyford ;f ay;
&efrvdk/ wyfom;rsm;onf udk,fhbmomudk *kpdkuf jyifqif&rnf/ ta&;BuD;aom tcgBuD;&ufrsm;wGif trdefYudk
okH;jrJjzpfonf/ xdktwef; nd&mwGif acgif;ESifh rsufpdudkom vSnfh&rnf/ wudk,fvkH;vdkuf ukef;&efuG&ef rvdkay/
nmujyif? b,fujyif [laom trdefYwdkYonf trdefYay;olu wyfom;rsm; wpkHwckjyKvkyf&ef trdefYay;NyD;? &yfwefY
ae&m taetxm; rnDGwf ay;&aom trdefYjzpfonf/ odkYaomf wyfom;rsm;onf wpkHwckjyKvkyf NyD;onfhtcgwdkif;
xdktrdefYudk apmifhqdkif;&ef rvdk/ tvdktavsmuf udk,fwdkifnd&rnf/
(9) nmodkhMunfU? b,fodkhMunfU
ud,
k u
f kd wnfrh wfpmG xm; b,fbufoYkd vnf;aumif;? nmbufoYkd vnf;aumif;? acgif;apmif;Munf&h rnf/
(10) aSYodkhMunfU
txufutrdefYtwdkif; b,fbufnmbufodkY Munfhae&mrS aSUodkYMunfhap&ef trdefYwnf;/ wyfom;wdkif;
rsufpdwdkYonf aSUwnfhwnfhta0;odkY Munfh&rnf/
(11) oHrPd - - - trSwf
wyfom;rsm; trSwaf &&efay;aom trdeUf jzpfonf/ xdt
k cg aSUwef;nmbuf tpGeq
f ;Hk vl (oHrPdtrSwrf yg)
up (1-2-3-4-5) ponfjzifh b,fbuftqk;H vlwikd ;f wa,mufpD trSwu
f kd atmf Gw&f rnf/ xdo
k Ykd Gwq
f &kd mwGif
acgif;rvSnfh&/ aemufwef;u wyfom;rsm; trSwfatmf&ef rvdk/ ukd,fhaSU vltrSwfudkyif ,l&rnf/
(12) nmvSnfU
udk,fudk wnfhrwfpGmxm;? vufrvIyf&/ (1) nmajczsm;ESifh b,fajczaemifhudk <u udk,fudk nmbufodkY
vQifjrefpGm vSnfhNyD;rS (2) b,fajcudk nmajcem;odkY jzwfvwfpGm ,lcs/ trSwftwdkif; vltwdkif; ESpfwef; okH;wef;cGJ
vdkuf nmvSnfh? b,fvSnfh usifh&rnf/ odkYrS nDnmvG,faponf/
13) b,fvSnfU
txufygtwdkif; ajymif;jyef vkyf&efjzpfonf/ b,fajczsm;ESifh nmajczaemifh tenf;i,ff <uap&rnf/
(14) aemufvSnfU
nmvSnfhouJhodkY nmajczsm;ESifh b,fajczaemifhudk<u aemufodkY rsufESma&mufatmif
vSnfhjcif;wnf;/ (aemufvSnfh) onfhtcg rnfonfhtcgrQ b,frSrvSnfh&/
(15) nmapmif;
(Right in- cline) ESifh xyfwlxyfrQ jzpfonf/ b,f-nmvSnfhouJhodkY b,fbuf nmbufrsm;odkY vkH;vkH;
rvSnfh&/ w0ufom vSnfh&rnf/ apmif;NyD;onfh tcgwGif ajcz0g;rsm;rSm (owd) taetxm;rSmuJhodkY Sd&rnf/
(16) b,fapmif;
txufygenf;twdkif; b,fbufodkY apmif;&efjzpfonf/
(17) tcsdefrSwf
(Mark-time) ESihf xyfwx
l yfrQjzpfonf/ ae&if;ae&m b,fajcESihf nmajcudk wvSnphf aD jrmufacs? csacsjyK&
276
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(25)
aemufvSnfhwdkif; nmbufrS vSnfh&rnf/ oHrPdaemuf--vSnfh [k trdefYay; (3) cGef;vkH;udk b,fajc ajr
tuswGifom ay;&rnf/ nmajcaSUwvSrf;wdk; b,fajcudk nmajc aSU uefYvefYcGcs/ nmajc<u aemufbufodkY
vSnfh? b,fajcudk odrf;? nmajcESifh vSrf; xGuf&rnf/
6/ tMuHay;TefMum;csuf
oHrPdwm0efcHrsm;ESifh wyfom;wdkYonf txufygtrdefYwdkYudk vdkufemaqmifGuf&ef yxr tawmfyif
tcuftcJEiS hf awGU&ayrnf/ odYk aomf pdwrf ysub
f J pmESiahf &;om;xm;onft
h wdik ;f (jznf;jznf;) tavhtusihf tprf;oyf
(3^4) OD; 0dkif;0ef; jyKvkyf usifh&rnf/ rSefNyD? ae&musNyDqdkrS wyfom;rsm;ukd wqifhjyoMu&rnf/ ppfa&;jy&mwGif
ydkrdk em;vnfap&ef tjcm;wwfod em;vnfolrsm;xHodkY csOf;uyfvnf;aumif;? if;wdkY vkyfykHudkifykHwdkYudk MunfhIU
vnf;aumif; enf;,l&rnf/ trdefYrsm;rSm wyfom;rsm;twGuf avhusifh&ef tajccHrQom jzpfonf/ rMumrD NyD;pD;
awmhrnfjzpfaom oHrPdpnf;rsOf;wGifrS trdefYrsm; tpkHtvif yg0ifvdrfhrnf/ trdefYrsm;udk vdkufem vkyfaqmif&ef
pmjzifh MunfhvkyfaeMuvQif tcuftcJawGU& enf;vrf;rus jzpfaeonfudkvnf;aumif;? wifBudKodSdNyD;jzpfonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap trSm;awGUrS trSefudkawGUrnf/ odkYjzpf pdwfrysufbJ ZGJaumif;aumif;ESifh udk,fhwm0efudk vkyfaqmif
Muapvdo
k nf/ oHrPdppfa&;jytwef; oifwef;wdYk ukd ,ckEpS t
f wGi;f aomf vnf;aumif;? odkYr[kwf ausmif;rsm;\ ESpf
vnf nDvmcHEiS ahf omf vnf;aumif;? yl;wGu
J sif;y&ef MuHpnf pDpOfxm;onf/ xdt
k cgwGif t&yf&yfdS oHrPdwm0efcrH sm;
odYk r[kwf oHrPdwyf ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk oHrPdppfa&; uRrf;usiforl sm;u vufxyfoifMum; jyoay;&ef pDpOfxm;
onfjzpfaMumif;/
ta&;awmfykHatmifygap
xGef;Sdef
(X)
jrefrmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;\ umuG,af &;oHrPdtzGUJ
xkwfjyefcsuf (2)
1/
oHrPdvufpJG (ac:) oHrPdpnf;rsOf; tcef; (1)? tyd'k f (4)? tydk'fi,f (*) wGif azmfjyxm;onfh pmtkyu
f kd
tzGUJ BuD;u rxkwaf 0Edik af o;rD tcsed t
f wGi;f wGif trdeYftrSwf (1)? xkwjf yefcsuf (2) ponfh pmwrf;rsm;udk vpOfxw
k af 0
oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;/ odkYaMumifh e,fSd oHrPdwm0efcHrsm; owdjyK&rnfrSm tvkyf0w&m; cRwf,Gif;ayghysuf wm0ef
rausjzpfaevQif? oHrPdtzGJUBuD;rS vpOfay;oGm;rnfjzpfaom tvkyfrsm;udk rrDEdkifbJ aemufususef&pf tcuftcJ
rsm;ESifh awGUMuHKae&ayvdrfhrnf/
2/
oHrPdwyfrsm;? oHrPdpnf;rsOf; tcef; (6)? tykd'f (5)wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; oHrPdtkyfcsKyfol t&mSd
rsm;onf wyfrsm;udk zGUJ pnf;&m wyfom;rsm; toufEiS hf t&yftedrhf tjrifh ponfwUdk udk oifah vsmo
f vdk ,m,D pDrEH ikd cf iG hf o
dS nf/
okdYaomf wyfrsm;udk tkyfcsKyf&aomtcgwGif ppfwyfESifh wlEkdiforQwlatmif jyKvkyf&rnf/ pnf;urf; ao0yfa&;udk
txl;*kpkdufyg/ ppfa&;jyaecdkufwGif wyfom;rsm;? &,farmpum;ajymjcif;udk cGifhrjyK&/
3/ t0wftpm;
oHrPdwyf\ &nf,
G cf sufrmS wyfom;rsm;tm; ppfraI &;&mudk pHv
k ifpmG em;vnfapvdjk cif; jzpfonf/ t0wf
tpm;rSm ta&;tBuD;qHk;tcsuf r[kwf? 'kwd,ta&;BuD;onfh udprsKd;om jzpfonf/ oHrPd jyXmef;xm;onfh
t0wftpm;udk r0wfEikd o
f jzifh oHrPdwyfom; r[kw[
f k rqdEk idk /f oHrPdpnf;urf;rsm;udk rvdu
k ef mu oHrPdwyfom;
r[kw/f odYkaomf wyfom;rsm; oHrPdt0wftpm;udk 0wfqifEidk o
f nfh tcgwGirf l aooyfusempGm 0wfqif&efvadk yonf/
oHrPdO;D xkyf
0g;zwfOD;xkyf (t0g&pf) ESifh[kqdkxm;&m OD;xkyfrSm tywfwckvHk; 0g&efrvdk? tywf tm;vHk;udk tpdrf;a&mif
qkd;NyD;vQif tay:qHk; tywfrsm;udkom Asufvufrw0ufrQ Sdaom t0gpif;jzpfatmif qkd;&rnf/ xdkt0g&pfuav;
atmuf tpdrf;a&mif b,fzufab; tvnfwnfhwnfhwGif teDa&mif t0wfp (Asuf wvufrcGJ? tvsm; ESpfvufr)
a'gifvdkuf wyfqifxm;&rnf/ teDa&miftay:wGif rnfonfh trSwftom;udkrQ ra&;om; rjc,f&/
278
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
oHrPdt&m&Sdrsm;
(u) Adkvfuav;
Adkvfuav;rSm oHrPdwyfpkudk tkyfcsKyfonfh t&mSdwOD;jzpfonf/ ,cktcsdef oHrPdoifwef;rsm; pmar;yGJ
rsm;udk rusif;yEkdifao;ojzifh Adkvfuav;&mxl;udk or*toif;toD;oD;rS oifhavsmfrnfh oludk cefYxm;Mu&aprnf/
Adkvfuav;wGif wyfpkudk oabmSdovdk oHrPdpnf;rsOf;twkdif; pDrHjc,fv,
S Ef idk o
f nf/ wyfom;wOD;OD;udk xkwyf ,f
ypfEidk o
f nfh tmPmSo
d nf/ wyfpw
k ckv;kH udk tkycf sKyf&m olonf ta&;BuD;qHk;yk*dK vf jzpfonf/ wyfom; (40) rjynfhbJ
wyfom; (25? 30? 35) qdkvQifvnf; or*toif; toD;oD;wdkYonf xkdwyfom;rsm;udk tkyfcsKyf&ef Adkvfuav;
wa,muf cefYap&rnf/ Oyrm- jrif;jcHwGif oHrPdwyfom; (69) a,mufSdonf/ xdk (69) a,mufpvHk;udk wyfAdkvf
uav; wOD;wnf;ESifh rudkifEkdif/ odkYjzpf wyfAdkvfuav; ESpfOD;Sdap&ef or*rsm;u Adkvfuav;wOD;udk aemufxyf
cefUxm;Mu&rnf/ oHrPdtrdefYay;jcif;ESifh qkdiforQ vkyfief;rsm;udk oHrPdwm0efcH Adkvfuav;onf aumif;rGefusepGm
uRrf;usif ap&rnf/ if;tjyif pnf;rsOf;ESifh tjcm;vkyfief; wm0efrsm;udkvnf; uRrf;usif&efvkdayonf/ udk,fwkdif
ppfa&;jyjcif;udk trdeUf ay;wwfap&rnf/ wyfpEk iS yhf wfouf wpHw
k ck jyKvkypf rD zH ,
G f v
dS Qif Adv
k u
f av;onf wyfMuyfrLS ;?
wyfMuyfBuD;? vufaxmufAdkvfwdkYESifh wkdifyif pDrH&rnf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap olonf wyfpkwckudk tkyfcsKyfEkdifrnfh
t&nftcsif;ESifh jynfhpHkap&rnf/
(c) wyftkyfAdkvf
olonf wyfom; (160) odkYr[kwf Adkvfuav; (4) OD;ukd tkyfcsKyfoljzpfonf/ olonf Adkvfuav;xuf
&mxl;wqifh jrifhonf/ wyfom; (160) rjynfhaomfvnf; wyfom; (80) u ausmfvQif wyftkyfAdkvfwa,muf Sdap
&rnf/ xdkwyftkyfAdkvfudk oHrPdpnf;rsOf; rajymif;ao;rD oHrPdrsm;uyif cefYxm;Mu&rnf/ Oyrm- ajrmif;jrNrdKUwGif
ausmif; (3) ausmif; Sdonf/ wausmif;wGif wyfom; (30)? wausmif;wGif wyfom; (50)? wausmif;wGif wyfom;
(45) a,mufSdonf[k qdkMupdkY/ wyfom; (30) Sdaom ausmif;wGif wyfMuyf (3) a,muf? wyfMuyfBuD; (2)a,muf?
wyfMuyfrLS ; (1) a,muf (ae&mwGif wyfMuyfrLS ;onf vufaxmufAv
kd &f mxl;udk ,lEidk o
f nf/) Adv
k u
f av;wa,muf
Sdayrnf/ wyfom; (50) Sdaom ausmif;wGif wyfMuyf (5) a,muf? wyfMuyfBuD; (3) a,muf? wyfMuyfrSL; (2)
a,muf vufaxmufAdkvfwa,muf? Adkvfuav; wa,mufSdrnf/ wyfom; (45) Sdaom ausmif;wGif tMuyf (4)
a,muf? odkYr[kwf (5)a,muf? wyfMuyfBuD; (3) a,muf? wyfMuyfrSL; (2) a,mufSdrnf/ vufaxmufAv
kd w
f a,muf?
Adv
k u
f av; wa,mufrdS nf/ wNrdKUvH;k Sd wyfom;rsm;udk tkycf sKyf&ef wyftyk Af v
dk w
f OD; S&d rnf/ Adkvfuav; (3) OD;udk
ausmif;toD;oD;Sd or*toif;wdkYu wifajrmuf wyftkyfAdkvfudk NrdKUvHk;qkdif&m or*u wifajrmuf&rnf/ Adkvf
uav;rsm;onf wyftkyfAdkvf\ MoZmtmPmudk emcH&rnf/
(*) Adv
k rf LS ;
Adv
k rf LS ;rSm wyftyk Af v
kd rf sm;tay:wGif tkycf sKyfot
l &mSjd zpfonf/ ol\wm0efrmS ol\ vufatmufwGif Sdaom
wyftm;vHk;wdkY\ wdk;wuf&m wkd;wufaMumif;udk pDrHcefYcGJenf; vrf;Tefjy&rnf/ e,fvHk;qkdif&m oHrPdt&mSdyif
jzpfonf/ AdkvfrSL;udk rnfonhfor*rsm;rS rwifajrmuf&/ oHrPdtzGJUcsKyfuom wkdufdkuf cefYxm;rnf/
9/
oHrPdwyfcGJyHk
40960
10240
2560
640
160
40
10 - 10 - 10 - 10
- wyfrawmf
- wyfaygif;csKyf
- wyfaygif;pk
- wyfaygif;
- wyfzGJU
- wyf
- wyfpdwf
10/
wyfpdwfudk oHrPdwyfMuyf tkyfcsKyfrnf/ wyfudk Adkvfuav; tkyfcsKyfrnf/ wyfzGJU wyftkyfAdkvf? wyfaygif;
AdkvfrSL;? wyfaygif;pk twdkifyifcHAdkvf? wyfaygif;csKyf wyfrawmfAdkvfcsKyfwdkY toD;oD; tkyfcsKyfMurnf/
11/
280
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
avQmufMu&rnf/ avQmufaomtcg rdrd\ aSUem;usaomvl\ ausmv,fESifh rdrdykcHk; (b,fapmif;u b,fykcHk;?
nmapmif;u nmykcHk;)ESifh wef;atmifxm; rsufESmrl&modkY wef;wef;rwfrwf avQmuf&rnf/
(31) twGJvkduf b,f (odkhr[kwf) nmapmif;
trdefYrSm txufavhusifhcef;uJhodkYyif av;a,mufwGJ (odkYr[kwf) oHk;a,mufwGJ (odkYr[kwf) ESpfa,muf
wGJ twGJvdkuf? apmif;cg a'gihfwef; avQmufapjcif;aywnf;/
12/
,ckvtwGuf ppfa&;jytpDtpOf
,ck wvvHk;twGuf wyfom;rsm;tm; ppfa&;jyo&ef avhusifhcef;rsm;rSm (trdefYtrSwf - 1 ESifh ,ckv
oHrPd xkwjf yefcsuf - 2) ESpcf ak ygif;wGif (27) rsK;d So
d nf/ teuf (27) rsK;d vH;k udyk if avhusiMhf uap&rnf/ xdo
k Ykdavhusihf
Muap&mwGif tcsdeu
f kd uefYowf tvkyv
f yk Mf uapvko
d nft
h wkid ;f atmufwiG f tcsdepf m&if;ESihf tvkyu
f w
kd
JG jyxm;ay
onf/ ,ckvwvvHk;udk &ufowav;ywfcGJ jyxm;onf/ ppfa&;jyvQif tenf;qHk; wem&DMumap&rnf/ xdkwem&D
udkvnf; (3) ydkif; ydkif; yxr (10) rdepf/ 'kwd, (40) rdepf/ wwd, (10) rdepf cGJjcm;xm;onf/
yxrtywfwGif oifMum;&efrSm trdefYtrSwf (1) owdrS p trdefY trSwf (16) nmapmif; txdwkdYudk
aocsmpGm wwfajrmufatmif jyKvkyo
f ifMum; Murnf/ ppfa&;jyowkid ;f yxr (10) rdepfwiG f wwyfv;kH udk Adv
k u
f ,
kd w
f idk f
,cifu oifMum;jyo NyD;pD;cJhonfwkdYudk jyefvnfjyoap&rnf/ 'kwd, (40) rdepfwGif wyfudk wyfpdwfrsm; cGJvkduf
yg/ qkdif&m wyfMuyfrSL;? vufaxmufAdkvfwdkYtm; ppfa&;jyoap&ef wm0efvTJtyfay;&rnf/ wwd, (10) rdepfwGif
wwyfvHk;udk Adkvfudk,fwkdifBuD;Muyf xdkaeY jyoNyD;orQ avhusifhcef;rsm;udk jyefvSef jyoap&rnf/ (yxrqHk;up
ppfa&;jy&aom ppfwyfrsm; tzkdYrSm? yxr (10) rdepf Adkvfu ppfa&;jyrnfhtpm;? wyftaMumif;udk Sif;vif;ajym&rnf/
'kwd,tywfwGif trdefYeHygwfpOf (17) tcsdefrSp trdefYeHygwfpOf (22) avQmufvsuf b,fauGU- nmauGU
txdwdkYudk aocsmpGm wwfajrmufatmif avhusifhay;&rnf/ ppfa&;jyonfhtcsdefESifh wyfrsm;udk avhusifhay;ap&ef
txufenf;twkdif; pDpOf&rnf/
wwd,tywfwGif trdefUtrSwf (23) oGm;vsuf b,fvSnfh-nmvSnfhrSp trdefYeHygwfpOf (25) oGm;vsuf
aemufvSnfhtxdwdkYudk txufenf;twkdif; cGJjcm;a0zef oifMum;&rnf/
pwkwtywfwGif useftrdefYrsm;udk ukefpifatmif txufenf;twkdif; cGJjcm;a0zef oifMum;&rnf/
13/
ppfa&;jywm0efrsm;
Adkvfuav;- wyfMuyfrSL;rsm;ESifh vufaxmufAdkvfwkdY wyfpkrsm;udk ppfa&;jyaepOf oGm;a&mufMunfhI&rnf/
(u) wyfom;rsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifyHkudk owdjyK&rnf/
(c) wyfMuyfrSL;rsm;ESifh vufaxmufAdkvfwkdY ppfa&;tjyrSm;aevQif? 0ifa&mufjyifqifjyo trdefYay;&rnf/
(*) wyfom;rsm;\ trnfpm&if;udk ppfa&;jyolwkdif; *kjyK pm&if;,l rSwfom;ap&rnf/
wyfMuyfrLS ;ESifU vufaxmufAv
kd -f olwkdYonf Adv
k u
f av; wwyfv;kH udk ppfa&;jycdu
k w
f iG ?f wyfMuyfrsm;? wyfMuyfBuD;rsm;
wkYd\ wm0efukd vH;k 0aqmifu
G &f rnf/ wyfMuyf? wyfMuyfBuD;wdYkrmS Adv
k u
f av;ppfa&;jycku
d f wyfom;rsm;ESihf a&maESmum
ppfa&;jyo Mu&rnf/
wyfMuyfESifU wyfMuyfBuD;- if;wdkYrSm trdefYay;ol wyfMuyfrSL; (odkYr[kwf) vufaxmufAdkvfwdkY ppfa&;jypOfwGif?
wyfom; ydkrdkem;Sif;apjcif;iSm trdefYrsm;udk yxrvkyfudkif aqmifGuf jyMu&rnf/ wzef wyfom;rsm; ppfa&;jyaom
tcg trSm;awGUvQif wa,mufpDudk vkdufvHjyifqifay;&rnf/
ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap/
(4? 12? 39)
282
(!)
jrefrmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;\ umuG,af &;oHrPdtzGUJ
xkwfjyefcsuftrSwf (3)
(1)
oHrPdausmif;om;rsm;\ ppfwyfjzpfonft
h m;avQmpf mG ppfa&;ppfrEI iS hf ywfouforQ toH;k taqmif t&m0wK
wkYd ukd wwfEidk o
f rQ tpGr;f ukejf ynfph akH tmif pkaqmif;xm;SEd idk &f ef vdt
k yfonft
h wkid ;f Adv
k v
f yk o
f rl sm;u BudK;pm;Mu&rnf/
oHrPdwyfrsm;wGif ppfrIppfa&;ESifh ywfouf em;&nf0aeolESifh wwfuRrf;ol (Specilalist) rsm; SdMuap&rnf/
oHrPdwyfwikd ;f wGif taxmuf (uif;axmuf War Scouts) twwfukd aumif;pGmwwfuRr;f atmif avhvmolrsm;vnf;
vdkayonf/ ajryHkqGJtwwf? awmckwfcsKHwkd;? wHwm;aqmuf? ajruwkwfwl;qGjcif; twwfwdkYudkvnf; wwfEkdifvQif
avhvmMu&ef vdkayonf/ ppfwyfwwyfvQif txufygwyfom;rsKd;rsm;u wwyfwzGJU? "g;ckwf? vSHxkd;? tajrmuf?
aoewfudkifwG,f wu,fowfjzwf&ol ppfom;rsKd;uwrsKd; SdMupjrJjzpfonf/ wyfrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfol Adkvfrsm;rSmrl
xdktwwftm;vHk;udk tenf;ESifhtrsm; wwfEkdifvQif tpGrf;ukefwwfajrmuf&ef vdkay&m XmecsKyfrS Armjynft&yf&yfSd
Adkvfrsm;twGuf oHrPdoifwef;rsm;udk ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; zGifhvSpfEkdif&ef BudK;pm;aeaMumif;? oHrPdvufpGJ
pmtkyfudkvnf; rMumrDxGufEdkifatmif BudK;pm;rnfjzpfaMumif;/
(2)
e,fSd oHrPdwyfcGJrsm; rnfodkYrnfyHk c&D;a&mufaeonfudk XmecsKyfrS taotcsm rod&/ owif;pmrsm;wGif
awGU&oavmufESifh or*toif;rsm;xHrS or*toif;csKyfxHodkY ydkYpmrsm;wGif Mum;nyf pmESpfaMumif;? oHk;aMumif;
avmuf a&;vku
d Mf uorQudo
k m od&onf/ wyfcrJG sm;rS ay;ydYk pmrsm; xifoavmuf ra&mufadS cs/ twkid ;f c&D;oGm;
rjzpfacs? tpOftjrJvv
kd kd tquftoG,f adS erSom vkyaf qmif jzpfajrmufEidk rf nf/ oHrPdwm0efcrH sm;onf rdrw
d Ykda'oSd
oHrPdwyf toD;oD;wdkY\(u) wnfaxmif&mwGif tcuftcJ
(c) wyfom;OD;a&
(*) ppfa&;jyonf? rjyonf ponfwdkYudk tjrefqHk; tpD&ifcHMuapvdkonf/ oHrPdwyf rwnfaxmif&ao;
aom or*toif;rsm;rSmvnf; wnfaxmifEkdif&ef tjref BudK;pm;oifhMuayonf/
(3)
oHrPdppfa&;jy trdefYrsm;wGif vkdufemvkyfaqmif&ef tcuftcJawGUu XmecsKyfodkY csufjcif; taMumif;Mum;
&ef rarhEiS /hf tMuHPfay;oifv
h Qiv
f nf; vufraES;bJay;ydYk u wwkid ;f jynfv;kH twGuf tusKd ;jzpfonf/ oHrPdwyfrsm;
wnfaxmif&jcif;\ taMumif;udkvnf; oifwkdY odNyD;jzpfonf/
(4)
ppfa&;jytrdefhrsm;
(trSwf - 31 rS tquf)
15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
nmESpfcgauGU jyefavQmuf&m yxrvmcJhaom vrf;\ nmbufem;rSyif uyfjyefavQmufMu&rnf/
283
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(33) b,f - - ESpfcg - - auGY
nmESpfcgauGUrSm uJhodkYyif acgif;aqmif avQmufoludk
aSUqHk;rSxm; aemufrS wyfom;rsm;onfvnf; acgif;aqmif
wyfom;auGUonfh ae&modkYa&mufrS auGUMuum csDwufcJhonfh
vrf;\ b,fbufem;rS uyf vmcJhaom c&D;udk jyefvSnfhjcif;
jzpfonf/
ppfa&;jytrdefh - 32? 33 okyfjyyHk
trdehf (34)
285
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(35) ESpfa,muf - - wGJ
(u)
av;a,mufwGJpOf cGJwufMu&aom wyfom;rsm;onf udk,fhae&modkY udk,fjyefa&mufatmif b,fajcESifh
b,fodkYvSrf; nmajcESifh aSUodkYwufMu&rnf/ (ppfa&;jytrdefh (34-u) udk MunfUav)
(c)
aemufwef;onf aSUSdrl - av;a,mufwGJpOfu cGJxGuf&aom wyfom;rsm;onf? nmajcESifh nmodkY
vSrf; b,fajcESifh udk,fhae&modkY udk,fjyef0ifMu&rnf/
(*)
aemufodkY wvSrf;qkwf&mom wyfom;rsm;rSm aSUodkYwvSrf;wuf aSUodkY wvSrf;wuf&aom wyfom;
rsm;rSm aemufodkY wvSrf;qkwf&rnf/
(36) b,f (odkhr[kwf) nm
ppfa&;jytrdefY (34) udk jyKvkyfNyD;aomtcg? Adkvfvkyfolu b,f (odkYr[kwf) nm [k qdkvdkufvQif Adkvft
rdeYf ay;&mbufoYkd wyfom;tm;vH;k vSnv
hf u
dk &f rnf/ xdYk aemuf (csD - - wuf) [k trdeYf xyfraH y;vdu
k v
f Qif aSUodYk csw
D uf
Mu&rnf/
(37) b,f (odkhr[kwf) nm -- vSnfU
,cktrdefYrSm b,fodkYvnf;aumif;? nmodkYvnf;aumif; vSnfh&efay;aom kd;dk;trdefYrsKd; r[kwf/ ppfa&;jy
trdefY (36) udk ay;NyD;aomtcg? Oyrm (b,f) [k Adkvfvkyfolu nmvSnfh[kqdkvQif nmbufodkY vSnhfHkomru?
trSwf (35) twdkif; udk,hfae&modkYudk,f jyef0ifMuum? (2)a,muf wGJMu&rnf/ Oyrm- AdkvfrS (nm)[k trdefYay;
b,fodkY trdefYay; - b,fokdY jyefvSnfhapvdkvQif Adkvfvkyfolu (av;a,mufpkvsuf - nm -- vSnfh) [k trdefY
ay;&rnf/
(38) (2 - a,mufwGJpD ae&mrS) 4 - a,mufwGJ
(u)
xdktcg (pHk) trSwf wyfom;rsmonf nmbufodkY wvSrf;vSrf;vkduf b,fESifh aSUodkY wvSrf;wuf
Mu&rnf/ Oyrm- twGJ (1? 2? 3? 4? 5? 6) Sd? twGJ (1) onf aSUqHk;rS aSUodkU rsufESmrlaevQif? xdktwGJ\aemufwGif
Sdaom (2? 4? 6) ponfh pHktrSwfwGJrsm;onf txufyg enf;twkdif; av;a,mufwGJMu&rnf/
(c)
tu,f (6) trSwfwGJonf aSUqHk;rS aSUodkYrsufESmrl (5? 3? 1) trSwfwGJrsm;onf b,fajcESifh bufbuf
odkY vSrf; nmajcESifh aemufodkY av;a,mufwGJrdatmif qkwfMu&rnf/
trdehf (38-u)
6
1
2
3
1
trdehf (38-c)
6
1
3
286
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(45) (twGJrS) nmodkh - twef;jyK
nmbuftwef;onf aSUqHk;wyfom;rSty usefwyfom;rsm; nmodkYapmif;? b,fbuftwef; nmvSnhf?
tjrefavQmuf[k trdefYay;u? nmbufwef; aSUqHk;wyfom;rsm;onf aSUokdY ESpfvSrf;wuf? usefwyfom;rsm;onf
aSUqHk;wyfom;ESifh &ifaygifwef;rdatmif csDwufMu&rnf/
b,fodkY twef;jyKvkduvnf; b,fbuftwef;onf b,fodkYapmif; nmbuftwef;onf b,fvSnfh
NyD;vQif aS;enf;twdkif; qufvufvkyfudkifMu&rnf/ (yHkudk MunfUav)
rlvtwef;rsm;
nmbufodkh twef;jyKNyD;yHk
aSYwef;nmapmif;xm;yHk (rlvtwef;)
aSY (2) vSrf;
nmbufodkh twef;jyKNyD;yHk
aSYwef;nmapmif;xm;yHk
288
289
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
()
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
ausmif;om;or*ajratmuftzGUJ udk ocifjrtdrf zGiv
hf pS cf NhJ yD;aemuf udv
k aS rmifEiS hf udAk aqGwYkd onf udak usmf
Nidrf;? q&mcspf? udkxGef;tkH? e*g;eDudkxGef;aT? udkvSarmif (AdkvfaZ,s)? ocifxGef;cif? ocifApdef (tkyfpk) wkdYonf
ajratmufavhusifhvkyfief;twGuf 1940 'DZifbmv (3) &uf ,dk;',m;-jrefrm e,fpyfoGm;&ef jyifqifrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJh
ayonf/ ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;udk a'gufwmbarmfESifh ygwDtcsKdU qufoG,fvmNyD;aemuf ausmif;om;? ocif? qif;&Jom;
tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;cJhavonf/ *syefjynfodkY &JabmfoHk;usdyf apvTwfNyD; ppfynmoifMum;&mwGifvnf;1/ udkxGef;Sdef (Adkvf&efEkdif) ausmif;om;or*
2/ udkvSarmif (AdkvfaZ,s) ausmif;om;or*
3/ udkvS (Adkvfrif;a&mif) ausmif;om;or* wkdUyg0ifcJhavonf/
ArmjynfrS t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;udk wkdufxkwf&mwGif A[dkawmfvSefa&;tzGJUBuD;w&yfzGJUpnf;um ajray:?
ajratmuf awmfvSefa&;tzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;NyD; vIyfSm;Mu&mwGif vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;vli,fwdkU\ tcef;u@rSm
BuD;rm;aom tcef;u@wck tjzpf yg0ifcJhayonf/ xdkodkY ausmif;om;? vli,ftiftm;pkrsm; yg0ifvIyfSm;EkdifrIyif
jzpfayonf/
ausmif;om;or*rS
&Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if
jzpfvmol (3) OD;
udkvSarmif (AdkvfaZ,s)
udx
k eG ;f Sed f (Adv
k &f efEikd )f
udv
k S (Adv
k rf if;a&mif)
(w) 'kw,
d tBurd f ausmif;om;rsm;uGezf &ifw
h iG f aMujimcsuf
(1) or*tzGJU0if ausmif;om;rsm;wdkif;&if;jzpf 0HomEkyifeD txnfrsm;0wfqif&ef/
or*BuD;wnfwchH ikd jf rJa&; OD;wnfcsufrsm;rSm(u) ausmif;om;rsm;\ cHpm;oifh cHpm;xku
d af om tusKd;aus;Zl;? tcGit
hf a&;wkYd ukd umuG,af pmifah Smuf&ef/
(c) ,ckyifvQif Sdaeaom tvkyfvufrJhjyemrsm;udk yaysmufaprnfh enf;vrf;rsm; SmEkdifjcif;?
(8) ArmjynfwiG f aemifvBl uD;rsm;jzpfrnfh ausmif;om;wdYk tm; aumif;rGeaf ocsmaom Ekid if aH &;ynmudk ay;&ef?
(C) ArmjynfSd ynma&;udk wkd;wufjyefYyGm;atmif xlaxmifEkdifjcif;?
(i) ArmjynfSd vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vkyfief;udk vsifjrefpGm ay;Ekdifjcif;/
292
(')
ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*toif;
(ESpf0uf tpD&ifcHpm)
1940 ckESpf? 'DZifbm (25? 26) &ufaehrsm;wGif usif;yaom yrtBudrfajrmuf ausmif;om;rsm;wdkh\
vTwfawmfwGif wifjytpD&ifcHonf
vGefcJhonfh arv (12? 13) &ufaeUrsm;wGif usif;yaom yOrtBudrfajrmuf ArmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&mausmif;om;
rsm;nDvmcH obifNyD;qH;k onfrS p? ,ck yOrtBudraf jrmuf ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;vTwaf wmf usif;yonfh
tcsdeftwGif; or*toif;csKyf\ c&D;pOfudk ESpf0uftpD&ifcHpmtjzpf wifoGif;ygaMumif;/
or*toif;csKyf pnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (5)? tydk'fi,f (u) t& or*toif;csKyf Ou|onf 1940- 41
ckESpftwGuf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUopfudk (1941 ckESpf? arv 13 &ufaeYwGif) xkwfjyefaMunmcJhygaMumif;/
tvkyftrIaqmif tzGJYopfwGif(1) udkvSarmif
(rdwDv
m)
(2) udkxGef;Sdef
(tmvHNrdKU)
(3) udkarmifarmif (jrif;jcH)
(4) udkxGef;Sdef
(jrefatmif)
293
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(5) udkxGef;0if; ([oFmw)
(6) udkudk
(ajrmif;jr)
(7) udkcspfvIdif
(a&OD;)
(8) udkodrf;armif (rdwv
D m)
(9) atau'wm; (&efukef) wkdYyg0if&m
udkudk (ajrmif;jr) taMumif;rnDnGwfojzifh ausmif;qufvuf raeawmUaomaMumifU wuodkvfausmif;?
yk*Hausmif;aqmifrS o[m,toif; Ou| apmatmify ([oFmw) tm; udkudk\ae&mwGif Mo*kwfv (28) &ufaehu
usif;yaom tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY tpnf;ta0;u cefhxm;cJUygaMumif;? tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUopftm; wm0eftoD;oD;
cGaJ 0ay;&mwGif wuov
kd o
f r*toif;rS Ou| udv
k aS rmif (rdwDvm) tm;? 'k-Ou| udx
k eG ;f Sed f (jrefatmif) tm;?
aiGxdef; udkxGef;Sdef (tmvHNrdKU) tm;? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkarmifarmif (jrif;jcH) tm;? oHrPdAdkvfcsKyfudkxGef;0if;
([oFmw)? udkatmify ([oFmw)? udkcspfvIdif (a&OD;)? udkodrf;armif (rdwDvm)? atau'wm; (&efukef)wdkYtm;
taxGaxGXmersm;wdkYwGif cefYtyfxm;SdygaMumif;/
1/ ,cktcsdefxd or*toif;csKyfESihf pnf;rsOf;wus qufoG,fxm;aom or*toif;rsm;rSm aygif; (65)
oif; jzpf wGb
J uftpnf;tH;k rSm wckom Sad Mumif;/ wGJbufor*toif;rsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh NrdKUvHk;? GmvHk;qdkif&m
or*toif;rsm;om jzpfMu? pD&ifvHk;qdkif&m or*toif;rsm;rS jrif;jcHpD&ifpkESifU zsmyHkpD&ifpkvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;
or*toif;rsm;onf ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif;u pD&ifpkvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;\ nDvmcHudk usif;yMuaMumif;?
vGecf o
hJ nfh Mo*kwv
f twGi;f u or*tvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ onf Armwjynfv;kH odUk pnf;H;k a&;twGuf ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;
apvTwcf &hJ ygaMumif;/ ,ckuo
hJ kdY ta&;BuD;aeaom tcsdet
f cgrsKd;wGif e,for*toif;wkdY\ ydrk pkd nf;H;k rIonf txl;
vkdvm;tyfonfudk vTwfawmfodkY wufa&mufMuaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; owdjyKapvkdygaMumif;/ pD&ifpkvHk;qdkif&m
or*toif;rsm; zGJYpnf;jcif;jzifh e,for*trIaqmifrsm;onf toif;csKyf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY\ wm0eftcsKdYudk
cGJ,lum ulnDEkdifMuygaMumif;/
2/ toif;csKyf\ b@ma&;ESifhywfouf tpD&ifcH&aomf ,ckESpftzdkYtoif;csKyfrSm aiGa&;aMu;a&; tcuf
tcJESifh rMumcP &ifqkdifawGU&ygaMumif;? toif;csKyf\ ESpfpOfysrf;rQukefusaom p&dwfrSm omreftcsdeftcgrsKd;
aiG (3000) ESihf (40000) Mum;wGif wnf&dS m? ,ckEpS f toif;csKyf\ &efyakH iGrmS (1500) rQyif rSad o;aMumif;? wGb
J uf
or*toif;rsm;rS qufaMu;&onfh 0ifaiGrSmvnf; rajymyavmufatmif enf;yg;vSaMumif;? qufoG,faMu;&onfh
0ifaiGrmS wESpv
f Qif (2000 - 3000) xuf rydb
k ?J ,ckEpS t
f zdYk pkpak ygif; (150) rQom vufc&H Sdao;aMumif;? uset
f oH;k
p&dwfrsm;udkrl tvkyftrIaqmifuom 'kdifcH SmazGae&m e,for*rsm;onf tvkyfrsm;vSaom tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU
tm; ulno
D nfo
h abmESihf qufo,
G af Mu;rsm;udk BudK;pm; ajyvnfatmif wifyYkdMu&ef txl;vkad eygaMumif;/ qufo,
G f
aMu; aiGrsm;rSty NrdKUrdNrdKUz? rsKd;cspftaygif;wdkYxHrSvnf; o'gaMu;aumufcH toif;csKyfvkyfief;rsm; xajrmuf
atmifjrifa&;twGuf tvSLaiGwifydkYMu&ef txl;wkdufwGef; EId;aqmfygaMumif;/
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tiftm;rSm wk;d wufvsufydS gaMumif;? ,cifEpS u
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omomrQ Syd gaMumif;? oHrPdpnf;rsOf; Oya't& AdkvfcsKyfonf (10) OD;xufrrsm;? (4) OD;xufrenf;aom twkdifyifcH
tzGJU0if Adkvfrsm;udk tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ oabmwlnDcsuft& cefYxm;EkdifcGifh&Sd&m? AdkvfcsKyfonf twkdifyifcHAdkvf
(8) OD;udk aG;cs,fcefhxm;cJUojzifh ,cktcsdef twdkifyifcH (4) OD;rSm rdrdwdkh wm0eftoD;oD;udk ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmif
vsuf adS eygaMumif;? oHrPdtoif; oifwef;rsm;udk ,cifESpfuyif usif;y&ef pDpOfcJhaomfvnf; ,ckESpf vTwfawmf
rwkid rf D &uftenf;i,f twGi;f usryS if atmifjrifxajrmufcyhJ gaMumif;/ tvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ odUk wifjyaom oHrPdwyf
rsm;\ tiftm;udk ydkrdkawmifhwif;atmif BudK;pm;&ef rsm;pGmyif vdkaeao;ayaMumif;/
4/ toif;csKyf\ b@ma&;rSm rsm;pGmrcdik v
f aHk omfvnf; vkyif ef;wGirf l r,kwaf vsmhapbJ cgwkid ;f ESprf sm;xuf
ydkrdkBudK;pm; aqmifGufcJhygaMumif;/ yrtBudrfajrmuf ausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;qHk;jzwfcJhaom qHk;jzwf
csurf sm;udk NyD;pD;Ekid o
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f yS x
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qufvufaqmifu
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f idk o
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d kd or*\0g'twkid ;f qefhusif
294
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
ra[myg[k vufrw
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pmrwwfolyaysmufa&;vkyfief;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; udk,fwdkifujyonfU v,form;jyZmwfudk umuG,fa&;Oya't&
ydwfyifjcif;? ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*toif;csKyfu BuD;rSL; &efukefNrdKYwGif usif;yonfU jynfolhvGwf
vyfrIudk csKyfcs,fuefhuGufonfU tpnf;ta0; w&m;a[majymrIESifh ausmif;om; (3) OD;tm; twif;vufrSwfa&;xdk;
ckdif;jcif;? toif;csKyfrSxkwfjyefaom tcsKdYpmwrf;wdkhudk ydwfyifjcif;? ausmufjzLwGif ppf&efyHkaiG rwnf&eftwGuf
or*toif;rsm; 0ifa&mufujy&ef ausmif;tkyq
f &mBu;D u wku
d w
f eG ;f jcif;? rEav;wGif ygawmfral eh w&m;a[majymrlEiS hf
ausmif;om;wOD;tm; zrf;qD;jcif;ponfU rvdkvm;tyfaom taESmifht,Sufrsm;udk MuHKawGU&ygaMumif;/ (okdYaomf
rsm;aomtm;jzifh oufqkdifolwdkYu ausauseyfeyfjzpfatmif trSm;udk jyifqifMuygaMumif;/) or*toif; ajcvSrf;
rSefrSefBuD; csDwufvsufae&m? vrf;aMumif;c&D;wGif taESmifht,Sufjzpfaprnfh ql;anmifhcvkwf ponfwdkYudk wwfEkdif
onfeh nf;ESihf z,fmS ;okwo
f if&rnfukd tm;vH;k owdjyKapvdak Mumif;/ aemufaemiftcgrsKd;wGif uJo
h Ykd pdwrf csrf;ajrU
zG,f&m udprsm;udk awGUMuHK&OD;rnf[k rarQmfvifhaMumif;/
8/ or*\&mZ0iftaMumif;udjk y Munfh pI pfaq;vQif (1920) ckEpS f twGi;f wBurd ?f (1936) ckEpS f wBurd ?f
(1938) ckESpfwGif wBudrf? (3) Budrfwdkifwkdif rauseyfrIrsm;aMumifUaomf vnf;aumif;? ArmwrsKd;om;vHk;ESifU oufqkdif
aom taMumif;udprsm;aMumifUaomf vnf;aumif;? oydwfBuD;rsm;udk wjynfvHk; toHk;jyKcJUMu&m wBudrfxufwBudrf
vnf; ydkrdk tiftm;aumif;vmNyD;vQif ydkrdk txajrmufonfudk awGY&ygaMumif;/
,ckuJUodkh urmw0Srf;vHk; ppfrD;awmufavmifvQufSdonfU tcsdefrsKd;wGif ArmjynftwGif;odkYvnf; ppfrD;yGm;
uav;rsm; rul;puf rjyefYymG ;bJ? cgwkid ;f wapuJo
h Ykd yif at;at;vlvl acsmacsmarmarm pcef;oGm;&vdrUrf nf[k rnfol
rQ rajymEkid af Mumif;/ tu,f taemufEidk if ?H taSUEkid if rH sm;rS ppfr;D awmufonf ArmjynfbufoYkd ul;pufco
hJ nfadS omf
wjynfvHk;Sd ausmif;om;rsm;onf pmoifcef;rsm;twGif; at;at;vlvl pmayoifMum;aeHkrQESifh ae&musrnfr[kwf
aMumif;/ odkYrSr[kwfbJ wjynfvHk;Sd ausmif;om;rsm;onf pmayoifMum;ae&m pmoifcef;rsm;rS xGuf ausmif;rsm;udk
oydwfarSmuf aeHkrQESifhvnf; udprNyD;/ or*toif;rsm;onf rnfuJhodkh aqmifGufMu&rnfenf;[laom jyemonf
ta&;wBuD; aqG;aEG;zG,f&m ay:ayguf&aMumif;/ 1938 ckESpf ta&;awmfyHkonf jynfolYvGwfvyfrIwdkhudk csKyfcs,fjcif;
aMumifU jzpf&aMumif;/ tu,f ArmUvGwfvyfa&;twGuf vmvwHYaom tcsdefrsm;wGif ta&;udpay:aygufcJUaomf
ausmif;om;rsm;onf rnfonfUtcef;rS yg0ifujyMurnfudk BudKwif pOf;pm;xm;Mu&ef txl;vdktyfayaMumif;/
ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap
xGef;Sdef
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*toif;csKyf
(25? 12? 1940)
(")
wuov
kd t
f ufOya' tqifq
h ifjh yifqifjcif;
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
cJhonf/ t"dywdudk aG;aumufwifajrmufEkdifcGifh rSdawmhbJ EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfonf &mxl;t& wuokdvft"dywd
jzpfvmonf/ jyifqifcsuf tufOya't& topfzUJG pnf;cJah om aumifpo
D nf w&m;vTwaf wmfcsKyf w&m;0efBuD;jzpfol
OD;{armiftm; 'kwd,t"dywdtjzpf aG;aumufwifajrmufcJhonf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif ,m,Djyifqifcsufw&yf xrfrHjyK
vkyfcJhao;onf/ xkdjyifqifcsufrSm aumifpDodkY aG;cs,fapvTwfonfh jynfolYvTwfawmfESifh vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmf udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;udk aG;aumufyGJ rusif;yao;rD ,m,DygvDrefESifh qufvufapvTwf cGifhjyKjcif;jzpfonf/
1951 ckESpf jyifqifjcif;
wuodkvfvdkawmif;aumfrwD\ tpD&ifcHcsuft& EkdifiHawmftpdk;&onf 1951 ckESpfwGif wuodkvftuf
Oya'udk xyfrHjyifqif&jyefonf/ xdkaumfrwDu csrSwfaom wuodkvf\ &nfG,fcsufESifh vkyfief;rsm;ukd jyifqif
csuft& tufOya'wGif xnfo
h iG ;f vku
d o
f nf/ tjcm;jyifqifcsufrsm;rSm tkycf sKyfa&;t&mSrd S tkycf sKyfa&;rSL;jzpfvmaom
&mxl;udk ygarmucsKyf (Rector) [k jyifqifNyD; aumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;udk tenf;i,fwdk;csJU ajymif;vJonf/ aumifpD
tzGJU0if t"dywdu cefYtyfaom tzGJU0ifwOD; wdk;vmaom b@ma&;0efBuD;Xme twGif;0efESifh ynma&;0efBuD;Xme
twGif;0efwdkYrSm aumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm; jzpfvmonf/ ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frSm 1949 ckESpf jyifqifcsuft&
wuodkvfor* toif;0ifrsm;u aG;aumufwifajrmuf&aomfvnf; 1951 ckESpf jyifqifcsuft& wuodkvfausmif;
om;rsm;or* trIaqmiftzGJUu aG;cs,fapvTwfcGifhay;onf/ rEav;jrLeDpDy,fu udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfcGifhudkvnf;
kwfodrf;cJhonf/ xkdYtjyif qD;edwftzGJUwGif yg0ifaom ygarmursm;? {nfhygarmursm;ESifh uGJjym;ap&ef vufSdwm0ef
xrf;aqmifaeaom XmerSL; ygarmursm;[k jyifqifcJhonf/ jyifqifcsuftufOya't& a'gufwmxifatmifonf
&efukefwuodkvf\ ygarmucsKyfjzpfvmcJhonf/
1953 ckESpf jyifqifjcif;
1953 ckESpfwGif wuodkvftufOya'udk wBudrf xrfrHjyifqifcJhonf/ odkYaomf wBudrf jyifqifjcif;onf
Axl;NrdKUSd ppfwuokdvfudk &efukefwuodkvf\ tquftoG,fjyK aumvdyftjzpf zGifhvSpfEkdif&ef jyifqifjcif;jzpfonf/
1959 ckESpf jyifqifjcif;
tdraf pmift
h pd;k &vufxuf 1959 ckEpS f rwf (12) &ufaeYwiG f &efuek w
f uov
kd f tufOya'udk jyifqifcjhJ yef
onf/ jyifqifcsut
f & &efuek Nf rdKUteD;wGif tquftoG,jf yK aumvdyrf sm; wnfaxmifEidk &f ef wuov
kd ef ,ferd w
d u
f kd
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f u
kd af vonf/ tjcm;jyifqifcsurf sm;rSm r[mXmerSL;&mxl; y,fzsujf cif;? ausmif;om;a&;rSL;ESihf ausmif;aqmif
a&;rSL;&mxl;rsm; wDxGifjcif;? 'kwd,t"dywdudk aumifpDESifh qD;edwftzGJU\ obmywdtjzpf qufvufxm;Sdaomf
vnf; trIaqmift&mScd sKyt
f jzpfrS y,fzsujf cif;? aumifpo
D Ykd qD;edwt
f zGUJ rS ud,
k pf m;vS,v
f w
T yf kH jyifqifjcif;? ausmif;om;
udk,fpm;vS,fudk wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*rS vTwfEkdifcGifhrSdawmhbJ ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;u aG;aumufwif
ajrmuf&rnf[k jyifqifcJhjcif;? qD;edwftzGJU wdk;csJUjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ jyifqifcsuft& wuodkvfwGif yxrqHk;tjzpf
ausmif;om;a&;rSL;rsm; cefYxm;cJhonf/ ygarmucsKyftm; wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;\ aexdkifa&;? pnf;urf;ao0yf
a&;? usef;rma&;ESifh wkd;wufzGHUNzdK;a&;wdkUtwGuf BuD;Muyfa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyf&ef wm0efay;tyfcJhonf/ qD;edwftzGJUwGif
vnf; tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ausmif;om;a&;rSL;rsm;? pmMunfhwkdufrSL;? bmomjyefESifh pmtkyfxkwfvkyfa&;rSL;wkdY yg0if
vmonf/
298
OD;AaqG
(1940-41)
Source: Oway Magazines
1963 Nidr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yJG ysujf ym;NyD; aemufyikd ;f wGif tjcm;Edik if aH &; acgif;aqmifrsm;ESit
hf wl zrf;qD;xdr;f odr;f
cH&onf/ 1966 atmufwb
kd m (27) &ufwiG f OD;EkEiS hf w&ufwnf; axmifrS vGwaf jrmufvmonf/ 1968 ckEpS f
'DZifbm (2) &ufaeUwGif awmfveS af &;aumifpu
D zJUG aom (33) OD; jynfwiG ;f nDw
G af &;tMuHay;tzJUG wGiyf g0ifonf/
OD;AaqGonf &efuek Nf rKdUwGif 1987 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmvwGif uG,v
f eG o
f nf/
rSwfcsuf- pmvHk;tapmif;ESifh azmfjycsufrsm;onf aemufqHk;vufSd tajctaetxd qufvufpkaqmif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
299
tifwmeuf- 0DuDyD'D,m / wyfrawmfordkif;-yrwJG? 1962-1974? pm-108/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
OD;vSarmif
(1941-42)
Source: Oway Magazines
300
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(1945 - 1962)
301
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tcef; (10)
vGwv
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'Dru
kd a&pDa&; vlUtcGit
Yf a&;ESiYf trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1945 rS 1947)
Ou|
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trIaqmifrsm;
trsKd;orD;XmerSL;
(aemifOya'bmomjyef t&mSda[mif;)
(wuodkvftaysmfwrf;wyfwm0efcH)
(aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh pmayavhvma&;
wm0efcH)
udkarmifarmifausmf
(r*Zif;wm0efcH)
udkGefYodef;
(jyefMum;a&;)
udkvSGefY
(ynma&;)
udkbquf
(tdk;a0r*Zif;t,f'Dwm)
udkvSGefY
(pmMunfhwdkufrSL;) wdkYjzpfonf/
ZGefvwGif 'def;rwf usif;yonfh urmYausmif;om; 0efxrf;nDvmcHodkY vnf;aumif;? xkdESpf ZlvdkifvwGif
usi;f yonfh urmYausmif;om;rsm;or* (International Union of Students) yxrtBudrf ausmif;om;vli,fyaJG wmf
odkU vnf;aumif; wufa&mufcJhonf/
(c-1) wuo 1946-47 \ vkyfaqmifrIrsm;
1946-47 wuo trIaqmifaumfrwDvufxufwGif trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh qufpyfaeaom
ocifynma&;pepf wnfaxmifa&;udk wuou xdyfwef;xm; awmif;qdkcJhavonf/ tzGJUtpnf;rsm; nDGwfa&;udk
aqmifGuf&mwGif 1946 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (24) &ufaeU wuo ,m,DkH;cef;wGif usif;yaom wuo trIaqmif
tpnf;ta0;wGif wuor*Zif;wm0efcHu ]]Auoonf ausmif;om;or*aygif;pHkESifh wuowdkUyg0ifaom wu,f
nDGwfpGm pepfwus zGJUpnf;xm;aom ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;w&yf ay:xGufvma&;udk aqmifGuf&ef wuorS
vdv
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h nf/ 1947 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv (3) &uf wuov
kd f
or* ,m,DHk;cef;wGif usif;yaom wuotrIaqmif txl;tpnf;ta0;yGJwGif AuonDvmcHrS awmif;qdkcsuf
(21) csuEf iS hf wuov
kd ef pfemcsuf (7) csuu
f kd awmif;qdNk yD; Edik if aH &; awmif;qdck sut
f jzpf (1) ESpt
f wGi;f vGwv
f yfa&;udk
&,l&ef? vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHtwGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf; a&;qGJ&eftwGuf wdkif;&if;om;rsm; yg0ifaom wdkif;jynfjyK
vTwfawmfudk tjrefqHk;ac:&eftqdkESifh vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udk aSUI csDwuf wdkufcdkufMurnfh t"dXmefudk av;euf
apaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;\ epfemcsufrsm;udk r&ruwdkuf,l&ef pdwfydkif; jzwfxm;jcif;udk
jyoaom taejzifhvnf;aumif;? Zefe0g&D (15) &ufrS (31) &uftxd qEjyoydwfarSmuf&ef? aSUvmrnfhajcvSrf;udk
Zefe0g&Dv (31) &ufaeUwGif aMunmrnf jzpfaMumif; tqdkrsm;udk oabmwl qHk;jzwfMuonf/
1947 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (14) &ufaeYwGif wuotaqmuftODudk jyefvnf&SdcJhonf/ xdkaeYrSmyif wuo
trIaqmiftpnf;ta0; w&yfusif;yum zqyvrS ay;ydkYaom y#dnmOfpmwef;udk trIaqmifaumfrwDu vufrSwfa&;
303
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
xdk; zqyv tzGJUcsKyfodkY jyefvnf ay;ydkYcJhonf/ Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJtwGif; zqyvtzGJUBuD;\ vrf;pOfudk
rrSdwfrokef axmufcH tNyD;owf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJudkyg yg0ifqifETJrnf[k y#dnmOfay;jcif;udk zqyvrS aus;Zl;
wif wuotm; vlxu
k *kPjf yKtyfaom tzGUJ jzpfaMumif; zqyvtzGUJ csKyfBuD;u rSww
f rf;wifaMumif;udk av;pm;pGm
taMumif;jyefcJhonf/
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf
(1) vGwfvyfa&;wnfjrJa&;
(2) wdkif;jynfwdk;wufa&;
(3) vlxck sr;f oma&; wdYk ukd qufvufaqmifu
G &f mwGif aS;,cifuuJo
h Ykd yif y#dnmOfukd zqyvtzGUJ csKyfxH
ay;ydYk co
hJ nf/ y#dnmOfct
H zGUJ tjzpf qufvufy#dnmOfjyK&ef zqyvtzGUJ csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;AaqG vufrw
S f
a&;xdk; arwm&yfcHonf/
(c-2) wuo pnf;rsOf;jyifqifjcif;
1946-47 ckEpS ?f ppfNyD;acwf wuo\ 'kw,
d ajrmuftrIaqmif aumfrwDOu| udo
k ef;armif vufxufwiG f
ppfBudKacwf wuopnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (10)? tydk'f (3) udk acwxkwfy,fxm;&onf/ 1946 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv
(7) &ufaeYwGif wuo pnf;rsOf;Oya'tcef; (12)? tydk'f (6)? tydk'fcGJ (2) t& txl;tvkyftpnf;a0;yGJ (Extra
Ordinary Business Meeting) ac:,l wuopnf;rsOf;udk jyifqifay;cJhonf/
if;wuopnf;rsOf; Oya' tcef; (10)? tyd'k f (3) wGif wuotoif;0iftjzpf tenf;qHk; (1) ESpf yg0if
zl;NyD; wuodkvfwGif ynmoifqJausmif;om;rsm;omvQif wuo trIaqmifaumfrwD0iftjzpf taG;cHcGifhSdonf/
if;udk jyifqifvu
kd af omtcg wuov
kd f ynmoifMum;vsufadS om ausmif;om;wdik ;f wuo trIaqmifaumfrwD0if
tjzpf taG;cHcGifhSdonf/
(c-3) 1946-47ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
1946 ckEpS ?f atmufwb
kd mv (10) &ufaeUzqyvtzGUJ rS Auyudk rxkwrf yD if Auyonf ausmif;om;rsm;ukd
EdkifiHa&;wGif wwyfwtm; yg0ifap&ef uvmyfpnf;rsm;udk tBudKwuodkvfoifwef;ESifh ta&;ay:wuodkvfoifwef;
wdkYwGif zJGUpnf;ay;onf/ tBudKwuodkvfwGif udknDnD? udkpHvGif? udkay:OD; wdkUyg0ifaom uvmyfpnf;ESifh ta&;ay:
wuodkvfoifwef;rsm;wGif udkoef;xGef;? udkxGef;aT? udkcifarmifBuD;wdkU yg0ifaom uvmyfpnf;rsm;udk zGJUpnf;ay;cJh
onf/ xdkUaemuf zqyvESifh AuywdkUonf ausmif;om;rsm;udk tNydKiftqdkif vIHUaqmfpnf;Hk;cJhMuonf/ 1947 ck
ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif wuotaqmuftOD zqyvrS OD;udkudkBuD;ESifh q&m&m*sefwdkUu if;wuodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
EdkifiHa&; oifwef;ay;cJhonf/
1946 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif &uoOu| udkoef;xGef;u t,f'Dwm? &uorS udknDnD (vif;,kefeD) u wm0efcH
xkwfa0aom ]ausmif;om;[pfwikd }f owif;pmapmif xGufvmonf/ txl;ojzifh xdkpmapmifwGif 'dkareD,H paw;wyfpf
(ac:) udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh? ausmif;om;ESifh EdkifiHa&; oabmxm;rsm;udk tjyif;txef a0zefa&;om;xm;onf/
AuotrIaqmifrsm;udv
k nf; wEdik if v
H ;kH Sd ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifaom nDvmcHu aG;aumuf
wifajrmufjcif; r[kwf ausmif;om;xk qEryg ausmif;om;nDvmcH ac:,lusif;yNyD; Auo trIaqmifopf
aG;cs,f wifajrmuf&ef tjyif;txef awmif;qdak vonf/ rEav;NrdKUwGif zGJUpnf;cJah om txufAuouvnf; &uo
\ ausmif;om;owif;yg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk axmufcH ausmif;om;nDvmcH ac:ay;&ef awmif;qdkavonf/
ausmif;om;nDvmcHwGif(1) ynma&;
(2) trsKd;om;a&;
(3) jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;
(4) Auo tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;opf a&;qGJa&;ESifh trIaqmifopfaG;cs,fa&; [laom tydkif;BuD; (4) ydkif;
xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;&ef &uoESifh txuf Auoacgif;aqmifrsm;u awmif;qdkcJhonf/ trsKd;om;a&;wGif zqyvudk
axmufcH&ef vli,fwyfOD;ESifh tvkyform;? v,form;udpr sm;wGif tultnDay;&efESifh yl;aygif;&efwdkUudk azmfjyxm;
onf/ odYk tjyif;txef awmif;qdrk aI Mumifh AuoXmecsKyfu BuD;rSL; ausmif;om;nDvmcHukd 1946 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v
f
(28) &ufrS Mo*kwv
f (1) &ufaeUxd usi;f ycJo
h nf/ udo
k ef;xGe;f tm; AuoOu|tjzpf aG;cs,f wifajrmufcahJ vonf/
304
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
Ou|
'k-Ou|
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
trsKd;orD;XmerSL;
trIaqmifrsm;
3/
4/
xm;dSay;&ef/
,ckESpfrS tpjyK pmar;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfaomtcg pmar;yGJar;cGef;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYa'otvdkuf oif&aom pm
tqift
h wef; twdik ;f om oufqikd &f mynma&;Xme tmPmydik rf sm;u tpd;k &ppfpmar;yGrJ sm;wGif xkwpf pfEikd rf I
twGuf pDpOfay;yg&ef/
,ckvufSd tajctaet& tpdk;&todtrSwfrjyKaom rlvwef;ausmif; (ig;wef;ausmif;) rsm;rS ausmif;
om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; tpdk;&todtrSwfjyKaom rlvwef;pmar;yGJ (ig;wef;pmar;yGJ) wGif 0ifa&mufajzqdk
cGifhjyK&ef/
,ckoydwfvSefaomtcg tpdk;&ausmif;wdkif;ESifh wuo rnfonfhausmif;wdkif;urqdk oydwfarSmufausmif;
om;rsm;tm; vHk;0ta&;r,l&ef/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
onf waomif;xdkufuyif Mum;tHhxifonf/
oxHkrD;yGm;onf ppfrjzpfcifuyif e,fcsJUudkqefUusifcJhaom oxHkausmif;om;rsm;\ vufeufud&d,mwck
jzpf\/ xdktcsdefu oxHkrD;yGm;udk udkA[def;u OD;pD;xkwfa0 cJhavonf/ ,if;udk tpGJjyK*kPfjyK &efukefwuodkvf
oxHkaqmif pmzwfESifh o[m,toif;u OD;pD;NyD; oxHkrD;yGm; eH&Huyfpmapmifudk ppfNyD;acwfwuodkvfwGif yxrqHk;
eH&Huyfpmapmiftjzpf xkwfa0cJhonf/ oxHkaqmif pmMunfhwdkufrSL;u wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmifGufonf/
oxHrk ;D yGm;\ t"du&nf,
G cf surf mS wESpt
f wGi;f vGwv
f yfa&;&S&d efEiS hf e,fcsUJ orm;\ wvrf;oGm;ynma&;
udk OD;wnf wdkufcdkuf&efjzpfonf/ oxHkrD;yGm;[laom pmvHk;udk teDa&mifaq;jzifh jc,fxm;\/ oxHkrD;yGm;\ t"du
tcef;onf acgif;BuD;ydkif; jzpfonf/ uAsmaqmif;yg;ESifh oa&mfpmrsm;rSmvnf; tqifhtwef;redrfhvSojzifh wuodkvf
e,fajr xdktcsdefu xkwfa0orQ eH&Huyfpmapmifrsm;wGif emrnftBuD;qHk;ESifh vlBudKuftrsm;qHk;jzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
taESmifht,Suf jzpfapovdk? AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&udk qefYusif&m a&mufapovdk ajymum vGwfvyfa&;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ponfwYkdEiS hf udik af ygufMuonf/ oydwaf rSmuf&ef pOf;pm;cJph Ofu trsK;d om;a&;twGu?f ynma&; vdt
k yfcsurf sm;twGuf
oydwfarSmufcJhonf/
AuoOu| udkoef;armifESifh &uoOu| udkoef;<u,fwdkY OD;aqmifaomtkyfpku taMumif; trsKd;rsKd;jy
oydwfvSef&ef aqG;aEG;onf/ rJcGJ&eftajctae a&mufvmonf/ oydwfvSefzufrS rJomcJhonf/
Auo nDvmcHNyD;aomtcg ausmif;om;wyfOD;nDvmcHudk qufvufusif;yonf/ ausmif;om;wyfOD;wGif
wm0ef,l vkyfaqmifaeolrsm;rSmudkbaxG;
(aemif 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;baxG;)
udkusifvIdif
(aemif aqmufvkyfa&; 'k-0efBuD;)
udkwifaT
(aemif &Jabmfcsrf;at;? pma&;q&m armifpl;prf;) wdkUjzpfonf/ nDvmcHwGif 'k-tBudrf
AuonDvmcHu ay;cJhaom wm0efudk aqmifGufjcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;wyfOD; zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;udk twnfjyK
onf/ ,leDazmif;ESifh wHqdyf trSwftom;rsm;udk twnfjyKonf/ rlvu oHrPd,leDazmif;tpm; ausmif;om;wyfOD;
wHqdyf trSwftom;rsm;udk ajymif;vJowfrSwfonf/
310
OD;oef;
(1945-46)
Source: Oway Magazines
'kw,
d urmppfBuD;tNyD;? 1945-ckEpS w
f iG ?f &efuek Nf rdKU r*dv
k rf; zGiv
hf pS cf ahJ om ta&;ay:wuov
kd f ausmif;om;rsm;
or*\ Ou|jzpfonf/ 1946-ckESpf? &efukefwuodkvf jyefvnf zGifhvSpfaomtcg ta&;ay:
wuov
kd af usmif;om;rsm; or*ukd wuov
kd o
f r*tjzpf todtrSwjf yK&ef ausmif;om;xku qH;k jzwfco
hJ nf/
odkY jzpf ODoef;tm; ppfNyD;acwf wuo\ yxrqHk; Ou|tjzpf todtrSwfjyK&onf/
OD;oef;onf &efuek Nf rdKU odrjf zLawmifyikd ;f wGif arG;zGm;cJo
h nf/ 10-wef; pmar;yGu
J kd &efuek Nf rdKU pde*f Ref;a,mufsm;
uav;ausmif;rS 1939-ckEpS w
f iG f atmifjrifco
hJ nf/ wuov
kd o
f Ykd qufvuf ynmoifMum;cJo
h nf/ 1945-ck
ta&;ay:wuodkvfrsm; (Emergency University Classes) odkY wufa&muf 0dZm tydkif; (u) wGif
qufvuf ynmoifMum;cJo
h nf/ 1945-46 ta&;ay: wuov
kd f ausmif;om;rsm; or* Ou| tjzpf aG;aumuf
wifajrmufjcif; cH&onf/
1946-ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiH trsKd;om;vIyfSm;rIBuD;rsm; ay:aygufcJhonf/ 1946 taxGaxGoydwfBuD;wGif
ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufcJhonf? uif;bJvfynma&; pDrHudef;zsufodrf;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ *syefacwf
'D*&DbUJG rsm;udk todtrSwjf yK&ef vkyaf qmifay;cJo
h nf/ tBudKwuov
kd o
f ifwef; (Pre University) rS oifwef;
atmifolrsm; wuodkvfqufvufoifMum;Edkif&ef aqmifGufay;cJhonf/ t*FvdyfESifh r[mrdwfppfwyfrsm;
odr;f ydu
k x
f m;aom wuov
kd ef ,fajrudk jyef&atmif aqmifu
G af y;cJo
h nf/ ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mvli,frsm; tpnf;
tH;k tultnDjzifh wjynfv;kH ausmif;om;rsm;udk pkpnf;um Auo? &uo wdYk ukd jyefvnfzYJG pnf; ay;cJo
h nf/
OD;oef;onf ,ck tvGwfynmoif ausmif;q&mwOD;tjzpfjzifh ynma&;twGuf wzufwvrf;rS aqmifGuf
vsufNdS yD;? Edik if aH &;toif;tzGUJ rsm;wGif yg0ifvyk af qmifjcif; rSad cs/
311
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
OD;oef;armif (ol&,
d )
(1946-47)
Source: Oway Magazines
312
313
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tcef; (11)
Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
'Dru
kd a&pDa&; vlUtcGifhta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1948 rS 1949)
Ou|
'k-Ou|
aiGxdef;
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
wuodkvfcsif; qufoG,fa&;rSL;
wuodkvfausmif;om;wyfOD; wm0efcH
jyefMum;a&;ESifh 0g'jyefYyGm;a&;
aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESihf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;
pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
tdk;a0r*Zif; t,f'Dwm
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
ausmif;om;rsm; yl;aygif; zGJUpnf;xm;onf/ oufomacsmifcsda&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rItay: tajccHonf/ urmhausmif;om;
tzGUJ jrefrmEdik if aH umfrwDukd wuorS OD;pD; zGUJ pnf;&onf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;tjzpf obmywdwOD;? 'kw,
d obmywd
wOD;? b@ma&;rSL;wOD;? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;wOD; xm;SdNyD; trIaqmifaumfrwD0if OD;a&udk oifhavsmfovdk
cefYxm;Edkifonf/
(C-2) 1947-48 tdk;a0r*Zif;yg uAsm? aqmif;yg;rsm;
acwfqef;
olYEIwfrSmwJh ..... vGwfvyfNyD?
ighEIwfrSmwJh ..... vGwfvyfNyD/
jynftvHk;rSmjzifh
oDuHk;um xdkonfaw;udkrS?
csKd{pGm om,musL;ygvdkY?
jrL;wifh[efcsD/
taSUcGif arQmfumrSef;avawmh?
,aeUyif ay:vmxGef;ayxifh?
Tef;a0qifh vif;a&mifjcnf?
Munfygayh ..... tdk ..... Iprf;/
odkY csdefjrwfwGifrS?
xlxyfum omapaMumif;ayy?
aumif;NzdK;a0 atmifvHvTifhygvdkY?
a'gif;tdk;a0 ac:oHqifhw,f?
ckjzifh acwfqef;/
ndK0if;
316
urmah usmif;om;tzGt
YJ pnf;rsm; (1947 td;k a0ygaqmif;yg;)
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*ESifh vnf;aumif;? ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*ESifh vnf;aumif;
qufoG,fNyD;pD;aom urmYausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf; (2) &yfrSm International Student Service (urmhausmif;om;
0efxrf;tzGJU) ESifh International Union of Students (urmhausmif;om;rsm;or*) wdkU jzpfonf/
urmhausmif;om;0efxrf; A[dktzGJUcsKyfwnf&mXmerSm qGpfZmvefjynf *sDeDAmNrdKUjzpf urmhausmif;om;rsm;or*
A[dkXmecsKyfrSm csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;jynf y&wfNrdKUawmf jzpfonf/ urmhausmif;om;0efxrf; zGJUpnf;yHkrSm EdkifiHwdkif;
Sd ]yl;aygif;aqmifGufaeaomtrsKd;om;aumfrwDtzGJY} rsm;ay:wGif zGJUpnf;xm;onf/ trsKd;om;aumfrwDwdkif;onf
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;ESifhtcGifhta&;Sd oD;jcm;vGwfvyfcGifh Sdonf/ xdktzGJUtpnf;rSm ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh ygarmuq&mBuD;rsm; yl;aygif; OD;pD;vkyfudkifaom ]ud,
k w
f ikd u
f n
l aD &;} tzGJUjzpfonf/ wESpfwBudrf a'owdkufvHk;
qdkif&mnDvmcHESifh EdkifiHwumnDvmcH jyKvkyfonf/ xdkEdkifiHwumnDvmcHtNyD; OD;pD;tzGJUnDvmcH usif;yonf/
urmhausmif;om;rsm;or* zGJUpnf;yHkrSm EdkifiHwdkif;Sd EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*ay:wGif zGJUpnf;wnf
axmifonf/ xdkEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*rSmvnf; EdkifiHwGif;Sd ausmif;BuD;rsm;? odyHwuodkvfBuD;rsm;
ynmoif,laeaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wdkY\ or*rsm; pkpnf;zGJUxm;aom A[dkor*jzpfonf/ xdkEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;or*onf trsm;qHk;aom ausmif;om;xk\ udk,fpm;vS,fjzpf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk pnf;rsOf;Oya'rSm
'Drdkua&pDpHepfus&rnfh tjyif vufawGU vkyfaqmifrIrsm;Sdonfh tzGJUtpnf;jzpf&onf/ xdkYtjyif a,mufsm;? rdef;r?
pD;yGm;a&;tajctae? aygif;oif;qufqHrI? EdkifiHa&;,HkMunfrI? bmomt,l0g'? vlrsKd; (odkY) tom;ta&mif? rcGJrjcm;em;
apbJ toif;ol? toif;om;tjzpf 0ifcGifhSd&rnf/ xdkurmhausmif;om;rsm;or*[m ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\
tzGJUtpnf;jzpf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;uom vkyfudkifaqmifGufaom
or* jzpfonf/ wESpfwGif wBudrf? a'owdkufvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHusif;yonf/ (3) ESpf wBudrf EdkifiHwumausmif;om;
rsm;nDvmcH usif;y rjyKvkyfjzpfaom ESpfrsm; EdkifiHwum OD;pD;nDvmcH jyKvkyfusif;yonf/
onfESifh ywfouf Student ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol [laom a0g[m&ESifh (National Union of Students)
EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*\ t"dyg,fudk Sif;vif;&ef txl;vdktyfayonf/ urmhausmif;om;0efxrf; zGJU
pnf;yHk? tkyfcsKyfyHk? pnf;rsOf; Oya'xJwGif Student ESifhywfouf atmufygtwdkif; owfyHkTef;onf/ Student
onf txufwef;? pufrIvufrI ynmoifausmif;BuD;rsm;? twwfoif odyHausmif;BuD; wuodkvfrsm; txufwef;
ynm&yf SmazGoifMum;aeaom vli,frsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ ausmif;rsm; ynmoifMum;aeMuaom vli,fausmif;ol?
ausmif;om; uav;rsm; ryg0ifay/ uREkfyfwdkY ArmjynfESifh tdEd,rSvGJ Student [laoma0g[m&onf EdkifiHwumwGif
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;udkom ac:a0:oHk;pGJavonf/ xdkYaMumihf ,leufpudk (urmhynmavmu"mwf ,Ofaus;rI
tzGJUcsKyf) rSwyg; urmhausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSm ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;i,frsm; or*ESifh vHk;0yif rqufoG,fEdkif
ay/ rywfoufoavmuf jzpfaeavonf/ xdkYaMumifh uREkfyfwdkYonf urmhausmif;0efxrf;tzGJU ESpfywfvnfnDvmcH
vnf;aumif;? urmhausmif;om;rsm;or* OD;pD;nDvmcHvnf;aumif;? ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;i,frsm;twGuf urmhtzGJU
tpnf;wckSdoifhaMumif; tMuHay;awmif;qdkcJhaMumif;/
urmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU\ tajccHrl&if;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
urmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUonf wuodkvfrsm; tcdkiftrmnDGwfa&;ESifh tvkyfwlyl;aygif;aqmifGufa&;wdkYudk
tiftm;BuD;rm;pGmjzihf wdk;yGm;BuD;jrifhap&ef urmtESHYtjym; ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifh ygarmursm; yl;wGJ
tvkyfvkyf&ef jzpfonf/ if;\ vkyfief;aqmifwm t&yf&yfwdkYwGif t,l0g'? bmomwdkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;? 'Drdkua&pDus
aom aygif;oif;qufqHa&; tm;vHk;wdkY\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yl;aygif;yg0if vkyfudkifMuonf/ tzGJU\ &mZ0ifrSm 1920
ckESpfwGif urmhc&pf,mef ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; tpnf;tkH;u zefwD;ay;vdkufaom yxr ]]Oa&my ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; ulnDaxmufyHha&; aumfrwDtzGJUrS wqifh arG;xkwfvdkufaom urmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUonf
jzpfay:vmavonf/ ausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUonf 1926 ckESpfwGif udk,fydkifoD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh
jynfhpHkaom tzGJUw&yf jzpfvmonf/ 1940 ckESpfwGif urmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU? urmhc&pf,mef ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; tpnf;tHk;? urmha&0wD ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;or*ESifh dkrefuufovpf c&pf,meftzGJUtpnf;
wdkYonf ]]urmhausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; ulnDaxmufyHa&;tzGJU}} udk wnfaxmifcJhMuonf/ xdktzGJUBuD;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;
vkyfudkifrIt00udk urmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUodkY wm0efvTJtyfxm;onf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif urmhausmif;om;rsm;or*
onf urmhausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; ulnDaxmufyhHa&;tzGJUBuD;ESifh qufoG,fcJhavonf/
urmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU\ vkyfief;rsm;rSm ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;tm; ulnDaxmufyHha&;? EdkifiHwum
ynmoifMum;a&;? ausmif;om;twGuf wnf;cdktdrf? aq;Hk? ,Ofaus;rI? A[dkXmersm; jyKvkyfjcif;? wuodkvfrsm;ESifh
ywfouf owif;tvJtvS,f ydkYaqmifjyefMum;a&;? ynmpl;prf;SmazGa&;? ynmc&D;vkyfief; ponfwdkY jzpfavonf/
317
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
urmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU OD;pD;tzGJUESifh Hk;vkyfom;rsm;rS ty toif;0ifrxm;Sday/ ausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUonf
yl;aygif;xm;aom tpktpnf; (3) ck ay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;ayonf/ if;wdkYrSm(1) oufqdkif&m toif;om;rsm;?
(2) yl;aygif;aqmifGufaeaom trsKd;om;aumfrwDtzGJUrsm;?
(3) ausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU\ rdwfaqGrsm;jzpfonf/
ausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU\ rdwfaqGqdkonfrSm tzGJU\vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk vltm;? aiGtm;jzifh axmufyHhulnD
jrifhwifay;vdkaom yk*dKvfBuD;rsm;? wuodkvfq&m? q&mrrsm;? ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfavonf/
urmhausmif;om;rsm;or*\ &nfG,fcsufrsm;rSm1/ wdk;wufa&;twGuf tvkyfvkyfudkifaeMuaom urmay:Sd 'Drdku&ufwpf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;taygif;\
udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJUtpnf;tjzpf? xdkoabmxm;t& ausmif;ol ausmif;om;tm;vHk;\ udpt00 taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
ulnDajzSif;&ef?
2/ a,muFsm;? rdef;r? pD;yGm;a&;tajctae? EdkifiHa&;,HkMunfudk;pm;rI? bmomt,l0g'? tom;ta&mif (odkY) vlrsKd;
rcGJrjcm;yJ xdkufwefaom tcGifhta&;? txufwef;ESifh rlvwef;jrifh ynm&yfrsm;udk vli,frsm;tzdkY &,l&ef? ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ wdk;csJUxm;aom ynma&;qkrsm;? tdrfrIaxmufyHha&; vdkaeaom ae&mrsm;wGif
ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;? ausmif;oHk; ypnf;rsm; tcrJh&jcif;ESifh ypnf;0wK vGwfvyfcGifh&&efwdkYudk BudK;yrf; &,l&ef?
3/ usef;rmcdkifcHha&;twGuf taumif;qHk;jzpfEdkifaom aexdkifrI? pm;aomufrIESifh tcGifhta&;wdkYudk ausmif;ol? ausmif;
om;rsm; tm;ay;&ef?
4/ ausmif;om;avmuwGif vlrsKd;tm;vHk;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;? vGwfvyfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD cspfcifrIwdkYudk oHk;oyfap&ef?
5/ wdk;wufrItwGuf tvkyfwlvkyfaeMu 'Drdkua&pDpepfusaom t&nftcsif;Sdonfh pkpnf;nDnm ausmif;om;xk
udk,fpm;vS,f jynfhpHkaom tzGJYtpnf;rsm;udk wckwnf; yl;aygif; zGJUpnf;vmEdkif&ef BudK;pm;&ef?
6/ urmay:Sdausmif;ol? ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; rdwfaqGrsm;tjzpf wnfjrJap&ef?
7/ vufawGUESifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfus trsKd;om;ausmif;om;xk udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm; tcsif;csif; wlnDaom
vkyfief;rsm;wGif yl;aygif;tvkyfwl vkyfEdkif&eftwGuf jyKvkyfaqmifMuOf;ay;&ef?
8/ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;vli,ftaygif;wdkY yl;aygif;Edkifap&efESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;? vlrIudp
t00wdkYwGif wm0ef0w&m; wwfodem;vnfrISdap&efESifh wdk;wufrI BuD;yGm;rISdap&ef?
9/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkjcHKa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;wukwfjyKvkyfaeaom tpdk;&tzGJYtm;vHk;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk udk,fxdvufa&muf tifwdkuftm;wdkuf ulnD&ef? onfrS ynma&;qdkif&mXme taqmuftODrsm;rS
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIESifh zufqpfpdwf"gwf0g'? pmaywnfSdaeonfh t&mrSeforQ wdkufzsuf&ef?
10/ EkdifiHwuma&;&mrsm;wGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; pdwfyg0ifpm;rIjzpfap&ef jyKvkyfay;&ef? EdkifiHwum tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;\ ta&;rsm;udk wifjy&efESifh ausmif;om;rsm;\ {&mr ta&;wBuD; vkdtyfaomudp
tultnDrsm;udk ae&mXme toD;oD; 0g'jzefUaMunm&ef? jyefMum;&ef?
11/ uRefEdkifiHrsm;? uRefEdkifiHom; EdkifiHrsm;? jyifytultnD,l rSDcdktm;xm;ae&aom EdkifiHrsm;Sd ausmif;ol ausmif;
om;rsm;tm; aygif;oif;qufqHrI? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ynma&;zGHUNzdK;aprI? jynfhpHkpGm&Sdap&ef ulnDaxmufyHh&ef? onfrS
tqHk;pGeftxd xdkwdkif;EdkifiHrsm;rS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jynfolvlxktm; if;wdkY\ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh wdkif;jynf
vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIwGif wwfEdkifaom tultnD taxmuftyHh tvHk;pHk ulnDrp&ef?
12/ urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;&m\ 0efxrf;vkyfief;wdkYwGif avmu"gwfynmESifh ,Ofaus;rIwdkY\ wdk;wufrIudk
xkwfa0&efESifh vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf wdkufwGef;EId;aqmf&ef?
urmhausmif;om;rsm;or*onf vkyfief;aqmifwmt&yf&yfwGif txufazmfjyyg pdwf"gwfjzifh yvkyf aqmifGufoGm;
onf/ xdkvkyfief;rsm;udk A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUcsKyf\ acgif;aqmifrIjzifhom vkyfudkifoGm;avonf/ vkyfief;rsm;rSm(u) EdkifiHwumausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcH jyKvkyf&ef? tao;pdwfESifh tus,fvkyfief;? xdknDvmcHrsm;wGif vkyfaqmifcJh
aom &nfG,fcsufrsm;udk wwfod em;vnfrISdap&eftwGuf jyKvkyfay;&ef?
(c) EdkifiHwum vSnfhvnfa&;ESifh vJvS,fa&;vkyfief;?
(*) ausmif;om;csif; tquftoG,fvkyfief;?
(C) ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh if;wdkY\ taMumif;t&m udprsm;udk urmhowif;ydkYaqmifa&;jzihf ay;ydkY&ef? vufcH&ef?
(i) urmhausmif;om;rsm;r*ESifh ywfoufaom Hk;pmtkyf? pmwrf;? aMunmpmwrf;rsm;udk bmomt&yf&yfjzifh
xkwfa0a&;?
(p) upm;ckefpm;? usef;rma&;? aygif;oif;qufqHa&;?
(q) ygwDrxm;? wckwnf;aom bmomt,lroD;? ausmif;om;xk udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfaom ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;
318
armifarmifausmf
cGyfa'gif;
wacwfuRef;wGifjzifh
oepfqef;udkwJh xGifMujyef ..... /
a&S;,cif [dktwdwfrSmawmh
vnfNidwfum wGefoHcsKdwJh
wuodkvf tdk;a0 a'gif;[mv
EGJYaESmif;um *kPfrmefx,fvdkY
rl&m<u,f TifTifysw,f
uwJhyHkzef ..... /
wbmom onfwacwfwGifjzifh
b,ft[ef b,foepfayvJ
qef;opfonfh yHkoPmef
cGyf[efjy *kPfxGm; /
avmuZrL
vlcsif;twlwlrdkY
b,fvlb,folrdk;&rSmvJ
jrefrsKd;*kPfSdefwufapzdkY
touf&,f zuf0,fxkwfumy
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aqmifbdonfwum; ..... /
rif;ndKOD;
319
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(q) &efuek t
f pd;k &acwf wuov
kd t
f ajctaeESihf vlrsK;d a&;jyem
1/ udknDnD (vif;,kefeD)
Ou|
2/ udkcifarmif0if; (Srf;BuD;) twGif;a&;rSL; (aemif bPfrefae*sm)
&uou OD;aqmif aTwd*Hkbk&m; paeaxmifhSd wefaqmif;BuD;wGif
ukefaps;EIef; usqif;a&;twGuf ausmif;om;rsm; qEjy tpnf;ta0;vkyfonf/
OD;xGef;atmifausmf OD;aqmifaom trIxrf;aygif;pHkor*? odrfBuD;aps;
A[dkor*? vrf;ab;aps;onfrsm; tpnf;tHk;ESifh yl;wGJum 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;?
vlwef;pm; wdkufyGJ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wdkufyGJ0ifvIyfSm;cJhonf/
&uoOu| udknDnD (vif;,kefeD)
321
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
323
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
OD;pdev
f S (1947-48)
Source: Oway Magazines
324
OD;&efa0; (1948-49)
Source: Oway Magazines
a&eHacsmif;NrKUd NrKUd rawmif&yfwiG f arG;zGm;onf/ rdcif? zcifrsm;onf a&eHwiG ;f pm;rsK;d k;d jzpfonf/ 10 wef; pmar;yGu
J kd
rif;bl;NrKUd tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;rS 1941 ckEpS w
f iG f atmifjrif &efuek w
f uov
kd f ynmqufvuf oifMum;
onf/ 1945 ck ta&;ay: wuodkvfoifwef;rsm;rSp qufvufynm oif Mum;onf/
1946-47 wGif wuo taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; tjzpfjzifv
h nf;aumif;? 1947-48 ckEpS w
f iG f wuo'k-Ou|
tjzpf vnf;aumif;? aG;aumufwifajrmufjcif; cHcYJ &onf/ 1948-49 ckEpS w
f iG f wuov
kd o
f r* Ou|tjzpf
aG;aumufwifajrmufjcif; cHc&hJ onf/
1948 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;ppf pwifjzpfyGm;onf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif autif'Dtdkolykefrsm; ay:aygufNyD; tif;pdef?
awmifiNl rKUd rsm;udk odr;f ojzifah usmif;om;rsm; awmif;qdck sut
f & wuov
kd af usmif; ydwaf y;&onf/ e,frS ausmif;
ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcsed rf jD yefEikd &f ef pDpOfjcif;? e,foUkd rjyefEikd af tmif tquftoG,f jywfaeaom ausmif;om;
rsm;udk auR;arG; apmihaf Smufjcif;jyK&onf/ wuov
kd t
f aysmw
f rf; ppfwyfukd jyefvnfxal xmifNyD; tif;pdew
f u
kd yf JG
rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufwdkufckduf&m ausmif;om; (3) OD; usqHk;cJhonf/
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rS BuD;rSL;um wpfjynfvHk; ausmif;om;oydwf arSmufcJhonf/ wuodkvf
oydwaf rSmufjcif; rjyKcahJ y/ tif'ekd ;D Sm;wGif 'wfcsf ppfwyfrsm;u 0ifa&mufwu
kd cf u
kd jf cif;udk qefYusiaf om tm;jzifh
e,fomvefoHHk;udk 0dkif;0ef; qEjycJhonf/ udkvdkeDpHepfudk qefYusifum trsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJudk
axmufccH o
hJ nf/
OD;&efa0;onf ,cktcsed w
f iG f zqyv tzGUJ 0ifwpfO;D jzpf a&eHacsmif;NrKUd e,f zqyv Ou|? rauG;cdik f zqyv
trIaqmif? rauG;cdik f tvkyo
f rm;aumifpD twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,l vkyaf qmifaeonf/
325
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tcef; (12)
Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
'Dru
kd a&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1949 rS 1950)
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
1/ udkpdk;odrf;
Ou|
2/ udkwifxGwf
twGif;a&;rSL;
3/ udktkef;armif
pnf;Hk;a&;rSL;
4/ udkxGef;<u,f
jyefMum;a&;rSL;
(aemif OD;OmPfxGef;- bPfrefae*sm 1)
5/ udkjrifhodef;
ausmif;om;wyfOD;wm0efcH (aemif tajccHynmausmif;oHk;pmtkyf)
6/ roef;oef;jr
trsKd;orD;XmerSL;
7/ rarar&D
aiGxdef;
xdkESpfwGif &uorS OD;pD; zqyvESifh tNydKif trsKd;om;aeYudk uefawmfrifyef;jcH usif;ycJhonf/ txurS
ausmif;om;rsm;? wuodkvfrS ausmif;om;rsm; (&uoudk axmufcHolrsm;)? zqyvudk raxmufcHaom tjcm; tzGJY
tpnf;rS yk*dKvfrsm;ESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm; tifwdkuftm;wdkuf wufa&mufMuonf/
trsKd;om;a&;? 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;? ynma&;ESiyhf wfoufaomtqdrk sm;? zdEydS cf sKyfcs,fru
I kd qefYusifaomtqdrk sm;udk
ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;om rubJ tjcm;tzGJUtpnf;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf; yg0ifwifoGif;qHk;jzwfcJhonf/
trsKd;om;aeY aMunmcsufudk xkwfjyefNyD; NrdKUwGif;odkY pepfwus vSnfhvnf a<u;aMumfcJhonf/
Ou|
(aemif a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf)
'k-Ou|
(aemif aqmufvkyfa&; 'k-0efBuD;)
aiGxdef;
taxGtaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
urmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUqufoG,fa&;rSL;
0g'jyefYyGm;a&;rSL;
ynma&;rSL;
vlxkqufoG,fa&;rSL;
pnf;Hk;a&;rSL;
pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
tdk;a0r*Zif;t,f'Dwm
(ps) wuov
kd n
f aeoifwef; zGiv
hf pS cf jhJ cif;
&uorS OD;aqmif uRe;f awmvrf;Sd Munfjh rifwikd f txuwGif wuov
kd f naetxl;oifwef;udk zGiv
hf pS Ef ikd f
cJhonf/ xdkausmif;tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwD Ou|tjzpf udkoef;xGef; (aemif a'gufwmoef;xGef;) u wm0ef,lonf/
oifwef;udprsm;udk udknDnD (aemif a'gufwmnDnD) u trsm;qHk; ulnDcJhavonf/ oifwef;wGif rSwfyHkwifaMu;
1d^- (wusyf) om aumufcHcJhonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
or*
ArmhuRefoabmuf &mZ0ifwavQmufwGif qlylawmfvSefrI? aoG;pnf;tHk<urIwdkYonf igwdkY ausmif;om;rsm;or*rS
pwif ysKd;axmifcJhavonf/ uReftrdkufarSmifzHk;vTrf;aepOf tEdkifrcH tHI;ray;aom pdwfxm;jzifh ArmwrsKd;vHk;tm;
uRefwGif;rS u,fwif&if; aoG;ajrusonfhwdkif? e,fcsJUorm;tm; vGwfvyfa&;&,l&eftvdkYiSm aoG;wdkYjzifh ,ZfylaZmfoGm;Mu
aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh AdkvfatmifausmfwdkYonf igwdkYor*rSyif xGufay:vmMuonf/
or*pdwfjzifh >yrf;aom udk,frSxGufonfh aoG;eDa&mifcHwGif; cGyfa'gif;kyfta&;Sdaom tvHawmfonf ol&JBuD;atmif
vHrS qif;oufaom igwdkYor*\ txGwftjrwf atmifvHyifjzpfavonf/
&JaoG;? &Jrmefwdk;apaom cGyfa'gif;tvHawmfatmufwGif or*pdwf udef;atmif;jcif;cH&aom Armhom;aumif;pk
&wemrsm; pkHk;cJhMuonf/ tepfemcHum pGefYpm;jcif;wdkYjzifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk tkwfjrpfcscJhMuonf/ ,ckvnf;pkHk;
Mu&rnf/ vGwfvyfa&;wnfwHhrItwGuf BudK;yrf;Murnf/
tEdkifrcH tHI;ray;aom or*pdwfSdolwdkY or*atmifvHawmfatmufwGif y#dyujzpfMuonfrSm "rwm[k qdkjim;
vnf; ,aeYjzpfyGm;rIum; ygwDya,m* ruif;onfrSm xifSm;vSayonf/ y#dyu jzpfyGm;rISdrS wkd;wufonfudk ig
axmufcH,HkMunfonf/ odkYaomf y#dyu jzpfvGef;u uGJtufrnfudk pdk;&drf&onf/ uGJtufaMumif;ay:rnf xifwdkif;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? AdkvfatmifausmfaoG;wdkYjzifh zgax;jrJjrHap&ef or*pdwfSdolwdkY\ oefYSif;aom 0g'w&yf jzpf&ay
rnf/
]]owdrrl *lrjrif}} qdkonfhtwdkif; or*pdwfSd ol&Jaumif;wdkY tcsif;csif;udkom rMunfhrlbJ ywf0ef;usifudk *k
jyKoifh vSayonf/ igwdkY uGJtufrnDrGwf jzpfMuaomf tmPmydkifwdkY or*tm; vspfvsLIMuonf/ 0rf;omaompdwf
vTrf;aom rsufvHk;wdkYjzifh MunfhMuonf/ tacsmiform;wdkY or*tm; ykwfcwf tjypfajymMuonf/ ysuf&,f yMuonf/
jynfolY0efudk xrf;aqmif&if; uG,fvGefoGm;Smonfh tvkyform;? v,form;wdkY\ rD;I;wef;wefaqmif ypnf;rJhA[def;?
tmPmSifvSaT ponfh Armhom;aumif;&wem tjrKawrsm; xGef;um;atmifajrt&yfwGif wnfSdaom or*taqmuf
tODtm; rxDrJhjrifp jyKavNyD/
tb,faMumifh tjyKtrl jyKusifhcH&oenf;[k qef;ppfaomf or*pdwfSdolwdkY pnf;vHk;rI Avm tjypfSmaejcif;wGif
taumiftxnf azmfaejcif;aMumifhyifjzpf\/ or*pdwfSdolwdkY pnf;vHk;rIum; ygwDpdwftjrpfudk y,fzsufrSom jzpfEdkif
ayrnf/ or*rSuif;vGwfvQif rnfonfhygwD? rnfonfh 0g'udkvdkufvdkuf udk,fhtBudKuf vkyf&efjzpfaomfvnf; or*wGifSd
aepOfwGifum; ausmif;om;0g'ESifh ausmif;om;ygwD[k ac:&rnf/ or*0g'udk vdkuf&rnfh or*pdwfudkom oefYSif;pGm
arG;jrL oifhayonf/
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif AdkvfatmifausmfESifh rEav;tmZmenfwdkY\ aoG;jzifh eDjref;0ifh0gcJhaom igwdkY or*tvH
awmftm; OD;Twf or**kPf rSdK;EGrf;ap&ef wm0efSdolwdkYrSm or*pdwfSdol igwdkYyif? igwdkY\ wm0efum; opmSdpGmESifh
wu,fwef; ausmif;om;tusKd; b0opfodkYa&muf&ef aqmifGuf&efomSdayonf/ ausmif;om;xk\ aSUrS rm;rm;rwf
rwf&yf oHrPdpdwf"gwfjzifh wdkuf&Jol? wdkif;jynftm; or*onf rD;I;wefaqmifozG,f jzpfapvdkolwdkYonf or*wGif
or*pdwf&ifhoefpGm a0zefMu&rnf/ qef;ppf&rnf/ tcsif;csif; dkif;yif;&rnfrSm "rwmyif? odkYrSom or*onf
oefYSif;rnf? wdk;wufrnf/
twdkcsKyfqdk&aomf or*pdwfSdol igwdkYonf tEdkifrcH tIH;ray;aom 0g'jzifh ausmif;om;xktusdK; o,fydk;aepOf
rnfonfh avmu"Hw&m;\ vufwGif;odkY usa&mufaeaomfvnf; rwkefrvIyf ridka<u; uHw&m;\ dkufykwfcsjcif;
330
udkudkav;
331
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
a'guw
f marmifarmifausmf (1949-50)
Source: Oway Magazines
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f Oya' yg&*lbUGJ &&So
d l (2) OD;om&SNd yD; wOD;rSm rqvacwf aemufq;kH or a'gufwmarmifarmifEiS hf
a'gufwmarmifarmifausmw
f Ykdyif jzpfonf/ Oya'yg&*lbUGJ udk kmS ;Edik if rH S &Scd o
hJ nf/
1989 ckEpS w
f iG f a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ tmPmzDqefa&;vIyf mS ;rIwiG f yg0ifaqmifu
G rf jI zifh tzrf;cHNyD;? 1992
{NyDvwGif jyefvnfvw
G af jrmuf vmonf/
1998 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif ,ckpmtkyf a&;om;&mwGif yg0iftMuHay;ulnDrIaMumifh xyfrH axmif'Pf
(10) ESpf csrSwfcH&onf/ 2004 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (19) &ufwGif jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmonf/
332
tcef; (13)
Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru
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(1950 rS 1951)
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(1) udkpdk;odef;
(2) udkaZmf0if; (aemif 0efxrf;aG;cs,f TefcsKyf)
(3) udkcifvS (aemif A[dkw&m;Hk;aSUae)
(4) udkcifarmifjrifh
(5) udkpdk;rif; wdkYjzpfonf/
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ausmif;om;ta&; atmif&rnf
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Muonf/ trJuGufonf zsuf&rnf r[kwf/ uGefjrLepftEG,f ausmif;om;xkrsm; tjrwfxkwf oGm;rnfudk (2) zuf
pvH;k rS pd;k &drMf uonf/ wuov
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a&;udk usm;uefay;&ef pDpOfonf/
&efukefwuodkvf 'k-t"dywdjzpfaom a'gufwmat;armifonf wuotrIaqmifrsm;twGuf (Recall
Voting) ac: qEcH,lyGJ jyKvkyfay;&ef BudK;pm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u ausmif;om;xktwGif; tcGifhtmPm ydkifqdkifrI
udk 0ifa&muf pGufzufjcif;[k oabmxm;onf/
aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefNyD;aemuf Action Committee taeESifh ausmif;om;xkudk,fpm; tqdkygudpESifh
ywfouf Sif;jy&ef &efukefwuodkvf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; a'gufwmxifatmifudk awGUqHk&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ if;rSd
rawGUcJh&ay/ odkYaomf naeydkif;wGif a'gufwmxifatmifu udkpdk;odef;tm; pmwapmifay; um;jzifhvdkufcJh&ef ac:cJh
onf/ pmrSmFROM THE ADMINSTRATOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF RANGOON
RANGOON UNIVERSITY POST OFFICE
RANGOON, BURMA
17th, Nov: 1950
336
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(aemif jzL;qufoG,fa&;OD;pD;rSL;)
(aemif pma&;q&mMunfvif)
(aemif pma&;q&mjroef;wifh)
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(aemif OD;aqmifTefrSL;? touftmrcH)
(aemif a'gufwmnDnD? owKwGif;0efBuD;) wdkYjzpfonf/
339
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3/ ausmif;om;ta&;udk ausmif;om;xkqEjzifhom oefYSif;pGm csDwuf,la&;
4/ ygwDEdkifiHa&;aqmifGufrI uif;vGwfa&;
5/ wdk;wufaom urmhausmif;om;xk yg0ifqifETJa&;wnf;[laom ausmif;om;or*\ rGefjrwfvSaom
0g'ESifh vrf;pOfudk uREkfyfwdkY owfrSwfaMunmcJhonf/
xdkwdk;wufrI t&yf&yfudk XmetvdkufcGJ tpD&ifcHygOD;rnf/
1/ wuodkvfcsif;ESifU EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;Xme
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3/ udkpdefbef;
4/ udkodef;atmif 5/ udkwif0if;
6/ udkjrol wdkYudk aG;aumufzGJUpnf;cJhonf/
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odyH (6) OD;? 0dZm (4) OD;? aygif; (10) OD;udk wpfvvQif 50d^- ESifh aygif; 5000d^- axmufyHhaMu; ay;EdkifcJhonf/
wuodkvfcsif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;Xme tpD&ifcHpm rSwfwrf;t& EdkifiHjcm;{nfhonfawmfrsm; tjzpf
(1) e,lZDvefjynf urmvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf twGif;a&;rSL; rpwm tm(&f)tuf(pf)bpfpvD (R.S
Bisley)? (2) rptrf&mZm (M.Raza) ygupwefEi
S ?hf (3) rpwm trfauaumewf (M.K Connent U.S.N.S.A) wdYk
vma&muf Armjynfausmif;om;a&;udpudk &if;ESD;pGm aqG;aEG;avhvmMuonf/
jrefrmjynfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf EdkifiHjcm;odkY(1) a'gufwma&mbwf (vufaxmufaq;rSL;) tm; puFmylNrdKU usif;yaom taSUawmiftmS awmifydkif;
qdik &f m aq;yg&*lrsm;\ ausmif;om;rsm; use;f rma&;tajctaewGif aqG;aEG;yGo
J Ykd apvTwcf o
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twGuf ta&;wBuD; vdktyfaeaom jrefrmaiG wodef;wef "gwfrSefwckudk vnf;aumif;? ta&;BuD;aom aq;ypnf;
tcsKdUudk vnf;aumif;? wuodkvfaq;HktwGuf &SdcJhygonf/
(2) if;tjyif tmSwdkuf ausmif;om;a&;&mrsm; ESHYpyfpGm qnf;yl; &if;ESD;rI&Sd&ef udka&mbwfqGefcg;tm;
ygupwef? oD[dkVf? tdEd,? tif'dkeD;Sm;? rav;Sm;? ,dk;',m;wdkYudk apvTwfcJhygonf/ urmvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;
tzGUJ csKyf0if Edik if jH zpfaom uae'grS jrefrmjynf tif*sife,
D m ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;oH;k ypn;f rsm; (Drawing
Instruments & Exercise Books) ESihf aq;0g;ypn;f rsm; ay;ydYk &Sc
d yhJ gonf/ *syefjynfrS "gwfreS af jymif;wckuv
kd nf;
aumif;? tar&duefausmif;om;rsm;tzGUJ rS aiGo;kH aomif; tultnDEiS hf aq;bufqikd &f m pmtkyt
f rsK;d rsK;d ? odyb
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2/ vlxkqufqHa&;ESifU ynma&;Xme
if;teuf rGejf rwfaom atmifjrifrI wcsufrmS 50-51 ckEpS f rufx&pfausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ykZeG af wmifEiS hf
wuov
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hf pS jf cif;jzpfonf/ apwemSif ausmif;om;
BuD; tcsKdU\ tultnDudkvnf; aumif;pGmvufcH &SdcJhygonf/ xkdoifwef;odkY ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; trsm;tjym;
wufa&mufcJhygonf/ toif;\ &nfG,fcsufESifh avsmfnDpGm vlxktzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ qufoG,frIudk 0rf;ajrmufpGm
vufcHcJhNyD;
1/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m awmifolv,form;tpnf;tHk;XmecsKyf txl;nDvmcHodkY zdwfac:csuft& txl;
{nfhonfawmf tjzpf 2? 1? 51&ufaeYwGif udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; apvTwfcJhygonf/
2/ Armjynf tvkyform;tpnf;tHk;rsm;rS BuD;rSL;usif;yonfh EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf tvkyf
orm;or* nDvmcHodkY zdwfac:csuft& or*udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udk 9? 2? 51 &ufaeYwGif apvTwfcJhygonf/
3/ ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mvli,frsm;tpnf;tH;k BuD;wGif &efuek cf dik rf S BuD;rSL;usi;f yonfh ud;k Budraf jrmufnv
D mcH
342
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
awmf& OD;jrifhtm; vnf;aumif;? pm&if;ppftjzpf OD;oef;wltm; vnf;aumif;? aumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;tjzpf OD;ydkif
(tdkifpDtufpf tNidrf;pm;) ESifh OD;at;armif (bDtufpfpD? bDt,fvf) tm; aG;aumufwifajrmufcJhonf/ or*toif;
wdu
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k aS usmf
tm; cefYxm;ygonf/ wHjrufvSnf; ukvm;tm; qufvufxm;Sdygonf/ or*qHyifSyfqdkif? pmtkyfqdkifESihf pm;awmf
qufrsm;udk ,cifESpfrsm; EIef;twdkif;yif qufvuf xm;Sdygonf/
or*tzGJU\ OD;a&rSm qufvufwdk;wufcJh&m1948-49 wGif (1400) Sd?
1949-50 wGif (1000) txd usqif;oGm;aomfvnf;?
,ckESpf 1950-51 wGif (1947) a,muftxd wdk;wufvmygonf/
taysmfwrf;wyfzGJUudkvnf; jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&ef BudK;pm;cJh&m oufqdkif&mXmeodkY taMumif;Mum;cJhonf/
bDtdkbmbm AdkvfrSL; (tjrJwrf;twGif;0ef udk,fpm; pm&if;ppfHk;) rS rwfv (29) &uf 1951 ckESpf jyefMum;pm&SdNyD;
]wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*\ vdkvm;csufudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u todtrSwfjyKygonf/ xdkufoifUovdk ta&;,l
aqmifGufoGm;ygrnf/} [k a&;om;ygSdaMumif; tpD&ifcHygonf/
ausmif;ESihf ywfouf oufqikd &f mtzGUJ wdYk \ vdv
k m;csufrsm;vnf; or*\ aqmifu
G f atmifjrifcsufrsm;
udk 0rf;ajrmufpGm tpD&ifcHygrnf/
(1) ygVdtoif;\ ]vlrsKd;jcm;ygarmu cefhxm;a&;} wdkufyGJ or*rS tifwdkuftm;wdkuf ulnDcJhonf/
ygVdtoif;\ vdkvm;csufrsm;rSmvnf; atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufcJhygonf/
(2) 1950-51 ck? Oya'ausmif;om;toif;\ ]wESpf (2) Burd f pmar;yGu
J si;f ya&;} awmif;qdck surf sm;udv
k nf;
vufcH or*rS axmufcHaqmifGuf ay;aeygonf/
(3) ]tif;0ausmif;aqmif o[m&ESihf pmzwftoif; awmif;qdck su}f ausmif;aqmif tpm;taomufrefae*sm
ESifh 'k-refae*smwdkYtm; tif;0ausmif;aqmifrS tjrefqHk; ajymif;aTUay;&efudkvnf; or*rS vufcHta&;,l aqmifGuf
&m tmPmydkifrsm;xHrS 21? 7? 51 &ufaeY jyefMum;pmt& xdkudp atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufcJhygonf/
(4) Nrdwfcdkifausmif;om;rsm;or*rS wuodkvf0ifpmar;yGJ (74) a,muf0ifa&muf ajzqkd&m (1) a,muf
wnf; atmifonfh udpESifh ywfouf or*rS ta&;,laqmifGufvsuf Sdygonf/
(5) 1951 ckESpf? rwfvtwGuf taqmifc ray;aom wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmar;yGJajzqdkcGifh
vufrSwf xkwfay;&ef? tmPmydkifrsm;xH ta&;qdkcJh&m atmifjrifNyD;jywfcJhygonf/
(6) atmufwdkbm ausmif;ydwf&uf ukefqHk;NyD;aemuf 'k-ESpf0ufrS ausmif;0ifvmaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
yxr ESpf0uftwGuf ausmif;vcaiG (60d^) udk rawmif;qdk&ef tmPmydkifrsm;xH ta&;qdk&m 24? 1? 51 &ufaeY
jyefMum;pmt& atmifjrifNyD;jywfcJhygonf/
(7) aq;aumvdyf ausmif;olrsm;tm; T.T.C ESifh bifwefausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif ae&mxkdifcif; vHkavmufpGm
&Sd&ef tmPmydkifrsm;xH awmif;qdk&m vdkvm;csufrsm; vHk;0atmifjrifcJhygonf/
(8) 1951 ckESpf? ZGefv pmar;yGJatmifpm&if;udk apmifhqdkif;vsufSdaom abmf'g ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
1951 ckESpf? ZlvdkifvtwGuf ausmif;aqmifESifh xrif;cudk w0ufc avQmh,l&ef tmPmydkifrsm;xH or*rS awmif;qdk&m
atmifjrifNyD;jywf cJhygonf/
(9) wuodkvfor* ,ciftrIaqmifrsm; vufxufu usefSdcJhaom
rD;c 1714d-14 yJ
a&c 260dy&dabm* 310daygif; 2284d-14 yJ udk ausmif;om;aumifpDvlBuD;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsuft& tmPmydkifrsm;xHrS vdkufavsm
ausat;csufudk vufcH&Sdygonf/
(10) tcvGwf ynmoifMum;a&;pDrHudef;udk tpdk;&rS wdvif;pGm xkwfjyefaMunmNyD;onfhaemuf tpkd;&cefY
twGi;f 0ef (20) OD;? aumifpv
D Bl uD; (10) OD;wdYk EiS fh wGzJ uf aqmifu
G &f ef or* Ou|? twGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf ausmif;aumifpD
vlBuD;wOD; aygif; (3) OD;wdkYu aqmifGufaeygonf/
xdkaumfrwDtzGJUwGif344
15000d^45000d^600000d^-
345
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
OD;udu
k akd v;
(1950-51)
jrpfBuD;em;NrdKUwGif arG;zGm;onf/ wuov
kd 0f ifpmar;yGu
J kd 1946 ckEpS w
f iG f rHk mG NrdKUrS atmifjrifc
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qufvufynmoifMum;onf/ 1948-49 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1949-50 ckEpS rf sm;wGif wuo trIaqmiftjzpf aG;aumuf
wifajrmufjcif;cH& wuotwGi;f a&;r;tjzpf wm0ef,cl o
hJ nf/ 1950-51 ckEpS w
f iG f wuoOu| jzpfonf/
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kd x
f d tcrJyh nma&;pHepfEiS hf yvkyo
f nf/ wuov
kd yf xrESpo
f ifwef;rsm; (Oypmtykid ;f -u
ESihf 0dZm tydik ;f -u) tm; pmar;yGv
J yk af &;ESihf ywfouf y,fzsu&f ef yvkycf o
hJ nf/ aemfa0jynf atmfpvdNk rdKUwGif
usif;yaom urmhwuodkvf0efxrf;tzGJY (World University Service) nDvmcHodkY wufa&mufcJhonf/
OD;udu
k akd v;onf &efuek Nf rdKU jrLeDpyD g,fwiG f jynfoYlqufqaH &; t&mSt
d jzpf Edik if aH wmfwm0efukd ,ck xrf;aqmif
vsufSdonf/
OD;cifarmifjrifh
346
tcef; (14)
Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
'Dru
kd a&pDa&; vlUtcGifhta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsKd ;om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1951 rS 1952)
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
trSefwu,f ausmif;om;or*udk us,f0ef;pGm pnf;Hk;EdkifrI rSdjcif;? ausmif;om; jyemESifh ausmif;om;vIyfSm;rIudk
xda&mufjywfom;pGm OD;aqmifEdkifrI rSdjcif;wdkYaMumifh oefYSif;wdkY\ (A.B.S.U) rSm wjznf;jznf; vHk;yg;yg;um
wdrfjrKyf aysmufuG,foGm;avonf/
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pGm OD;aqmifraI y;Edik af om tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfc&hJ m wckwnf;aom Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyftjzpf cdik cf ikd rf mrm &yfwnfEikd cf o
hJ nf/
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taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
wGJzuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
jyefMum;a&;XmetwGif;a&;rSL;
EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmetwGif;a&;rSL;
aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh oufomacsmifcsda&;XmetwGif;a&;rSL;
wuodkvfESifh vlxkynma&;XmetwGif;a&;rSL;
tdk;a0r*Zif;wm0efcH
pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
jyefMum;a&;rSL;
um,AvrSL;
wGJzuf um,AvrSL;
&JacgifXmerSL;
wGJzuf &JacgifXmerSL;
wGJzuf vufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;
udkpdefbef;
udk0if;az
ukdudkBuD;
udkwifatmif
(Ou|) (taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;) (wJGzuftwGif;a&;rSL;) (EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;)
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
oabmxm;cJhonf/ if;wdkYonf Oya'wGif;Sd usefvlwef;pm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; tmPmpuf? kyf0wKESifh tcGifhta&;
rsm;ay;jcif;? oyfvQKdpnf;Hk;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/ odkYaomf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfudk rdrdwdkYqESdovdk zdEdSyfEdkifjcif;?
pnf;Hk; NzdKcGJEdkifjcif; rjyKEdkifyg/ odkYjzifh Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf wjynfvHk; ausmif;om;or*rsm;udk OD;aqmif
pnf;Hk;vIyfSm;aom wckwnf;aom pifNydKifrSd? NydKifzufrSd w&m;0iftzGJUtpnf; jzpfcJhonf/ xdktzGJUtpnf;onf
&efukefwuodkvfSd wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk\ OD;aqmifrIudk cH,lcJhayonf/
if;tiftm;pkrSm aSUuazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; trmcHtkyfpk (3) pkay: tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ jyem
t&yf&yfudk qdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;odkY rwifjyrD tajccHtkyfpkudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yl;aygif;xm;aom Joint Committee
wGif OD;pGm aqG;aEG;SEd iId ;f onf/ if;wGi&f Sx
d m;aom oabmwlncD suu
f kd qdik &f m tzGUJ tpnf;taeESihf tiftm;pktaeESifh
wm0ef,l taumiftxnfazmf vIyfSm;onf/ tkyfpk taetxm;& taumif;qHk;tkyfpku ta&;BuD;aomae&m Key
Post rsm; &,lci
G hf jdS cif;? OD;a&rsm; ydrk &kd SEd ikd jf cif;So
d nf/ xkYd aMumifh jyemt&yf&yfukd qdik &f mtzGUJ tpnf;\ trIaqmif
wGif wifjy&efxuf OD;aqmifyl;wGJaumfrwDwGif yrmPndEdIif;a&;udk tiftm;enf;aom tkyfpkrsm;u tav;xm;onf/
tBuD;? tvwf? ti,ftkyfpk (3) rsKd;wGif ta&twGuf tenf;qHk; ti,ftkyfpku ydk tav;xm;onf/
odkYjzifh jyemt&yfudk OD;aqmifyl;wGJaumfrwDwGifom dEIdif;tqHk;tjzwf,lNyD; vkyfief;rsm; taumift
xnfazmfaomtcg w&m;0iftzGJUtpnf; trIaqmiftzGJUo@mef arS;rSdefvmonf/ trIaqmiftzGJU tpnf;ta0; xdkif
qHk;jzwfcsuf rcsoavmufjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif EdkifiHa&;todjzifh vnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYtkyfpk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ygaom
OD;aqmifyl;wGJaumfrwD\ tqHk;tjzwf cH,l vnf;aumif;? trIaqmiftzGJU\ tcef;u@ aysmufaejcif;udk t"du
rxm;? us&mwm0efudk ,HkMunfcsufjzifh vkyfcJhMuonf/
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vmaomtcg txufyg vkyef nf;vky[
f efaMumifh w&m;0if trIaqmifypkH H aysmufvmjcif;? rvdv
k m;tyfaom jyemrsm;
awGUMuHK&onf/
350
tdk;a0r*Zif;bJGYav;csKd;udk wuokdvfusifUxHk;
ed*Hk;csKyfuAsm ]&pemav;csKd;BuD;} vdkYvnf;
trnfay;xm;onf/ av;csKd;BuD;wGif q&mBuD;u
wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm; nDGwfMu&ef
wdkufwGef;xm;onf/ nDGwfrS
Nidrf;csrf;om,mEdkifaMumif; Tefjyonf/ xdkYjyif
e,fcsJUESifh wkwfjzLta&;rSmvnf; pdwfrat;p&m
jzpfaMumif; q&mBuD;u owday;xm;onf/
(vufaG;pifav;csKd;w&m? pm- 348)
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
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1951-52 ck? &efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* trIaqmifaG;aumufyu
JG kd pnf;rsO;f Oya't& (2) Budrf
cGJ usif;ycJhonf/
yxrtBudrf aG;aumufyGJudk 1951 ck? pufwifbmv (11) &ufaeY usif;yjyKvkyfcJh? Ou| udkpdefbef;?
'k-Ou| udkOD;armif? b@ma&;rSL; udkwifatmifwdkYudk aG;aumufwifajrmuf cJhMuayonf/
'kwd,tBudrf aG;aumufyGJudk 1951 ck? pufwifbmv (21) &ufaeY usif;yjyKvkyf udkausmfausmf
(taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkwifarmifxGwf (wGJzuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)? udkwifxGef; (jyefMum;a&;Xme?
twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkjrifhcdkif (EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;Xme? twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkudkav; (wuodkvfESifh vlxkynma&;Xme?
twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkcifarmifvwf (aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh oufomacsmifcsda&;Xme? twGif;a&;rSL;) wdkYudk
aG;aumufwifajrmuf cJhMuygonf/
aG;aumuf wifajrmufjcif;cH&aom trIaqmiftzGJUrSm wuo pnf;rsOf;Oya't& r*Zif;Xme? wm0efcH
pmwnf;tjzpf trfcdkifjrJzdk;csdefESifh pmMunhfwdkufrSL;tjzpf udkvScifwdkYtm; cefYtyfvdkufygonf/
wuo pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESifhtnD zGJUpnf;NyD;ajrmufcJhaom trIaqmiftzGJUonf 1951 ck? pufwifbmv
28 &ufaeYwGif or*taqmuftOD usrf;opmusdefqdk wm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk vufcH aqmifGufcJhygonf/
xdkusrf;opmusdefqdkyGJodkY zdwfMum;csuft& ae;Sif;owif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf OD;avmHk? jynfolYNidrf;csrf;a&;
tzGJUacgif;aqmif OD;atmifoef;ESifh wuoOu|a[mif; 0efBuD; trfat&mSpfwdkY <ua&muf rdrdwdkY\ tjrifESifh
ausmif;om;wm0efudk a[majymMuonfudk tpD&ifcHpmwGif aus;Zl;wifpGmjzihf rSwfwrf;wif tyfygonf/
1951 ck? ZGefv ausmif;zGifhonfhf tcsdefrSp pmar;yGJpepfopfESifh ywfouf ausmif;om;xk qEt&
ajzSif;ae&ojzifh trIaqmifaG;aumufyGJrSm tenf;i,f aESmifhaES;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
atmufwdkbmv ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; ausmif;aqmifrsm; xrif;rauR;[k ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDu
qHk;jzwfcJhojzifh wuorS ta&;,laqmifGufjcif;aMumifh atmufwdkbmv ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; xrif;qufvuf
auR;arG;ygonf/
enf;jyq&mwOD;ESihf ausmif;om;wOD; tcsi;f rsm;MuNyD; ausmif;om;tm; ausmif;rS xkwyf pfjcif;jzihf tjypf'Pf
ay;rnfhqJqJwGif wuorS vma&muf&m ausmif;xkwfrnfh udprSm ajyvnf oGm;cJhygonf/
1951 ck? pufwifbmv (20) &ufaeYwGif ausmif;om;tcsKdUtm; ppfom;tcsKdUu &rf;um;jcif;udk wuoodkY
wdkifMum;ojzifh wuorS wuodkvfaumifpDodkY vnf;aumif;? oufqdkif&m ppfHk;csKyfodkY vnf;aumif; ta&;,l&ef
wdkifMum;pmrsm; ay;ydkYcJhygonf/
1951 ck? atmufwb
kd mv (18) &ufaeYwiG f ygupwefEikd if H 0efBuD;csKyf vD,muGwt
f vDcefonf vlrormwdYk
\ vkyfMuHjcif;udk cHcJh&&m wuorS ausmif;om;xkudk,fpm; 0rf;enf;aMumif;o0PfvTmudk ygupweftpdk;& odkY
ay;ydkYcJhygonf/
1951 ck? atmufwdkbmv (29) &ufaeUrS p urmhwuodkvf0efxrf;tzGJU\ taSUtmSwdkufawmifydkif;
nDvmcHudk &efukefwuodkvf usif;yrnfjzpf tdrfonf 0w&m;twdkif; jyifqifrIrsm;udk jyKvkyf&onf/ xkdnDvmcHodkY
tdE,
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H Ykd rS ygarmursm;ESihf ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;
wufa&mufMuygonf/
ucsif j ynf e ,f w G i f rD ; ab;oif h o jzif h b0wl a usmif ; om;rsm; twd ' k u a &muf a e&m wuorS
rD;ab;&efyHkaiGodkY aiG 50d^- yg0ifvSL'gef;cJhygonf/
Edk0ifbmv aumifpDtpnf;ta0;wGif wuorS awmif;qdkcsuft& wifoGif;qHk;jzwfNyD; ausmif;om;xkxHrS
aumuf,x
l m;aom wuov
kd rf w
S yf w
kH ifaMu;aiG 10d^-? upm;ESifh pmMunfw
h u
kd af Mu;aiG 12d^-ESifh wuov
kd 0f ifaMu;aiG
10d^- pkpkaygif; 32d^- udk ausmif;om;xkodkY jyefvnfay;qyfcJhygonf/
xdkYtjyif ntcgoGm;vmrI vG,ful&eftwGuf t"dywdvrf;udk rD;rsm; xGef;nday;&efudkvnf; wuorS
awmif;qdkonfh twdkif; wyfqifay;cJhygonf/
ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;wGif aevifhupm; aiGa&; tusyftwnf;jzpf
jcif;? ausmif;p&dwf rwwfEikd jf cif;wdYk ukd wuov
kd rf S tiftm;So
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kd f
352
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
,aeUwdkif jyefvnf rwnfaqmufEdkifao;ojzifh udpudk kyfvHk;ay:onftxd wm0ef,l aqmifGuf&ef tjrJwrf;
tzGUJ wckukd Akv
d af tmifausmf txdr;f trSwf &efyakH iGaumfrwD trnfjzihf 'DZifbmv (24) &ufaeYwiG f zGUJ pnf;ay;cJo
h nf/
tzGJU0ifvlBuD;rsm;rSmobmywd
OD;pdefbef;
(wuo? Auo Ou|)
b@ma&;rSL;
OD;ydkif
(tNidrf;pm; tdkifpDtuf 0wfvHkawmf&)
twGif;a&;rSL;
OD;ausmfausmf
(wuo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)
trIaqmifrsm;
OD;apm[ef
(tNidrf;pm; tdkif-pD-tuf)
0efBuD; trfat &m&Spf
(wuoOu|a[mif;)
OD;omxGef;atmif
(ArmEdkifiH ukefonfBuD;rsm;toif; Ou|)
rpwm ,lEGwfbmvD
(trfat? t,fvft,fvfbD)
OD;wifatmif
( wuotrIaqmif)
OD;udkudkav;
(wuotrIaqmif)
OD;wifxGef;
( wuotrIaqmif)
OD;0if;az
(AuotaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)
OD;pdefvGif
(Auo 'k-Ou|)
tD*spfjynfwGif ausmif;om;vli,frsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fvsufSdaom e,fcsJUwdkYtm;
IUH csaMumif;jzihf Auo (oefYiS ;f aom ausmif;om;xk) ESihf wuowdYk yl;wG
J qH;k jzwfNyD; aMunmcsuf xkwjf yefco
hJ nf/
19- 10- 51 ckESpf? trIaqmiftzGJU wdkufzsufatmifjrifcJhaom pmar;yGJ 3 BudrfusvQif ausmif;xkwfcH&rnf
[laomtcsufukd jyefvnftoufoiG ;f rnfh t&dyv
f uPmrsm; ay:aygufvmojzihf wuoonf ausmif;om; ud,
k pf m;
vS,f aumifpDvlBuD;wdkYtm; jyemrsKd; ay:aygufvmygu rnfonhf tcsdeftcg ae&mXmeraG; wdkufzsufypf&ef
TeMf um;cJo
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k pf m;vS,f wuov
kd af umifpv
D Bl uD;rsm;\ BudK;yrf;csuaf Mumihf
1952 ck? Zefe0g&D (12) &ufaeUwGif usif;yaom aumifpDtpnf;ta0;wGif tcsufonf vHk;0ausysufoGm;NyD
jzpfygonf/
kuaA' vufaxmufuxduq&m rpwmqdkac;? vufaxmufuxdu a':jrpfESifh ausmif;om;&Jabmf (2)
OD;\ psmye udpwGifvnf; tokbydkYaqmif&ef EdI;aqmfvsuf armfawmfum;rsm;jzifh o,f,lydkYaqmifay;cJhygonf/
wuov
kd af umifpo
D Ykd awmif;qdck sut
f & wuov
kd f ajy;ckeu
f pm;yGaJ umfrwDwiG f ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,Ef iS hf
q&mOD;a& tnDtrQ yg0ifapvsuf zGJUpnf;ay;cJhygonf/ ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (5) OD;rSm udktkH;cdkif? udk0if;az?
udkoef;0if;? udkaSmMunfESifh udkausmfjrifh wdkYjzpfygonf/
ausmif;aqmifc (17) usyfonf xdu
k w
f efonfxuf ydrk v
kd sufo
dS nf[k ,lqojzihf avQmhayghay;&ef? 1951
ck? 'DZifbmvuyif awmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; xkdudprSm tcsdefMumjrifhcJhygonf/ 1952 ck? Zlvdkifv aumifpDtpnf;
ta0;wGif pOf;pm;aqG;aEG; ausmif;om;wOD;twGuf wvvQif aiG (60) usyfxuf rydak pbJ if;aiG (60) usyfukd
cGaJ 0&m ausmif;aqmifcudk avQmhayghapvsuf tpm;taomufbufwGif xyfavmif; xnfhoGif;ay;&ef ausmif;aqmif
aumf rwDodkY TefMum;ygrnf[k qHk;jzwfonf/
&efukefwuodkvfwGif 1951-52 ckrS p tcvGwfynmoifMum;a&;pepf oGwfoGif;cJhaomfvnf; pmar;yGJ
0ifaMu;vGwNf idr;f cGihf r&jcif;rSm tcvGwyf nmoifMum;a&;0g'ESifh qefYusiaf eonf[k ,lqojzihf pmar;yG0J ifciG hf vGwNf idr;f
cGijhf yK&ef awmif;qdck yhJ gonf/ odYk &mwGif wuov
kd af umifprD S xdu
k pd o
nf tpd;k &ESifh oufqikd o
f jzifh tpd;k &odYk awmif;qdk
cJh&m ,cktcsdeftxd jyefMum;jcif; rjyKao;aMumif;jzihf wuoodkY taMumif;jyefcJhygonf/
xkduJhodkY tvkyfwm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifcJh&mrS 1952 ck? {NyDvodkY a&mufSdcJhojzifh aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf&uf
twGif; wuo\ tvkyfudpt00wdkYudk wm0ef,laqmifGuf&ef aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm;tjzpf udkpdefbef;? udktHk;cdkif?
udkausmfausmf? udkwifxGef;ESifh trf cdkifjrJzdk;csdefwdkYtm; cefYtyfcJhygonf/
ausmif;jyefzGifhonfh tcsdefwGif ausmif;om;OD;a& ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmojzihf ae&mxkdifcif; tcuftcJ jyem
ay:aygufvmrnfudk odSdonfhtwdkif; wuodkvfSd vdktyfonfh taqmuftODrsm; tjrefqHk; csJUxGifwnfaqmuf&ef
BudKwif awmif;qdkcJhygonf/
wuov
kd rf S ausmif;aqmif taqmuftODwckom ,ckEpS t
f zdYk aqmufrnf[q
k o
kd jzihf aemufxyf tenf;qH;k
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;aqmif (2) ckESifh ausmif;olrsm;twGuf ausmif;aqmif (1) ,ckESpftzdkY xyfrHwnf
354
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
vufcH &Scd yhJ gonf/ 1951-52 ckEpS t
f wGuf or*toif;0ifrsm;xHrS 3893 usyf (oH;k axmifh Sp&f m ud;k q,fh oH;k usyf)
wdwu
d kd &SNd yD;? or*taqmuftOD qdik cf ef;rsm;rS (10) vtwGuf 3697d^-8yJ (oH;k axmifh ajcmuf&m ud;k q,fYcek pfusyf
SpfyJ) wdwdudk &Sdygonf/ wuodkvfodkY EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS xkwfay;aom wuodkvfaxmufyHhaMu; odef;ig;q,fxJrS
or*twGuf aiGaygif; 16495 usyf (waomif; ajcmufaxmifh av;&m udk;q,fh ig;usyf) wdwdudk tcsKd;us &Sdyg
onf/ 1951-52 ckESpftwGuf or*t&yf&yf 0ifaiGaygif;rSm 24417d^-8yJ (ESpfaomif; av;axmifh av;&m wq,fh
ckepfusyf SpfyJ) wdwdjzpf\/ 1952 ck? Zlvdkifvukeftxd ESpfcsKyfpm&if;ydwfcsdefwGif or*vufusefaiG bPf 3774d18 jym; (oHk;axmif ckepf&m ckepfq,fh av;usyf q,fSpfjym;) ESifh aiGom; 29d-25jym; (ESpfq,fh udk;usyfESifh
ESpfq,hf ig;jym;) SdNyD; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&xHrS pwkwywf t&pfusaiGtjzpf 4123d-75jym; (av;axmifh w&m ESpfq,fh
oHk;usyf ckepfq,fh ig;jym;) &Sd&ef Sdojzihf pkpkaygif;aiG 7927d-18jym; (ckepfaxmif udk;&m ESpfq,fh ckepfusyfESifh
q,fhSpfjym;) wdwd jzpfygonf/
&efukefwuodkvf txl;&efyHkaiGrS &Sdaom aiG 7200d^- (ckepfaxmifh ESpf&musyf) wdwdudk wu,f&NyD;
ynmBudK;pm;vdkMuaom ausmif;olausmif;om; (12) OD;wdkYtm; wuorS ae wvvQif 60d^- (ajcmufq,fusyf)ESifh
(10) vtwGuf wa,mufvQif 600d^- (ajcmuf&musyf) wdwdudk axmufyHhaMu;tjzpf xkwfay;EdkifcJhygonf/
wuodkvfausmif;om;or*? wuodkvfESifU vlxkynmzGHNhzdK;a&;Xme ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpm
wuodkvfausmif;om;or*? wuodkvfESifh vlxkynmzGHUNzdK;a&;Xmeudk 1951 ck? pufwifbmv (21)
&ufaeYrS p vufcHaqmifGufcJh&m atmufygwdkYudk atmifjrifcJhygonf/
1951 ck? atmufwb
kd mv (8) &ufaeUrS p wuotaqmuftODwiG f ypn;f rJah usmif;om;rsm;ESifh tvkyo
f
rm;rsm;tm; &nfpl;vsuf aeUpOf nae (4) em&DrS (6) em&D txd tcrJhwuodkvf0ifoifwef; zGifhvSpfcJh&m t*Fvdyfpm?
jrefrmpm? ocsFm? &mZ0if? yx0D? lyaA'ESifh "mwkaA' bmom&yfrsm;udk oifMum;jyo ay;ygonf/ xkd tcrJh oif
wef;wGif vdt
k yfaom ausmif;oH;k ypn;f twGuf ausmif;om;wOD; 0ifaMu;aiG (2) usyfpD aumufcyH gonf/ ausmif;om;
ESihftvkyform; (200) cefY wufa&mufoifMum;Muonfudk awGU&ygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; tusKd;twGufiSm pmrsuf
ESm (60) rS (80) txdSdaom yx0DrSwfpkrsm; (Geography Notes)? "gwkaA'rSwfpkrsm; (Chemistry Notes)?
t*Fvdyf pum;yHkuav;rsm;udk kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJh&m yx0DrSwfpkudk usoifhaom tzdk;ESihf a0iScJhygonf/
txufazmfjyyg usefrSwfpk pmtkyfrsm;udk tcrJhxkwfa0ygonf/
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ausmif;om;rsm;u ArmvlrsKd;wkdif; vlwef;aphaeEdkifonfh avmuopfxlaxmifa&;twGuf qif;&Jom;v,form;
rsm;ESifh ycHk;csif;,SOfum vGwfvyfa&;ppfajrjyifwGif wdkufcdkufMutHh/ ,ck vkyfief;rsm;rSm xkdtcsdeftwGuf tm;jyifaejcif;
rQjzpf\/ odkYvkyfojzifh e,fcsJUorm;ESifh ol\vufyg;aprsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm; EdkifiHa&;vkyfonfudk ajymHkru
vlowform;jzpfonf pojzifh olwdkY oabmusovdk ajymqkdEdkifayonf/
(3)
ausmif;om;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u vufudkifwkwftjzpf toHk;csaeonf[laom &,fp&maumif;vSonfh
pGyfpGJcsufrsKd; a&;om;ajymqdkaeMujcif;rSm ,ckudpwGifrSr[kwf/ wuodkvfOya'Murf;udk y,fcsvdkufpOfuvnf; enf;
twdkif; pGyfpGJcH&zl;ojzifh ,Ofyif aeavonf/
pGyfpGJcsufrsKd; xGufay:vmonfh a'orsm;rSm e,fcsJYorm;wdhk\ yg;pyfjzpfaom &efuek af *;Zwfowif;pmESifU e,fcsYJorm;
vufyg;apjzpfaom Gefhaygi;f tpd;k &wdhk\ yg;pyf AEKvowif;pm wdkYyif jzpfavonf/ wuodkvfOya'Murf; udpw
Gifum;
trsm;em;vnfatmif cyfSnfSnf Sif;&OD;rnf/ ,ckudpwGifum; pOf;pm;OmPfSdolwdkif;rSm tvGefSif;avonf/ b,f
EdkifiHa&;ygwD? b,f*dkPf;*PrS pdwful;rwnfhrD ausmif;om;rsm;u pwif jynfolYvGwfvyfrIudk csKyfcs,fxm;aom
yk'frrsm;udk csKd;zsufum tmPmzDqefcJhMuavonf/ odkYaomf owif;pmrsm;um; ausmif;om;rsm;udk OD;apmu ajrmufay;
aeonft
h aersKd; ,ckxufwikd f a&;om;aejcif;rSm wdik ;f oljynfom;rsm;udk apmfum;onfEiS hf wlavonf/ pifppfaomfum;
*VKefOD;apmrSm ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHk*,ufrS rl;rdkufum rodrom tmPmzDqefa&; ppfajrjyifodkY a&mufvmjcif;
jzpfavonf/
(4)
ausmif;om;rsm;udk ocifrsm;ESifh aygif;onf[k ajymjyef\/ rSefonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf ocifrsm;ESifh aygif;
onf/ odkYaomf aygif;onfqdk&m ausmif;om;or*toif;ESifh wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;wdkYonf tpnf;ta0;BuD;vkyfum
pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; a&;qGJNyD; pepfwus csnfNyD;? wkwfNyD; aygif;enf;rsKd;r[kwf? or*pnf;rsOf;t& ,cktcsdeftxd
or*toif;onf rnfonfhygwD\ vufatmufcHrQ r[kwf? vGwfvyfaomtzGJUtpnf; jzpf\/
or*toif;ESifh wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;wdkYrSm t"du&nfG,fcsuf? 0g'wdkYwGif twlwlyifjzpf\/ or*toif;onf
qif;&Jom;v,form;awGESifh aygif;wdkufrS e,fcsJUpepf ysufrnf[k t,lSd\/ wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;onfvnf; xkdYtwlyif?
or*toif;onf Armwdkif;? Armwdkif; vlwef;aphaeEdkifonfh avmuDedAmef xlaxmifa&;udk &nfrSef;\/ wdkYArmtpnf;
362
b[def;
363
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
SdwJhteuf pmrwwfolaygif; (70000000) Sdwm awGU&w,f/ e,fcsJUvufatmuf
a&mufaewJh tD&efrSm pmrwwfol 80 &mcdkifEIef;? ajrmuftmz&duwdkufrSm 90 &mckdifEIef;?
Edkif*sD;&D;,m;rSm 90 &mckdifEIef;? tdEd,rSm 87 &mckdefEIef;? tif'dkeD;Sm;rSm 90 &mckdifEIef;?
ArmjynfrSmvnf; 60 &mckdifEIef; tpSdojzifh awGU&jyefw,f/
onftcsufrsm;aMumifh ausmif;om;awG&JU ynmoifMum;Edkifa&;[m zufqpf? e,fcsJUpepf
qefYusifa&;wdkufyGJeJU cJGjcm;r&bl;vdkY ausmif;om;awGtaeeJY t,lSdvmMuw,f/
1939 ck? Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaehrSm emZDzufqpfrsm;u csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;eJY
tjcm;Oa&my wdkif;jynfrSmSdwJh ,leDAmpDwD? txufwef;ausmif;awG ydwfypfjcif;udk
uefYuGufwJhtaeeJY wurmvHk;rSmSdwJh ausmif;om;awG[m ]urmh ausmif;om;rsm;aeh} tjzpf
,ckxd ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; usif;yaeMuw,f/
tar&duef orwa[mif; wOD;jzpfwJh kpbJh SdpOftcgu qdk&if if;aeYrSm urmt&yf&yf Sd ausmif;om;rsm; xH
odkY toHvTifh tm;ay;pum; ajymcJhw,f/
odkYaMumifhyif twdkif;wdkif;? tjynfjynfrS ausmif;om;rsm;onf twdwfoifcef;pmrsm;udk cH,lum aemufaemifwGif
olwdkY\ ynmoifMum;a&;udk rwm;qD;Edkif&eftwGuf pkaygif; umuG,frnfh urmhausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfBuD; wcktaeESifh
SdoifhSdtyfonf[k oabmaygufum if;tzGJUcsKyfBuD; wnfaqmufEdkifa&;twGuf BudK;pm;Muw,f/
tzGJUcsKyfwnfaqmufa&;udk BudK;pm;MuwJh ausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif tar&duef? t*Fvef? qdkAD,uf? jyifopf?
wkwfjynf tpSdonfh BuD;ig;BuD;EdkifiHrS ausmif;om;rsm;omru 'def;rwf? qGD'if? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;? tdEd,? aemfa0;ESifh
tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifMuwmudk awGY&w,f/ 'Dtm;vHk;aom ausmif;om;rsm;&JU BudK;yrf;
csufaMumifh 1946 ck? Mo*kwfvxJrSm urmY ausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfBuD; taeeJY rm;rm;rwfrwf ay:xGufcJhw,f/
'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk wnfaxmifwJh urmYausmif;om; uGef*&ufBuD;rSmqdk&ifvnf; wdkif;jynfaygif; (43) EdkifiHrS ausmif;om;
udk,fpm;vS,fawG wufa&mufaqG;aEG; wnfaxmif cJhw,f/ odkUjzifh urmhausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk wkdif;jynfwkdif;u
ausmif;om;awG&JU vHk;yrf;rIaMumihf atmifjrifpGm wnfaxmifvdkufMuwmudk awGUSd&w,f/
(2) &nfrSef;csufESifU tajccH0g'vrf;pOf
vlYavmuBuD; om,m<u,f0a&;twGuf vlwdkif;ynmoifMum;Edkifa&;udk t"dutaeeJY &nfrSef;w,f/ wwfonfh
ynmrsm;udkvnf; vlYavmuSd vlom;rsm; wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;a&;twGufom toHk;csap&ef &nfG,fMuw,f/ &nfrSef;
csufrsm; atmifjrifa&;[mvnf; vlYavmu zGHUNzdK;a&;? wdk;wufa&;udk [efYwm;ydwfyif wm;qD;apwJh e,fcsJUpepfudkyg
uG,faysmufapa&;udkvnf; cdkifrmaom ,kHMunfcsufeJY arQmfrSef;cJhMuw,f/
onf&nfrSef;csufrsm;ay:wGif tajcpdkufNyD; tzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU tajccH0g'udk csrSwfcJhMuw,f/ tzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU tajccH0g'
[mqdk&if wdkif;jynfwdkif; vGwfajrmufapa&;? vlYavmuBuD; Nidrf;csrf;pGm qufvuf wnfwHha&;eJY vlwdkif;tm; ynmoifay;
apEdkifwJh 'Drdkua&pDynma&;wdkhjzpfw,f/
'DtajccH0g' (3) csufay:u wzef vrf;pOfudk azmfxkwfjyefw,f/ csrSwfxm;wJh vrf;pOftaeESifh jyefMunfh
jyefawmhvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;&JU &oifh&xkdufwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;&,la&;? ausmif;om;rsm;&JU aexkdifrItqifhtwef;
wdk;wufapa&;? tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynmrsm;&,lEdkifa&;? wdkif;wyg;tkyfcsKyfcH&aom udkvdkeD? udkvdkeDwydkif;EdkifiHrsm;Sd
ausmif;om;rsm;udk ulnDaxmufyHha&;? ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; trsKd;? bmom? vdif? tom;ta&mif rcGJjcm;bJ wOD;udk
wOD; em;vnf aoG;pnf;a&;rsm;tjyif? urmhausmif;om;xkBuD; w&yfvHk;\ tajctaeudk oufqdkif&m EdkifiHwum
a&;&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk wifjytultnDawmif;a&;ESifh avmavmq,f ausmif;om;rsm;\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk urmol?
urmom;awG aSUarSmufwGif csjya&;wdkYjzpfw,f/
(3) vufawGYvkyfief;pOfESifU vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
txufazmfjyyg tajccH0g'ESifh vrf;pOf atmifjrifa&;twGufvnf; vufawGUtm;jzihf vkyfaqmifonhf vkyfaqmif
csufrsm;rSm wnfaxmif zGJUpnf;NyD;aemufydkif;wGif wGifus,fpGm 'keJYa';SdcJhaMumif; awGU&jyefw,f/
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;taeESifh twdkif;wdkif; tjynfjynfu ausmif;om;tajctaeawG odSdEdkifzdkYtwGuf pHkprf;SmazGcJhMu
w,f/ urmhausmif;om;uGef*&ufBuD;rsm;? uGefz&ifhtpnf;ta0;rsm; ac:qdkjcif;jzifhvnf; ausmif;om;awG&JU tajctae
awGudk wifjyzGifhvSpfEdkifcJhw,f/
ausmif;om;awG&JU qif;&Jusyfwnf;rIrsm;udk wifjyNyD; oufqdkif&m tpdk;&awGqDudkvnf; ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;udk
OD;pm;ay;zdkY EdI;aqmfcJhw,f/
364
urmUausmif;om;rsm;tzGJYcsKyfBuD; t"GefhSnfygap
vS0if;
365
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
ppfudkrkef;onf
(1)
urmppfwJh
onf;epfESifhrQ? Mum;jyef&aomf
wdwfujzpfpOf? jyefvmxif
pdwfwGif vSyfvSyfwkefrd\/ /
(2)
AHk;? pufaoewf?
rjywfoGef;ypf? urmppfaMumifh
om;wpfESifhaoG;? ajrrSmazG;vsuf
idka<u;dIufoH? jynfvHk;nH
rD;vQHrD;cdk;? rdk;odkYwdk;um
oD;rsKd;v,f,m? zGHUrvmbJ
avmifjymtpk? ajymif;vJjyKonhf
'kwd,ppf? acwfwacwfrS
arhypfr& twdwfwnf;/ /
(3)
wNrdKUvHk;vQif
tHk;tHk;<uuf<uuf? ajy;vTm;vsufwnfh
rdk;xufwcGif? aumif;uifjyifrS
av,mOfysHwyf? pufaoewfudk
rjywfypfum? AHk;rdk;&Gm\
BuD;pGmjrnf[D;? toHBuD;ESifh
rD;vnf;yGifhxGuf? ul;pufumom
tdrfwdkufwmudk? Sdef0gajymifajymif
awmufavmifvnf;? acgif;axmifr&J
ykef;usif;xJ0,f? udk,fvnf;MuHKUMuHKU
yHkYyHkYauG;auG;? toufab;aMumifh
rD;a&;udkvnf; rawG;0Hh/ /
(4)
wcgw&H
[pfatmfoHvnf;? qlnHvSpGm
Mum;&yg\/ /
wcgw&H
idka<u;oHvnf;? emvQHwrQ
Mum;vdkuf&\/ /
wcgw&H
NiD;wGm;oHvnf;? av,HxJrSm
ygvm\/ /
366
tjrJawmhrl
<uufqltkef;tkef;? 0kef;0kef;'dkif;'dkif;
oHtdkif;om? avvdIif;udkpD;
ajrBuD;udkqkyf? udkifvIyfodkY
rdk;jyKwfvkrQ? aygufuGJMu\/ /
(5)
a'gif--- a'gif--- 'ef--- 'ef
avaMumif;&efrS? a0;jyefuif;aMumif;
at;oHacsmif;\? ndrfhanmif;oHom
xGufay:vmrS? wcgonfawmh
raoaygh[k? pdwfavsmhoufjyif;
csae&if;yif? AHk;usif;rSxGuf
ajrtxufodkY? iJhvsufIum
Munfhvdkuf&0,f--tdk---bmrSrjrif? rD;omjrif\?
NrdKUcGiftvHk;? rD;omzkef;\?
rD;vHk;xJrS? ajy;vTm;Mu\?
ac:Mu? atmfMu? [pfidkMu\?
tr*Fvm? Icif;omvQif
eDwsm&J&J? aoG;ESifhwGJ
aMuuGJzG,f&mjrifwum;/ /
(6)
ig\tdrfvnf;
tSdefjyif;pGm? ppfrD;rSm0,f
jymomtjzpf? xifawmh\/ /
ynmSm&
ausmif;awmfrSmvnf;? wdkifomusef&pf
rD;pmjzpf? cspfonfhi,faygif;?
rdwfaqGaumif;vnf;? ausmif;\eHab;
ykef;usif;ab;0,f? aoG;tvl;vl;
b0ul;\/ /
(7)
atmf--- 0Jrsuf&nfeJU
jrifonfhtjzpf? qdk;pepfaMumifh
wpfqdkY&ifrSm? rIombJ
b,fnmrvIyf? puftkyfodkY
ikwfwkwfxkdifum? idkifrd\/ /
367
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
ightwlyif
MunfvifNidrfhat;? *Dwaw;udk
uav;b0? i,fpOfuvQif
,k,cJhol? ]]tbjzL}}vnf;
oufwlyrm? jrwfEdk;&Smonfh
oHomat;csdK? apmif;tdk\
ndKUndKUrJrJ? rD;aoG;cJodkY
0ifpGJoaE? tajctaeaMumifh
rsuf&nf0Jum? &yfae\/ /
jcL;yef;jcL;cuf
uEkwf,Sufonfh toufu,f0if
kyfaTpifudk? ae0if;NzdK;zs
tcsdefusxd? yDoatmifxk
yef;ykorm;? bdk;oufMum;vnf;
xGm;xGm;nufnuf? aMurGysufonfh
olYvuf&mEk? tpkpkaMumifh
Orsuf&nfESifh awGae\/ /
yef;csDq&m
olwdkYrSmvnf;? ESpfwmumv
qGJcJh&onfh? oufrQciftyf
yef;csDcsyfwdkY? jzpf&yfqdk;0g;
ppfrD;Mum;0,f? avmifoGm;ojzifh
rsuf&nfESifhvQif? pdkYeifhumom
&yfae\/ /
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
pkaqmif;vmonfh? pmay0wK
&wkuAsm? ajrmufrsm;pGmvnf;
AsL[mcif;vSpf? owfyGJjzpfonfh
ppfrD;a0a0? avmifuRrf;av
pmaycspfwwf? yd#duwfrSL;
jymyHkOD;wGif? tl;yrm
idkaeSm\/ /
(8)
tu,fqdkvQif
ighNrdKUwGifom? r[kwfygbJ
Armjynf0Srf;? ppfrD;vTrf;rdkY
vQrf;vQrf;eDeD? aoG;wdkYonfvnf;
pD;vnfcJhNyD jzpfownf;/ /
368
,Ofaus;rIESifh
okckrvnf;? ppfrD;0,f
csD;ESD;ysufokef;cJhNyDwnf;/ /
b0twl
ausmif;olausmif;om;? ajrmuftrsm;vnf;
vlom;csif;csif;? arwmuif;
cif;onfhppfrSm? toufwmudk
pGefUSmcJh& NyDomwnf;/ /
(9)
xdkYaMumifhomyif
ppfqdkvQifrl
rjrifvdkbJ? rkef;HGUGJ
vufwGJnDnm? awmif;qdkvmonf
urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;udkwnf;/ /
(10)
vlom;tm;vHk;
ppfudkrkef;? pkHk;qE
tmoDoudk? r&&atmif
BudK;yrf;pdkY/ /
rif;vS - GefhMuL;
(wuodkvfausmif;om;yGJawmf yxrqk&uAsm)
369
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
OD;pdeb
f ef;
(1951-52)
Source: Oway Magazines
370
tcef; (15)
Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
'Dru
kd a&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGit
hf a&;umuG,af &;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1952 rS 1953)
(u) 'Dtufpt
f kd arG;zGm;jcif;
1952-53 ckESpf ynmoifESpfwGif wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk OD;aqmifrI&Sdvmjcif;onf tmPm&
ygwD tzGJUtpnf;tzdkY rsm;pGmjyemBuD;w&yf jzpfaeonf/ wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;onf Auorsm;
tzGJUcsKyf? &uo? wuo [laom t"du ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif OD;aqmifrI &xm;onf/ tpOftvmBuD;rm;
aom wuoudk vGwo
f mG ;jcif;onf tmPm&ygwD tzGUJ tpnf;twGuf BuD;rm;aom qH;k H;I rI jzpfonf/ oefYiS ;f udv
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tm;udk; rjzpfEdkifawmhay/ rdrdwdkY pdwftcs&qHk; tiftm;pkzGJUpnf;&eftwGuf wdk;wufwdkY\ OD;aqmifrIudk z,fSm;&ef
wuodkvfwGif jyefvnf wmplaeonf/
yxrOD;qH;k oefYSi;f rS cGx
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ausmif;om;tiftm;pk-'Dtufpt
f kd (Democratic Student Organization) udk xlaxmifonf/ tmPm&ygwDtzGUJ t
pnf;onf wuodkvfe,fajrwGif 'Dtufpftdk udk arG;zGm;oefYpifvdkufonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
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jyMuonf/ olwkdYvdktyfcsufrsm; tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkMuonf/ zdESdyfcs,fvS,folwdkYu ausmif;om;wdkY\
awmif;qdak om tcGit
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e,fajrudk q&mrsm; jznfhwif;&rnfhtpm; y&dowfrsm; jznfhwif;jcif; jyKvkyfvmonf/
om,maysmfTifrIonf ausmif;om;vli,fwdkYtwGuf b,faomtcgrS vHkavmufjynfhpHkonf[l rSd/ olwdkY
onf om,maysmfiT rf u
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rsufpdxJwGif vrf;ray:wGif avvGifhaeaom uav;i,frsm;? tvkyfvufrJh vli,frsm;? wJpkwfuav;rsm;udk jrifvm&
onf/ tvkyo
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tzd;k td?k tr,ftrkd sm;udk jrifvm&onf/ tcsKyfcef;? tcsKyfaxmifrS jynfow
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zdESdyfrIatmuf kef;uefaeaom jynfolwdkY\ vIyfSm;oHudk Mum;vm&onf/ aoewfvSHpGyfrsm; tzsm;rS jynfolwdkY\
aoG;pufwYkdonf ausmif;om;vli,faoG;pufwYkdEiS hf yl;aygif; pD;qif;oGm;onf/ tmPm&ygwDwYkdonf jynfoEl iS hf ausmif;
om;xktm; wjcm;pD uGJjym;ap&ef cGJjcm;vmMuonf/ pepfwus jyifqifxm;aom enf;y&d,m,frsm;jzifh kyfzsuf
0ifa&muf vmMuonf/
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tcsKyftcs,frSd ay;a0cJhonf/
1953-54 ck ynmoifESpftwGuf aG;aumufyGJt&mSd 'Dtufpftdk udkudkBuD;onf yHkpHpmGufrsm;udk tcsKyf
tcs,fwkdif;um owfrSwfay;cJhonf/ aG;aumufyGJ 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifaom tzGJUtpnf;onf Gufa&ig;&m xkwf,lvQif
if;ig;&mjyefoGif;NyD;rS aemufxyf xkwf,lEdkifaom pepfudk jyKvkyfcJhayonf/ xkdYaMumifh toif;0ifpmGuf a0ay;a&;rSm
'Dtufpftdk vufxJa&mufaeavonf/ yHkpHpmGuf jyKvkyfa&;wGif 'Dtufpftdk tusKd;twGuf rsm;pGm vkyfudkifEdkifonf/
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ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkYtm; tcGifhaumif; ,lcJhonf/ ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;wdkYtm; yHkpHrsm; xkwfay;NyD;
aiGrsm; oGi;f NyD;vQif rJ&a&;twGuf vkyEf ikd cf o
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'Dtufpftdk rJolcdk;[laom toHonf &efukefwNrdKUvHk; wkefvIyfoGm;onf/ 'Dtufpftdk ausmif;om;wdkYonf
ausmif;om;xkBuD;tm; tBudrfBudrftzefzef apmfum;cJhonf/ qdkS,fvpf ausmif;om;wOD;onf tjcm;ausmif;om;
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tzGJUonf txufjrufqHk; jzpfonf/
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kd af usmif;om;tzGYJ (University Student
Organization) wdkY jzpfayonf/
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rsm; yke;f uG,af eMuonf/ xkt
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kd w
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tBuD;tus,f emrnfysufae ref;wuodkvfwGif 'Dtufpftdk trnfjzifh aG;aumufyGJ0ifygu IH;rnfudk odojzifh
'Dtufpftdk rzGJUpnf;jcif;vnf; jzpfEkdifonf/
odkYjzifh ref;wuodkvfausmif;om;or* aG;aumufyGJwGif qdkS,fvpfausmif;om;wdkYonf tEdkif&a&;
twGuf tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;Muonf/ ausmif;om;nDGwfa&;tiftm;pk EkwfxGufoGm;onfh ae&mwGif tpm;xkd;&ef
tcsdefrrDawmhay/ aG;aumufyGJwGif nDGwfaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk tm;vHk; tEdkif&aomfvnf; EkwfxGufoltpm;
qdkS,fvpfbufrS ausmif;om;wa,muf NydKifbufrSd trIaqmif jzpfvmcJhonf/
qdkS,fvpfwdkYonf aiGtajrmuftrsm; tukefcHcJhonf/ rdefuav;aqmifrS trsKd;orD;tcsKdUtm; rSefum;rsm;
jzifh cPcP ac:oGm;wwfonf/ tjyifwGif pnf;0g;udkuf oGefoifaqG;aEG;onf/ kyfSifjy? jyKpkauR;arG;onfrSm
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aG;aumufy0JG if nDw
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aqmifu
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qdk ,
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qdkS,fvpftrwfESifh zqyv0if trsKd;orD;BuD; yHkESdyfwdkufrSyif qdkS,fvpf ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf rJqG,fpmwrf;rsm;
dkufESdyfay; wuodkvfe,fajrwGif vGifhysHUapcJhonf/ nDGwfaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rJay;vQif ''Black Mark''
vkyfxm;NyD; pmar;yGJ csypfrnf[laom aumvm[vrsm;jzihf ausmif;om;rsm; vefYzsyfatmif vkyfMuonf/
aG;aumufyaJG eYwiG f if;wdYkbufrS aqmifu
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376
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ysufoGm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf um;tpD;aygif; (86) pD;jzifh &efukefNrdKUwGif; vSnfhvnfcJhMuonf/ vlxkBuD;tm;
rJcdk;yGJBuD; jzpfaMumif; wdkifwef;cJhMuonf/
wuov
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dS mNyD;aemuf pnf;a0;Muonf/ tpnf;ta0;BuD;rS
atmufyg qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk csrSwfcJhonf/
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(2) qdk ,
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377
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(4) Identity Card rsm; rJrvdrfEdkif&ef aG;aumufyGJtrD xkwfay;xm;&ef/
(5) pufwifbmv (15) &uf rwdkifrD aG;aumufyGJusif;y&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf/
w&m;rQwaom wuoaG;aumufyJG tjrefq;kH aqmifu
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ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;wdkY aoG;uGJatmifzefwD;um ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;&ef MuHpnfvsufMdS u
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odkYaomf ,cktcsdef 1952-53 ckESpftwGuf aG;aumufwifajrmufcJhaom trIaqmiftm;vHk;rSm wuo
zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf; Oya't& wm0efukefqHk;cJhNyD jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf trIaqmiftzGJUuwqifh wm0efvTJtyfjcif;cH&
aom aEG&moDwm0efcH av;OD;om Scd ahJ yawmhonf/ aEG&moDwm0efcH av;OD;omvQif trIaqmiftzGUJ opf aG;aumufyJG
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G cf &hJ ayonf/ ,ckuo
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dkaoav;pm;&ojzifh vnf;aumif;? trIaqmifwzGJUvHk;\ tmPmudk,lum wm0eftm;vHk;udk xrf;aqmifae&ojzifh
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&Jabmf ausmif;ol^om;taygif;wdkhMo*kwv
f (28) &ufaeYwiG u
f sif;ycJah om &efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* aG;aumufyo
JG nf rw&m;
rI? vdrfvnfrIaMumifh ysufqD;oGm;cJhayonf/ aG;aumufyGJysufNyD; ,cktcsdefxd (15) &uf twGif;Mo*kwfv (28) &ufaeY nu usif;yaom ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJ/
o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;toD;oD;\ ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJrsm;/
pufwifbmv (3) &ufaeYu ,k'oefcef;r usif;yaom ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJ/
pufwifbmv (8) &ufaeYu usif;yaom &efuek w
f uov
kd f aeYausmif;ol^om;toif;\ pnf;a0;yGrJ sm;u
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cJah yonf/ odYk aomf ausmif;om;xkBuD;\ aeYpOfEiS t
hf rQ awmif;qdq
k ;kH jzwfcsufwYkd ukd vH;k 0rvdu
k ef mbJ wuoOu|
a[mif; udu
k Bkd uD;onf wuoaG;aumufyJG t&mSt
d jzpfrS z,fray;Hrk Qru aG;aumufyu
JG kd pnf;rsOf;t& olomvQif
usif;yrnf[k qdck o
hJ nf/ wzef wuov
kd yf garmucsKyf? OD;pdev
f ?S OD;&efa0;? rGepf v
H iId w
f Ykd EiS hf aG;aumufyu
JG sif;yrnf[k
xyf aMunmjyefonf/
wuo pnf;rsOf;wGif aG;aumufyGJudk Ou|a[mif;u OD;pD;usif;y&rnf[k qdkcJhayonf/ tcsufonf
rSeaf yonf/ odYkaomf Ou|a[mif;\ rw&m;rIaMumifh aG;aumufyJG ysujf ym;oGm;&ayonf/ odYkaG;aumufyJG ysujf ym;
oGm;NyD;aemuf rnfuJhodkY aqmifGuf&rnfqdkaomtcsufudk wuopnf;rsOf;wGif vHk;0ryg0ifcJhacs/ pnf;rsOf;wGif
ryg0ifcahJ omf rnfoYkd aqmifu
G cf MhJ uoenf;/ wuo\ aG;aumufyt
JG pOftvmudk Munfh
I aqmifu
G &f ayonf/
wuoaG;aumufyGJ tpOftvmt& 1946 ckwGif trIaqmifa[mif;rsm;ESifh Mum;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u OD;pD;usif;y
cJh&ayonf/ um; tpOftvmoabmt& jzpfayonf/ odkYaomf odkYrvkyfbJ igomqdkifonf[k qdkcJhonf/
wzef odkYtpOftvm rvdkufemcJhaomf wuowGif tmPmtykdifqHk;jzpfaom tvkyftpnf;ta0;yGJudk
ac:,lay;&ef jzpfonf/ xkt
d pnf;ta0;rSae w&m;rQwaom aG;aumufyjJG zpfa&;twGuf ausmif;om;xkoabmudk
,l wduspGm qHk;jzwf&rnf jzpfonf/ &mZ0ifjyefMunfhvQif b,fwdkif;jynfrSm jzpfjzpf pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESifh pyfvsOf;
tusyftwnf;awGUvQif vlxk\qEudk,lonfh (Referendum) tpSdonfudk vkyf&onf/ odkYvkyf&jcif;onf
b,fwikd ;f jynf b,ftzGUJ tpnf;jzpfjzpf vlxo
k mvQif tmPmtydik q
f ;kH jzpfaejcif;aMumifjh zpfonf/ ,ckvnf; wuo
tjzpftysufESifh ywfouf tmPmtydkifqHk;jzpfonfh tvkyftpnf;ta0;ac: qE,l&ef oifhayonf/
odYk aomf aG;aumufyt
JG &mSo
d nf wuopnf;rsO;f wGif rjynfph akH omtcsuu
f kd tpOftvmt&vnf;aumif;?
pnf;rsOf;t&vnf;aumif;? jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfygvsuf aG;aumufyGJudk igwOD;wnf;omqdkifonf[k uyfaeum bmrS
rvkyfbJ aecJhonf/ odkYaecJhjcif;jzifh wOD;ESifhwOD; aG;aumufyGJudk tcsif;rsm;apum wuoudk tmPmydkifrsm;?
tpd;k &tzGUJ rsm;u 0ifwm;qD;&ef tcsdeq
f jJG cif;jzifh atmufwb
kd m ausmif;ydw&f uftwGuf bmrSrvkyEf ikd b
f J Ed0k ifbmrS
om usif;y&ef pDpOfaejcif; jzpfayonf/
uREkfyfwdkh\ oabmxm;um;,cktcsdefwGif rnfodkYyifjzpfap? wuoaG;aumufyGJ jzpfajrmufa&;onf tjrefqHk; vdktyfvsufSdacsNyD/
tb,faMumifhenf;(1) aemuf (15) &uf MumvQif atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&ufodkY a&mufSdawmhrnfjzpf&m ausmif;wvydwfa&;onf
ausmif;ol^om;wdkif;\ vdktyfcsuf jzpfayonf/ xkdvdktyfcsufonf wuorSae ta&;wBuD;aqmifGuf
ay;&rnf jzpf\/ wuo rzGJUpnf;&ao;vQif vHk;0raqmifGufEdkif jzpf\/
(2) ,aeY wuoESifhywfouf tcsif;jzpfyGm;rIwdkYonf aG;aumufyGJBuD;NyD;u tjrefqHk; Sif;vif;oGm;rnf jzpf\/
(3) avmavmq,f ausmif;om;rsm; vufawGUepfemaeaom epfemcsufrsm;onf ausmif;om;xkBuD; w&yfvHk;udk
udk,fpm;jyKonfh wuoSdrSom jzpfEdkifayonf/
(4) wuotaeESifh pifNydKif (2) ck jzpfay:a&;udk vHk;0 rvdkvm;ay/
txufygtcsuf (4) csufwYkd aMumifh wd;k wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pkonf aG;aumufyt
JG &mSd udu
k Bkd uD;
tay: vHk;0t,HktMunfrSdaomfvnf;? usef ygarmucsKyf? OD;pdefvS (Ou|a[mif;)? OD;&efa0; (Ou|a[mif;)ESifh
381
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
rGepf v
H iId f (0wfvakH wmf&) wdYk \ *kPo
f u
d m udk av;pm;aomtm;jzifh udu
k Bkd uD;\ aMunmcsuftwdik ;f atmufwb
dk mv
ausmif;ydwf&uf rwdkifrDtwGif; tjrefqHk;usif;yay;&ef jzpfonf/ odkYusif;y&mvnf;(1) Identity Card rsm;ESifh rJay;&ef?
(2) Membership Card rsm;udk toif;0ifwdkif;\ vufxJodkY ta&mufay;tyfxm;&ef?
(3) Ballot Card rsm;ay:wGif aG;aumufyGJt&mSdESifh BuD;Muyfoltm;vHk;\ vufrSwfxkd;&ef?
(4) taG;cHol udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ qE,l&ef/
txufygtcsufwdkYtm; aqmifGufvQif wdk;wufaomtiftm;pkrS vufcH&rnfjzpfaMumif;/
ausmif;om;ta&; atmif&rnf
&efukefwuodkvf
wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk
aMunmcsuf (4) csufukd Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh ]w&m;rQwaom wuoaG;aumufyJG tjrefq;kH usi;f yay;avmU}
awmif;qdkaeMuayonf/ ausmif;om;xku OD;pD;usif;yrnfavm? udkudkBuD;u OD;pD;usif;yrnfavm/
ausmif;om;xku OD;pD;usif;yvQif aG;aumufyGJ (2) rsKd; jzpfvmrnf/ ESpfydkif;uGJoGm;vQif 'Dtufpftdkrsm;onf
vlrsm;pkaxmufcHrIrvdkbJ xifovdk jyKusifhEdkifMuayrnf/ pdwfBudKuftrIaqmiftzGJUudk aG;cs,fMuayrnf/
xkdYaMumifh ausmif;om;xkonf udkudkBuD; OD;pD;usif;yaom aG;aumufyGJ0ifMurnf[k vufcHvdkufMuonf/
ESpyf ikd ;f uGu
J kd apmif
h trIaqmif&mxl;tm; tacsmifqEJG u
dI &f ef 'Dtufpt
f w
kd YkdtwGuf [moGm;onf/ xkt
d cg udu
k Bkd uD;onf
aG;aumufyGJwGif ESpfzuftjiif;yGm;rIudk tcGifhaumif;,lum aG;aumufyGJ usif;yrnfh&ufudk twwfEdkifqHk;aTUqdkif;&ef
tMuHjyKvmonf/ aG;aumufyGJ tjrefqHk;jzpfa&; vrf;rBuD;ay:wGif csDwufvmaom ausmif;om;xkBuD;tm; wm;qD;
ydwfyifaeacsNyD/ atmufwdkbm ausmif;ydwf&uf eD;uyfvmacsrnf/
382
odhk
ygarmucsKyf
&efukefwuodkvf
aeYpGJ- 22? 9? 53
udp/
(6) [oFmw
(7) rdwDvm
(8) aTbdk
(9) ajrmif;jr
(10) &rnf;oif;
(11) jynf
(12) armfvNrdKiftoif;
(13) csif;wGif;toif;
(14) xm;0,ftoif;
ausmif;om;a[mif;
(1) NrdKUr
(2) pdef*Ref;
(3) pdefar&D
vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;
(1) &cdkifausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif;
(2) awmifay:csif;or*
(3) Srf;jynfausmif;ol^om;rsm;or*
bmom&yfqdkif&mtoif;
(1) &mZ0iftoif;
(2) abm*aA'
(3) ocsFm
(4) lyaA'
(5) owaA'
(6) rEkaA'
(4) ucsifjynfe,fausmif;om;or*
(5) xm;0,fausmif;om;rsm;toif;
(7) jyifopfbmom
(8) bDtufpD (opfawm)
(9) ynmodyHausmif;om;rsm;
383
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;toif;
(1) tdEd,ausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif; (2) wkwfausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif;
toif;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;
(1) ausmif;om;opftcGifhta&;awmif;qdkrIaumfrwD
(2) wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk
ausmif;om;ta&;atmif&rnf
(wifxGef;)
twGif;a&;rSL;
toif;aygif;pHktzGJYpnf;a0;yGJ
&efukefwuodkvf
odhk
ygarmucsKyf
&efukefwuodkvf
rS
Ou| (52-53)
aG;aumufyGJt&mSd
wuo (&efukefwuokdvfausmif;om;rsm;or*)
aeYpGJ- 22? 9? 53
taMumif;t&m / / atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;udp jyefvnfpOf;pm;ay;&ef/
uRefawmfwdkY\ awmif;qdkxm;csufudk 23? 9? 53 aeY? n ygarmursm; tpnf;ta0;wGif wifjyaqG;aEG;
pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf vdkufavsmyg&ef xyfrH awmif;yefEdI;aqmfjcif; tpD&ifcHtyfygonf/
1/
uRefawmf\ ausmif;wvydwfa&;awmif;qdkcsufudk 23? 9? 53 aeY ygarmursm;tpnf;ta0;wGif wifjy
aqG;aEG;rnf[k odSd&ygonf/
2/
odkYaomfvnf; ,aeY 22? 9? 53 aeYwGif? aeYvnf (12) em&Dtcsdefu wuocef;rwGif wdk;wufaom
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; OD;pD;usif;yonfh tpnf;ta0;rS uRefawmf\ awmif;qdkcsufESifh tvm;wl
qHk;jzwfcsufjzpfaom ausmif; (1) vydwfa&;udk qHk;jzwfawmif;qdkonf[k odSd&ygonf/
3/
xdt
k pnf;ta0;onf wuopnf;rsOf;Oya' yk'rf (13)? tyd'k f (2)? tyd'k if ,f (1) t& vH;k 0qefYusifvsuf
wuo txl;tpnf;ta0; r[kwfbJ wdk;wufaomausmif;om;rsm; tpnf;ta0;omvQif jzpfaomfjim;
vnf; wuotpnf;ta0; [efaqmifvsuf ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk qHk;jzwfawmif;qdkjcif;? pDwef;vSnfh
vnfjcif;ponfh wuopnf;rsOf;ESifh tusKH;r0ifonfh vkyfief;rsm;udkvkyfonf[k vlBuD;rif;rsm;u ,lq
vsuf uRefawmfh ausmif;wvydwfa&;udkyif aqG;aEG;pOf;pm;vdrfhrnf r[kwf[k pdk;&drfrdygonf/
4/
uRefawmfudk,fwdkifvnf; ,aeYeHeuf (8) em&DwGif if;wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; yg0if
onfh tzGUJ tpnf;aygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;w&yfac:qd
k ausmif;wvydwaf &;udp rnfrQc&D;a&mufaeNyD;vQif?
if;wdkYtm; w&m;r0ifaom ,aeYtpnf;ta0;udk rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfcJhygonf/
5/
odkYyg xkdwdk;wufaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; y&rf;ywmjyKrItwGuf rnfodkYrQ tmCmwrxm;bJ
uRefawmf\ ausmif;wvydwfa&; awmif;qdkcsufudk aqG;aEG;pOf;pm; qHk;jzwfcsufcsvsuf vdkufavsmay;
yg&ef txl;av;pm;pGm arwm&yfcH awmif;yeftyfygaMumif;/
udkudkBuD;
Ou|
(52-53) wuo
384
&efuek w
f uov
kd f 'Dru
kd &ufwpfausmif;om;rsm;tzGYJ aMunmcsuf
ausmif;ol^om;taygif;wdkhuREkfyfwdkY 'Drdku&ufwpfausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUrS 3? 9? 53 aeY wuocef;r usif;ycJhaom ausmif;om;xk
tpnf;ta0;rS ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufaom atmufygtcsufrsm;udk awmif;qdkcJhonf/
(1) ausmif;wvydwfa&;?
(2) aq;odyaH usmif;om;rsm;twGuf aqmufvyk q
f jJ zpfaom ausmif;aqmifwaqmiftjyif aemufxyfausmif;aqmif
wckukd aq;odyaH usmif;teD; jynfvrf;ESihf pde*f Ref;vrf;axmifh dS ajruGuv
f yfay: tjrefq;kH aqmufvyk af y;&ef?
(3) 25 rSwfay;pepfESifh 10-10-10-70 pepf (tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;twGuf) zsufodrf;ay;&ef?
(4) ausmif;q&mrsm;udk vHkavmufpGm wdk;csJUcefYxm;ay;&ef?
(5) ausmif;aqmifc 60d^- rS 50d^- txd avQmhcsay;&ef/
txufyg awmif;qkdcsufrsm;teuf atmufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;udk qdkif&mrS vdkufavsmavonf/
(1) aq;odyaH usmif;om;rsm;twGuf aqmufvyk q
f jJ zpfaom ausmif;aqmif waqmiftjyif aemufxyf ausmif;aqmif
wckudk aq;odyHteD; jynfvrf;ESifh pdef*Ref;vrf;axmifhSd ajruGufvyfay:wGif tjrefqHk; aqmufvkyfay;rnf/
(2) tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;twGuf 10-10-10-70 pepf zsufodrf;ay;rnf/
(3) ausmif;q&mrsm; vHkavmufpGm wdk;csJUcefYxm;ay;rnf/ ,ckvnf; cefYaeqJjzpfonf/
(4) aemufxyf ausmif;aqmiftopf (6) aqmif wdk;csJUaqmufvkyfay;rnf/
tjcm;usefadS eaom awmif;qdck sufrsm;udv
k nf; &uftenf;i,ftwGi;f taumiftxnfazmfEikd af &;twGuf
uREfkyfwdkYtzGJUrS BudK;pm; aqmifGufqJjzpfaMumif;/
atmif&rnf
trIaqmiftzGYJ
'Drdku&ufwpfausmif;om;rsm;tzGJY
&efukefwuodkvf
odkYjzifh ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk awmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; ausmif; (15) &ufom ydwfrnf[k wuodkvf
tmPmydkifrsm; (qdkS,fvpf0efBuD;rsm;? BudK;udkifEdkifolrsm; yg0ifonf) u ZGwfwif;cHjcif;onf acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;
qlylvIYHaqmfolrsm;tjzpf taMumif;jyzrf;qD;rnf? ausmif;xkwfypfrnf/ xkdtcg 'Dtufpftdkausmif;om;rsm;om usefcJh
onf/ ausmif;om;nDGwfa&; ysufqD;oGm;atmif jyKvkyfaeonf/
armfvNrKdiw
f uov
kd f ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; ud,
k pf m;vS,af pvTw
f atmufwb
kd m ausmif;wvydwaf &;udk
awmif;qdck o
hJ nf/ ref;wuov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*rS 12? 9? 53 &ufaeYwiG f ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;yGw
J &yftm;
cef;raqmifopfwGifusif;yum awmif;qdkcsuf (22) csufwGif ausmif;wvydwfa&;awmif;qdkcsuf yg0ifcJhonf/ 18?
9? 53 &ufaeYwiG f aTref;rde;f uav;aqmif? &wemyHak qmifEiS hf jynfawmfom (3) aqmif yl;wGt
J pnf;ta0;rS awmif;qdk
cJhonf/ atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;onf ausmif;om;xk\ ]&ydkifcGifU} wckjzpfonf/
23? 9? 53 &ufaeYwGif &efukefwuodkvf bGJUESif;obifcef;raqmifwGif qD;edwf (Senate) tpnf;ta0;
usif;yonf/ ygarmucsKyf a'gufwmxifatmifu ausmif;om;rsm; awmif;qdck sufjzpfaom ]atmufwb
kd m ausmif;wv
ydwaf &;} udk wifjyavonf/ odkYaomf a'gufwmomvSu ]qH;k jzwfNy;D vQif vH;k 0rpOf;pm;Edik yf g} [kajymNyD; ukvm;xdkifrS
ZGwfxavonf/ ausmif;wvydwfa&; raqG;aEG;bJ (15) &ufom xm;vdkufMuonf/ odkYaomf qD;edwf (Senate) rS
qHk;jzwfcsufudk wuodkvfaumifpDrS twnfjyKay;onf/
26? 9? 53 &ufaeY? eHeuf (11) em&DwiG f ygarmucsKyf a'gufwmxifatmifEiS hf wuov
kd f 'k-t"dywd OD;bdBk uD;
wdkYu &efukefwuodkvf? ref;wuodkvf? armfvNrdKifwuodkvfwdkYrS ausmif;om;xk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; awGUqHkaqG;
aEG;yGJ usif;ycJhonf/ pmoifcsdef ydkrdk&&efjzpf bmaMumifh vufrcHEdkifovJ[k ar;avonf/
pmoifcsed yf &kd &ef[al om tmPmydik rf sm;\ taMumif;jycsuu
f kd rqefYusib
f J ausmif;om;xku wkeYfjyefco
hJ nfrmS (u)
trSew
f u,f pmoifMum;rIukd (15) &ufykd &vdak pjcif;jzpfygu ausmif;udk tenf;i,fapmzGijhf cif;? ausmif;udk
385
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tenf;i,f aemufusydwfjcif;? aeYpOfpmoifcsdefrsm;wGif jznfh,ljcif;jzifh&Edkif txufygtwdkif; aqmifGuf
&ef/
(c)
atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfcJUjcif;onf(1) ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifh yxrESpf0ufwGifoifcJhaom oifcef;pmrsm;udk ausnufatmif jyKvkyfEdkif&ef
jzpfjcif;?
(2) q&m? q&mrrsm;taeESifhvnf; 'kwd,ESpf0ufwGif oifMum;&rnfh oifcef;pmrsm;udk pepfwus jyifqif
csdef&apjcif;?
(3) atmufwdkbm oDwif;uRwfyGJawmfSd ausmif;om;trsm;pkonf rdrdwdkY&yfGmSd rdbaqGrsKd;rsm;xH jyefa&;
twGuf vHkavmufaom tcsdef&apjcif;/
(8)
vdktyfaom tajccHrsm;t& tpOftvmydwfay;aom atmufwdkbm (1) v ausmif;ydwfay;&ef/
jyefvnfwifjycJhonf/ pmoifcsdefydk&apjcif;udk rqefYusifcJh/ ausmif;om;xkESifh q&m? q&mrrsm;uvnf;
vdkvm;cJhMuonf/
xdktcg ygarmuu wuodkvfaumifpDodkY ausmif;wvydwfa&; xyfrHwifjyay;rnf[k uwday;vdkufonf/
25? 9? 53 &ufaeY? aeYvnf (12) em&DcGJwGif ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;yGJ jyKvkyfonf/ obmywdtjzpf
o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf Ou| udo
k mausm?f tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf udw
k ifxeG ;f u aqmifu
G o
f nf/ ausmif;
wvydwfa&;udk awmif;qdkqHk;jzwfMuonf/ nae (4) em&DcGJwGif wuodkvftoif;tzGJUaygif; (70) ausmfwdkY pnf;a0;
um (21) OD; aumfrwDwck zGJUpnf;Muonf/
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ausmif;om;ta&; atmifjrif&rnf
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2/ yif;,aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
3/ tif;0aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
4/ yJcl;aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
5/ oxHkaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
6/ '*Hkaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
7/ aTbdkaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
8/ waumif;aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
9/ jynfaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
10/ oD&daqmiff o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
11/ wD? wD? pDaqmiff o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
12/ tif;vsm;aqmiff o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
13/ aeYausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif;
14/ [Hom0wDcdkif ausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
15/ aTbdkcdkifausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
389
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
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17/ csif;wGif;cdkifrsm;toif;
18/ zsmyHkcdkifrsm;toif;
19/ ykodrfcdkifrsm;toif;
20/ rif;bl;cdkifrsm;toif;
21/ ajrmif;jrcdkifrsm;toif;
22/ [oFmwcdkifrsm;toif;
23/ yckuLcdkifrsm;toif;
24/ Nrdwfcdkifrsm;toif;
25/ rEav;cdkifrsm;toif;
26/ arNrdKUcdkifrsm;toif;
27/ yJcl;cdkifrsm;toif;
28/ o&ufcdkifrsm;toif;
29/ rauG;cdkifrsm;toif;
30/ ysOf;rem;cdkifrsm;toif;
31/ tif;pdefcdkifrsm;toif;
32/ rdwDvmcdkifrsm;toif;
33/ awmifilcdkifrsm;toif;
34/ awmifay:csif; ausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
35/ xm;0,fausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
36/ &cdkifausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
37/ u&ifausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
38/ wkwfausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
39/ pdefaygausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
40/ b&m;om;ESifh uGefYAifhausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
41/ NrdKUrausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
42/ pdef*Ref;? pdefar&Dausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
43/ vStvGwfynmoifausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
44/ ulSifausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
45/ ausmufajrmif;ausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
46/ &mZ0iftoif;
47/ jyifopfpmaytoif;
48/ rEkaA'toif;
49/ blrdaA'toif;
50/ abm*aA'toif;
51/ 0gPdZaA'toif;
52/ yx0Dtoif;
53/ lyaA'toif;
54/ ocsFmtoif;
55/ ynmodyHausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
56/ opfawmodyHausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;
57/ ausmif;om;opftcGifhta&;awmif;qdka&;aumfrwD
58/ &efukefwuodkvfwdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk
59/ &efukefwuodkvfoefYSif;aomausmif;om;xk
60/ &efukefwuodkvftrsKd;om;'Drdku&ufwpftiftm;pk
390
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
392
393
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
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avQmufvTmrsm;wifjcif;udp/
taMumif;Mum;tyfygonf/
rEav;wuodkvfausmif;rS ausmif;om;^ol wOD;jzpfaom cHktrSwf 349? Oypmtwef;tydkif; (*) trnf
armifwifjrifh\ cGifhavQmufvTmudk txufazmfjyygudpE Sifh ywfouf taMumif;rvHkavmufjcif;aMumifh vufrcH
Edkifyg/ oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;^ol wOD; r[kwaf Mumif;? oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;wdYk\ aESmif,
h u
S rf u
I kd aMumuf
ausmif;rwufEikd af Mumif;? avQmufvmT wGif twdtvif;azmfjy cGiahf wmif;qdck rhJ o
S mvQif cGiahf vQmufvmT udk pOf;pm;
vdrfhrnf jzpfygaMumif;/
OD;udkav;
(ausmif;tkyfBuD;)
wuodkvfausmif;? rEav;NrdKY
&efuek w
f uov
kd f 'kw,
d t"dywd\ owday;arwm&yfccH suf
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
txufygaMunmcsufESifh jyefpmudk MunfhvQif ]oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; aESmifU,SufrIudk aMumufGHY
ausmif;rwufEdkifyg} [k avQmuf&rnf[k TefMum;xm;&m vkyfMuHcsufjzifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm;zrf;&ef zqyv
qdkS,fvpfwdkYu tuGufqifjcif; jzpfayonf/
396
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
trdefYpmESifh ywfouf tm;vHk;aom owif;pmrsm;wGif owif;tjzpf xnfhoGif;ay;yg&efESifh toHvTifhXme
uvnf; tvsiftjref toHvTifhyg&ef arwm&yfcHygonf/
yk'rf (144) jzifh vlwikd ;f \ t<uif;rJ&h ydik cf iG jhf zpfonfh jynfoYl 'rD u
kd a&pD tcGit
hf a&;rsm;jzpfaom vGwv
f yf
pGm pkHk;cGifh? a[majymcGifh? qEjycGifh? dkufESdyfjzefYcsdcGifhwdkYudk NzdKvSJMuonf/
(#-2) tif;0wHcg;rS aoG;pufrsm;odkh
rsm;rMumrD &Jrif;BuD; OD;cifarmifarmif? 'k-&Jrif;BuD;OD;Si?f vufaxmuf&rJ if;BuD; OD;oH'ikd Ef iS hf cdik w
f &m;olBuD;
OD;ausmftHk;? OD;ygpDjrarmif tjcm;&Jt&mSdrsm; a&mufSdvmMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; BudKwifumuG,faom oabmjzifh
wHcg;rsm; ydwfvdkufMuonf/ yif;,aqmif wHcg;tm; aomh (2) csufcwf? tif;0aqmif wHcg;tm; aomh (3) csuf
cwfvdkufMuonf/ pnf;urf;wus aeMuonf/
ykvdyfrsm;u t0if0wHcg;zGifh&ef vmajymonf/ ausmif;om;xkBuD;u rdrdwdkY pnf;urf;ao0yfpGm aeaeMu
ojzifh 0if;wHcg;udk rzGiahf y;Edik af Mumif;? tMurf;zufru
I kd rvdv
k m;aMumif;? &Jt&mSrd sm;u 0if;wHcg;udk ZGwt
f wif;zGi
hf
aoG;xGuo
f ,
H rkd I t"dukP;f jzpfymG ;vQif ausmif;om;rsm;\ wm0efr[kwb
f J oufqidk &f mt&mSBd uD;rsm;ESihf w&m;olBuD;
rsm;\ wm0efom vHk;0jzpfaMumif; Sif;vif;ajymMum;Muonf/
xdYk aemuf wuov
kd t
f &mSd (2) OD;jzpfaom OD;,kcif? OD;boef;wdkY a&mufvmNyD; 0if;wHcg;zGifhay;&ef ajymqdk
Muonf/ ausmif;om;xkBuD;u 0if;wHcg;zGiahf y;vdu
k v
f Qif rdrad cgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ykvyd rf sm;u 0ifzrf;rnf pd;k &draf Mumif;?
rdrw
d Ykd vnf; pnf;urf;ao0yf at;csrf;pGmaeMuojzifh 0if;wHcg;rzGifhEdkifaMumif; Si;f jyonf/ wuov
kd t
f &mSd (2) OD;
vufavsmhNyD; jyefoGm;Muonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; pnf;urf;wus NidrfoufpGm aeMuonf/
aeYvnf (12) em&D ausmaf omtcg tif;0wHcg;udk u&de;f jzifh qGzJ iG &hf ef vkyaf eMuonf[k atmforH sm; ay:xGuf
vmayonf/ udpk ;kd ode;f onf tif;0wHcg;ay: wuf wm0efus w&m;olBuD;rsm;udk rdrw
d Ykd onf taqmifxw
J iG f at;csr;f
pGm aeMuaMumif;? wHcg;udk twif;t"rzGifhjcif; rjyKvkyf&ef Sif;vif; arwm&yfcHawmif;qdkonf/ wcsdefwnf;wGif
ausmif;om;rsm;onf *dww
f cH g;udk &&mypn;f rsm;? cHrk sm;? pm;yGu
J v
k m;xkid rf sm;udk o,f,
l rzGiEhf ikd af tmif twm;tqD;
vkyfMuonf/ ykvdyfrsm;uvnf; ausmif;wufvdkolrsm; wHcg;udk ydwfxm;jcif;rjyK&ef toHcsJUpufjzifh jyefajymonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; ausmif;wufvdkolrsm;onf *dwfwHcg;aygufi,f zGifhxm; 0ifxGufEdkifaMumif; Sif;jyonf/
trSefrSm ausmif;wufrnfhol rSdyg/
tmPmydkifrsm;onf *dwfwHcg;udk u&def;jzifhqGJzGifh&ef BudK;pm;onfhtjzpfudk awGU&aomtcg ausmif;om;xk
onf ydkrdka'goxGufvmMuonf/ tmPmydkifrsm;tzkdYvnf; if;wdkYtrdefYudk ausmif;om;rsm;u ysuf&,fjyKae rcHcsif
jzpfaeonf/
xdt
k csdew
f iG f wuotaqmuftODukd Adv
k rf SL;wifxeG ;f \ ppf&J (22) rS &Jabmfrsm;u 0ifp;D xm;onf/ jynfxJ
a&;0efBuD; Adkvfcifarmifuav;u bGJUESif;obif taqmuftODwGif vma&mufuGyfuJaeonf/
tif;0wHcg;wGif pkHk;aeaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk pwifNyD; rD;owfydkufjzifhyufonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; &&m
cJrsm;jzifh jyefypfonf/ wdkufyGJpavNyD/ tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm; "g;rsm;SmazGum rD;owfydkufrsm;udk ckwfjzwfMuonf/
ykvdyfrsm;u rsuf&nfAHk;jzifhypfum vlpkcGJonf/ wHcg;BuD; yGifhoGm;avNyD/
ykvdyfrsm;tm; ausmif;om;xku twGif;odkY t0ifrcHMu ajy;vTm; wm;Muonf/ ykvdyfrsm;u twif;0ifwdk;
Muonf/ ykvdyfESifhausmif;om;rsm; a&maxG; arTaESmufoGm;onf/ ta0;u ykvdyfrsm; twif;ajy;0ifvmMuonf/
ppfzdeyfoHrsm; jrnf[def;vmonf/ trdefYay;oHrsm; us,favmifvmonf/ rD;owfum; (4) pD;rS a&ydkufrsm;ESifh
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; twif;yufavonf/ uHhaumfGufpdrf;Mum;wGif rsuf&nf,dkAHk; rD;cdk;vHk;rsm; vGifhjyefYvmavonf/
rD;cdk;rdIif;onf ausmif;om;xkBuD;tm; zHk;vTrf;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm; rdrdwdkYbufusvmaom rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm;udk
jyefaumuf ypfonf/ pm;zdkrS trIxrf;wcsKdU ausmif;om;xkbufrS vmulMuonf/ rsuf&nf,dkAHk; umuG,fa&;twGuf
t0wfrsm;a&qGw
f rsufEmS tky&f ef a&o,fay;Muonf/ xdo
k Ykd umuG,&f rnfukd rnfou
l oifay;vdu
k o
f nf roday/
tjyif;txef &ufpufrIaMumifh ausmif;om;xk onf;rcHEdkifawmhbJ ykvdyfwdkYtm; wkwf? cJ wdkYjzifh ypfaygufMuonf/
ppfudkif;vrf;ay:wGif &yfxm;aom um;trSwf u^79 tm; rD;wdkufvdkufMuonf/ rD;owfum; trSwf (3) ESifh
rD;owfqdkifu,ftm; tkwfcJESifh ypfaygufMuonf/ ykvdyfrsm; &ufpufonfxuf ydk&ufpufvmavNyD/
wqifhwuf vufeufudkifykvdyfrsm; aoewfESifh ypfcwfMuonf/ AdkvfrSL;wifxGef;\ ppf&J (22) rS t&yf
0wfAdkvf[k xif&olwOD;u vG,ftdwfxJrS ajcmufvHk;jyL;xkwf ypfcwfaeonfudk ausmif;om;trsm;pk jrifavonf/
398
399
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
400
vSpH yG w
f yf umuDa&mif0wf
vufeufudkifwdkhonf
wuov
kd ef ,fajr odhk
usL;ausmcf \
UJ
401
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
atmufwdkbm (13) &ufwGif udkcspfNrdKifESifh udkarmifarmifBuD;wdkYudk jzefajza&;tzGJUrS Sif;vif;NyD; tjyefwGif
zrf;qD;Muonf/
atmufwdkbmv (21) &ufwGif &efukefcdkif ausmif;aygif;pHkrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; Sif;vif;tNyD;wGif
&uo Ou| udkwifxGwftm; zrf;qD;Muonf/ &efukefcdkifausmif;om;or*onf wuodkvfausmif;om;ta&;udk
Nidrf;csrf;pGm ajzSi;f &ef ausmif;om;rdbrsm; yg0ifaom aphpyfa&;aumfrwDw&yfukd zGUJ pnf;cJo
h nf/ qef;udwrf ek Yf wu
kd w
f iG f
(3) Budrf pnf;a0;NyD;aemuf aumfrwDOu| jzpfaom q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf atmufwdkbmv (23) &ufwGif
wuodkvfaumifpDodkY arwm&yfcHpmwapmif ay;ydkYcJhonf/
udktkH;armif? udkxGef;vIdif? udkpdef0if;? udkpdk;odef;? udkwifhvGif? udkxGef;az? udkcifvS wdkYudkvnf; zrf;qD;cJhMu
onf/ udk,kudkvnf; dkufESufzrf;qD;Muonf/ rEav;rS udkausmfOD;? udkoef;OD;? udkazarmifjrifh? udktkef;armif? udk
omvS wdkYvnf; zrf;qD;cH&onf/
armfvNrdKifwuodkvfrS udkwifarmif (or*twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkatmifodkufESifh udkoef;pdk;av;wdkYvnf; (11)
&ufMumrQ zrf;qD;cHcJh&onf/
odYk ausmif;om;rsm; rw&m;zrf;qD;cH&ojzifh &efuek cf dik af usmif;om;xkBuD;onf w[kex
f ;kd tH<k uvmum
&uorS OD;pD;vsuf atmufwdkbmv (6) &ufaeYwGif tvkyform;ausmufwdkif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;
jyKvkyfavonf/ tpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;onf 1949 ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyfSm;rINyD;aemufwGif tBuD;rm;qHk;qEjyrI
jzpfonf/ ausmif;om; (5000) ausmfwufcg ausmif;om;rsm;udk rw&m;zrf;qD;onfudk IwfcsaMumif;? tjrefqHk;vTwf
&ef awmif;qdkaMumif; qHk;jzwfNyD; twGif;0efHk;BuD;udk 0dkif; a<u;aMumfqEjyMuonf/
&efukefcdkifausmif;om;or*rS OD;pD; atmufwdkbmta&;ESifh ywfouf tpdk;&tmPmydkifrsm;\ jyKrlcsuf
udk IwfcsuefYuGufonfh taejzifh ausmif;tvdkuf qEjy oydwfarSmufMuonf/ qEjyvufrSwfrsm; aumufcHcJhonf/
&yfuGufw&m;yGJrsm;jzifh zdESdyf&ufpufyHkudk wdkifwef;Muonf/
odkY ausmif;om;xkBuD;rsm;\ uefYuGufta&;qdkrIaMumifh &efukefwuodkvfrS zrf;qD;cHcJh&onfh ausmif;
om; (29) a,mufteuf (22) a,mufudk atmufwdkbmv twGif;wGif jyefvTwfay;cJhonf/ usefausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
rEav;wuodkvfrS zrf;cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm;udkrl rvTwfbJ qufvuf axmifxJxnfhxm;onf/
0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf t*FvdyfwdkYtzrf;cH&NyD; axmifxJcsKyfaESmifcH&pOf]&ufpufygayUuG,f}
[laom0wKjzifh axmifwiG ;f b0\ qif;&J'u
k u
zkd UJG EGUJ wdik ;f jynfoYkd wdik w
f ef;cJo
h nf/ ,ckvnf; ausmif;om;
vli,f tajrmuftrsm;udk zrf;qD; oludk,fwdkif axmifwGif; xnhfoGif;xm;cJhavNyD/ rdbjynfolwdkYtm; ]&ufpufyg
ayhuG,f} [l wdkif;wef;vdkufygonf/
tmPmydik rf sm;uvnf; ausmif;om;rsm; rScd u
kd f pnf;urf;xde;f odr;f a&;udk taMumif;jyum trsKd;om;aqmif
toD;oD; atmufxyfwGif oHZumrsm;um&Hjcif;? oHqGJwHcg;wyfqifjcif;wdkY tylwjyif;vkyfMuonf/ ynma&;0efBuD;
402
aemifawmf
wuov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;twGuf
&wufrat;Edik b
f J
wufwuf<u<u qEjyMuaom
&efuek cf dik f ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm;
403
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
1953 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv (9) &uf &efuek w
f uov
kd af umifpD tpnf;ta0;rS atmufygausmif;om;wdt
hk m; aomif;use;f ol
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;[k pGyfpGJum &moufyefausmif;xkwfvdkuf\/
(1) udkbaumif;
cHkeHygwf 153 0dZmwef; (yxrESpf)
(2) udkvS0if;
cHkeHygwf 64
Oya'wef; ('kwd,ESpf)
(3) udkoef;
cHkeHygwf 63
Oya'wef;
(4) udktHharmif
(jrefrmpm enf;jyq&mESifh Oya'oifwef;om;)
(5) udkwifxGwf
cHkeHygwf 1602 'kwd,ESpf (0dZm)
(6) udkoef;
cHkeHygwf 110 Oypm (odyH)
(7) udkomausmf
cHkeHygwf 83
'kwd,ESpf (0dZm)
(8) udkpdk;odef;
cHkeHygwf 1592 'kwd,ESpf (0dZm)
(9) udkvSaT
cHkeHygwf 111 'kwd,ESpf (0dZm)
(10) udkcspfNrdKif
cHkeHygwf 36
bDtufpfpD tif*sifeD,m (aemufqHk;ESpf)
(11) udkoef;Edkif
cHkeHygwf 10
bDat ynmydkif;
(12) udkjrifhaqG
cHkeHygwf 1485 'kwd,ESpf Oypm
(13) udktkH;armif
cHkeHygwf 143 'kwd,ESpf (0dZm)
(14) udkatmifodef;0if;
(jrefrmpmenf;jyq&mESifh yxrESpf Oya'wef;)
(15) udkausmfNidrf;
cHkeHygwf 1582 'kwd,ESpf Oypm
(16) udkwifhvGif
cHkeHygwf 1566 'kwd,ESpf (odyH)
(17) udk,k
cHkeHygwf 93
bDtufpD ('kwd,ESpf)
(18) udkcifvS
cHkeHygwf 178 'kwd,ESpf 0dZmwef;
(19) udkatmifbef;
cHkeHygwf 192
'kwd,ESpf 0dZmwef;
(20) udkodef;atmif
cHkeHygwf 198 'kwd,ESpf 0dZmwef;
(21) udw
k ifatmif(2)
cHkeHygwf 10
bDtufpD ('kwd,ESpf)
(22) udkpD
cHkeHygwf 887 'kwd,ESpf (Oypm)
(23) udkvSxGef;atmif
cHkeHygwf 809 yxrESpf (Oypm)
(24) udkat;armif
cHkeHygwf 966 'kwd,ESpf (Oypm)
(25) udkPfxGef;
cHkeHygwf
'kwd,ESpf (0dZm)
(26) udkatmifxGef;
cHkeHygwf 64
wwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;om;)
(27) udkatmifrdk;
cHkeHygwf 77
'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;om;)
(28) udkrsKd;atmifausmfvGif cHkeHygwf 115 'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;om;)
(29) udkodef;GefY
cHkeHygwf
aq;ausmif;om;
(30) armfemoGif
cHkeHygwf 87
'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;ol)
atmufyg ausmif;om; (10) a,muftm;
(1) udkjrwfpH
(2) udkarmifarmifoGif
(3) udkwifvS
(4) udkatmif
(5) rcifzkef;rdk
(6) rat;GefY
(7) udkausmfNidrf;
(8) udkaomif;pdef
(9) udkwifxGef;
(10) udk&JxG#f
404
wESpfxkwfy,fonf/
cHkeHygwf 84
'kwd,ESpf (0dZm)
cHkeHygwf 1312 'kwd,ESpf (Oypm odyH)
cHkeHygwf 1613 'kwd,ESpf (Oypm)
cHkeHygwf 29
yxrESpf (0dZm)
cHkeHygwf
yxrESpf (0dZm)
cHkeHygwf 43
'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;ol)
cHkeHygwf 143 'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;om;)
pwkwESpf (tif*sifeD,mwef;)
'kwd,ESpf (0dZm)
yxrESpf (0dZm-odyH)
(4) rjroef;
(8) udkausmfjrifh
atmufwb
kd mta&;awmfyw
kH iG f ausmif;xkwcf &H aomausmif;om;rsm;
udo
k ed ;f atmif Sr. B.A.
udt
k ;kH armif Sr. B.Com
ud,
k k Sr. B.Sc
udo
k mausmf Sr. B.A.
udv
k x
S eG ;f atmif Jr. B.A
udw
k ifxeG ;f Sr. B.Sc
udv
k 0S if; II. B.L
udo
k ed ;f Gehf II. M.B.B.S
udw
k ifatmif II. B.A. (Ed.)
405
ud{k armif Sr. I.A
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
udw
k ifarmifBu;D Sr. B.A.
Edk0ifbm (26) &ufaeY? eHeuf (6) em&DrS nae (6) em&Dtxd ausmif;om;rsm; cGyfa'gif;tvHvTifhxlum
zsuo
f rd ;f cH&onfh &ydik cf iG t
hf wGuf tpmiwfcq
H EjyMuonf/ wdu
k yf rJG mS (1) &uftwGuf jzpfonf/ zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf t
I wGuf
tavmif;aumifoN*K[frI qEjyvSnfhvnfyGJ jyKvkyfonf/ if;qEjyyGJ jyKvkyfyHkrSm wu,fhtavmif;aumifxnfhaom
tacgif;udk MuHawmokefwGif oGm;0,fonf/ yif;,aqmif udkwifaT (rHkGm A[dkw&m;Hk;aSUae) \ tcef;qDodkY
jrif;vSnf;jzifh o,fvmonf/ if;tcef;wGif tacgif;xJodkY &orQpuLpkwfrsm; xnfhonf/ acgif;ESpfzufwGif ]zdESdyf
csKycf s,rf I tavmif;aumif} [k pmwef;a&;onf/ yif;,aqmif *dwaf SUwGif tavmif;aumifjyifqifxm; ausmif;om;
xktm; pka0;aponf/
udt
k ;Hk armifu obmywdtjzpf aqmifu
G
f udck ifausmfu tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf aqmifu
G o
f nf/ xdYk aemuf
bk&m;vrf;bwfpfum;vdkif;rS um;av;rsm;udk iSm;onf/ tjcm;bwfpfum;vdkif;rS um;rsm;udk qdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;u
Ncdr;f ajcmufyw
d yf ifxm; xdu
k m;av;rsm;udk iSm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdu
k m;av;rsm;udyk if udpk ;kd ode;f ESihf udw
k ifxeG ;f wdYk onf
toif;rS wm0efSdolrsm;tm; vQKdU0SufoGm;a&muf awGUqHkaqG;aEG;NyD; aiGBudKwifay; iSm;&jcif; jzpfonf/ um;wpD;
trd;k ay:wGif zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf t
I avmif;aumif acgif;udw
k ifNyD; NrdKUxJoYkd vSnv
hf nfa<u;aMumfqE jyMuonf/ xdq
k EjyyGrJ mS
pnfum;vSonf/ yif;,*dwfaSUodkY jyefa&mufaomtcg t"dywdvrf;ray:wGif rD;IdU oN*K[fyGJ jyKvkyfonf/ ausmif;
om;rsm;rSm txl;wuf<upGm aysmfTifaeMuonf/ yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh rauseyfrIudk azmfxkwfjcif; jzpfygonf/
(1) &uf tpmiwfcHqEjyyGJwGif yg0ifolrsm;rSm &moufyefausmif;xkwfcH&onfh udkatmifxGef;? udkcspfNrdKif
udkpdk;odef;? udkjrifhodef;? udkatmifrdk;? udktkH;armif? udkodef;GefY? udkvSxGef;atmif? udkwifvSwdkYESifh wESpfxkwfcH&onfh
udjk rwfp?H rat;GeYf ? udw
k ifxeG ;f ? udak usmfNidr;f ? udak rmifarmifoiG w
f Ykd jzpfonf/ tpmiwfct
H NyD;wGif ausmif;0if;twGi;f
ausmif;om;xkESifhtwl vSnfhvnfqEjyMuonf/
Edk0ifbmv (27) &uf? eHeuf (6) em&DrS nae (6) em&Dtxd &moufyefESifh wESpf ausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm;\
tpmiwfcHwdkufyGJudk axmufcHaomtm;jzifh yif;,aqmifrS ausmif;om; (30) tpmiwfcHqEjyMuonf/
Edk0ifbmv (28) &uf eHeuf (6) em&DrS n (6) em&Dtxd yJcl;aqmifrS ausmif;om; (40) tpmiwfcHMuonf/
Ed0k ifbmv (29) &ufrS 'DZifbmv (1) &uftxd oH;k &ufqufvsuf tif;0aqmifaSUwGif &moufyefausmif;
xkwfcH&aom udktkH;armif? udkatmifrdk;ESifh (1) ESpfxkwfcH&ol udkatmifMunfwdkY tpmiwfcHqEjy Muonf/ odkYjzifh
rw&m;rIudk tpmiwfcHyGJjzifh qEjywkefYjyefjcif; jzpfonf/
406
(!) rEav;wuov
kd f ausmif;om;rsm;wdu
k yf JG
ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdtcGifhta&;twGuf rnfodkYyif aqmifGufapumrl tmPmvufSdolrsm;onf
&uf&ufpufpuf ni;f yef;Muonfom jzpfonf/ atmufwb
kd mv (7) &uf? eHeuf (5) em&Dtcsed w
f iG f rEav;wuov
kd ?f
atmufwb
kd m ausmif;wvydwaf &; aqmifu
G af &;aumfrwD0if udrk if;vGif (armifom&)? rEav;wuov
kd f ausmif;om;
or* twGi;f a&;rSL; udo
k mEd;k (armifomEdk;)? rEav;cdik af usmif;om;or* Ou| udu
k siaf t;? twGi;f a&;rSL; udb
k ek ;f Edik f
wdkYtm; rEav;&JtzGJUu zrf;qD;cJhonf/
atmufwdkbmv (3) &ufaeYwGif rEav;NrdKU tdrfawmf&mbk&m; (14) cef;Z&yfwGif NrdKUrd? NrdKUz tpnf;ta0;
vky\
f / tpnf;ta0;onf ausmif;om;rdb tpnf;ta0;[k trnfwyfxm;aomfvnf; zqyvvlBuD;rsm;ESihf zqyv
u ac:,lxm;aom tvkyform;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ wuodkvfausmif;om;rdbrsm; tpnf;ta0;[k zqyvwdkYu
ZGwq
f ikd ;f bkww
f ifxm;aomfvnf; pufb;D wGif xrif;csKdirhf sm;csdw
f tusw;kH vH;k ESihf vmMuaom jrLeDpyD ,f tvkyo
f rm;
uyif zqyv\uvdrcf sKu
H kd azmfjyaeonf/ rif;bl; OD;armifarmif? atmifO;D bcs?D a':MunfMunfponfh wynfzh qyv
vlBuD;rsm; awGUMuonf/
tpnf;ta0;wGif rEav;wuov
kd f ausmif;tkyBf uD; OD;udak v;tm; pum;ajymaponf/ tpnf;ta0;wGif
oydwq
f efYusifa&; tqdw
k pfcu
k kd wifoiG ;f axmufco
H nf/ tpnf;ta0;udk kyo
f rd ;f rnfjyK&m ausmif;om;rdbwOD;u
tpnf;ta0; tpOftvmt& uefYuGufol Sd? rSd ar;jref;zdkY oifhaMumif; tMuHay;pum;ajymMum;aepOf cdkifzqyv
vlBuD;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY*kPfodumudk raxmufxm;awmhbJ 'DaumifawG cs[? dkuf[[k dkif;jypGm atmf[pfMuojzifh
tpnf;ta0;rSm kef;&if;qefcwfjzifh ysufp;D oGm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; qlyo
l rl sm;[kajymum ausmif;om;xkwu
kd yf JG
udk zsufcsifol cdkifzqyv vlBuD;rif;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY tpnf;ta0;udkom zsufrd&ufom; MuHK&onf/
ausmif;om;xkBuD;u atmf[pfarmif;xkwo
f jzifh zqyvvlBuD;rif;rsm;onf vsijf refpmG xGuaf jy;oGm;Muonf/
atmufwb
kd m (8) &ufaeY tdrfawmf&mbk&m; (14) cef;Z&yfwGif rEav;cdkifausmif;om;or*rS OD;pD; vlxktpnf;
ta0;BuD; wck jyKvkyfcJhonf/ if;tpnf;ta0;wGif rEav;wuodkvf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;? rEav;cdkifSd
txufwef;ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;? &[ef;oHCmrsm;? NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm; pnfum;pGm wufa&mufMuonf/
tpnf;ta0;BuD;rS &efukefESifh rEav;wuodkvfausmif;rsm;rS zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;tm; tjrefqHk; jyefvTwf
&efESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; nOf;yef;? &ufpufrIrsm; &yfpJ&ef tqdkrsm; csrSwfcJhonf/ atmufwdkbm (16) &ufwGif
zqyv vlBuD;rif;rsm;onf 'Dtufpftdk ausmif;om;wpktm; rEav;cdkif ausmif;om;or*trIaqmiftzGJU[k emrnf
wHqyd w
f yfNyD; tpnf;ta0;wck ac:,lco
hJ nf/
zqyvonf rdrw
d Ykd qufo,
G o
f rQaom toif;tzGUJ rsm;udk tpnf;ta0; wufaponf/ awmGmSd Awvp
v,form;BuD;rsm;tm; trawmfaMu;ay;rnf[k nmac:um armfawmfum;BuD;rsm;jzifh tpnf;ta0; usi;f y&m usK;H axmifh
Zmwfo
kH kdY ta&mufyYkd ay;onf/ opfpufaygif;pHk tvkyform;rsm;? aq;vdyfHk trsKd;orD;rsm;? vGwfvyfa&; trsKd;orD;
tzGJU0ifrsm;? zqyvESifh ruif;&mruif;aMumif; tm;vHk;wdkYtm; tpnf;ta0; wufaponf/
tpnf;ta0;usif;yjcif;onf rdbjynfolrsm;ESifh om;orD;ausmif;om;wdkYtm; &efwdkufay;&efom jzpf
onf/ v,form;rsm;tm; wHpOftpm; aoewfudkif vnf;aumif;? aq;vdyfHk trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; uwfaMu;tpm;
aoewfudkif vnf;aumif;? tvkyform;rsm;tm; wltpm; aoewfudkif vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;udk wdkufcdkuf
vmap&ef &efwdkufay;jcif; jzpfonf/
rEav;ckdifausmif;om;or*rS *spfum;wpD;jzifh usHK;axmifheHab;rS ae zqyvvkyf 'Dtufpftdku Auo
tjzpf vdr
f ac:,ljcif; jzpfaMumif;udk Si;f jyavonf/ xdt
k cg vlxBk uD;rSm Si;f jyae onfh *spu
f m;em;wGif ysm;tHBk uD;vdk
jzpfvmonf/ wGif ykvdyft&mSdtcsKdU a&mufvmNyD; toHcsJUpufvdkifpifESifh *spfum;vdkifpif odrf;,lMuonf/ usKH;
axmifhrS taemufzufodkY aTUoGm;&ef ajymonf/ ausmif;om;xku ae&maTUoGm; vlxkBuD;uvnf; aTUvdkufvmMu
onf/
kwfw&uf vpftdkAm ykvdyfum;wpfpD; a&mufvmonf/ *spfum;udk 0dkif;NyD; ydwfxm;vdkufonf/
]igwdkh olcdk;"g;jy r[kwfbl;}
]aoewf armif;rwifeJha[U}
]wdkhudk aoewfeJhcsdefzrf;zdkh rvdkbl;}
tHwBudwBf udwf jzpfvmMuonf/ ausmif;om;awGukd u,fvMkd uonf/ aoewfawGu olwYkd aSUwGif umqD;
407
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
aeonf/
]vlxkBuD; cifAsm;}
]rw&m;zrf;wm MunfUraeMuygeJh}
]uRefawmfwdkh ausmif;om;vli,fawGudk rw&m;zrf;ukefygNyD}
]'Drdkua&pD rSdawmhyg}
]wdkhudkzrf;wm zufqpftpdk;&}
taSUe,f&0J efaxmuf OD;oef;azESihf &Jt&mSd OD;armifuav;wdYk OD;pD;aomykvyd rf sm;onf ausmif;wvydwaf &;
aumfrwD0if udkcifarmifOD;tm; ZGwfzrf;qD;Muonf/ udkcifarmifOD;tm; ykvdyfuwzuf ausmif;om;uwzuf ZGwfvk
qGJMuonf/ udkcifarmifOD;ESifh ausmif;om;wcsKdU ygoGm;onf/
1953 ck? Edk0ifbmv (27) &ufaehwGifvnf; rEav;wuodkvfausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYu atmufygausmif;om;^ol
wdkhtm; aomif;usef;olwdkh\udk,fpm;vS,frsm;[k taMumif;jyum &moufyefausmif;xkwfvdkufMuonf/
(1) udkausmfOD;
0dZm u-ydkif;
(2) rjrifhjrifhMunf
0dZm u-ydkif;
(3) udkjrifhatmif
Oypm c-ydkif;
(4) udkndK
Oypm c-ydkif;
(5) udkausmfpdk;
Oypm c-ydkif;
(6) udkrif;rif;
Oypm u-ydkif;
(7) udkodef;vGif
Oypm c-ydkif;
(8) udkcifarmifOD;
Oypm u-ydkif;
(9) udo
k mvS
Oypm u-ydkif;
(10) udkomEdk;
OypmodyH c-ydkif;
(11) udktkef;armif
OypmodyH c-ydkif;
(12) udktkef;az
Oypm u-ydkif;
(13) rararvIdif
Oypm c-ydkif;
(14) rwifwif&D
Oypm u-ydkif;
rEav;ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; wcJeufqEjyonf
408
udkaX;
udkom'if
udk0if;armif
udkjrifhodef;
udk0if;armifoef;
OypmodyH c-ydkif;
Oypm c-ydkif;
Oypm c-ydkif;
Oypm u-ydkif;
Oypm u-ydkif;
atmufygausmif;om;rsm;rSm wESpfxkwfy,fcH&onf/
(1) udknDnD
OypmodyH c-ydkif;
(2) udkat;aomif
OypmodyH c-ydkif;
(3) rcifoef;vIdif
OypmodyH c-ydkif;
(4) rwifyk
OypmodyH c-ydkif;
(5) rcifoef;0if;
Oypm u-ydkif;
(6) rcifcif&D
Oypm u-ydkif;
atmufygausmif;om;rsm; owday;cH&onf/
1/ udkPfvIdif
2/ udk[defoif
3/ udkcifarmifodef; wdkYtm; txl;owday;NyD;?
1/ udkpdkif;bdkav;
2/ udkausmfjrifhvIdif
3/ udkoef;xGef; wdkYtm; owday;cH&onf/
() atmufwb
kd mom;orD;rsm;
e,fcsJUt*Fvdyftpdk;&onfyifvQif Armausmif;om;ESpfOD; (udkEkESifh udkatmifqef;) udkom ausmif;xkwfcJhNyD;
zqyvtpdk;&onf ausmif;om; (59) a,muftm; &moufyefausmif;xkwf? (16) a,mufudk wESpfxkwfy,fvdkuf
onf/
odkY ausmif;xkwfjcif;onf ausmif;om;xktwGuf tcGifhta&;awmif;qdkrIrsm;wGif acgif;aqmifay;cJhMuol
rsm;jzpfNyD; aemifwGif ausmif;om;ta&;udk awmif;qdk&JolrSdatmif zdESdyfjcif;jzpfonf/ aomif;usef;oludk,fpm;vS,f[k
pGyfpGJvdkufjcif;jzifh tpdk;&\ Oya'e,ferdwftwGif; rae&Jatmif awmodkYESifxkwfjcif; jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh
'Drdkua&pD pnf;0dkif;twGif;rS vkyfMuyg[k wzGzGatmfaeaom zqyvwdkYonf 'Drdkua&pDtm; ydwfyifjcif;? 'Dtufpftdk
rsm;ESifh twdkuftcHvkyfolrsm;tm; nOf;yef;jcif; jzpfonf/ vlqdkonfrSm rdrdudk,fudk wefzdk;txm;qHk;? rdrdtusKd;udk
txdef;odrf;qHk; ow0gjzpfonf/
SELF PRESERVATION IS THE MOST PRIMARY LAW OF NATURE
rdrb
d 0twGuf &ydik cf iG t
hf cGit
hf a&;rsm; zsuo
f rd ;f cH&vQif vlwikd ;f awmif;qdk wku
d yf 0JG ifrmS jzpfonf/ atmufwb
kd m
om;orD;rsm;rSm Adv
k af tmifausmt
f m; ku
d o
f wfcMhJ uaom t*Fvyd w
f Ykdvykd if zqyv\ yk'rf (144)? a&ydu
k ?f rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH ?
aoewfusnfqefwdkYjzifh tMurf;zufrI cHMu&onf/
tzrf;cH&olrsm;wGif tcsKdUrSm wESpfajcmufvrQ zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif cH&onf/ zrf;qD;xm;aom tcsdefwGifvnf;
q,f&uf? q,fhESpf&uf? qufwdkuf tcsKdUrSm wvcefY qufwdkufar;jref;cH&onf/ acG;ajccHkwGif xdkifcdkif;NyD; rtdyf&bJ
ESpfq,fhav;em&D qufwdkufar;jcif;udk tcsKdUrSm oHk;&ufcefY? tcsKdUrSm q,fhoHk;&ufcefY qufwdkufar;jref; cH&onf/
tcsKdUrSm vQyfppfrD;a&mifuvGJ aea&mif? va&mifrjrif&aom ajcmufayywfvnf tcef;xJwGif wvcGJrQ avSmifxm;
cH&onf/ tcsKdUrSm zrf;qD;pOfESifh zrf;tNyD;wGif dkufESufnOf;qJcH&onf/
&moufyef ausmif;xkwcf &H aom ausmif;om; ESpOf ;D jzpfonfh udb
k aumif;ESihf udv
k 0S if;rSm 0&rf;xkwcf &H onf/
udkausmfpdk;rSm xyftzrf;cH&onf/
409
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(x)
&efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;\ 1952-53 ckEpS t
f wGuf trIaqmiftzGUJ zGUJ pnf;&ef yxrywf aG;aumufyJG
udk 1952 ck? Mo*kwfv (22) &ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhayonf/ xdkaG;aumufyGJrS Ou|tjzpf udkudkBuD;? 'k-Ou|tjzpf
udkBudKifESifh aiGxdef;tjzpf udkpdefoif;wdkYtm; aG;cs,fwifajrmuf cJhMuonf/
'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf trIaqmif (6) OD; aG;aumufyGJudk 1952 ck? pufwifbmv (4) &ufaeY usif;y&m
udkatmifbef;? udkMunfGefY? udkausmf0if;? udk0if;armif? udkcifarmifjrifh? udkwifhvGifwdkYtm; ausmif;om;xkBuD;u
aG;aumuf wifajrmufvdkufMuayonf/
1952-53 ckESpftwGuf trIaqmiftzGJYudk atmufygtwdkif; wm0efcGJa0cJUMuayonf/
1/ udkudkBuD;
Ou|
2/ udkBudKif
'k-Ou|
3/ udkpdefoif; (bDat)
aiGxdef;
4/ udkatmifbef;
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
5/ udkausmf0if;
wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;ESifh jyefMum;a&;wm0efcH
6/ udkMunfGefY
EdkifiHjcm; qufoG,fa&;wm0efcH
7/ udk0if;armif
upm;ckefpm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI jrifhwifa&;wm0efcH
8/ udkcifarmifjrifh
vlxkqufoG,fa&;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;wm0efcH
9/ udkwifhvGif
ausmif;om;oufom acsmifcsda&;wm0efcH
trIaqmiftzGUJ rS td;k a0r*Zif;wm0efct
H ,f'w
D mtjzpf udv
k 0S if; (bDat) ESihf pmMunfw
h u
kd rf LS ;tjzpf udo
k ef;
armifwdkYtm; aG;cs,fcefYtyf xm;cJhayonf/ tdk;a0r*Zif; wm0efcHt,f'Dwm udkvS0if; (bDat) rSm wm0ef,l
aqmifGufaepOf EdkifiHjcm;odkY oGm;a&mufae&ojzifh EkwfxGufpmwifcJh&m trIaqmiftzGJUu vufcHNyD;? tdk;a0r*Zif;
wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf udkbaumif;tm; xyfrHaG;cs,f cefYtyfcJhayonf/
1952-53 ckESpf tdk;a0r*Zif; trIaqmiftzGJYudk atmufygtwdkif; zGJYpnf;cJUayonf/
1/ udkbaumif;
wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
2/ udkpdefoif; (bDat)
aiGxdef;
410
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
jcif; rcH&bJ? aq;zdk;0g;c q&m0efcudkyg ay;aqmifae&onfudk awGUSd&ayonf/ xdYk aMumifh rdwuG?J zwuGJ w&yfae
wajrjcm;odkY vma&muf qnf;yl;ae&aom ausmif;om;rsm;\ usef;rma&;ESifh ywfoufNyD; BudKwifumuG,frIrsm;rSm
rsm;pGmrSyif nHhzsif;aeonfudk awGUSdae&ayonf/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGifSd a&csKd;cef;rsm;? tdrfomrsm;rSm npfywfvsuf
aeayonf/
tpm;taomuf? taetxdkif? usef;rma&; csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;wGifomru ynmoifMum;a&;bufwGifvnf;
rjynfhpHk? pmar;yGJpepfrSmvnf; wrsKd;NyD;wrsKd; ajymif;vJaeojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;rSm 'kutrsKd;rsKd;ESifh &ifqdkifvsuf
Sdayonf/ pD;yGm;a&; tcuftcJaMumifh ausmif;raeEdkifaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf axmufyHhaMu; ay;onfrSmvnf;
(5) &mcdkifEIef;avmufom ay;aeonfhtwGuf rsm;pGmvdkvsuf Sdonfudk awGUSd&ayonf/
txufyg rjynfhrpHk rvHkavmufjcif;rsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;\ avmavmq,f vdktyfcsufrsm;udk aqmifGuf
ay;jcif;onfomvQif tqift
h wef;jrifah om ynma&;ESihf ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifjh zL;a&;twGuf tajccHtw
k jf rpf
csrSwEf ikd jf cif; jzpfayvdrrhf nf[k ,HMk unfayonf/ xdYk aMumifh wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ onf ausmif;om;rsm;\ epfemcsuf
rsm;? qHk;IH;aeaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfxkwfum awmif;qdk&eftwGuf wuodkvfSdaom bmom&yfqdkif&m toif;
tzGUJ rsm;? o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rS ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk zdwMf um;um aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; vkycf MhJ uonf/ tMuHPfrsm;udk
awmif;qdkcJhMuayonf/
xdktpnf;ta0;rsm;rS azmfxkwfcsufrsm;? tMuHPfrsm;udk,lum wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf ausmif;om;
rsm;\ vdv
k m;csuf (22) csufukd azmfxw
k u
f m? 30? 9? 52 &ufaeYwiG f wuov
kd af umifpo
D Ykd wifjyawmif;qdk cJhayonf/
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk &efukefwuodkvf o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf 'kwd,ESpf0ufnDvmcHBuD;rS vnf;
aumif;? waumif;ausmif;aqmif? jynfausmif;aqmif? oxHkausmif;aqmif? yJcl;ausmif;aqmif? ppfudkif;ausmif;aqmif?
tif;vsm;ausmif;aqmif? oD&d (bifwef) ausmif;aqmif ausmif;om;xk pnf;a0;yGrJ sm;rS vnf;aumif;? &efuek w
f uov
kd f
tdE,
d trsK;d om;ausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif;? &efuek w
f uov
kd f ynmodyH ausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif;rsm;rS vnf;aumif;?
wuo awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk axmufcHcJhMuayonf/
'DZifbmv (20) &uf ausmif;om;aeYwGif usif;yaom ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJBuD;wGif awmif;qdkcsuf
(22) csufudk wuoaiGxdef; udkpdefoif; udk,fwdkifwifoGif;um ausmif;om;xkBuD; w&yfvHk;u axmufcHcJhMuayonf/
xdkpnf;a0;yGJtNyD;wGif ausmif;om;xkBuD;onf t"dywdvrf;rBuD;rS &efukefwuodkvf bGJUESif;obifcef;rBuD;odkY
csDwufum qEjyaxmufcHcJhMuayonf/ wuodkvfaumifpDwGifyg0ifaom wuoudk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD; (2)
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(q) &efukefwuodkvfaumifpDrSm tif*sifeD,maumvdyf? vQyfppftif*sifeD,m uxdu Mr. Ping Lee udk
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414
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tcsif; &if;ESD;rdwfjzpfa&;? ausmif;om; nDGwfa&;[laom &nfG,fcsuf (5) csufjzifh &efukefwuodkvf o[m,ESifh
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Source: Oway Magazines
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kd af usmif;om;yGaJ wmfusi;f ya&;aumfrwD &efuek w
f uov
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twGif;a&;rSL;
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twGif;a&;rSL;
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rvma&mufolrsm;- udkodef;atmif (jyyGJNydKifyGJqyfaumfrwDOu|)? udk0if;armif (upm;ckefpm;NydKifyGJqyfaumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;)
wuo\ aqmifu
G cf surf sm;
aqmufvyk q
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H rf;bufrS jrif&yH)k
421
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
wuo\ aqmifu
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wuov
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422
atmufwb
kd mausmif;wvydwaf &;vIyf mS ;rIwiG f jyif;xefpmG ESyd ef if;cH&yHu
k kd oa&mfxm;onfU ausmif;om;yJaG wmf umwGe;f vuf&mwck
423
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
rpef;vGif (tif;vsm;aqmif)
424
u,m;vlrsK;d pktu
u&ifausmif;olrsm; paum0dik ;f tu
Sr;f udE&d t
D u
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425
tqdNk yKid yf 0GJ ifa&muf ,SONf yKid af eaom wuov
kd Mf unfrm
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tcef; (16)
Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
'Dru
kd a&pDa&; ausmif;om;xknDGwfa&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1954 rS 1955)
427
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tif;pdefcdkifausmif;om;or* tpD&ifcHpm
igwdYk tif;pdecf dik af usmif;om;or*ukd tif;pde?f wdu
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f m;? awmfvwD tv,fwef;ausmif;om; (243) a,muf or*rsm;tm; yg0ifzUJG pnf;cJyh gonf/
igwdkY tif;pdefcdkifausmif;om;rsm;or*onf zdESdyfrItrsKd;rsKd;udk cHcJh&onf/ wdkufBuD;NrdKUausmif;om;rsm;or*rS twGif;
a&;rSL;? Ou|tygt0if or*trIaqmif (6) a,muf ausmif;xkwfcH&onf/ xkwfcH&onfhtaMumif;rSm trIaqmif
rsm;onf nDvmcHtwGuf pnf;H;k a&;rsm; aqmifu
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aqmifu
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I ufro
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ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;um wuodkvfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tmPmydkifwdkYu rw&m;zrf;qD;jcif;?
rw&m;ausmif;xkwfjcif;? 0&rf;xkwfjcif;rsm;udk uefYuGufjcif;taejzifh pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJ jyK vkyfcJhonf/
(*-5)
zsmyHkcdkifausmif;om;or* tpD&ifcHpm
wuov
kd af usmif;om;ta&;awmfyu
kH kd axmufco
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taeESihf qEjyyGrJ sm; jyKvkycf o
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kd zGUJ rsm; ay:vmonf/
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bJESifh rdb'kua&mufrSmpdk; 0ifvkyfMu&onf/ 'gayr,fh ausmif;om;xktrsm;pkuawmh 'Dtufpftdkudk vufrcHMuay/
429
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(*-6)
a';'&JNrdKYe,fausmif;om;rsm;or* tpD&ifcHpm
atmufwb
kd m ausmif;wvydwaf &;twGuf wuov
kd af usmif;om;rsm; awmif;qdq
k EjyrIrsm;aMumifh wuov
kd f
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; a&ydkuf? rsuf&nf,dkAHk;udk toHk;jyKHkru aoewfESifhypf? dkufESufzrf;qD;jcif;wdkUudk igwdkU
a';'&JNrdKUe,f ausmif;om;rsm;or*u Iwfcs wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;wvydwfa&; awmif;qdkcsuf
onf w&m;rQw axmufcaH Mumif;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;udk wzufowf tMurf;zufErdS Ef iS ;f jcif;udk Iwcf sonft
h aeESihf
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(*-7)
jynfckdifausmif;om;rsm;or*\ tpD&ifcHpm
wuodkvfausmif;wvydwfa&;? rydwfa&;[m igwdkU jynfNrdKUudk *,ufdkufvmonf/ uJhodkY *,ufdkuf
vmonfhtcgrSm igwdkUonf NrdKUe,for* trIaqmifeJU nDvmcHtpnf;ta0;udk (5? 10? 53) &ufaeY rSm ac:,lNyD;
(1) ausmif;wvydwfa&; rSefuef axmufcHjcif;
(2) ausmif;wGi;f wuov
kd t
f a&; tpnf;ta0; rvky&f qdak om tpd;k &\ yk'rf (144) trdeYf ukd w
I cf saMumif;?
csufjcif; zsufodrf;ay;&ef awmif;qdkaMumif; tqdkudk wifoGif; qHk;jzwfMuonf/
jynfNrdKU ygvDreftrwf EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xme OD;vSarmif[m igwdkYor*udk ac:,lNyD; olUtdrfrSmwzufu Ncdrf;
ajcmuf? wzufu vufbuf&nf? rkefY? pD;u&ufwdkuf acsmhjrLNyD; aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfvmonf/ odkYaomf igwdkUonf
rwkev
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f wGi;f rSmSo
d nfh
NrdKUe,frsm;udk 'Dtufpt
f akd c:onfh ausmif;om;opmazmufrsm; r0ifa&mufEikd cf ahJ y/ 'gwGirf uao;bJ atmufwb
kd mv
'kw,
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k vkyo
f rm;tzGUJ wdUk ?
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]]ausmif;om;rdbtoif;}} qdNk yD; olwUkd twGi;f u vlwa,mufu Ou|utp trIaqmifrsm;tqH;k pmGuf wGuaf y:rSm
a&;xm;wmawGudk zwfjywifoGif;NyD; bmrS rar;awmhbJ twnfjyKoGm;onf/ aemufxyf ausmif;wvydwfa&;?
uGefjrLepf ausmif;om;ta&; raxmufcHbl;[k qHk;jzwfMuonf/ (15) &ufydwfa&;udk axmufcHMuonf/ odkYaomf
NrdKUay:u ausmif;om;rsm; ? rdbrsm;yg igwdkY BudKwif Sif;vif;xm;cJhEdkifvdkU tMuHratmifbJ bmrS vIyfvIyfSm;Sm;
rjzpfcJhbJ if;wdkUom tlaMumifaMumif jzpfoGm;cJhonf/
(*-9)
o&ufcdkifausmif;om;rsm;or* tpD&ifcHpm
wuodkvf atmufwdkbmausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkESifh ywfouf owif;pmrsm;rS wqifh awGUMuHK cJh&onf/
xdkYaMumifh wuodkvfausmif;om;ta&;onf rSefuefonf[k ,lqum axmufcHonfhtaeESifh ausmif;w&ufrwufbJ
qEjyMu&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhonf/ wGif ykvdyftzGJUESifh zqyvygwDwdkY cdkifor*\ ajcvSrf;udk apmifhMunfhvm
Muonf/ cdkifor*\ pnf;vHk;nDGwfrIudk NzdKcGJ&ef enf;vrf;&Sm Ncdrf;ajcmuf wcg? aiGay; acsmhjrL wvSnfhjzifh
if;wdkY npfywfcJhMuaomfvnf; cdkifor*\ nDGwfa&;rSm MuHUMuHUcdkifcdkif wnfjrJcJhonf/
(*-10)
rauG;cdkifausmif;om;or* tpD&ifcHpm
igwdkU rauG;cdkifausmif;om;or*onf atmufwdkbm ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkudk jyif;jyif;xefxef
axmufccH MhJ uonf/ igwdUk rauG;NrdKUrSm atmufwb
kd m ausmif;om;ta&;ESihf ywfoufNyD; rauG;NrdKU vli,f pmMunfw
h u
kd f
430
rHk&GmNrdKYrausmif;om;rsm;or* tpD&ifcHpm
(4? 12? 53) &ufaeYwGif ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJusif;yum?
(1) udkaZmfrif;tm; tjrefqHk;vTwf&ef?
(2) wuodkvfta&;ESifhywfouf zrf;xm;aomausmif;om;rsm;udk vTwf&ef?
(3) wuodkvfta&;ESifh ausmif;xkwfxm;olrsm;udk ausmif;jyefoGif;&ef?
(4) ausmif;om;xktay:wGif zdESdyfrIrsm;udk IwfcsaMumif;udk qHk;jzwfNyD; vSnfhvnf qEjyMuayonf/
'DZifbmv (4) &uf ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJwGif 'Dtufpftdkrsm; vdkufvHaESmuf,Sufojzifh ausmif;om;
xkBuD;u rcH&yfEdkifjzpfum 'Dtufpftdkrsm;udk cJESifhayguf armif;xkwfaomaMumifh xdef;odrf;Mu&onf/
(*-12)
armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or* tpD&ifcHpm
Edk0ifbmv (1) &ufaeY aeUpGJyg tmPmydkifwdkU\ xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf w&yfu ausmif;om;xk vGwfvyfpGm
pnf;H;k ajymqdck iG hf r&oavmuf csKyfcs,fxm;ygonf/ (Oyrm -or*ukd rSwyf w
kH ifcikd ;f jcif;? tcef;wGi;f (4) em&DveG u
f
a[majympnf;Hk;cGifhrjyK? rSwfyHkrwifxm;aom toif;tzGJUrsm;onf ausmif;0if;wGif; tpnf;ta0;vkyfcGifhrSd/) odkY
jzpfaomaMumifh armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*taeESifh aemufxyfajcvSrf; rwdk;EdkifcJhay/ ESpfOD;rS
aG;aumuf wifajrmufaom trIaqmifwcsKdUrSm atmufwdkbmta&;awmfyHkESifh ywfouf (7) &ufrQ zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif
cHc&hJ onf/ tajctaeudk tcGiahf umif;,l &efuek 'f rD u
kd &ufwpfausmif;om;tzGUJ csKyf 'Dtufpt
f rkd S pnf;H;k a&;rSL;rsm;udk
tvsiftjref apvTwfum 'DtufpftdktzGJUudk zGJUpnf;vdkuf\/ odkYaomf 'DtufpftdktzGJUrSm ajymyavmufatmif tiftm;
rSday/
(*-13)
yJcl;cdkifausmif;om;rsm;or* tpD&ifcHpm
atmufwb
kd m ausmif;om;ta&; ray:rD cdik t
f wGi;f Sd e,frsm;\ qufqrH rI mS avsmw
h ad vsm&h yJ if jzpfygonf/
tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;Sdaom NrdKUe,frsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkU e,fy,fSd ausmif;om;rsm;udk pkpnf;Edkif&ef tjcm;ta&;
udpr sm; pwifvyk af qmifae&ojzifh wNrdKUe,fEiS hf wNrdKUe,f qufqaH &;rSm nhzH sif;cJyh gonf/ atmufwb
kd m ausmif;om;
ta&;awmfyHk ay:aygufvmaom tcsdefwGif e,fSd ausmif;om;xkrSm wuf<upnf;Hk;NyD;? nDGwfa&; &Sdvmygonf/
atmufwdkbm ausmif;om;ta&;wGif Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;? rdbrsm;tm; aemufydkif;rS ajcxdk;jcif;ESifh ajcIyfaom pDtdkif'Drsm;
tMum;rS wuodkvf ausmif;om;ta&;udk axmufcHaom aMunmpmwrf;rsm; NrdKUay:wGif a0iScJhMuygonf/ atmufwdk
bm (12) &ufwGif yJcl;cdkif ausmif;om;xk qEjyvSnfhvnfyGJrsm; jyKvkyfrnfudk tqrwef Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh
ausmif;om;rdbudkyg Ncdrf;ajcmufojzifh vSnfhvnfyGJ rjzpfajrmufcJhay/ odkUaomf qEjyonfh taeESifh atmufwdkbm
(12) &ufaeUwGif yJcl;NrdKUay:Sd ausmif;wdkif; aeUw0uf ausmif;rwufbJ qEjycJhMuygonf/ yJcl;cdkiftwGif;Sd
ausmif;om;xkonf zdESdyfrIrsm; jyif;xefvmavav rw&m;rIrsm; ydkrsm;vmavav ydk nDGwfvm aeNyD jzpfaMumif;/
(*-14)
awmifilcdkifausmif;om;rsm;or* tpD&ifcHpm
wuov
kd f ausmif;om;rsm;ta&; ay:aygufvmNyD; e,foUkd ul;puf ysUH ESYH vmNyD;aemuf ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol
wdkif;wdkU\ &oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;ESifh &ifqdkifae&aom jyemrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;vmMuonf/ trSm;trSefudk
a0zefvmMuonf/ (33) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeUwGif ausmif;om;xk (5000) ausmf csDwuf pnf;Hk;vsuf
ynma&;pepf jrifhwifay;&ef paomtqdkrsm;udk csrSwfawmif;qdk a<u;aMumfqEjycJhMuonf/ (15) Budrfajrmuf
ausmif;om;aeUwGif zrf;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm; vTwfay;a&;? ausmif;om;rsm;udk rcsKyfcs,fa&;? ausmif;topfrsm;
aqmufay;a&; paom &J&Jawmuf a<u;aMumfoHrsm;ESifh awmifilESifh jzL;NrdKUe,fwGif usif;y jyKvkyfcJhonf/
431
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(*-15)
[oFmwcdkifausmif;om;rsm;or* tpD&ifcHpm
&efukefwuodkvf atmufwdkbmausmif;om;ta&;ESifh ywfouf 'Drdkua&pD pnf;0dkif;twGif;wGif
pnf;urf;ao0yfpmG qEjyaeonfh ausmif;om;xkukd rw&m;zdEydS zf rf;qD;jcif;? aoewfEiS hf ypfjcif;paom zufqpfqefqef
jyKrlaom tpdk;&tm; IwfcsaomtaeESifh vnf;aumif;? zrf;qD;jcif;cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh 'Pf&mxdcdkufcH&aom
ausmif;om;rsm;udk ukPmoufaMumif; xkwfazmfjyo&eftwGuf vnf;aumif; atmufwdkbmv (10) &ufaeYwGif
NrdKUe,for*rS OD;pD;um ausmif; (3) ausmif;wGif qEjyoydwfw&ufudk wNydKifwnf; arSmufcJhMuonf/ jrefatmif?
MuHcif;NrdKUrsm;wGif 'Dtufpt
f zkd UJG pnf;a&;twGuf 0efBuD;OD;xGe;f 0if;? ocifcspaf rmifwUkd a&mufcphJ Ofu 'Dtufpt
f zkd UJG pnf;&ef
jyKvkyMf uonfukd 'Dtufpt
f kd rzGUJ pnf;vdak Mumif;? ausmufcrJ sm;? oHy;kH rsm;wD; tpnf;ta0;cef;rS armif;xkwcf MhJ uonf/
t*FylNrdKUwGifvnf; xdkuJhodkYyif pnf;Hk;a&;rSL; udkxGef;vGiftm; oHyHk;wD; armif;xkwfvdkufMuonf/ ZvGefNrdKUwGif
ygvDreftrwfESifh qdkS,fvpfrsm;u ausmif;q&mrsm;tm; 'DtufpftdktzGJUudk tmPmoHk; twif;zGJUaponfudk
ausmif;om;rsm;u rzGJUcJhay/ odkYESifh ygvDreftrwfrsm;u 'Dtufpftdkw&m;a[mNyD; 'DtufpftdktzGJUudk tmPmoHk;
twif;zGJUaponfudk ausmif;om;rsm;u rzGJUcJhay/ odkUESifh ygvDreftrwfrsm;u 'Dtufpftdkw&m;a[mNyD; 'Dtufpftdk
zGJUvdku rwfwyf&yf&ef ausmif;om;rsm;tm;ajym&m wOD;wa,mufrQ r&yfbJ xdkifaeonfudk awGU&onf/ xdkYaemuf
ausmif;om;xkonf ]'Dtufpftdk tvdkrSd} [laom a<u;aMumfoHudk atmf tpnf;ta0;cef;rS xGufcJhMuonf/
xdktcg ygvDreftrwfESifh qdkS,fvpfrsm;onf 'DtufpftdktzGJU zGJU&eftwGuf ausmif;wGiftvkyfvkyfaom rif;aptm;
Ou| wifajrmuf 'DtufpftdktzGJUudk zGJUpnf;vdkufMuawmhonf/
(*-16)
rtlyifcdkifausmif;om;rsm;or* tpD&ifcHpm
&JabmfwdkY &efukefwuodkvfwGif jzpfysufcJhaom atmufwdkbmausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkwGif tpdk;&\
jyKrlcsufrsm;onf vHk;0rw&m;[k igwdkY ,HkMunf wuodkvfausmif;rsm;\ ausmif;om;xkrsm;tm; axmufcHaom
tm;jzifh igwdkY tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;? pDwef;vSnfhvnf qEjyyGJrsm;jzifh uefYuGufqEjy&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ odkYaomf
vnf; tmPmydkifwdkY\ trsKd;rsKd; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;aMumifh igwdkYyif xGufajy;wdrf;aSmifae&ojzifh trIaqmif
tpnf;ta0;udk vQKdU0Sufac:,lum tpdk;&\ tjyKtrlrsm;udk vHk;0IwfcsaMumif; tqdkrsm; qHk;jzwfEdkifMuHkom tajct
aet& wwfEkdifcJhonf/
(*-17)
xm;0,fcdkifausmif;om;rsm;or* tpD&ifcHpm
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ed*;kH csKyf&vQif tpd;k &w&yfonf vlx\
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onf ausmif;om;xkxrH S yGit
hf efxu
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k yI f mS ;rIonf jynfow
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onfrmS tpOftqufyifjzpfonf/ wcgw&H ESpf n
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Oya'rsm;udk cGjJ cm;Edik &f ef ta&;BuD;ayonf/ ausmif;om;xkta&;ESihf trsK;d om;a&; tESpo
f m&udk wdu
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438
wwd,tBurd f
ArmEdik if v
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1954 ck Zefe0g&Dv (1 - 3) &uf
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439
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
f ikd af eolrmS udck ifarmifO;D udpk ;kd ode;f rdechf eG ;f ajymaepOf (vuf0zJ ufwiG x
twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfNy;D ? obmywdtrnf rod)
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nDv440
mcH tpnf;ta0;
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tpnf;ta0;&yfem;csed f (aYq
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rS udak rmifarmifcifjzpfonf)
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441
xrif;pm;onfZU &yf
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xrif;pm;MupOf
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udo
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aemufq;kH aqmifu
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442
aemufyikd ;f wGif Auyodhk awmcdo
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ausmif;om;nDw
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aemufwef;- udt
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udt
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ausmif;om;rsm; zsufpD;cJhMuonf/
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,ckpmtkyfjyKpk&mwGif ulnDcJhrIjzifh 1998 wGif tzrf;cH&NyD; (6) ESpftMum 2004 ck ZlvdkifvwGif axmifrS jyefvGwfvmonf/
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443
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
444
yif;,aqmifwiG f (0Jr,
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udkpdef0if;- EdkifiHwuma&;&m t,f'DwmcsKyf
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445
vGefonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
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a&;om;&mwGif ulnDcJhojzifh 1998 ckESpfwGif tzrf;cH&NyD; o&ufaxmifrS 2005 ck? Zlvdkifv (6) &ufaeYwGif jyefvGwfvmonf/ axmif (6) Budrf
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446
*syq
f ifaumvdyf taqmuftOD;wGif tpnf;ta0;wckvyk af epOf
tpnf;a0;acwem;csed f udt
k ek ;f armif (rsuEf mS csi;f qdik )f ESiUf udak tmifbef;
(wd;k wuf^ausmay;xm;ol) pum;ajymqdak eMupOf
tcef; (17)
Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
'Dru
kd a&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;ESifh trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1954 rS 1955)
Ou|
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
udkapmSm;vrdefvS
udk0if;xG#f
wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;
wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;
(EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;wm0efcH)
(vlxkqufoG,fa&;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;Xme)
(i) urmYausmif;om;or*aeh
Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYonf urmhausmif;om;rsm;aeYjzpfonf/ Armjynfausmif;om;aeY ('DZifbm 20
&uf? Adv
k af tmifausmfusqH;k aeY) uJo
h Ykd yif aoG;csif;eD&aJ omaeY jzpfonf/ aeYwiG f y&wfNrdKU ,leAD mpDwD ausmif;om;
wdkYonf zufqpfpepftm; qefYusifonfh *sifhatmfyvDwJvf Jan Opletal* (aq;ausmif;om;tm;) owfjzwfypfonfh
twGuf qEjycJh&m *smrefzufqpfonf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ypfowfjcif;? ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ya&mfzuf
qmrsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; emZDoHkYyef;pcef;odkY ydkYjcif;? wuodkvfausmif;tm; ydwfcJhjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/
xdkYaMumifh urmt&yf&yfSd ausmif;om;wdkYonf Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYa&mufvmvQif zufqpfpepftm;
tNyD;wdkif acsrIef;a&;t"d|mefcsrSwfum urmhausmif;om;aeYudk usif;ycJhMuygonf/ aeYudk urmhausmif;om;rsm;
or*BuD; ay:aygufvmaomtcg urmhausmif;om;aeY[k owfrSwfcJhonf/
448
The date commemorates the 1939 Nazi storming of the University of Prague after demonstrations against
the killing of Jan Opletal* and the occupation of Czechoslovakia, and the execution of nine student leaders,
over 1200 students sent to concentration camps, and the closing of all Czechoslovakian universities and
colleges. The day was first marked in 1941 in London by the International Students' Council. (Wikipedia)
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
yGJrsm;om wuodkvfpwnfpuyif tpdk;&ppfpmar;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfcJhygvsufESifh 1951-52 ckESpfwGif twef;wdkif;
Oypm yxrESpf? 'kwd,ESpf? bDat yxrESpf? 'kwd,ESpfwdkif;wGif tpdk;&ppfpmar;yGJrsm; jyKvkyf&ef jyifqifcJhNyD;
pmar;yGJusolrsm;udk (undesirable elements) rvdkvm;tyfolrsm;[k orkwfum xkwfypf&ef MuHG,fcJhavonf/
xdpk Ofu ausmif;om;xk\ wGe;f uefcsufaMumifyh ifvQif pmar;yGpJ epfuo
kd m ajymif;vJEikd Nf yD; ausmif;rxkwf
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1955 ckESpf ESpfukefwGif (3) cgus ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ausmif;xkwfcJhavonf/ odkY (3) cgus ausmif;xkwf
pepfudk aq;odyHwGifvnf; usifhoHk;vmcJhayonf/ ,aeYtxdqdkvQif ausmif;om;trsm; ausmif;xkwfjcif; cHae&
ayNyD/ txufwef;? tv,fwef;? rlvwef;rsm;wGif pmar;yGJjyKvkyfaomtcg pmar;yGJcspepfudk wjznf;jznf;
oGwo
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f iG f ausmif;rsm; rScd b
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jyKvkyfvmNyD; owrwef;wGif (60) &mcdkifEIef;atmif&mrS ,aeY (30) &mcdkifEIef;om atmifjrifjcif;? pwkwwef;wGif
(80) &mcdkifEIef;atmif&mrS ,aeY (40) &mcdkifEIef;om atmifjrifjcif;rsm; awGU&ayonf/ wuodkvfvnf; ,aeY
atmifjrifaom ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm ,cifuxuf avsmhenf;vmcJhonfudk awGU&onf/ taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh tpdk;&onf pmppfXmersm;wGif pGufzufcg ausmif;om;OD;a&udk avsmhcsypfaeonf/
wuodkvfpmar;yGJrsm;wGifvnf; ppfBuD;tNyD; (46) &mcdkifEIef; atmifjrifcJhaomfvnf; ,aeY (11.42)
&mcdik Ef eI ;f om atmifjrifcahJ wmhonf/ ,aeYqv
kd Qif wuov
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rsm;rl ajAmifrvkyfao;bJ pmar;yGJusolrsm;udk cdk;aMumifcdk;0Suf rodrom rw&m;ausmif;xkwfvsuf Sdonf/
&efuek Nf rdKU? A[dt
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av;tpd;k &wef;jriahf usmif; ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; vdu
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odkY ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tpdk;&onf if;wdkY\ ynma&;toHk;p&dwf avQmhvdkrIaMumifh ausmif;xkwfypf
jcif;? ausmif;om;avQmhypfjcif;rsm; jyKrlcahJ omfvnf; wzufrS ausmif;om;rsm; nHzh sif;jzpfonf[k toHaumif;[pf
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,aeY ausmif;om;rsm; tb,faMumifh nhHzsif;&avoenf;/
,aeY ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;taqmuftOD rvHak vmufraI Mumifh ausmif;om;rsm; waeYv;kH ynmroif&bJ
reufausmif;? nausmif; cGJjcm;oifae&onf/ aumvdyf? wuodkvfrsm;wGif wcef;vQif ,cifu ausmif;om;
(30) oifMum;&mrS ,aeY ausmif;om; (200) ausmf? (300) ausmf ynmoifMum;vsuf Sdonf/ ,aeY ausmif;rsm;
wGif q&m? q&mrrsm;tm; vpmwd;k jrirhf ay;ojzifh t&nftcsif;jynfh q&m? q&mrrsm? 'D*&DbUJG & q&m? q&mrrsm;
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q&mrsm; vHak vmufpmG rS?d SNd yD; q&mrsm;udo
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wzef ausmif;om;rsm;ysif; pmar;yGu
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450
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
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(3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyf (15) ausmf
(3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf txufwef;ausmif;rsm; (200) ausmf
(&efukef A[dktpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; tygt0if)
wuodkvf pmar;yGJrS (2) ESpfy,fjcif; ('Dbm;) ESifh ausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm; (198) a,muf
wuodkvf atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;ESifhywfouf ausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm;
&moufyefausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm; - (49) OD;
ESpftydkif;tjcm; - (22) OD;
(19) vMum tzrf;cH&olrsm; - (16) OD;
0&rf;xkwfxm;jcif;cH&olrsm; - (2) OD;
ausmif;om;or*zGJYpnf; ausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm;
ajrmif;jr
(5) a,muf
jrif;jcH
(1) a,muf
tdrfrJ
(3) a,muf
ewfarmuf
(9) a,muf
BudKUyifaumuf
(2) a,muf
ppfawG
(1) a,muf
452
(3) OD;
(1) OD;
trIaqmiftzGYJ
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(S.O.F) wyfO;D udk ta&;ay;wdu
k &f efEiS hf (D.S.O) bufrS [efjywdu
k cf u
kd &f efEiS hf Mum;vrf;pOfjzifh vlrsKd;pkrsm;
Mum; tiftm;pkrsm;udk odrf;oGif;&ef jzpfayonf/ aemufqHk; (D.S.O) kyfvHk;ay:vmcJhojzifh wuoaG;aumufyGJ
tNyD;wGif (D.S.O) zsufodrf;cJh&m vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifhoefYSif;wdkY rauseyf (D.S.O) (2) jcrf; uGJcJh&onf/
454
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf TefMum;vTm
aeYpGJ- 29? 3? 56
&Jabmfw-hkd
22? 3? 56 &ufaeYwGif owrwef; pmar;yGJar;cGef;rSm aygufMum;onfhtwGuf pmar;yGJudk zsufodrf;ypf
vdkufonf/ xdkodkY zsufodrf;ypfvdkufjcif;ESifh ywfouf ausmif;om;rsm;rauseyfjzpfcg ynmrif;BuD;Hk;odkY oGm;
a&muf 0dkif;0ef;qEjycJhonf/ xdkYaemuf ar;cGef;xkwfazmfaom Armhacwf owif;pmwdkufodkY 0dkif;0ef;qEjycJhonf/
Armhacwfowif;pmwdu
k o
f Ykd 0dik ;f 0ef;qEjypOf w&m;olBuD; ygpDjrarmif\ trdeYft& ykvyd rf sm;u aoewfEiS hf
ypfcwfojzifh (16) ESpt
f G,?f pdeaf ygausmif;om;av; ][,f&w
D ef} usqH;k oGm;&Smonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;'Pf&m&
S
d (2) a,mufrmS twGi;f vlemtjzpf ukoae&onf/ odYk &uf&ufpufpuf vlrr,fcav;rsm;tm; owfypfjcif;
onf zufqpftjyKtrlrsK;d om jzpfayonf/ odYk aoewf vufeufEiS hf ypfowfjcif;twGuf igwdYk onf aSUodYk quf
vuf ta&;,ljzpfonf/
odYk ta&;,l&mwGif qdik &f mor*crJG sm;onf pDwef;vSnv
hf nfyrJG sm;? vlxpk nf;a0;yGrJ sm; usi;f yum jynfol
vlxkudk wdkifwnf&rnf/ ausmif;rsm;zGifhvSpfxm;ygu ,m,DqEjyoydwfarSmufMu&ef jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfaMumif;
TefMum;vdkufonf/
,ck rwfv (29) &ufaeYwiG f &Jabmf[,f&w
D ef usqH;k aom (7) &ufajrmufaeYjzpfojzifh aeYwiG f qGr;f oGwf
trQtwef;a0jcif;udk ausmif;om;ESifhvlxk yl;aygif;um jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfaMumif; TefMum;vkdufonf/
tqdkrsm;1/ aoewfESifhypf&ef trdefay;ol w&m;olBuD; ygpDjrarmifESifh wm0eftSdqHk;jzpfaom jynfxJa&;0efBuD;
Adkvfcifarmifuav;wdkYtm; ta&;,ltjypfay;&ef/
2/ ar;cGef;ykpmaygufMum;rIonf ynma&;Xmewm0efom jzpfaomaMumifh wm0efSdoltm; azmfxkwf tjypf
ay;&ef/
3/ 0efBuD;csKyfu zGJUpnf;vdkufaom pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDwGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifcGifh&Sd&ef/
zufqpf0g' usqHk;&rnf
ausmif;om;ta&; atmif&rnf
trIaqmiftzGYJ
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf
455
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(Z-3) EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfxHay;pm
odhk
EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJY
rS
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwD
aeUpGJ- 30? 3? 56
taMumif;t&m / / ,ck jzpfyGm;aeaom ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkudptm; rsufESmpHknD awGYqkHajzSif;yg&efcifAsm;/
1956 ckESpf? rwfv (22) &ufaeYwGif owrwef; ar;cGef;ykpm aygufMum;rIESifhywfouf pmar;yGJrsm;
jyefvnfppfaq;rnf[laom trdefYudk rauseyfMuaom ausmif;om;^ausmif;olaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmwdkYonf ynm
rif;BuD;Hk;ESifh Armhacwfowif;pmwdkufodkY 0dkif;0ef;qEjycJhygonf/
vlrr,fausmif;om;av;rsm; qEjy&mwGif &efukeftaSUydkif; &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD; OD;ygpDjrarmif\ trdefY
t& qEjyrIukd &ufpufpmG aoewfEiS Nhf zKdciG ;f cJo
h jzifh pdeaf yg(vf) ausmif;om;av; [,f&w
D efrmS if;aoewf'Pf&m
ESifh usqHk;cJh&ygonf/ tjcm; ausmif;om; (2) OD;rSm 'Pf&mjyif;xefpGm &cJhygonf/
odkY vlrr,fausmif;om;av;rsm;tm; &ufpufpGmowfjzwfjcif;onf wdkif;jynf0,f rvdkvm;tyfaom
udpjzpf vnf;aumif;? 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& qEjyonfudk vufeuftm;udk;jzifh ajzSif;onfudk vnf;aumif;?
jyemt&yf&yfwGif at;csrf;pGmajzSif;onfhenf;udk tpOftvmt& usifhoHk;cJhaom ausmif;om;rsm;u rsm;pGm
rausreyf jzpfcJhygonf/
,if;odYk jyemt&yf&yfukd tMurf;zuf vufeufEiS ahf jzSi;f rnfqykd gu aemifwiG v
f nf; ,ckvkd rzG,&f m
rvdkvm;tyfaom trItcif;rsKd; ay:aygufp&m Sdygonf/
xkYdaMumifh aemufaemifwiG f odYkaom trIupd r sK;d ray:aygufatmif ,ckuo
hJ Ykd ay:aygufcahJ om udpr sm;udk
vnf; wm0eftSdqHk; EdkifiHtpdk;&ESifh aoG;ajrus tqHk;cHvdkufaom ausmif;om;wdkY ESpfOD;ESpfzuf auseyfEdkifrnfh
enf;vrf;rsm; SmazGEkdif&ef EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfESifh at;csrf;pGm awGUqHkajzSif;cGifhjyKyg&ef taMumif;Mum;ygonf/
vufeuftm;udk;ESifU ajzSif;aom0g' usqHk;&rnf
(aZmf0if;)
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwD
456
(Z-4)
ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwD aMunmcsuf
(pnf;Hk;vIHYaqmfa&;AsLkd)
30? 3? 56 &ufaeY
owrwef;pmar;yGJ zsuo
f rd ;f vdu
k o
f nfrpS zqyvqdk ,
S v
f pfwYkd\ vlowf0g'aMumifh aoG;pdr;f yGuyf u
G f
tHxGufum ausmif;om;av; &Jabmf[,f&DwefrSm rIrvS usqHk;cJh&ygonf/
odYk &Jabmf[,f&w
D ef usq;kH cJjh cif;jzifh ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyBkH uD; ay:aygufc&hJ m ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH
BuD; jzpf&onft
h aMumif;t&if;ESihf &Jabmf[,f&w
D ef usqH;k &yH?k zqyvqdk ,
S v
f pfwYkd \ &uf&ufpufpuf vlowf
0g'usifhoHk;yHkudk &efukefNrKdUwGif;Sd &yfuGuftoD;oD;twGif; vSnfhvnfSif;vif; a[majymyGJrsm;usif;ycJh&m (16)
yGJrQ NyD;pD;cJhavonf/
odYk aomf tjcm;&yfuu
G w
f iG ;f rS NrKdUrdNrKdUzrsm;u vma&mufawmif;qdMk uojzifh NrKdUrdNrKdUzrsm; qEjynf0h ap&ef
ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwDrS BudK;pm;aqmifGufvsuf SdaMumif;/
xdkYjyif tjcm;NrKdUrdNrKdUzrsm;onf rdrdwdkY &yfuGufwGif; Sif;vif;a[majymap&ef qESd pDpOfNyD; ____
Sd acwaumfrwDHk;wnf&m atmufyg AsLdktwGif;a&;rSL;xH vma&muf taMumif;Mum;Muyg&ef arwm&yfcHygonf
cifAsm;/
rdbausmif;om; vufwGJMu
ta&;awmfyHk atmif&rnf
armifarmifcif
twGif;a&;rSL;
pnf;Hk;a&;ESifUvIHYaqmfa&;AsLdk
ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwD
(Z-5)
ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwD aMunmcsuf
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
udkyif jynfolESifhausmif;om;tm; IyfaxG;oGm;&ef MuHaqmifvsuf Sdayonf/
ausmif;om;ESifh &Jonf &efolvnf; r[kwf? wOD;ESifhwOD; vHk;0vnf; y#dyujzpfjcif;vnf; rSdygbJvsuf
ausmif;om;-&J y#dyu tjzpfrsKd;a&mufatmif wrifvyk Mf uHvsuf Sad yonf/ &Jom;rsm;udk txGurf cdik ;f bJ vSnphf m;
jcif;yif jyKvkycf ahJ yonf/ odYk tppftrSeu
f kd zH;k uG,u
f m rdrw
d Ykd tay: usa&mufrnfh wm0efukd vTaJ jymif;ay;onfh
oabmrsKd;udk ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwDonf vufcHvdrfhrnf r[kwfay/
odYk twGuf ta&;awmfyakH umfrwD ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;u ausmif;om;-&J y#dyu pHpk rf;a&;aumfrSit
f rnfukd
vTJajymif;ay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhayonf/ odkYaomf ausmif;om;wdkY\ awmif;qdkcsufudk rvdkufavsmcJhay/
odkY ausmif;om;-&J y#dyu[l IyfaxG;oGm;ap&ef MuHG,fonfomru zqyvqdkS,fvpftpdk;&onf
rdrt
d jypfrS tvGwf ek ;f um ausmif;om;rsm;ay:odYk vnf;aumif;? &JtrIxrf;rsm;ay:odYk vnf;aumif;? owif;pmrsm;
ay:odkY vnf;aumif; yHkcs&ef rdrdpdwfBudKuf aumfrSifzGJUay;cJhonf/ zqyvqdkS,fvpf vlowform;rsm;u rdrd
wdkY tvdkuszGJUpnf;jcif;onf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ rSefuefrI r&SdEdkifay/ odkY rSefuefjcif;rSdjcif;udkvnf; zqyv
qdkS,fvpfacwfwGif ay:ayguforQaom pHkprf;a&;aumfrSifrsm;u oufaojycJhNyD; jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf ausmif;
om;ESifh jynfolYudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifa&;udk ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwDu awmif;qdkcJhayonf/ awmif;qdkcsufudk
rvdu
k af vsmkrH u ausmif;om;qE? jynfoYl qEygonfjzpfap? rygonfjzpfap rdrw
d Ykd qufvyk &f rnfh oabmrsKd;udk
yif ajzMum;cJhayonf/
xifxifSm;Sm;BuD; awGUjrif&aom zqyvwdkY\ tMurf;zuf vlowf0g'ESifh vlowfrIBuD;udk zHk;uG,f&ef
MuHpnfaom ausmif;om;-&J y#dyu[k vSnzhf sm;jcif;? pHpk rf;a&;aumfrSiw
f iG f ausmif;om;ESihf jynfoYl u,
kd pf m;vS,f
rsm; ryg0ifbJ rdrdwdkYoabmus tpD&ifcHap&m tjzpfrSefudk zHk;uG,faejcif;jyKvkyf&ef pDpOfaejcif;rsm;twGuf
ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwDonf pHkprf;a&;aumfrSiftm; ulnDvdrfhrnf r[kwfay/
ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwDonf vufawGUtaumiftxnfjzifh Sdaeaom zqyv tMurf;zufzdESdyfrI0g'ESifh
vlowfw&m;cHrsm;udk azmfxw
k u
f m jynfoUl aSUarSmufoYkd qufvufwifjyoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/ xkrd Qomruao;bJ
zqyvu zH;k uG,&f ef MuHpnfum twdu
k t
f cHrsm;u ajrmufay;onf[al om pGypf cJG sufrsm; jynfoel m;a,mifaprnfh
vSnjhf zm;csurf sm;udk azmfxw
k f aqmifu
G o
f mG ;rnf jzpfayonf/ &Jabmf[,f&w
D eftm; aoewfEiS hf ypfowfjcif;onf
,ckrS aSmifwcifay:aygufvmjcif; r[kw/f &mZ0iftqufqufu zqyvwdYk \ jyemay:wdik ;f vufeuftm;
udk; tMurf;zufajzSif;a&;0g'rS ay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfayonf/
odkY tMurf;zufajzSif;enf;0g'udk yPmr umuG,frwm;qD;EkdifonfESifhtrQ aemifwGifvnf; &Jabmf
[,f&DwefuJhodkY ausmif;om;uav;aygif;rsm;pGm owfjzwfjcif;cHae&rnf[k ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwDu t<uif;rJh
,HkMunfayonf/
odkYtwGuf ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwDonf odkY zqyv qdkS,fvpfwdkY\ tMurf;zuf0g'udk tjrpfygrusef
acsrIe;f Edik &f eftwGuf ArmEdik if t
H &yf&yfwiG f rdbjynfow
l Ykd EiS hf yl;aygif;um ta&;awmfyakH umfrwDrsm; zGUJ pnf;NyD;vQif
qufvufvkyfaqmifoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;awmfyHk A[dkaumfrwD
&efukefNrdKY
aehpGJ- 2? 4? 56
458
(Z-6)
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&? jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme
/ qH;k jzwfcsuf rdwL wapmifukd obmywdtzG0YJ ifvBl u;D rsm;ESihf twGi;f a&;rSL;xHohkd ydahk y;&rnf/
/ qHk;jzwfcsufudk trsm;odapjcif;iSm aMunm&rnf/
trdefht&-
aehpGJ- 1317 ckESpf? waygif;vqef; (12) &uf (1956 ck? rwfv (23) &uf)
(cifarmifjzL)
twGif;0efcsKyf
jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme
&efukefNrdKY
trSwf-156-[p 56
459
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(Z-7)
t"d|mefpmwrf;
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(ps-1) ausmif;om;tcGifUta&; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
(1) vufaxmuftaqmifrSL;rsm; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fpGufzufu aumfrwDrS ta&;,l&ef?
(2) ausmif;aqmif pmzwfcef;rsm;twGuf vdktyfovdk xyfrHwdk;ay;&ef?
(3) tcef;jyLwif;aygufESifh rSef? wkwfuwfrsm; rawmfwq ysufpD;cJhvQif avQmfaMu; rawmif;&ef?
(4) o[m,ESifh pmzwfcef;rsm;wGif yefumrsm; wyfqifay;&ef?
(5) ausmif;aqmifcef;rsm;wGif t0wftxnf bD'dkwvHk;pD xm;ay;&ef?
(6) ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif (24) em&DvHk; a&&Sd&ef?
(7) a&aomuf&ef (Water Tap) rsm; wyfqifay;&ef?
(8) ysufpD;,dk,Gif;ae teHYtoufrsm; rcHEdkifaom tdrfomrsm;tm; jyKjyifay;&ef/
(ps-2) &efukefwuodkvftwGuf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
(1) trsKd;orD;ausmif;aqmifwdkif;wGif w,fvDzkef;wckpD wyfqifay;&ef?
(2) &efuif;ESifh xD;wef;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;twGuf w,fvDzkef;wckpD wyfqifay;&ef?
(3) ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; wckESifhwck pMuFefvrf;rsm; qufay;&ef?
(4) xrif;pm;csdefudk o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;wdkYu oabmusjyifqifcGifhay;&ef?
(5) ausmif;aqmiftm;vHk;twGuf vdktyfaom csdefcGif? tav;? ',ftdk;rsm; jynfhpHkpGmay;&ef?
(6) yk*H? ZGef;? xrif;csKdifhrsm; ysufpD;uGJSaeygu jynfhpHkpGm xyfjznfhay;&ef?
(7) bwfpuufabm? abmfvDabm rSdao;aom taqmifrsm;wGif jyKvkyfay;&ef?
(8) &wemESifh rmvmausmif;aqmifwGif opfMurf;cif;rsm; cif;ay;&ef?
(9) ausmif;aqmifwdkif;Sd ysufpD;csKdU,Gif;aeaom "gwfrD;BudK;? "gwfrD;cvkwfrsm; tjrefqHk; jyKjyifay;&ef?
(10) ausmif;aqmifcef;wdkif;wGif "gwfrD;tkyfaqmif;rsm; 0,f,lwyfqifay;&ef?
(11) usef;rma&;xdcdkufaponfh '*Hkaqmif? aTbdkaqmif rD;zdkrsm;udk topfjyifqifay;&ef?
(12) rsufESmMuuf vdkaeaom xrif;pm;cef;aqmifrsm;udk vdktyfovdk jyifqifay;&ef?
(13) oxHkausmif;aqmif*dwf0wGif (rvG,fayguf) wpfck wyfqifay;&ef?
(14) ausmif;aqmifwdkif;udk ESpfpOfaq;okwfay;&efESifh pmwdkufyHk; wvHk;pD xm;ay;&ef/
txufyg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfvm&ef wuou BudK;yrf;cJh&m oufqdkif&mrS qHk;jzwf
oabmwlcJhMuonf/
(ps-3)
wuorS oD;jcm;awmif;qdkrIrsm;
ynmoifMum;a&;
1/ wuodkvftoHk;p&dwf odef; (70) rS (65) odef;odkY avQmhcsonfudk y,fzsuf odef; (100) xufrenf;
wdk;wufoHk;pGJap&ef?
2/ ausmif;om; (40) vQif t&nftcsif;jynfhq&m (1) a,muf xm;Sd&ef?
3/ pmoifcef;rsm;? ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; wdk;csJUaqmufvkyf&ef?
4/ avmu"gwfynmprf;oyf&ef ypnf;rsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;Sd&ef?
5/ Caution Fees udk y,fzsuf&ef?
6/ enf;jyq&mrsm; wdk;csJUcefYxm;&ef?
7/ Laboratory rsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm;tvdkSdaomtcsdefwGif prf;oyfcGifhjyK&ef?
8/ ausmif;oHk;jy|mef; pmtkyfrsm;udk(u) aps;EIef;csKdompGm 0,f,l&SdEdkifa&;twGuf oufqdkif&mrS aqmifGufay;&ef?
(c) 0,f,lr&aom pmtkyfrsm;udk wuodkvf rjy|mef;&ef?
9/ oufqdkif&mbmom&yfrsm;twGuf taxmuftuljyKEkdif&ef vufawGUrsufjrif qnf;yl;Edkif&eftwGuf(u) a'oE&A[kokw SmazGa&;twGuf aqmifGuf&ef?
(c) okawoeXmersm; zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
(Oyrm- blrdaA'twGuf owKwGif;rsm;odkY vnf;aumif;? tEkynmpmaytwGuf yk*HodkY oGm;
462
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
q&mrsm;ESifUywfouf
1/ q&mrsm;\ pmoifcsdefudk qDavsmfatmif pDpOfowfrSwf&ef?
2/ tu,f tcsdefydkoif&ygu tydkaMu;ay;&ef?
3/ q&mrsm;twGuf oD;oefYtdrfrsm; vHkavmufpGmay;&ef?
4/ q&mrsm;tm; taMumif;rJh tvkyfrS&yfpJjcif; rjyK&ef? (Oyrm- OD;uHGefY? OD;pHabmf)
5/ q&mrsm;vpm wdk;jrifhay;&ef?
6/ q&mvdktyfaom ,ckvdktcsdefwGif q&mrsm;\ tcGifhta&; wdk;jrifhcefYxm;rIudk 'D*&Day:wGif rMunfhbJ
vkyfoufESifhuRrf;usifrIudk Munfh oifhawmfovdk &mxl;wdk;jrifhjcif;? cefYxm;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&ef?
7/ q&mrsm;\qEudk qefYusifvsuf ausmif;om;ta&;rsm;wGif tpdk;&tmPmjzifh csKyfudkifvsuf 0ifa&muf
pGufzufjcif;rjyK&ef/
upm;ckefpm;
1/ Tennis Court rsm;udk &efukefwuodkvf? aq;odyH? &efuif;aumvdyf? xD;wef;aumvdyf? rEav;
wuodkvf? armfvNrdKifaumvdyfESifh ausmufjzLaumvdyfwGif ausmif;om;tcsKd;tpm;tvdkuf aqmufvkyf
ay;&ef?
2/ rEav;wuodkvfESifh armfvNrdKifaumvdyfwdkYwGif a&ul;uefwpfckpD aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
3/ acwfrDaom tm;upm;Hkrsm;udk rEav;wuodkvf? armfvNrdKifaumvdyf? ausmufjzLaumvdyf? &efuif;
aumvdyf? xD;wef;aumvdyfESifh aq;odyHwdkYwGif wckpDaqmufvkyfay;&ef?
4/ um,Avenf;jyq&mrsm;udk aumvdyftoD;oD;wGif cefYxm;&ef?
5/ acwfrDtm;upm;ypnf;rsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;Sd&ef?
6/ tm;upm;HkvHkjcHKrItwGuf oHwHcg;rsm; wyfqifay;&ef?
7/ upm;HkSd ysufpD;aeaom a&csKd;cef;ESifh tdrfomrsm; tjrefqHk; jyKjyifay;&ef?
8/ ysufpD;aeaom trdk;rsm; jyKjyifay;&ef?
9/ "gwfvdkufaeaom "gwfBudK;rsm; ta&;wBuD; jyKjyifay;&ef?
10/ usKd;yJhaeaom Murf;jyifrsm;udk jyKjyifay;&ef?
11/ upm;Hk em&Dwck wyfqifay;&ef? ysufpD;aeaom a&csKd;cef;ESifh tdrfomrsm; tjrefqHk;jyKjyifay;&ef/
usef;rma&;
1/ &efukefwuodkvfaq;Hkudk wdk;csJUay;&ef?
2/ wdk;csJUonfh aq;HkwGif aq;0g;ESifh acwfrD prf;oyfypnf;ud&d,mrsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;Sd&ef?
3/ t&nftcsif;jynfh q&m0efrsm;ESifh olemjyKrsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;Sd&ef?
4/ ausmif;om;wdkif; tcrJhaq;xkd;cGifhjyK&ef?
5/ rEav;wuodkvfwGif ausmif;om;OD;a&ESifh udkufnDaom ausmif;aq;Hkwck aqmufvkyf&ef?
6/ armfvNrdKifaumvdyfESifh ausmufjzLaumvdyfrsm;wGif tvm;wlaq;HkwckpD aqmufvkyf&ef?
7/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ul;pufwwfaom a&m*gumuG,faq;rsm; tcsdeftcgtvdkuf xdk;ay;&ef ( OyrmSmallpox, T.B, Anti-cholera)?
8/ wuodkvfe,fajrrsm;wGif usef;rma&;t&mSd (Oyrm-Public Health Inspector ) rsm;xm;Sd&ef/
ausmif;olrsm;twGuf
1/ ausmif;olrsm;twGuf aq;Hkwckaqmufvkyf aq;ukocHEdkifHkrQru tem;,lEdkif&eftxd aqmifGuf
ay;&ef?
2/ ausmif;olrsm;twGuf tm;upm;Hkwck wnfaqmufay;&ef?
3/ trsKd;orD;tm;upm;rSL;rsm; cefYtyf&ef/
464
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
6/ o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rS awmif;qdck surf sm;udk ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS wdu
k f u
kd f ta&;,laqmifu
G f
&ef?
7/ yk*aH usmif;aqmifajrae&m ausmif;aqmifopfwckEiS hf tjcm;ae&m ausmif;aqmifwck aqmufvyk af y;&ef?
8/ pmzwfcef;ESifh xrif;pm;cef;wdkYudk wywf (2) Budrfusom taqmifaumfrwD cGifhjyKcsuf&rSoHk;jcif;udk
y,fzsuf ,cifuuJhodkY ausmif;aqmif ausmif;om;rsm; vdktyfovdk oHk;pGJcGifhjyK&ef?
9/ ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; wckESifhwck pMuFefvrf; cif;ay;&ef?
10/ xrif;pm;csdefrsm;udk oufqdkif&m pmzwftoif;rsm;\ oabmus oifhawmfovdk jyifcGifhay;&ef?
11/ ausmif;aqmif xrif;pm;cef; vdktyfaom csdefcGif? tav;? ',ftdk;? ZGef;? yef;uef? cGufrsm; jynfhpHkpGm
xm;ay;&ef?
12/ ausmif;om;rsm; upm;ckefpm;a&;twGuf ypnf;rsm;udk tvHktavmuf xkwfay;&ef?
13/ taqmifopfrsm; ausmif;om;OD;a&tvdkuf upm;ckefpm; &efyHkaiGudk tcsKd;us ydkrdkay;&ef?
14/ bwfpuufabmESifh abmfvDabmuGif;rSdaom taqmifrsm;wGif tjrefqHk;jyKvkyfay;&ef?
15/ &wemESifh rmvmausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif oD&dESifh tif;vsm;aqmifrsm;uJhodkY Murf;cif;rsm; jyKvkyfay;&ef?
16/ oD&daqmif (4) a,mufom aeoifhaom tcef;rsm;wGif (6) a,muf rxm;&ef?
17/ ausmif;aqmif ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeaom "gwfBudK;ESifh "gwfrD;cvkwfrsm; tjrefqHk;vJay;&ef?
18/ ausmif;aqmifcef;wdkif;wGif "gwfrD;? tkyfaqmif;ESifh vdkaom rD;acgif;rsm; wyfqif&ef?
19/ '*Hkausmif;aqmif xrif;pm;cef;wGif rD;zdkrS rD;cdk;rsm; 0ifa&mufjcif;udk jyKjyif&ef?
20/ &efukefwuodkvfe,fajrtwGif; arSmifrJaeaom vrf;[lo rD;rsm;wyfqifay;&ef?
21/ ausmif;aqmifcef;cudk (10) odkY avQmhcs pm;aomufa&; aiGydk&ef?
22/ rsufESmMuufvdktyfaom ausmif;aqmifxrif;pm;cef;rsm;wGif wyfqifay;&ef?
23/ oxHak usmif;aqmifwcH g;wGif ta&;Su
d oH;k Edik &f eftwGuf tjcm;taqmifrsm;uJo
h Ykd rvG,af ygufxm;
n (12) em&Dtxd zGifhxm;ay;&ef?
24/ ausmif;aqmifpm;aomufa&;ESifh ywfoufaom pDrHcefYcGJrItcGifhta&;ESifh tmPm? aiGudk ,cifuJhoYdk
ausmif;aqmif pm;aomufa&;trIaqmiftzGJUodkY vTJay;&ef?
25/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;udk ESpfpOf aq;okwfay;&efESifh pmwdkufyHk;wvHk;pD xm;ay;&ef?
26/ vufSd aeYausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; em;ae&mtcef; wdk;csJUay;&ef? yefumESifh vQyfppfrD; wyfay;&ef?
tdrfomudk oefYSif;pGm jyKvkyfay;&ef?
27/ aeYausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; pm;aomufa&;twGuf usef;rma&;ESifh nDGwf oGm;vma&;vG,ful&ef
pm;aomufqdkifwck zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
28/ ausmif;om;OD;a&tvdkuf upm;ckefpm;&efyHkaiG wdk;ay;&efESifh tm;upm;ypnf;rsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;ay;
&ef?
29/ aeYausmif;om;rsm;tcef;wGif a&'D,dkwvHk;xm;ay;&ef?
30/ wuodkvfHk;cef;udk wdk;csJU tvkyform;rsm; ydkrdkcefYxm;ay;&ef/
Oya'ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
1/ Oya'oifwef;om;rsm;tm; ausmif;aqmifwGif aecGifhjyK&ef?
2/ ausmif;vcavQmh&ef?
3/ Oya'oifwef;pmar;yGJrsm;udk wESpfvQif (2) Budrf ppfaq;ay;&ef/
&efuif;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
1/ &efuif;aumvdyfwGif ausmif;aqmifESifh A[kdxrif;pm;cef;rudk qufoG,f pMuFefvrf;rsm; aqmufvkyf
ay;&ef?
2/ vufSd xrif;pm;cef;rsm;wdk;csJU xrif;pm;cef;wGif xkdifcHk? pm;yGJrStp vdktyfaeaomypnf;rsm; tvHk
tavmuf xm;Sday;&ef?
3/ csufjyKwf&eftcef;twGuf oefYSif;pGmESifh ypnf;tpHktvifay;&ef?
466
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
rSdap&ef trdefYcH,lapjcif;? oydwfwm;Oya'rsm;jzifh tcGifhta&;awmif;qdkcGifhudk ydwfyifxm;jcif;? tmPmvufSdygwD
rsm;ESihf qefYusio
f rl sm;udk aomif;use;f olrsm;[k wHqyd u
f yfum opmazmufOya'rsm;jzifh owfjzwfaejcif;? tpd;k &tzGUJ udk
ra0zef&Jatmif yk'fr (500) toa&zsufrIOya'rsm; jyKvkyfMuHpnfaeayonf/
&efukefwuodkvf? atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&; ausmif;om;vIyfSm;rIonf ausmif;om;w&yfvHk; vdk
vm;axmufcrH I &cJo
h nft
h jyif qdik &f mtmPmydik w
f Ykd EiS ahf wGUqHu
k m at;csrf;pGm qEjyawmif;qdck ahJ omfvnf; ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm; tpkvu
kd f tjyHKvdu
k f ausmif;xkwcf &H jcif;? zrf;qD;cH&jcif; ponfh zdEydS cf sKyfcs,frrI sm; cHpm;cJ&h avonf/
,ckuo
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Ncdrf;ajcmufowfjzwfum 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;aeayonf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;Sd jynfol
vlxkrSm ]aponfUuRef? xGefonfUEGm;yrm} vkyfcHae&kHrQ ae&ayonf/
odYk ygaomaMumifh ArmEdik if t
H m; 'Dru
kd a&pDenf;pepfus xlaxmifxm;aom wdik ;f oljynfom;rsm; tajccHtcGihf
ta&;ay;um jynfoYl tpd;k & xlaxmifvykd gvQif tajccHpnf;rsO;f \ Oya'udck sK;d azmufum vufjdS yKusichf ahJ om csKyfcs,rf I
yk'fxD;yk'frtrsKd;rsKd;udk kyfodrf;&ef awmif;qdkvdkuf&ayonf/
a<u;aMumfoHrsm;jzifh(1) trsKd;om;aeh
'dkhaeh? 'dkhaeh
(2) ausmif;om;xkudk
aoG;rcGJeJh? aoG;rcGJeJh
(3) ausmif;om;nDGwfa&;
wnfaqmufMu? wnfaqmufMu
(4) zrf;xm;wJUausmif;om;awG
tjrefvTwf? tjrefvTwf
(5) xkwfxm;wJUausmif;om;awG
ausmif;jyefoGif;? ausmif;jyefoGif;
(6) ynma&;&efyHkaiG
wdk;ay;? wdk;ay;
(7) zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIOya'
kyfodrf;ypf? kyfodrf;ypf
(8) 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;
rcsKyfcs,feJh? rcsKyfcs,feJh
(9) trsKd;om;nDGwfa&;
wnfaqmufMu? wnfaqmufMu
(10) trsKd;om;opmazmufawG
tvdkrSd? tvdkrSd
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&; a<u;aMumfoHrsm;jzifh atmifjrifpGm kyfodrf;oGm;onf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
xdkYaMumifh ,aeY tpdk;&onf vlxktm; zdESdyfjcif;? 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm;udk enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh wm;qD;
ydwfyifjcif;rsm;udk av;eufpGm uefYuGufvdkuf&ygonf/
Nidrf;csrf;a&;tqdk
,refEpS u
f ynma&;toH;k p&dwf ode;f (900) oH;k &mrS? ,ckEpS w
f iG f ode;f (754) ode;f avsmch so;kH pGv
J mayonf/
odkY ynma&;toHk;p&dwfudk avsmhoHk;vmjcif;rSm ynma&;udk vspfvsLIjcif;ESifh zdESdyfrIjzpfaom wdkif;jynfumuG,fa&;
ppftoHk;p&dwfudk rsm;pGmoHk;pGJjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ ppfwyftwGuf odef; (4000) ausmf oHk;pGJaeayonf/ ppfom;w
a,muftwGuf vufeufu&d ,
d mrS tvH;k pHw
k yfqifa&;twGuf wESpf (4000) ausmf ukeu
f saecsed f ausmif;om;wa,muf
twGuf wESpf (350d^-) om oH;k pGaJ eayonf/ ppfom;wa,muf (1) ESpo
f ;kH aiGukd ausmif;om;aygif; (11) a,mufausmf
twGuf oH;k pGEJ ikd af yonf/ ,cktcsdet
f xd jyLapmxD;pDru
H ed ;f qdNk yD; trIxrf;rsm;? t&yfom;rsm;tm; vufeufwyfqif&ef
twGuf wcdik v
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S x
f m;ay&m if;aiGukd ynma&;wGio
f ;kH pGv
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waqmifaomf vnf;aumif; (odkYr[kwf) ausmif;om;aygif; (300) rQavmuf vnf;aumif; oHk;pGJEdkifayonf/
odkY ppfwyfrsm;twGuf oHk;pGJae&jcif;rSm jynfwGif;ppf vufeufudkif wdkufcdkufae&jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
jynfwGif;ppfudk &yfpJum at;csrf;om,mrISdrSomvQif ,aeYppftoHk;p&dwfrsm;avsmhyg;um ynma&;udk wdk;wufoHk;pGJ
Edkifrnf jzpfayonf/
jynfwiG ;f ppf jzpfymG ;onfrmS (7) ESpf (7) vausmf MumcJah yNyD/ jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfymG ;&jcif;rSm zdEydS cf sKyfcs,jf cif;ESihf
EdkifiHa&; rauseyfrIrS jzpfay:jcif;udk trSDjyKum vufeufpGJudkif ajzSif;jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vm&ayonf/ ppfaMumifh
vlxkrsm;pGm toufqHk;IH;jcif;? pnf;pdrfOpmrsm; ysufjyKef;&jcif;ESifh awGUMuHK&NyD; wOD;ESifhwOD; tjywftowf ESdrfeif;Edkif
jcif;iSm rpGr;f ombJjzpfaeonf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfu&kd yfp&J efrmS wOD;ESiw
hf OD; awGUqHak qG;aEG;um at;csrf;om,mpGm ajzSi;f
EdkifrSomvQif jzpfayrnf/
odYk aMumifh tpd;k &ESihf vufeufpu
JG ikd af wmfveS af eolwYkd awGUqHak qG;aEG;um jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpNJ yD; jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f
csrf;a&;udk t&,lMu&ef awmif;qdkvdkufygaMumif;/
urmha&;&mtqdk
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k wd a&mufc&hJ onf/ odYktwGuf urmol
urmom;wdYk rmS ppfukd rsm;pGmGUH Smrke;f wD;vmonf/ awGUMuHKcJ&h aom oifcef;pmaMumifh ppfjzpfa&;udyk if jiif;qdv
k sufyif
Sdonf/
odYk aomf ppfukd GUH rke;f um rvdv
k m;aom urmol? urmom;wdYk EiS q
hf efYusifzufjyKum aoG;aqmifol wpkonf
aemufxyf urmppfBuD;wck ay:aygufa&;twGuf enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh BudK;pm;vsuf Sdaeonf/ rdrdwdkY\ wdkif;jynfrsm;
ppftoH;k p&dwf wd;k jriu
hf m ppfom;rsm;wd;k csJUjcif;? vufeufwyfqifjcif;? tpkvu
kd t
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[du
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f suf Sad eonf/ ud&k ;D ,m;? AD,uferfwYkd wiG f jzpfymG ;aom ppfyrJG sm;udk
vnf; rNyD;qHk;atmif MuHaqmifcJhMuonf/ aewdk;? qD;wdk; ppftkyfpkrsm;zGJUum ppfjzpf&ef jyifqifjcif;? vIHUaqmfjcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfaeayonf/
odkY aoG;iwfolwpkonf ppftwGufvIHUaqmfjyifqifjcif;rSm if;wdkY\ tjrwftpGef;&Sda&;twGuf vlom;
w&yfvHk;tm; ysufjyKef;ap&ef MuHaqmifjcif;? urmol? urmom;wdkY\qEudk ypfy,fjcif;om jzpfayonf/ odkYtwGuf
aMumifh aemufxyf ppfBuD;wck ray:aygufa&;twGuf umuG,af &;toH;k p&dwf avsmhcsjcif;? ppfom;rsm; avQmhayghjcif;/
vufeufrsm; prf;oyfjcif;? usL;ausmfapmfum;rIrsm; jyKjcif;? ppftkyfpkrsm; zGJUjcif;rsm;udk wm;jrpf&ef vdktyfayonf/
ppfBuD;rjzpfyGm;ap&eftwGuf wif;rmrIrsm;udk at;csrf;om,mpGm awGUqHkaqG;aEG;ajzSif;&ef vdkayonf/ odkY ajzSif;
jcif;aMumifhvnf; AD,uferf? udk&D;,m;wGif ppf&yfpJ ppfajyNidrf;jcif;rsm; xkwfazmfEdkifcJhayonf/
odYk twGuf ausmif;om;xkEiS hf vlxw
k &yfv;kH onf aemufxyfwzef ppfBuD; rjzpfymG ;a&;twGuf ppftoH;k p&dwf
avsmhayghjcif;? ppftiftm;avsmhjcif;? vufeufBuD;rsm; prf;oyfjcif; rjyKvkyfjcif;? ppfpmcsKyf? ppftkyfpkrsm;udk zsufodrf;
jcif;? usL;ausmfrrI sm;udk aSmifuiG ;f jcif;rsm;jyKvkyu
f m wOD;ESiw
hf OD; awGUqHak qG;aEG;jcif;jzifh urmYwif;rmrIrsm; avsmhyg;
um urmYNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf awmif;qdkMu&ef? aqmifGufMu&ef tqdkwifoGif;vdkufygonf/
odkYjzifh &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;wif&r,fh (35) BudrfajrmuftrsKd;om;aeYrSm uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;xkawG[m
(1) udkvdkeDynma&;pepfzsufodrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDynma&;wnfaqmufa&;?
470
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
ayonf/ odYk aomf q&mtenf;i,frt
S y ajrmufrsm;pGmaom q&mrsm;onf cdik ;f aponft
h wkid ;f rvkyf rkH Qru tcsKUd a'o
rsm;wGif ausmif;om;xkzufrS yg0ifaqmifGufcJhayonf/ odkYjzifh Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;
pkpnf;NyD;umuG,&f ef Sv
d mayonf/ wm0efupkd ;l pdu
k u
f m rxrf;aqmifEikd cf o
hJ nft
h wGuf zqyvtpd;k &onf vuf&J
Zuf&Jjzpfum wjznf;jznf; zdESdyfvmonfudk awGUkHrQru ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;uvnf; tzGJUcsKyftay:wGif rSDcdktm;
xm;jcif;rsm; wjznf;jznf; uG,af ysmufvmonfukd awGU&ayonf/ aSUwGif tzGUJ csKyfonf ausmif;om;vdt
k yfcsurf sm;udk
aqmifGufjcif;? tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fjcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk zdzdpD;pD;tmHkpl;pkdufum raqmifGufEdkifygu ausmif;om;
xkw&yfvHk; ,HkMunftm;udk; axmufcHrIrsm;onf avsmhenf;vmrnfyif jzpfavonf/
tzGJUcsKyfonf or*tzGJUcGJrsm; zGJUpnf;a&;twGuf rEav;? ppfudkif;? aTbdk? aumvif;? rdk;nif;? uom?
Aef;armf? jrpfBuD;em;? jynf? o&uf? armfvNrdKif? xm;0,f? &cdkifwdkif;? jrpf0uRef;ay:a'orsm;? jrif;jcH? rdwDvm?
awmifil? om,m0wD? tkwfzdk? wdkufBuD;? yJcl;rS ysOf;rem;txd vnf;aumif;? pnf;Hk;a&;rsm; qif;cJhMuaomfvnf;
tiftm;wdk;oifhoavmuf rwdk;jcif;um; Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf ausmif;om;tusKd;ESifh tcGifhta&;udk aSUwef;rS
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2/ wuodkvfaxmufyHhaMu;udk aiGodef; (100) usyfxufrenf; oHk;pGJwdk;jrifhay;&ef?
3/ EdkifiHjcm;ynmawmfoif ausmif;om;OD;a&udk wdk;jrifh&efESifh axmufyHhaMu;aiGay;aom ausmif;om;OD;a&udk
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10/ ausmif;aqmifcrsm;udk avQmhcsay;&ef? rvdt
k yfaom tmrcHaMu;rsm;udk y,fzsufay;&efEiS hf ausmif;oH;k pm
tkyfaps;EIef;rsm;udk oufomacsmifcsdatmif aqmifGufay;&ef/
(c) ausmif;om;tcGifUta&;tqdk
1/ (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepftm; tjrefqHk;kyfodrf;&efESifh aumifpDrS zGJUpnf;xm;aom pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDrS
tjrefqHk; pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&efESifh pHkprf;qJumvwGif pepftm; toHk;rjyKbJ &yfqdkif;xm;&ef?
2/ 1953 ckESpf atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;ESifh ywfouf &moufyefausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm;tm;
tjrefqHk; ausmif;jyefwufcGifhjyK&ef?
3/ 1953 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;ESifh ywfouf &moufyefausmif;xkwfcH&ol (2) OD;
tm; 0&rf;xkwfxm;jcif;udk jyefvnfkyfodrf;&ef?
4/ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS ynma&;0efBuD;XmeodkY awmif;qdkcsufrsm; axmufcHjcif;?
5/ 1956 ckESpf rwfvwGif bef;a'gif;NrdKUwGifusif;yrnfh tmS-tmz&du ausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcHudk BudKqdk
aMumif;? jrefrmausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; wufa&mufEikd &f ef Edik if u
H ;l vufrw
S f xkwaf y;&efEiS hf Edik if aH wmf
tpdk;&u ukefusp&dwfaxmufyHh&eftcsufrsm; qHk;jzwfonf/
xdak qG;aEG;yGo
J Ykd urmah usmif;om;rsm;or*rS ud,
k pf m;vS,f (A.d Thomas) wufa&muf rdeYf ceG ;f ajymMum;
onf/ aqG;aEG;yGJrS xkwfjyefaom a<u;aMumfoHrsm;rSm1/ ausmif;om;tcGifUta&; &,lMu
2/ jynfwGif;ppf &yfpJMu
3/ wuodkvfaumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD; wnfjrJygap
4/ urmhausmif;om;rsm;or* t"GefhSnfygap
491
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
rauG;aumvdyfOypmausmif;om;rsm;or* aMunmcsuf
wuodkvfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJtqdkrsm;
(u) ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;
(1) oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk vHk;0zsufodrf;&ef?
(2) ausmif;ac:csdef 65% SdrSomvQif pmar;yGJajzEdkifcGifhay;onfh rw&m;aom owfrSwfcsufudk zsufodrf;
&ef?
(3) ausmif;om;or*taqmuftODwck tjrefqHk; aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
(4) rw&m;zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjrefvTwf&ef?
(5) rw&m;xkwfy,fxm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk ausmif;jyefoGif;&ef?
(6) ausmif;om;tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm usif;ycGifhay;&ef?
(7) ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;xufrenf; yg0ifcGifhjyK&ef/
(c) ynma&;
(1) rauG;Oypmaumvdyw
f iG f &efuek w
f uov
kd f oifMum;Edik af om bmom&yftm;vH;k udk pHv
k ifpmG oifMum;
ydkYcsay;&ef?
(Oyrm- tydkbmom&yfrsm;wGif &mZ0if? wuaA'? pdwfBudKufjrefrmpm? ygVd? ocFsm? "mwkaA'? lyaA'?
ygPaA'rSvGJ tjcm;bmom&yfrsm; rydkYcsEdkifao;yg/)
(2) ynma&;toHk;p&dwfudk odef; (100) txd wdk;jrifhay;&ef?
(3) vufawGUprf;oyfcef;ESifh ywfoufaom ud&d,mrsm;udk ausmif;om;OD;a&tvdkuf vHkavmufpGmxm;Sd
ay;&ef?
(4) ausmif;wGif q&mtvHktavmuf xm;Sday;&ef?
(5) ausmif;pmMunfhwdkufwck zGifhvSpfay;&ef/
(*) oufomacsmifcsda&;
(1) ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm; aps;EIef;BuD;jrifhaerIudk aps;EIef;oufomatmif aqmifGufay;&ef?
(2) vdktyfaomar*smrsm; wuodkvfESifh Oypmaumvdyfrsm; wdk;csJUzGifhvSpfay;&ef?
(3) ausmif;ol^om;rsm; c&D;oGm;vm&m tpdk;&ydkif,mOfrsm;udk w0ufEIef;jzifh pD;cGifhay;&ef?
(4) ausmif;aqmifcrsm; avQmhcsay;&ef?
(5) rauG;aumvdyfwGif rdef;uav;ausmif;aqmif waqmif aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
(6) trsKd;om;ausmif;aqmifwGif wcef;vHk;trsm;qHk; (2) a,mufom xm;Sd&ef?
(7) aeYausmif;ol^om;rsm; em;aecef; xm;Sday;&ef/
(C) usef;rma&;
(1) rauG;aumvdyfwGif ausmif;aqmifcef;wckudk tjrefqHk; xm;Sday;&ef?
(2) ruG;aumvdyw
f iG f ausmif;om;OD;a&tvdu
k f &oif&h xdu
k af om upm;ckepf m;aMu;rsm;udk tjrefq;kH xkwf
ay;&efESifh acwfrDupm;ypnf;rsm; xkwfay;&ef?
(3) ausmif;aqmifo[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;odkYvnf; upm;ckefpm;aMu; xkwfay;&ef?
(4) um,Avenf;jyq&m wa,muf cefYxm;ay;&ef/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
rauG;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*
492
rauG;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*tpD&ifcHpm
,aeYusif;yvsufSdaom wuodkvfaygif;pHk rauG;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;ol^om;rsm;\ b0tajctaeudk
atmufygtwdkif; tpD&ifcHygonf/
uRefawmfwdkY OypmaumvdyfwGif vdktyfcsufrsm;rSm1/ ynmoifMum;ae&aom tajctae
uRefawmfwdkY ,aeYynmoifMum;a&; tajctaerSm tzufzufrS csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;ESifh jynfhESufvsufSdNyD;
atmufwef;usvSayonf/ rauG;aumvdyfwGif ausmif;q&mrsm; vHkavmufpGm ray;Edkifjcif;? Oypmwef; oifMum;
Edkifaom bmom&yftm;vHk;udk rauG;aumvdyf jynfhpHkpGm roifMum;Edkifjcif; tpSdonfwdkY jzpfonf/ yx0D? ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&;? abm*aA'? blrdaA'ESifh Ak'bmom oifcef;pmrsm; roifMum;Edkifjcif; ponfwdkYtwGuf xdkbmomrsm;
oifMum;vdkolrsm;onf &efukefwuodkvfodkY oGm;a&muf oifMum;ae&ygonf/
uRefawmfwYkd ausmif;wGif rde;f uav;ESihf a,mufsm;av;ausmif;aqmifrsm; oD;jcm;rSad o;onft
h wGuf pmoif
cef;rsm;wGifyif aexdkif&onf/ q&m? q&mrrsm;vnf; xdkenf;wljzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; ausmif;
om;rsm;twGufESifh q&mrsm;twGuf oD;oefYtaqmuftODrsm; vdktyfvsuf Sdaeygonf/
uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;rsm;twGufvnf; pmMunfhcef;? tyef;ajzcef;? or*tcef;rsm; oD;oefY rSdao;yg/
oufqdkif&mbmom&yfudk avhvm&ef pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;vnf; tvG,fwul 0,fr&Edkifao;yg/
2/ usef;rma&;tajctae
rauG;aumvdyw
f iG f ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf aq;ay;cef;wck vdt
k yfvsuf Sad eygonf/ upm;ckef
pm;a&;ESifh ywfoufvnf; ausmif;om;OD;a&tvdkuf xkwfay;&efSdaom upm;ckefpm;aMu; aiGudk xkwfay;jcif;rSd
cJhyg/
3/ oufomacsmifcsda&;
rauG;aumvdyfwGif ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf oD;jcm;pmwdkufyHk; rSdyg/ bmom&yfqdkif&m aps;BuD;aom pm
tkyfrsm; iSm;&rf;MunfhIEdkif&ef pmMunfhwdkuf rSdao;yg/
,ckESpfwGif ausmif;aqmifo[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;twGuf oD;jcm;cef; r&Sdao;ojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;
twGuf ay;xm;aom a&'D,dkESifh owif;pmwdkYudk q&mrsm;tcef;wGifxm;Sd&ojzifh q&mrsm;twGufom jzpfae&
ygonf/
rauG;aumvdyfrSm ,ckESpfrS pwifzGifhvSpfaomfvnf; vdkvm;csufrsm;pGm Sdaeygonf/ a,bk,sjzpfaom
tjcm;vdt
k yfcsufrsm;rSm &efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*rS oD;jcm;wifjyMuNyD; jzpf rauG;aumvdyaf usmif;om;
rsm; or*taeESifh rQom wifjyvdkygonf/
xdkvdkvm;csufrsm; awmif;qdk&SdEdkifa&;twGuf nDGwfa&;ESifh ndEIdif;wdkifyif vkyfaqmifjcif;onfom atmif
jrifa&; vrf;aMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh ,ckusif;yaeaom wuodkvfaumvdyfaygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;udk wufa&muf
rauG;Oypmaumvdyf tajctaersm;udk wifjy&jcif;jzpfygonf/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
rauG;ausmif;om;rsm;or*
rEav;wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* tpD&ifcHpm
uRefawmfwYkd rEav;wuov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* taejzifh yxrtBudraf jrmuf aumvdyaf ygif;pHk aqG;aEG;
yGJrS aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfvdkufonfh t&yf&yfqdkif&mawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk &Sdapa&;twGuf enf;trsKd;rsKd;ESifh awmif;qdkwdkuf
yGJ0ifcJhygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifcJhwJh tpDtpOfudk tenf;tusOf;tm;jzifh tpD&ifcHvdkygw,f/
rEav;wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*onf yxrtBudrfajrmuf aumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;rS qHk;jzwf
vdu
k o
f nfh awmif;qdck surf sm;udk rEav;wuov
kd f dS toif;tzGUJ aygif;pHo
k Ykd Si;f vif;wifjyNyD; oufqikd &f mtmPmydik rf sm;
xH wifjyawmif;qdkjcif;jzifh at;csrf;pGmaqmifGufcJhygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; ajymyavmufatmif vdkufavsmrI rSdcJhyg/
rEav;aq;odyH ausmif;om;wdkif; axmufyHhaMu;ay;a&;tcsufom vdkufavsmygw,f/
xdkYaemuf ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJBuD; vIHYaqmfpkHk;usif;ycJhygonf/ wdkif;jynfrsufpd em;ESifhwlonfh owif;
493
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
pmq&mrsm;udk ac:qd
k uRefawmfrsm;\ epfemcsufrsm;? vdt
k yfcsufrsm;udk owif;pmrSwqifh rdbjynfoo
l Ykd rMumcP
wdkifwef; today;awmif;qdkcJhygonf/
wuodkvftoD;oD;rS ausmif;om;^olaygif; (2000) ausmfudk ynmoifMum;cGifhydwf ausmif;xkwfypfap
onfh (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;a&;udkvnf; tjyif;txef awmif;qdkcJhygonf/ (3) cgus ausmif;xkwf
pepfaMumifh uRefawmfrsm; rEav;wuov
kd rf S ausmif;ol^om;aygif; (300) rQ ynmoifMum;cGirhf &bJ 0rf;enf;aMuuGJ
pGm ausmif;rSxGufcGm oGm;Mu&ygonf/
(3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;a&;? zdESdyfrIOya'rsm; kyfodrf;a&;? ausmif;q&m? ausmif;oHk;ypnf;?
ausmif;taqmuftOD vHkavmufa&; ponfhtcsufrsm;udk trsKd;om;aeY vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ? ausmif;om;aeY vlxkpnf;a0;
yGEJ iS hf tjcm;jynfov
l x
l k tpnf;ta0;yGw
J ikd ;f wGif tcGit
hf a&;&wdik ;f wifjyNyD; oufqikd &f mtmPmydik rf sm;xH awmif;qdak p
cJhygonf/
tqifhqifhawmif;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifcJh&mwGif ausmif;om;xk\ nDGwfrI wdkufcdkufa&;tm;aMumifh tpdk;&ESifh
wuov
kd t
f mPmydik w
f Ykd onf atmufwb
kd mta&;ESihf zrf;xm;aom tjypfrhJ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk >cif;csufrSd
vTwfvdkuf&ygonf/ &moufyefausmif;xkwfxm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk jyefaecGifhray;ao;aomfvnf; pmar;yGJajz
cGifh ay;vm&ygonf/
odYkaomfvnf; atmufwb
kd mausmif;om;ta&;jzifh zrf;xm;aomausmif;om;rsm;udk vTwaf yr,fh ,aeYausmif;
om;awGukd xyfcgzrf;aeonfukd txl;tpD&ifczH Ykd vrdk nfr[kwyf g/ ,aeY&efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* taxG
axGtwGi;f a&;rSL; udw
k ifat;ESihf rEav;wuov
kd rf S &moufyef ausmif;xkwcf &H ol udak usmfp;kd wdYk rmS trIqifvyk Mf uHNyD;
tcsKyfaESmif cHaeMu&ygonf/ tpdk;&ESifh wuodkvftmPmydkifwdkYonf olwdkY\ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&; puf,E,m;BuD;udk
rSefrSefvnfEdkifa&;twGuf a&yla&at;vJonfhtaeESifh zrf;xm;aom (2) vMumonfh &JabmfawGudk vTwfNyD; rMumrD
rSmyif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk xyf zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;rsm; usifhoHk;aeygonf/ (3) cguspepfudkvnf;
ausmif;om;xkBuD; w&yfvHk;u uefYuGufzsufodrf;&ef awmif;qdkaomfvnf; tmPmydkifrsm;onf aumif;pGmta&;r,l
ao;ay/
xdkYaMumifh rEav;wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*onf (3) cguspepf zsufodrf;a&;? zdESdyfOya'rsm; zsuf
odrf;a&;ESifh tjcm;tcGifhta&;vdktyfcsufrsm; &Sda&;twGuf ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJBuD;rsm; jyKvkyfusif;y wnD
wGwfwnf; awmif;qkdcJhygonf/ rdbjynfolrsm; tultnD&Sda&;ESifh ausmif;om;xk\ trSefudkodapa&;twGuf
NrdKUwGi;f vSnv
hf nfqEjycJyh gonf/ (3) cguspepf zsuo
f rd ;f a&;? or*r0ifrae&pepf zsuo
f rd ;f a&;? 65% ausmif;wuf
&ufpepf zsufodrf;a&;wdkYtwGuf ausmif;om;nDGwfa&;wyfOD;tultnDjzifh qEvufrSwfrsm; aumufcHpkHk; (700)
ausmfaom qEvufrSwfrsm;udk tmPmydkifrsm;xH wifjyawmif;qdkcJhygonf/ xdkuJhodkY awmif;qdkonfhae&mrSm rEav;
wuodkvfausmif;rSmSdonfh ausmif;om; (1200) ausmfteuf (600) ausmfonf ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJrsm;wGif
pkHk;vmMuygonf/ vSnfhvnfyGJrsm;wGif vdkufygqEjyMuonf/ qEvufrSwfrsm; ay;Muygonf/ usefvlrsm; rtm;
vyf wdkufyGJwGif ryg0ifEdkifjcif;om jzpfygonf/
rEav;wuodkvf ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;u ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;wdkufyGJrsm;tm; axmufcHtm;ay;onf
udk awGU&ygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; vdkufavsmrIonf rajymyavmufao;ay/ epfemcsuf trsm;tjym; Sdaeao;onf/
xdkepfemcsufrsm;udk 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf aumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;rSm wifjyqkH;jzwfjyD; wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;rnfjzpf
ygonf/ xkdaMumihf aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;wGif rEav;wuokdvfausmif;om;rsm;\ epfemcsufrsm;? vdktyfcsufrsm;udkd
aemiftcdsefwiG f wifjyaqG;aEG;&ef Syd gonf/ wuov
kd rf mS epfemqk;H I;H rIawG Sad eMuonft
h m;avsmfpmG &nf,
G cf sufjcif;
wlonfh ausmif;om;xkw&yfvkH; nDGwfrIwnfaxmifjyD; tcGifhta&;wkdufyGJrsm; wyGJNyD;wyGJ qufumqufum qifEGJzYkd
Sdygonf/
rEav;wuov
dk [
f k ac:qkad eMuaomfvnf; pifppftm;jzifh usaemfrsm;ausmif;rSm rEav;wuov
dk f aumvdyf
ausmif; tjzpfjzihfomSdaeonfudk udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;? avhvmolrsm;ESifh {nfhonfawmfrsm; odSdNyD; jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
&efuek w
f uov
kd f tkycf sKyfa&;aumifprD S rEav;wuov
kd af usmif;tm; 1957 ckEpS w
f iG f oD;jcm;wuov
kd Bf uD;
wcktjzpf wnfaxmifay;rnf[k aMunmxm;aomfvnf; oD;jcm;wuodkvfBuD;wGif Sdtyfaom t*Fg&yfrsm;udk BudKwif
zef;wD;ay;&rnfh wm0efwGifrlum; &efukefwuodkvfaumifpDonf rsm;pGmcsKdU,Gif;aeonfudk awGU&ygonf/ oD;jcm;
wuov
kd Bf uD;twGuf vdt
k yfaom r[mXmersm;&Sad &;twGuf tif*sief ,
D modyH r[mXmecG?J Oya'r[mXmecG?J odyyH nm
r[mXmecGJ tpSo
d nfwYkdtm; BudKwifziG v
hf pS x
f m;&efupd r mS vnf; wpHw
k &mzGi[
hf ajymqdjk cif;yif rScd yhJ g/ zGiv
hf pS x
f m;aom
494
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
wdu
k w
f iG f bmom&yfqikd &f m pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; jynfjh ynfph pkH kH vHv
k akH vmufavmuf xm;Sad y;&efEiS hf bmomtvdu
k q
f ikd &f m
pmMunfhwdkufrsm; zGifhvSpfay;&ef trsm;BuD; vdktyfaeao;onf/
rEav;aq;odyHausmif; &ifqdkifaeMu&aom tcuftcJrsm;udk wifjy&ygvQif ,cktxd trsKd;om;ausmif;
aqmif? trsKd;orD;ausmif;aqmif[
l oD;jcm;xm;Sjd cif; rSad o;bJ pmoifcef;ausmif;aqmifay:om pkaygif;aeMu&yg
onf/ oifwef;tcef;rsm; rvHak vmuf rtm;vyf prf;oyf&efypn;f ud&,
d mrsm;udk rwyfqifEikd ?f roif,El ikd b
f jJ zpfae
Muygonf/
pdkufysKd;a&;odyHvnf; q&mvHkavmufrIrSd q&mrsm; iSm;&rf;ay;aeMu&ygonf/ pdkufysKd;a&;ausmif;om;
rsm; aexdkif&eftwGufvnf; oD;jcm;ausmif;aqmif rSdao;yg/ xdkolwdkYtwGuf ausmif;aqmifvdktyfaeygao;onf/
xdYk aMumifh ausmif;wdik ;f ausmif;wdik ;f q&mrsm; rvHrk avmuf rjynfrh pHrk w
I Ykd tjyif ausmif;aqmif rvHak vmufrI
rsm;? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm* rjynfhrpHkrvHkavmufrIrsm;? zdESdyfrItrsKd;rsKd;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkifawGUMuHKae&onfrSm xifSm;vSyg
onf/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vdktyfcsufrsm; &Sda&;? zdESdyfrIOya'rsm; zsufodrf;a&;twGuf &nfG,fcsufwl
ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf nDn
D w
G
f w
G v
f ufwNJG yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef aqmifu
G o
f mG ;rnfukd today;vsuf tpD&ifcpH mudk
wifoGif;vdkuf&ygonf cifAsm;/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
rEav;wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*
rEav;NrdKY
xdk 'kwd,Budrfajrmuf wuodkvfESifh aumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJrS a<u;aMumfoHrsm;rSm(1) ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; &,lMu
(2) jynfwGif;ppf &yfpJMu
(3) wuodkvfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD; wnfjrJygap
(4) urmhausmif;om;rsm;or* t"GefhSnfygap
(n) udw
k ifat;udp uefu
h u
G v
f mT
odkY
----------------------------aeYpGJ- 19? 3? 56
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496
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vmt& ausmif;om;xk\udk,fpm; (wuo) \ udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf (1) OD;at;armif (w&m;a&;0efBuD;a[mif;ESifh wuodkvf 'k-t"dywda[mif;)
(2) OD;bNidrf; (tdkifpDtufpf twGif;0ifa[mif;) wdkYtm; aG;cs,fwifajrmufcJhMuayonf/
OD;at;armifonf wuov
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&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*\ Ou|opf usrf;opmusdefqdkyGJudk 1955 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (17)
&ufaeYwiG f ,k'oefcef;rusi;f ycJo
h nf/ xdu
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f ykd w
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jzL;a&;/
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vkyfief;BuD; (8) &yfudkvnf; csrSwfcJhonf/
(1) oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepf y,fzsufa&;/
498
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
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ausmif;olrsm;twGuf aq;Ho
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jynfph ykH grnf[al om jyefMum;csurf sm;wGif &efuif;? xD;wef;wuov
kd f ausmif;aqmifupd t
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wuodkvfaumifpDrS jyefMum;cJhayonf/
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ausmif;om;xk\ wcJeufaomqEESifh nDGwfaomtiftm;aMumifh ,aeYtmPmydkifwdkYonf cg;cg;oD;oD;
y,fcscJhaom (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk ,cktcg uJhodkY pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDyifvQif cefYtyfMu&ayonf/ odkYaomf
tcsuo
f nf atmifjrifjcif; r[kwaf o;ay/ ausmif;om;xk\ cdik rf mawmifw
h if; nDw
G af om tiftm;jzifh if;pepfq;kd
ysufokOf;onftxd qufvufwGef;vSef NzdKzsuf&ef vdktyfayonf/
igwdYk onf ausmif;om;tcGit
hf a&; umuG,af &;vkyif ef; awmif;qdck sufvyk if ef;tjyif ,ckuo
hJ Ykd ausmif;om;
rsm; tcGifhta&; kyfodrf;cH&onfhtcsdef ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;udk rw&m;ausmif;pnf;rsOf; Oya'rsm;ESifh &pfywf
pmoifcef;twGif;rS armif;xkwfjcif;cHae&onfh tcsdefwGif ausmif;om;nDGwfa&; vufeufudkudkifpGJum awmif;qdk
wdkufyGJ0ifrS atmifjrifEdkifrnf[k wuou ,HkMunfojzifh ausmif;om;nDGwfa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk txl;aqmifGufcJh
ygonf/
Ed0k ifbm (17) &ufaeY urmah usmif;om;aeYwiG f igwdYk wuoonf Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf? &uowdYk EiS hf yl;wGNJ yD;
crf;em;pGm usif;yEdkifcJhonf/ if;aeYrSm urmhausmif;om;rsm;\ tajctae? Armhausmif;om;rsm;\ yputajctae
rsm;tm; qufpyfavhvmwifjyum if;wifjycsufawGxJyif ausmif;om;wdkufyGJ toGifo@mefrsm;udk odjrifenf;,l
Edik cf MhJ uonf/ (35) Budraf jrmuf trsKd;om;aeYvnf; wrsKd;om;vH;k \ta&;rsm;udk wuoonf &mZ0iftpOftvmt&
aSUwef;rS yg0ifaqmifGufum Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfESifh &uowdkYygyl;wGJ acgif;aqmifusif;y EdkifcJhonf/ 'DZifbmv
(20) &uf (0g) ausmif;om;aeYvnf; wuodkvfpmMunfhwdkuf aSUjrufcif;jyifwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYESifh
vufwGJ vkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/ Adkvfatmifausmf aoG;ajruscJhaom twGif;0efrsm;Hk;aygufodkY oGm;a&mufNyD; ,aeYwdkif
ausmif;om;rsm; udv
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fh nO;f yef;cHae&onfuw
kd ikd w
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,ckEpS w
f iG f vkyaf qmifrnfh wuo\ t"duvkyif ef;pOf (8) &yfwiG yf g0ifaom Armwjynfv;kH Sd vli,frsm;ESihf
&if;ES;D rdwaf qGjzpfa&; vli,fxpk nf;vH;k nDw
G af &;ESihf vli,fb0tajctae avhvma&;wdYk twGuf 1955 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbm
v (23-24) &ufaeYrsm;wGif usif;yaom vli,faygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;wGif wuoonf tifwdkuftm;wdkuf yg0ifcJhNyD;
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xdYk tjyif ,aeYwuov
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kd t
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wuotrIaqmifrsm; wufa&mufMuum(1) oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepf y,fzsufay;&ef?
(2) &moufyef ausmif;xkwfxm;olrsm;jyefoGef;&ef?
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twGuf aqmifu
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(u) vmrnfh azazmf0g&DvrSp ausmif;om;rsm;u pm;a&;aomufa&; ponfwkdYukd pDrHcefYcGJvkyf&ef/ wuorS
{NyDvqef;rS pwifprf;oyf vkyfaqmifygrnf[k wifjycJhonf/ ]tkycf sKyaf &;pHepfudk ausmif;om;rsm;okhd vJaT o;onf
r[kwf}
500
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
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or*rsm;? AuotzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkUESifh yl;wGJ trsKd;om;jyifqifa&;w&yfudk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ if;aumfrwD\em,u
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k nf/ xdYk aMumifyh if tcGit
hf a&;qH;k H;I rI? rauseyfrI vdiI ;f wHy;kd x
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qESdonfhtwdkif; aqmifGufcJhayonf/ odkYaomf igwdkYrSm usqHk;aeao;aom tcGifhta&;rsm; jyefvnfr&Sdao;ay/
xdkaMumifh igwdkYonf ausmif;om;xk\ nDGwfa&;vufeufudkpGJudkifum qufvufwdkufyGJ0if&rnfyif jzpfayonf/
,ckESpf wuodkvf&mZ0ifwGif armfuGef;wifusef&pfrnfh vkyfief;&yfrSm 20? 1? 56 &ufrS 21? 1? 56 &uf
xd usif;yNyD;pDcJhonfh aumvdyfaygif;pHk ajy;ckefupm;yGJESifh 23? 1? 56 &ufrS 25? 1? 56 &ufxd usifyNyD;pDcJhaom
'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf aumvdyfaygif;pHkawGUqkHaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;yif jzpfayonf/ aumvdyfaygif;pkH ajy;ckefupm;yGJBuD;wGif
ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; cspfMunf&if;ESDa&;? rdwfaqGjzpfa&;ESifh usef;rma&; tqifhtwef;jrifhwifa&;qdkonfh &nfG,f
csufjzifh wuo&mZ0ifrSm yxrtBudrf pwifusif;ycJhonf/ if;ajy;ckefupm;yGJBuD;udk Armjynft&yf&yf Sdaom
wuodkvfESifhaumvdyfrsm;;rS upm;ckefpm; ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; tm;wufoa&m wufa&muf ,SOfNydKifupm;Mu
onf/ oGm;vmrItcuftcJaMumifh ausmufjzLaumvdyrf S rwufa&mufEikd af cs/ txufyg aumvdyaf ygif;pHk ajy;ckeu
f pm;
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wuoonf ajy;ckeu
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cHpm;csufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;NyD; rnfuJhodkYtajzSm aqmifGufrnfhtcsufyif jzpfayonf/
txufyg 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf aumvdyfaygif;pHkawGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;wGif ausmif;om;xkvdktyfcsufrsm;?
ausmif;om;xktcGit
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kd Ef iS ahf umvdyf
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2/ twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;tzGJU zGJUpnf;NyD; ausmif;om;a&;&mjyem&yfrsm;udk ndEIdif;aqG;aEG;Muonf/
if;aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;rS wuodkvfESifhaumvdyftoDoD;rS wlnDaomcHpm;csuf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk qufvuftaumift
xnfazmfEikd &f ef obmywdtzGUJ ESihf twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;tzGUJ udk wm0efay;cJo
h nf/ wuoonf aqG;aEG;yGrJ S wifjyaqG;aEG;
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tESHYtjym;wGif &yfuGufSif;vif;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfusif;yMuygonf/
ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;kH \epfemcsujf zpfaom (3) cguspepfq;kd udw
k u
kd zf su&f mwGif ausmif;om;xk\ axmuf
cHtm;ay;rIudk,l qEjyyGJrsm;? pnf;a0;yGJrsm;ESifh qEvufrSwfrsm; jyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/
wuo\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;ta&;jyem t&yf&yfudk wdkif;jynfodkY wifjy&eftwGuf
wdkif;jynfrsufESmzHk;jzpfaom owif;q&mrsm; tpnf;ta0;udk rMumcPac:,l Sif;vif; wifjycJhygonf/
igwdYk wuoonf ausmif;om;a&;owfowfuo
kd m awmif;qdck o
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f v
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k m;ayonf/
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502
503
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
OD;wifxeG ;f (ewfarmuf)
(1955-56)
Source: Oway Magazines
504
atmufwb
kd mausmif;wvydwaf &;
twGuf
0&rf;xkwcf &H aom udv
k 0S if;
atmufwb
kd mausmif;wvydwaf &;
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k aumif;
505
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tcef; (19)
Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
'Dru
kd a&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1956 rS 1957)
Ou|
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taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
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ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL;
upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmerSL;
(aemif pma&;q&mpDwDtdk)
EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
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2/
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wyfOD;onf owif;axmufrsm;tay: apwemaumif;xm;vsuf oabmxm; rSefuefcJhygonf/ 1955
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'kwd,urmppfBuD; NyD;onfhaemufwGifvnf; e,fcsJUorm;vufatmufrS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf 194647 ckrsm;wGif jynfolvlxkESifhtwl vufwGJum wdkufcdkufMuonf/ 1948 ckESpfrS p Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;?
ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;? ynmoifMum;rItajctae aumif;rGefa&;? ausmif;om;nDGwfa&;wdkYtwGuf
qufvuf aqmifGufcJhMuonfrSm ,aeYwdkifjzpfonf/
odYk aqmifu
G &f mwGiv
f nf; ausmif;om;or*rsm;onf tMurf;zufjcif;? t"rjyKrljcif;rsm;udk vH;k 0rjyKvkyf
bJ ausmif;om;xkudk aoG;pnf;nDGwfapum at;csrf;om,mpGm awmif;qdkcJhonf/ ausmif;om;jyemrsm;udk
at;csrf;pGmajzSif;&ef aqmfMocJhonfrSmvnf; txiftSm;yif jzpfayonf/
,ckoYkd at;csr;f om,mpGm ajzSi;f rIukd tjrJwapawmif;qdu
k m &mZ0iftqufqufwnfcdS ahJ om or*rsm;udk
521
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
zsufodrf;cdkif;jcif;onf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (2)? tydk'f (17^*)
toif;tzGUJ rsm; zGUJ pnf;Edik af om tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk usL;ausmfapmfum;jcif;? 'Dru
kd a&pDtcGit
hf a&;udk ydwyf ifwm;qD;jcif;
jzpfayonf/
,aeY ArmEdik if w
H iG f ausmif;om;OD;a&onf ppfrjzpfru
D mvxuf wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJah yonf/ ppfrjzpfru
D
(2000) ausmfrQSdaom &efukefwuodkvfyifvQif ,aeY (9400) ausmftxd SdvmcJhayonf/ Armjynfw0Srf;wGif ppf
rjzpfrDu ausmif;om; (2) odef;ausmfSd&mrS ,aeY (1) oef;ausmftxd wdk;wufrsm;jym; vmcJhayonf/
wdk;wufrsm;jym;vm;aom ausmif;om;OD;a&ESifhtnD ausmif;taqmuftODrsm;? t&nftcsif;jynfhq&mrsm;?
ausmif;oH;k y&dabm*rsm; vHak vmufpmG ay;&rnfjzpfayonf/ odYk aomf ynma&;toH;k p&dwf enf;yg;rIaMumifh vHak vmuf
pGmray;EdkifbJ ynmoifMum;a&;tajctaerSm waeYwjcm; qdk;0g;vmcJhayonf/ ,cktcsdefwGif ausmif;om;OD;a&
ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmrIaMumifh ynma&;tusyftwnf; qdkufa&mufvmcJhayonf/ ausmif;om;or*rsm;onf ynma&;tajc
tae aumif;rGefa&;twGuf vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk xyfwvJvJ awmif;qdkvmaomtcg ausmif;om;ta&;[l jzpfay:vm
cJhayonf/
ay:aygufvmaom ynmoifMum;a&;tajctae? qdk;0g;onfhynma&;tusyftwnf;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&
onf ynma&;toHk;p&dwf ydkrdkoHk;pGJum ajzSif;&rnfhtpm; ausmif;om;rsm;udk tMurf;zufzdESdyfum ajzSif;&ef BudK;pm;
cJh\/ 1953-54 ck &efukefwuodkvfwGifvnf; ausmif;aqmifrsm;? pmoifcef;rsm;? q&mrsm; vdktyfcsufrsm;twGuf
awmif;qdkaomtcg ray;kHrQru atmufwdkbm ausmif; (1) vydwfa&;rS? (15) &ufudkavQmhcsum awmif;qdkvmaom
ausmif;om;rsm;udk tMurf;zufNzdKzsufum ajzSif;cJhzl;ayonf/ ,ckvnf; ausmif;om;rsm; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk
zHk;uG,fum or*rsm;udk zsufodrf;cdkif;NyD;vQif tMurf;zufajzSif;&eftwGuf pDpOfxm;jcif; jzpfayonf/
ynma&;tusyt
f wnf;jzpfru
I kd or*rsm;zsuo
f rd ;f &ef BudK;yrf;jcif;onf rajyvnfrkH Qru ,aeYausmif;om;
rsm; Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;jcif;udk ysufjym;ap&ef jyKvkyfjcif;? ausmif;om;rsm;udk qlylrIjzpfatmif jyKvkyfjcif;yif
jzpfayonf/
or*rsm; zsuford ;f cdik ;f &mvnf; Edik if aH wmftpd;k &onf q&mrsm;BuD;rsm;tm; trdeYf xw
k u
f m zsuford ;f &rnf?
ausmif;xkwyf pf&rnf? ausmif;ydwyf pf&rnf? &JtzGUJ jzifh ESrd ef if;&rnf[k cdik ;f apjcif;onf q&mESiahf usmif;om; &if;ES;D cspf
cifrI? nDGwfrIudk ysufjy,fap&ef jyKrljcif;om jzpfayonf/ q&mrsm;tm; wynfhrsm;ESifh toufxufqHk; NidK;ol&ef
bufyrm jzpfap&ef rw&m;apcdkif;jcif;om jzpfayonf/
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;aumifprD sm;om S&d rnf[k qdck ahJ yonf/ ausmif;aumifprD mS q&mESihf
wynfhrsm; aygif;pyfxm;aom tzGJUtpnf;jzpf ausmif;om;or*rsm;ESifh vHk;0toGiftjyif jcm;em;vsufSdonf/
ausmif;om;or*rsm;onf ausmif;om;oufoufyg0ifaom tzGJUtpnf;jzpf 'Drdkua&pDpepft& zGJUpnf;xm;aom
tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfayonf/ vGwv
f yfpmG aqmifu
G Ef ikd cf iG ?hf vkyaf qmifEikd cf iG rhf sm; Sad yonf/ ausmif;aumifprD mS q&mBuD;rsm;
om tmPmydik jf zpf ausmif;om;ta&;udk aqG;aEG;jcif;? rJjzifh qH;k jzwfciG rfh sm; rSad y/ ausmif;om;u aG;cs,fxm;olukd
yif q&mBuD;u jzKwfcsEdkifcJhayonf/ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; vHk;0rygaom tzGJUtpnf; jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf ausmif;
aumifpDjzifh tpm;xdk;jcif;onfvnf; vHk;0rjzpfEdkif[k ,lqayonf/
odkYtwGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;& ynma&;Xme\ &ufaygif; (30) twGif; or*rsm;zsufodrf;&ef trdefYonf
'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;udk wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif;? Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;a&;udk zsufqD;jcif;? q&mESifh ausmif;om;
cspfcif&if;ESD;rIudk zsufqD;um ausmif;om;rsm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;om jzpfayonf[k wuodkvfor*u tcdkiftrm
,lqayonf/
&Jabmfausmif;olausmif;om;taygif;wdkhEdik if aH wmftpd;k &ausmif;wGif or*rsm;tm; zsuford ;f cdik ;f jcif;onf Edik if aH wmfausmif;rsm;wGio
f m &yfwnfrnf
r[kwfay/ aSUwGifwqifhwqifhwdk;um wuodkvfor*udk wm;qD;jcif;? zsufodrf;jcif; jyKvkyfrnfh ajcvSrf;yifjzpfay
onf/ 1953-54 ckESpfwGif wuodkvfor*ae&mwGif ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;aumifpD (SSWC) rsm;jzifh
tpm;xd;k &ef MuH,
G cf zhJ ;l ayNyD/ ,cktcgwGiv
f nf; or*rsm;zsuo
f rd ;f &ef trdeYf ut
kd rSjD yKum wuov
kd o
f r*ukd zsuo
f rd ;f
&efBudK;pm;jcif; (odkY) wuoae&mwGif tpm;xdk;&ef ausmif;om;^q&m cspfcif&if;ESD;rI[l bef;jyum q&m^ausmif;
om; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk zGJUpnf;&efMuHG,f jyKvkyfvsuf Sdayonf/
odkYtwGuf &Jabmfausmif;ol^om;wdkif;onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ausmif;rsm;wGif or*rsm; (AuotzGJUcGJrsm;)
522
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
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kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*
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tcef; (1)
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;or*\ yxrtywf aG;aumufyGJjzpfaom Ou|? 'k-Ou|ESifh aiGxdef;
aG;aumufyu
JG kd 1956 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv (27) &ufwiG f usi;f ycJ&h m? ausmif;om;nDw
G af &;wyfO;D \ ud,
k pf m;vS,f
rsm; jzpfaom podef;[eftm; Ou| tjzpfvnf;aumif;? udkausmfjrifhtm; 'k- Ou| tjzpfvnf;aumif;? rjrjrtm;
aiGxdef; tjzpfvnf;aumif; ausmif;om;xku aG;aumufwifajrmufcJhayonf/ 'kwd,tywf trIaqmif (6) OD;
aG;aumufyu
JG kd 1956 ckEpS f atmufwb
dk mv (9) &ufaeYwiG f usi;f ycJ&h m ausmif;om;nDw
G af &;wyfO;D \ ud,
k pf m;vS,f
rsm;jzpfMuaom udpk ;kd ode;f ? udpk eG w
f w
d ?f udv
k aS z? rpwmtuf'x
D eG ;f ? apmod;k rm? udck spo
f ed ;f OD;wdYk taG;cHc&hJ ayonf/
xdktrIaqmif (6) OD;tm; atmufygtwdkif; wm0efcGJay;cJUonf/
(1) udkpdk;odef;
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
(2) rpwmtuf'DxGef;
wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh jyefMum;a&;rSL;
(3) udkpGefwdwf
ausmif;om;ouffomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL;
(4) udkcspfodef;OD;
upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmerSL;
(aemif pma&;q&m C.T.O)
(5) udkvSaz (&cdkif)
EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
(aemif OD;wifhaZmf)
(6) apmodk;rm
vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
wuo\ zGJYpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (10)? tydk'f (2) t&(1) udkatmifoef;
tdk;a0r*Zif;wm0efcH
(2) udk0if;wif
yd#duufwdkufrSL;
-tjzpfjzifh trIaqmiftzGJUrS aG;aumuf wifajrmufcJhayonf/
wuo\ zGJYpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef;
(1) udkatmifoef;
(2) udkodef;wef
(3) udk0if;Munf
(4) udkwifarmifarmif
(5) udkndKjrifh
(6) rcifeef;jrifh
wuo\ zGpYJ nf;yHpk nf;rsO;f Oya' tcef; (18)? tyd'k f (1) t& yd#u
d ufwu
kd af umfrwDukd atmufygtwdik ;f zGpYJ nf;cJo
U nf/
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(2) rjrjr
aiGxdef;
(3) udkaumif;pH
(4) csm;vf (xGef;)
524
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tcef;(3)
wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ onf usr;f opmused q
f ykd w
JG iG f aMunmcJah om 0g'ESiv
hf yk if ef;pOfrsm;udk taumiftxnf
ay:aygufvmap&ef aqmifu
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hJ nf/ aqmifu
G cf ahJ om t"ducsrSwx
f m;onfh vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf ywfouf wifjyvdu
k f
ayonf/
1/
(3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk 1954-55 ckESpfrSp wuodkvfwGifpwifusifhoHk;cJh\/ xdktcsdefrSp ausmif;
om;xk w&yfvHk;onf (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;a&;twGuf trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk uefYuGufqEjycJhayonf/
odkY qEjycJhojzifhvnf; ausmif;om;? q&m? rdb jynfolwdkY\ axmufcHrIudk &SdcJhayonf/ 1955-56 ckESpfwGif
wuodkvfaumifpDrS (3) cgusESifh (65) &mcdkifEIef;pepftwGuf pHkprf;a&;aumfrSifudk zGJUpnf;ay;cJh&onf/ 1956 ck
ESpf Mo*kwv
f wGif wuov
kd yf nma&;pkpH rf;rIaumfrSiu
f kd zGUJ pnf;ay;cJ&h onf/ xkad umfrSirf S (3) vtwGi;f tpD&ifcpH m
wifoGif;&rnf[k owfrSwfay;cJh&onf/
(3) cgusausmif;xkwpf epfonf vufw
dS uov
kd yf nma&;pepf rrSeu
f efraI Mumifh ay:xGuv
f m&jcif; jzpfonf
[k ,lqonfh tm;avsmfpmG wuov
kd yf nma&; pHpk rf;rIEiS yhf wfouf wuorS vufccH ahJ yonf/ pHpk rf;a&;aumfrSi\
f
tpD&ifcpH m tjrefq;kH ay:xGuaf p&ef awmif;qdck ahJ yonf/ odYk awmif;qdck o
hJ jzifv
h nf; owfrw
S x
f m;aom tcsed v
f eG af e
&mrS xGufay:vmcJhayonf/
odYk aomftpD&ifcpH monf owfrw
S v
f monft
h wdik ;f wuov
kd yf nma&;wckv;kH tm; pHpk rf;jcif;rjyKbJ (Admission) ausmif;0ifjcif;? (Teaching) oifMum;ydkYcsjcif;? (Examination) pmar;yGJ[l tydkif; (3) ydkif;udkom ppfaq;
tpD&ifccH o
hJ nf/ ausmif;om;xk vdv
k m;csufjzpfaom (3) cgusausmif;xkwpf epf zsuford ;f a&;ESihf ywfouf rnfoYkd rQ
azmfjyjcif;rSdbJ (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudkom qufvufxm;SdcJhjcif;aMumihf wuorS oabmxm;udk xkwfjyef
aMunmcJhonf/ qufvuf ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;w&yf usif;yjyKvkyfay;&ef wkdufwGef;cJh
ayonf/
(3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;a&;twGuf wuoonf wuodkvfSd wyfOD;? &Jacgif? oefYSif;?
ausmif;om;a&;&m tiftm;BuD; (4) ck? tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;or*? aq;odyHausmif;om;or*wdkYESifh yl;wGJum
1956 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv (13) &ufaeYwiG f ausmif;w&ufrwufbJ qEjy oydwaf rSmufco
hJ nf/ wuorS OD;aqmifonfh
qEjyoydwfonf vHk;0atmifjrifcJhayonf/
ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;\ nDGwfpGm qEjycJhEdkifonfhtwGufvnf; (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfonf tajc
,dkifvmum wuodkvfynma&; pepfBuD;wckvHk;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;&jcif;? pOf;pm;cJhaom tpD&ifcHpmudk wdkif;jynfodkY
wifjyum tMuHOmPfEiS hf xifjrifcsufrsm; awmif;cH&jcif;wdYk ukd jyKvkycf &hJ ayonf/ (3) cgusausmif;xkwpf epf zsuford ;f
a&;onf umvMumSnpf mG wdu
k yf q
JG ifrS &Edik rf nfjzpfonfEiS t
hf nD ravsmah omvkYH v? rqkwrf epfaomZGEJ iS t
hf nD ausmif;
om;xkw&yfv;Hk nDw
G pf mG jzifh qufvufwu
kd yf 0JG ifEikd yf gu atmifjrif&efadS yonf/ vufydS nma&;pepfBuD;yif jyKjyif
ajymif;vJoGm;Edkif&ef t&dyfedrdwfrsm; ay:xGufcJhNyD[k ,lqrdayonf/
(3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;a&;twGuf 1956 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (30) &ufaeYwGif wuorS
BuD;rSL;um tpmiwfcHqEjyyGJw&yfudk usif;ycJhayonf/ xdktpmiwfcHqEjyyGJudk &efukefwuodkvf? odyHr[mXme
jrufcif;aSU vnf;aumif;? &efuif;ESifh xD;wef;aumvdyfwdkY vnf;aumif; usif;ycJhayonf/ wuorS tpmiwfcH
qEjyyGJtwGuf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk zdwfac:cJh&m &efukefwuodkvfrS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;aygif; (100)
ausmf? &efuif;rS (60) ausmf? xD;wef;rS (40) ausmf? tm;vkH;aygif; (200) ausmf yg0ifqifETJcJhMuayonf/ tpmiwfcH
qEjyyGJwGif wuodkvfSd ausmif;om;tiftm;pkBuD; (2) ckjzpfaom &efukefwuodkvf ausmif;om;nDGwfa&;wyfOD;ESifh
ausmif;om;&JacgiftzGJUwdkYu pdwftm;xufoefpGm yg0ifqifETJcJhayonf/ trsKd;orD;ausmif;aqmifrsm;rSvnf; pdwftm;
xufoefpGm tultnDrsm; ay;cJhayonf/ eHeuf (6) em&DrS nae (6) em&Dxd tpmiwfcHqEjyyGJBuD;? onfhaemuf
ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;yGJBuD; usif;yjyD;vQif tqdkrsm;wifoGif;qHk;jzwfum wuodkvfe,fajrtwGif; qEjyvSnfh
vnfyGJw&yfudk usif;yEdkifcJhonf/
2/
ausmif;aqmifu,
kd yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;udk 1954-55 ck wyfO;D ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;jzpfaom wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ rS
wifoGif;awmif;qdkcJhayonf/ 1956 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (24) &ufaeYwGif wuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh wuodkvf t"dywd
0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ek awGUqHak qG;aEG;&mwGif ausmif;aqmifu,
kd yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;udk oabmwlrkH Qru? {NyDvwGif pwiftyk cf sKyf
&ef wkdufwGef;cJhonf/ wuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u {NyDvonf ausmif;ydwf&ufjzpf ZGefvrSm pwiftkyfcsKyf&ef jyef
Mum;cJhayonf/
526
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
wuodkvfynma&;pkHprf;rIaumfrSif tpD&ifcHpm xGufay:vmaom tcgwGifvnf; xdktpD&ifcHpmtwGuf
oabmxm; xkwfjyefcJhayonf/ xdkaMunmcsufwGif ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf ynma&;Xme udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;? ynma&;uRrf;usifolrsm;? ausmif;om;? q&m? rdb udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tygt0if ynma&;aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;w&yf
usif;yjyKvkyf&ef wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfcJhayonf/
odkY EId;aqmfcJhonfhtwGufvnf; wuodkvfynma&;pkHprf;rIaumfrSif tpD&ifcHpmudk wdkif;jynfodkY xkwfjyef
aMunmum tMuHPfrsm; xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk jynfolvlxkxHrS awmif;cHcJh&ayonf/ EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf\
av;ESpfpDrHudef; a&;qGJ&mwGifyifvQif ynma&;ESifhywfouf ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ r[kwfaomfvnf; tzGJUzGJUum EdkifiHjcm;rS
yg&*lrsm;udk ac:,lum tMuHPfrsm; awmif;,lcJh&ayonf/ onfyifvQif ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf
awGUqkHaqG;aEG;yGJjzpfEdkif&ef vrf;pay:NyD[k ,lqrdayonf/
8/
EdkifiHwumwuodkvfrsm;odkY &efukefwuodkvfq&m? ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU apvTwfa&;udk t"du
vkyif ef;pOftjzpf csrSwcf ahJ omfvnf; raqmifu
G Ef ikd cf ahJ cs/ uvuwm;wuov
kd f ESpw
f &mjynfah jrmufyaJG wmfoYkd &efuek f
wuodkvfrS tm;upm;toif; apvTwfcJh&m wuorS tultnDay;cJhonf/
9/
tmS-tmz&du ausmif;om;abmyGJw&yf &efukefjrdKU usif;ya&;udk tif'dkeD;Sm;jynf? befa'gif;jrdKU usif;y
aom ]tmS-tmz&duausmif;om;nDvmcHBu;D } Armjynf ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifh wifoGif;cJhjcif;jzpf\/ wuodkvf
tm;upm;aumifpD wifjyaqG;aEG;cJ&h mwGif jzpfajrmufEikd &f ef tm;ay;cJ\
h / odYk aomf tquftoG,jf yKvkyf ndE idI ;f &efyif
rvG,u
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l o
S jzifh atmifjrifpmG raqmifu
G Ef ikd cf ahJ y/ ,d;k ',m;Edik if H ausmif;om;rsm;rS abmvk;H toif;woif; vma&muf
upm;&ef csed ;f qdck ahJ omfvnf; atmifqef;tm;upm;uGi;f wGif rtm;rvyf jzpfaeaomaMumifh urf;vSr;f csuu
f kd jiif;y,fchJ
&ayonf/
wuo trIaqmiftzGJUonf usrf;opmusdefqdkyGJ aMunmcJhaom t"duvkyfief;BuD; (9) &yfudk taumif
txnfay:&ef aqmifu
G cf &hJ mwGif txuf tpD&ifccH o
hJ nft
h wdik ;f atmifjrifco
hJ nfrsm;vnf; Scd \
hJ / atmifjrifEikd af &;
twGuf tajccHrsm;&EdkifcJhonfvnf; Sd\/ ratmifjrifao;onfh tcsufrsm;vnf; SdcJhaMumif;udkvnf; azmfjyvdkuf&ay
onf/
tcef; (4)
tjcm;vkyfaqmifcJhaom vkyfief;rsm;
1/
1956 ck? atmufwb
dk mv (19) &ufwiG f Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u txufwef;ausmif;rsm;ESihf tv,fwef;ausmif;
rsm;Sdor*rsm;udk &ufaygif; (30) twGif; zsufodrf;ay;&rnf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ausmif;rsm;wGif q&mBuD;rsm; zGJUpnf;
xm;onfh ausmif;aumifpDrSwyg; tjcm;toif;tzGJUrsm; rzGJUpnf;&[k xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/
or*rsm;zsuo
f rd ;f cdik ;f jcif;? ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;Hk \ tcGit
hf a&; ydwyf ifwm;qD;krH Qru Edik if aH wmf zGUJ pnf;ykH
tajccHpnf;rsOf; Oya'wGifygSdaom 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;udkyg ydwfyifwm;qD;onfh trdefYjzpfjcif;aMumifh wuorS
uefYuGufcJhayonf/ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS BuD;rSL;onfh 1956 ck? Edk0ifbmv (15) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom
or*zsufodrf;rI uefYuGufqEjyyGJodkY wuorS wufa&mufyg0ifcJhonf/ 1956 ck 'DZifbmv (13) &ufaeYwGifvnf;
wuodkvfe,fajr (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;a&;? or*zsufodrf;a&;trdefY uefYuGufa&;twGuf ausmif;r
wufbJ qEjyoydwfarSmufum ulnDwdkufyGJ0ifcJhayonf/ xdkqEjyoydwfarSmufyGJwGif ausmif;om;nDGwfa&;wyfOD;?
ausmif;om;&Jacgif? oefYSif;? ausmif;om;a&;&m paom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifhwuG ausmif;om;xkw&yfvkH;
nDGwfpGm yg0ifqEjyrIaMumifh qEjyoydwfonf atmifjrifcJhayonf/
2/
'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf wuodkvfaygif;pkH ajy;ckefupm;yGJudk 1956 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (17-18) &ufaeYrsm;wGif
rEav;wuodkvf usif;ycJhayonf/ xdkajy;ckefupm;yGJBuD;udk &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*? rEav;
wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*? armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*rS OD;pD;usif;ycJh&m tm;upm;orm;
aygif; (100) eD;yg;cefY yg0ifqifETJcJhMuayonf/
3/
1957 ckEpS ?f arv wuov
kd f jyefvnfrzGiv
hf pS rf D ausmif;aqmifrsm; rvkaH vmufrEI iS yhf wfouf wuorS
BudKwifjyifqifxm;yg&ef xkwjf yefaMunmcJah vonf/ xkYd aemuf wuov
kd f jyefvnfziG v
hf pS af omtcgwGif ausmif;om;
aygif; (300) eD;yg; ausmif;aqmifcef;rsm; r&Sdojzifh wuorS ,m,Dtm;jzifh wcef;ESpfa,mufxm; ajzSif;&efESifh
ausmif;aqmifrsm; aqmufvkyf&ef awmif;qkdcJh&m ,m,Dtm;jzifh wcef;ESpfa,mufxm; ajzSif;rIudk &SdcJhayonf/
4/
ZGefv wuodkvfpmar;yGJrsm; ajzqdkaepOftwGif; wkwfauG;a&m*g ysHUESHYvmojzifh ausmif;om;rsm; wkwfauG;
528
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
vlrsKd;pk ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tif;vsm;? &wem? rmvm? oD&d? wDwDpD? aq;odyHausmif;olrsm;? ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh tzufzufwGif BudK;yrf;Muaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tm; wuorS aus;Zl;wifSdygaMumif;/
uJhodkY ausmif;om;xk\ yl;aygif;rIaMumifh BuD;rm;aomatmifjrifrIudk &Sdonfhtwdkif; aSUwGifvnf;
ausmif;om;xk w&yfvkH;onf wuo\tvHawmfatmufrS wnDwGwfwnf; yl;aygif;aqmifGufMu&ef wdkufwGef;
vdkufygaMumif;/
ykH
(ausmfjrifU)
'k-Ou|
wuo
530
OD;pode;f [ef
(1956-57)
Source: Oway Magazines
ajrmif;jrcdik ?f tdrrf NJ rKdUe,f BuKdUuke;f GmwGif arG;zGm;onf/ u&if trsKd;om;wOD; jzpfonf/ 1954-55 ckEpS w
f iG f
&efukefwuodkvfodkY a&mufSdum ynmqnf;yl;onf/ 1955-56 ckESpf wuo 'k-Ou|tjzpf aG;aumuf
wifajrmufjcif;cH&? 1956-57 ckEpS w
f iG f wuo Ou|jzpfvmonf/
1955-56 ckESpfwGif (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk usifhoHk;&m ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; ynmqufvufoif
Mum;cGirhf &bJ ausmif;rS xGucf mG oGm;cJ&h onf/ (3) cgusausmif;xkwpf epf zsuford ;f a&;twGuf wuov
kd w
f iG f
pwdoydwfarSmufjcif;? tpmiwfcH qEjyjcif;rsm; jyKcJh? wuodkvfaumifpDrS (3) cgus ausmif;xkwfpepfESifh
(66) &mcdik Ef eI ;f ausmif;wuf&ufrsm;twGuf pHpk rf;a&;aumfrwD zGUJ pnf;cJo
h nf/
wwd,tBudraf jrmuf wuov
kd af usmif;om;yGaJ wmfBuD;udk crf;em;pGm usi;f yEdik cf \
hJ / OD;pode;f [efonf u&ifa&;
&mtusKd;aqmiftzGUJ twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmifu
G v
f sufo
dS nf/ Armhwyfrawmf ynma&;ESihf pdw"f gwfa&;&m
TefMum;Xme vufaxmuft&mSd (pdwf"mwfa&;) wOD;vnf; jzpfonf/
rEav;aumvdyw
f iG f usi;f yaom aumvdyaf usmif;aygi;f pHak qG;aEG;yJrG S obmywdEiS Uf twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;tzJYG
531
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tcef; (20)
Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
'Dru
kd a&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1957 rS 1958)
rnfou
Yl kd rJxnfv
U u
kd yf goenf;
532
Ou|
'k-Ou|
aiGxdef;
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
,Ofaus;rIESifh upm;ckefpm;XmerSL;
oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL;
vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
tkd;a0r*Zif;wm0efcH
pmMunfhwkdufrSL;
aumifpD /
/ wuokdvftmPmykdifqkH;tzGJUjzpfonf/ r[mXmerSL;rsm;? bGJU&jyD;olrsm;\ ukd,fpm;vS,f?
vTwaf wmf (2) &yf uk,
d pf m;vS,?f t"dywdcefYu,
kd pf m;vS,?f wuoud,
k pf m;vS,Ef iS hf ausmif;q&mtoif; ud,
k pf m;vS,f
wkdY yg0ifonf/ wuokdvfwckvkH;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mukd MuD;Muyf\/
qD;edwf /
/ aumifpD\ vufatmufwGif qD;edwfSd\/ ygarmursm;ESifh aumifpDrScefYaom ukd,fpm;vnfwkdY
yg0ifonf/ ynmoifMum;a&;ESifh ywfouf aqmifGufvkyfukdif\/
wuo /
/ ausmif;om;xkykdif tzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf/ wuokdvftufOya't& wckwnf;aom w&m;0if
ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf; jzpfonf/ 1931 ckESpfrS pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf/ ausmif;om;ta&;omru jrefrmwrsdK;
om;vkH;\ ta&;ukdyg aqmifGufcJh\/
ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD /
/ taqmifrSL;rsm;? r[mXmerSL;rsm;? wuoukd,fpm;vnfwkdY yg0if ausmif;aqmif
ESifh ywfouforQukd vkyfukdifaqmifGufMuonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
1/ EkdifiHawmftpkd;&ESifh ausmif;om;xkMum;Sd wif;rmrIrsm; aysmufatmifvkyfaqmif&ef?
2/ vufSdwuoMuD;\ tcef;u@ukd ykdrkdjrifhrm;atmifvkyfaqmifoGm;&ef?
3/ wuodkvfrSmSdaewJh vufSd ynma&;pepfBuD;[m rvdkvm;tyfwJhtwGuf jyKjyifajymif;vJzdkY wdkufwGef;
aqmifGufoGm;&ef?
4/ q&m? ausmif;om; yl;wGJnDGwfpGm vkyfaqmifoGm;a&;udkaSUI&ef?
5/ ,aeY ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; awGUMuHKcHpm;ae&wJh tusyftwnf;trsKd;rsKd;? jyemtrsKd;rsKd;rS vGwf
ajrmufa&;udk ausmif;om;xknDGwfa&;? ausmif;om;xkqEjzifh vkyfaqmifoGm;&efwdkY jzpfonf/
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifhywfouf oabmxm;rSm]]uRefawmfwdkY wuotaeeJYawmh ausmif;om;xk tusKd;SdrJhvkyfief;awGudk tpdk;&uvkyfvkyf? b,foluyJ
vkyv
f yk f axmufct
H m;ay; ulno
D mG ;rSm jzpfygw,f/ ausmif;om;xktcGit
hf a&; tusKd;aus;Zl;udk xdyg;vm&if b,forl
qdk ckcu
H muG,o
f mG ;rSm jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmf[m tpd;k &vkyx
f m;wJh tvkyw
f ikd ;f udk rsufprd w
Sd Nf yD; usm;usm; rD;,yfqw
kd hJ
oabmeJY twdu
k t
f cHrvkycf o
hJ vdk tpd;k &vkyw
f ikd ;f udv
k nf; ykwo
f ifnKd vdk acgif;ndwEf ikd rf ,f r[kwyf gbl;/ ckeuwifjycJh
ovdkyJ ausmif;om;xk tusKd;Sd? rdSqdkwJh rSwfausmufay:rSm wifNyD;ppfaq;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/ tckaecgrSm uRefawmf
wdkY wuo&JU tBuD;rm;qHk;qdk&r,fh qEwcku EdkifiHawmftpdk;&eJY ausmif;om;or*awGMum;rSm SdaewJhwif;rmrIudk
at;at;csr;f csr;f enf;awGeYJ ajzSi;f vdw
k hJ qEjzpfygw,f/ 'Dvq
kd Ew
dS mudk jzpfajrmufatmif aqmifu
G &f mrSm wOD;eJYwOD;
oabmxm;rSefrSefuefuefeJY SdzdkYtcsuffudk tkwfjrpfcs&ygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dtkwfjrpfcs&mrSmvnf; wOD;udkwOD;u ysufqD;ap
aMumif; MuHpnfvyk af eorQawmh t&mxifvrd rhf ,f r[kwyf gbl;/ qdv
k &kd if;rSm wuov
kd t
f mPmydik ef YJ tpd;k &u bmvkyf
vkyf twdkuftcHvkyfrnfr[kwfbJ Nidrf;csrf;a&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh ausmif;om;xktusKd;jzpfygu axmufcHvnf;
aumif;? yl;aygif;vnf;aumif; aqmifGufoGm;rnf jzpfaMumif; oabmxm;udk aMunmcJhygw,f}}
tqdkygoabmxm;udk udkpdk;odef;u xkwfazmfcJhjcif;tusKd;qufrSm 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek\ tMuHay;t&mSd OD;tHk;
onf &efukefwuodkvf t*FvdyfpmXmewGif enf;jyvkyfaeaom udkatmifausmf (b0opftvGwfynmoifausmif;) rS
wqifh udkpdk;odef;udkawGU&ef pum;urf;vSrf;vmonf/ xdkYaemuf OD;tHk;ESifh udkpdk;odef; awGUqHk&mwGif tusKd;qufrSm(u) 0efBuD;csKyfonf uRefawmfwdkY wou trIaqmiftzGJUwzGJUvHk;udk if;\kH; tpnf;ta0;cef;odkY
zdwfMum;um tpdk;&tzGJUtaejzifh ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrItwGuf &nfG,faqmifGufaeaom tcsuf
rsm;udk Sif;jyonf/
(c) jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifhywfouf awmxJrSuGefjrLepfygwD udk,fpm;vS,fa&mufaeaMumif;ESifh typf
tcwf&yfpJa&;twGuf qufoG,faqG;aEG;aMumif; Sif;jyonf/
(8) wuou OD;aqmifum wuodkvfSduseftoif;tzGJUrsm;ESifh ndEIdif;aqG;aEG; rdrdwdkYxHwifjyvdkaom
tcsufrsm;udk wifjya&;twGuf wuotoif;tzGJU udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh awGUqHkyGJvkyfvdkaMumif; Sif;jy
onf/
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*
aeYpGJ -11? 1? 58
pmtrSwf- yc-0114^58
odhk
wuodkvfaumifpD
rS-wqifU^ ygarmucsKyf
&efukefwuodkvf
taMumif;t&m /
cifAsm;wuov
kd Ef iS ahf umvdyt
f oD;oD;rS or*u,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;? toif;tzGUJ ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf pwkwt
Budrf
ajrmuf wuodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHkawGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;udk armfvNrdKifNrdKU? armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyf taqmuf
tOD 28? 12? 57 &ufaeYrS 29? 12? 57 &ufaeYtxd usif;ycJhygonf/ xdkaqG;aEG;yGJ wuodkvfESifhaumvdyf
toD;oD;rS ausmif;om;b0 tajctaersm;? cHpm;csufrsm;ESifh vdktyfcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwfaqG;aEG;cJhygonf/
xdkaqG;aEG;yGJrS yl;wGJazmfjyyg wuodkvfESifhaumvdyftoD;oD;twGuf vdktyfaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wifjyaqG;
aEG;um wnDGwfwnf; twnfjyKcJhygonf/ odkYyg xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;tm; oufqdkif&mrS tjrefqHk;ta&;,l
aqmifGufay;yg&ef av;eufpGmarwm&yfcH wifjyawmif;qdktyfygonf/
qHk;jzwfcsuft&
av;pmpGmjzifh
(cifarmiftkef;)
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (wuo)
pwkwt
Burd af jrmuf wuov
kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygi;f pHak wGUqHak qG;aEG;yGBJ u;D
&efukefwuodkvftwGuf &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*rS
wifjyaqG;aEG;twnfjyKcJUaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
tydkif; (u) ynma&;tqdkrsm;
1/
vufSdynma&;pepfBuD;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u OD;pD;um EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ynma&;
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;w&yf usif;yay;&ef (EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf
wuo\ wifjycsufudk yl;wGJay;ydkUvdkufygonf/)
2/
(u) oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk vHk;0zsufodrf;ay;&ef?
(c) ynma&;pHpk rf;rIaumfrSirf S a&;qGrJ nfh ynma&;pDru
H ed ;f topfay:rvmrDtwGi;f (3) cgus ausmif;xkwf
pepftm; avmavmq,f zsufodrf;xm;&ef?
3/
wuov
kd Ef iS ahf umvdyrf sm;wGif ynma&;qdik &f m Edik if jH cm;tultnD vufc&H m oufqikd &f mausmif;om;or*
rsm;odkY BudKwiftoday; ndEIdif;aqmifGuf&ef?
4/
Armjynf oifah wmfaom NrdKUBuD;rsm;wGif Oyrm- ykord ?f Sr;f jynfwYkd wiG f Oypmaumvdyrf sm; wd;k csJUzGiv
hf pS af y;
&efESifh ,ckzGifhvSpfNyD;aom aumvdyfrsm;? Oyrm- ausmufjzL ponfwdkYudk acwfrDaomtaqmuftODESifh
oufqdkif&mypnf;rsm; tjynfhtpHkxm;Sday;&ef?
5/
wuodkvfESifhaumvdyfrsm;twGuf oHk;pGJaiGudk tvHktavmuf wdk;jrifhoHk;pGJay;&ef?
6/
&yfqdkif;xm;aom axmufyHhaMu;rsm;udk tjrefjyefvnfxkwfay;&ef?
535
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
7/
8/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
18/
19/
20/
ausmif;om;^olwdkif; tcrJhaq;xdk;cGifh&Sd&ef?
ausmif;om;^olwdkif;tm; ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm;rS umuG,fay;aomaq;rsm;udk tcsdeftcg vdkuf
vdktyfovdkxdk;ay;&ef?
oD;jcm;aq;Hkwck wnfaqmufay;&ef/
538
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
28/
29/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
ausmif;om;tcGifUta&;
1/
oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepf tjrefqHk;zsufodrf;&ef?
2/
ausmif;om;xk qErygaom Oya'rsm; jyefvnfkyfodrf;&efESifh xyfrHrjy|mef;a&;?
3/
ausmif;om;or*rsm; vGwfvyfpGm zGJUpnf;wnfSdcGifhay;a&;?
4/
zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rnOf;yef;&efESifh tjrefqHk;vTwfay;&ef?
5/
atmufwdkbmausmif; (1) vydwfay;&ef?
6/
armifatmifarmif;udpudk w&m;ojzifh qdkif&mrS tjrefqHk;ta&;,l aqmifGuf&ef/
ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifU
1/
ynmoifMum;rIESifhtkyfcsKyfrIwGif jyifyrS0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rjyK&ef?
usef;rma&;
1/
wuov
kd af q;Hw
k ck jzpfajrmuf&ef or*rS BudK;pm;aeonfukd tpd;k &rS tultnDay;&ef? ausmif;om;OD;a&ESihf
nDrQaom q&m0ef? olemjyKrsm;cefYxm;&ef? rNyD;pD;rDumvtwGif; vufSdaq;ay;cef;udk wdk;csJUvsuf q&mr
wOD; xyfrHcefYxm;ay;&ef?
2/
wuodkvfe,fajroefYSif;a&;twGuf oufqdkif&mtpdk;& usef;rma&;XmerS tenf;qHk;wv (1) Budrf vm
a&muf ppfaq;rIjyKay;&efESifh ausmif;rSowfrSwfxm;onfh twdkif; wywfwBudrf xufrenf; aq;t&mSd
vma&muf ppfaq;&ef?
3/
ausmif;om;rsm; pm;aomufa&;wGif oefYiS ;f rItwGuf wuov
kd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;tzGUJ rS aqmifu
G f ppfaq;ay;&ef
4/
ausmuf? ykvdyf? wdkufzdGKufa&m*grsm; umuG,fa&;twGuf aq;rsm;udk ESpfpOftcsdefrD BudKwifxdk;ay;&ef/
upm;ckefpm;
1/
ausmif;om;^olrsm;twGuf acwfrDaom oD;oefYtm;upm;Hk wckpD aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
2/
aeYausmif;ol^om;rsm;twGuf acwfrDaom tyef;ajz&dyfomwckpD aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
3/
upm;ckefpm;ESifhqdkif&m oD;oefYt&mSdwOD; tjrefqHk;cefYxm;ay;&ef?
4/
ausmif;om;ESifh q&mOD;a& tnDtrQyg0ifaom upm;ckefpm;aumifpDwck zGJUpnf;ay;vsuf upm;ckefpm;rI
qdkif&mrsm;udk BuD;Muyfvkyfaqmifay;&ef?
5/
acwfrDa&ul;uef (1) ck aqmufvkyfay;&ef/
541
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
oufomacsmifcsda&;
1/
ausmif;om;rsm; c&D;oGm;vma&;twGuf oufqdkif&mXmersm;rS w0ufcavQmhEIef;ay;&ef?
2/
wuodkvfwGif oD;jcm;pmwdkuf (1) ck zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
3/
wuodkvf axmufyHhaMu;rsm;udkqufvufay;&ef/
taxGaxGvdktyfcsufrsm;
1/
wuodkvfA[dk ausmif;aqmifBuD;atmufrS tpdk;&pdkufysKd;a&;Hk;rsm; tjrefqHk;aTUay;&ef?
2/
ausmif;aqmiftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf ausmif;om;or*udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? trIaqmifrsm;yg0ifaom ausmif;
aqmif tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwDw&yf zGJUay;&ef?
3/
wuodkvf0if;twGif; vrf;rsm;jyKjyifay;&efESifh vQyfppfrD;vHk;rsm;xGef;nday;&ef?
4/
Assembly Hall BuD;wck aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
5/
usef;rma&;ESifh udkufnDaom trsKd;orD;? trsKd;om; abmf'gaqmifrsm; wdk;csJUaqmufvkyfay;&ef?
6/
Social Science/ International Relation/ Statistic tpSdaom bmom&yfrsm; qdkif&mXmersm; wdk;csJU
zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
7/
csif;wGif;aumvdyf tjrefqHk; zGifhvSpfay;&ef/
(i) rEav;wuov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* vIyf mS ;rIrsm;
rEav;wuov
kd Bf uD;udk oD;jcm;wuov
kd Bf uD; jzpfajrmufvm&ef q&mr? q&m? rdbjynfo?l ausmif;ol^om;
rsm; qESd qEjycJhMuygonf/ rEav;wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*onfvnf; twuf<uqHk;tcef;rS yg0ifcJhay
onf/ uJo
h Ykd rEav;wuov
kd u
f kd oD;jcm;aumvdyt
f jzpf a&mufv
dS maomtcg 0rf;om&rnft
h pm; 0rf;enf;a<uuGJ
zG,f&mrsm; &ifqdkifvm&onf/
oufqdkif&m ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmydkifwdkY\ pnf;urf;wif;Muyfrnf[laom aMunmcsufaemufwGif
ausmif;xkwfyGJrsm; jzpfvmonf/ ausmif;xkwf&mwGif dk;kd;wef;wef; aMunmxkwfonf r[kwfbJ emZD[pfwvmu
ol\qefYusifbufrsm;tm; wdwfwqdwf owfypfonfhenf;wl tjcm;olrsm;rodapbJ wdwfwqdwfxkwfypfjcif; jzpf
onf/ aemufxyf ausmif;xkwf&ef pm&if;Sdonf owif;rsm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ajcmufvSefYaeonf/ xdkYtjyif
rcH&yfEdkifqHk;udpr Sm w&m;0ifzGJUpnf;xm;aom ausmif;om;or*\ tcGifhtmPmudk ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUu xdcdkuf
vmonf/ udprsm;jzifh &efukefwuodkvfodkY (400) ausmf ajymif;aTUoGm;avonf/
odkYjzifh 4? 6? 58 &uf? nae (4) em&DcGJ abm*aA'taqmuftOD ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk
ausmif;tkyfBuD;a[mif; OD;udkav;u usif;ycJh&m rEav;wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*rS (rwuo) rS Ou|?
'k-Ou|? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;wdkY wufa&mufcJhonf/
tpnf;ta0;pvsifpjcif; OD;udkav;u zqyvtuGJaMumifh rEav;wuodkvftm; tkyfcsKyfrnfh 'k-t"dywd
ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpD rzGJUEdkifjzpfaeaMumif;? ,cifuSdcJhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrSmvnf; arv (31) &ufaeYu ysuf
oGm;NyD jzpfaMumif;? tajctaewGif rdrdtaeESifh tvHk;pHktepfemcHum ausmif;BuD; tcsdefrDzGifhEdkif&eftwGuf wm0ef,l
vkyfaqmif oGm;&rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/ qufvuf if;taeESifh 0efBuD;csKyf? 'k-0efBuD;csKyf (vlrIa&;) ESifh
ynma&;0efBuD;wdkYxH aMu;eef;dkufxm;aMumif; 3? 6? 58 aeYpGJjzifh jyefvmaom 'k-0efBuD;csKyf (vlrIa&;) \ aMu;eef;
t& ,ciftpDtpOftwdik ;f qufvufaqmifu
G yf gqd
k if;taeESihf qufvufwm0ef,&l rnfo
h abm oufa&mufae
aMumif;udk ajymjyonf/ xdYk aMumifh ZGev
f (1) &uf? (2) &ufaeYrsm;wGif if;tcGit
hf mPmrSb
d J aqmifu
G cf ahJ omudpr sm;
ESifh ywfouf tjypfSdvQifcHrnf jzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/
ausmif;om;ta&;ESifh ywfouf rwuo udk,fpm;vS,frsm;taeESifh q&mBuD;wifjycsufudk vufrcHEdkif
ojzifh trIaqmiftzGJU\ qHk;jzwfcsuft& rwuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? q&mBuD;? r[mXmerSL;rsm;ESifh XmerSL;rsm;
yg0ifaom wuodkvf ,m,Dxdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;a&;wifjyonf/
uJo
h Ykd tkycf sKyfa&;aumfrwDwck zGUJ pnf;&efwifjyaomtcg q&mBuD;OD;udak v;u rdrzd UJG pnf;Edik af om tmPm
rSdaMumif; tm;vHk;oabmwl qHk;jzwfcsufudk vdkufemrnfjzpfaMumif;ajym tpnf;ta0;cef;rS xGufcGmoGm;onf/
rwuo ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; kww
f &uf em;rvnfEikd af tmifjzpfaeonf/ odYk &mwGif usefadS om q&mrsm;ESihf qufvuf
542
(p) ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*rsm;tzGUJ csKyf yrtBurd af jrmuf jynfv;kH uRwn
f v
D mcHBu;D rS
qH;k jzwftwnfjyK awmif;qdck surf sm;
ynma&;tqdkrsm;
1/
,aeYvufSd (18) odef;eD;yg; Sdaomausmif;om;OD;a&twGuf ynma&;toHk;p&dwfudk 20% xufrenf;
wdk;jrifhoHk;pGJ ausmif;taqmuftODrsm;? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*rsm;? ausmif;q&mrsm; vHkavmufpGmay;&efESifh
toufarG; 0rf;aMumif; ynm&yfrsm;udk ausmif;wdkif;wGif oifMum;ay;&ef?
2/
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u owfrSwfxm;aomNrdKUrsm;ESifh rSdrjzpfaom NrdKUrsm;wGif Oypmaumvdyfrsm; wnfaxmif
ay;&ef? jyXmef;csufrsm; tjrefqHk;taumiftxnfazmf Srf;jynfwGif Oypmaumvdyf (1) ck zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
taqmuftOD? ausmif;oH;k ud&,
d m? q&mrsm;vHak vmufpmG xm; bmompHo
k ifMum;Edik af &;twGuf pDpOfay;&ef?
3/
ausmif;rsm;wGif trsKd;om;nDw
G af &;? trsKd;om;pm&dwE iS hf trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rIukd qefYusifaom ausmif;oH;k
pmtkyfrsm; rjy|mef;&ef? (Oyrm-jynfaxmifpkyef;wdkifESifh vlxkatmfoHuJhodkYaom pmtkyfrsm;)
4/
(3) wef;rSp acwfreD nf;pepfjzifh t*Fvyd b
f momoif&efEiS hf oif;kd oifwef; tqift
h wef;ESihf udu
k n
f aD om
pmtkyfrsm;udk ausmif;oHk;tjzpf jy|mef;&ef? (Oyrm- wuodkvf0ifoifwef;rS t*Fvdyfpmtkyf --- aysmuf)
5/
ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm; vHkavmufpGm wdk;jrifhcefYxm;ay;&ef? usef;rma&;tajctaeaMumifh tvkyfrScGifh,l
&aom q&m? q&mrrsm;udk vpmtjynfhESifh vHkavmufaom cGifh&ufrsm;ay;&efESifh vpmwdk;jrifhay;&ef?
6/
ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm;cefYtyf&mwGif oufqdkif&m t&nftcsif;ppfaq;rIrsm;rSty jynfxJa&;XmeESifh
EdkifiHa&;ygwD toif;tzGJUrsm;rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rjyK&ef?
7/
ynma&;Xme vGwv
f yfciG u
hf kd rpGuzf uf&efEiS hf ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm;tm; ynmoifMum;a&; wm0efrw
S yg;
tjcm;rnfonhf vkyif ef;udrk Q tpd;k &tmPmjzifh apcdik ;f jcif; rjyKvky&f ef? (Oyrm- q&mrsm;tm; tpd;k &OD;pD;aom
tiftm;jyyGJ tcrf;tem;rsm;odkY wufa&mufapjcif;ESifh ausmif;om;ta&;wGif pGufzufapjcif;)
8/
ausmif;q&mrsm;tm; ausmif;zGifh&uftwGif; ajymif;aTUojzifh ausmif;om;rsm; pmoifysufapaomaMumifh
aEG&moDrSom ajymif;aTUjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&ef?
9/
Edik if aH wmf pufrv
I ufrv
I yk if ef;rsm;Sad om jrpfi,f? a&eHacsmif;? acsmufNrdKUrsm;wGif pufrv
I ufryI nmoifausmif;
rsm; zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
10/
ausmif;wGijf y|mef;xm;aom pmtkyrf sm;udk tcrJv
h akH vmufpmG iSm;&rf;&efEiS hf jyeftyf&mwGif rw&m;avsmfaMu;
rawmif;&ef?
11/
wuodkvfpmar;yGJwGif t*Fvdyfwbmomwnf; usIH;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jrefrm (10) wef;atmif
vufrSwfxkwfay;&ef?
12/
wuodkvf0if pmar;yGJaMu;rsm;udk 15d^- rS 10d^- odkYavQmhcsay;&ef?
13/
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; usef;rma&;twGuf tpdk;&ausmif;wdkif;wGif pma&;ud&d,mrsm;? upm;uGif;rsm;?
upm;Hkrsm;ESifh um,ynmq&m? q&mrrsm;udk vHkavmufpGmcefYxm;ay;&efESifh ausmif;aq;ay;cef;rsm;?
aq;ppfjcif; jyKvkyfay;&ef?
14/
avmavmq,foHk;rjzpfatmif ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeaom ausmif;rsm;tjrefqHk; jyKjyifay;&ef/
ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;tqdk
1/
(u) &uf (30) twGif; or*rsm;zsufodrf;&rnf [laom ynma&;XmetrdefYudk jyif;xefpGm IwfcsaMumif;
(c) or*rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcGifhjyK&ef?
2/
wjynfvHk;wGif wckwnf;aom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkudk wnfaqmuf&efESifh ausmif;om; opmazmufrsm;udk
543
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
ausmif;om;avmuwGif 0dkif;y,fxm;&ef?
txufwef;ausmif;Sd NrdKUwdkif;wGif wuodkvf0ifpmppfXmersm; zGifhvSpfxm;Sd&ef?
rw&m;zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;vTwf&efESifh aemufxyfzrf;qD;jcif; rjyKvkyf&ef?
vufSdausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&wif;rmrIrsm;udk toif;tzGJUaygif;pHkESifh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;?
tmPmydkifrsm; yg0if at;csrf;pGm ajzSif;&ef?
(u) oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk uefYuGufaMumif;?
(c) pmar;yGJcsausmif;xkwfpepfudk uefYuGufaMumif;?
rw&m;Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm; rjyKvkyf&efESifh rw&m;aom taMumif;jycsufESifh ausmif;xkwfcH&aom ausmif;
om;rsm;udk tjrefqHk; ausmif;jyefoGif;&efESifh aemufaemif odkYrjyKusifh&ef?
ausmif;om;xkqErygbJ jyKvkyx
f m;onfh zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf rI sm;jzpfaom rw&m;ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm; zsuo
f rd ;f
ay;&efESifh ausmif;om;xkqEESifh udkufnDonfh pnf;urf;rsm; owfrSwfay;&ef?
ausmif;ydw&f uftwGi;f rdb&yfxjH yefvakd om ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wuov
kd af usmif;om;rsm; enf;wl tpd;k &
ydkif ,mOf? &xm; ponfrsm;wGif toGm;tjyefw0ufc &Sd&ef?
[,f&w
D efusqH;k jcif;ESihf ywfoufonfh tpD&ifcf pH mudk wdik ;f jynfoYkd tjrefq;kH azmfxw
k w
f ifjy&efEiS hf w&m;cH
rsm;tm; tjypfay;&ef?
ausmif;oHk;ypnf;rsm; aps;EIef;oufompGmESifh oufqdkif&mwdkYu wm0ef,ljzefYcsday;&ef?
w&m;ojzifh wnfaxmifzGJUpnf;xm;aom ausmif;om;or*rsm;udk 0ifa&muf aESmifh,SufzsufpD;jcif; rjyK&ef?
vGwv
f yfpmG zGUJ pnf;wnfaxmifciG hf ay;&efEiS hf w&m;ojzifah wmif;qdak om ausmif;om;qEukd todtrSwjf yK
tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJUrsm;wGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifcGifhjyK&ef?
ynma&;qdkif&mvGwfvyfcGifh rcsKyfcs,f&ef?
wuov
kd 0f ifpmar;yGu
J kd owfrw
S x
f m;aom toufjynfo
h w
l ikd ;f tm; rnforl qdk tuefYtowfrSd 0ifa&muf
ajzqdkcGifhjyK&ef/
(3) trsKd;om;a&;tqdkrsm;
1/
jynfwGif;ppfudk awGUqHkaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh &yfpJ&ef yefMum;aMumif;?
2/
BuD;rm;aeaom ukefaps;EIef;rsm; csay;&efESifh vGwfvyfpGm ukeful;oef;cGifh rydwfyif&ef?
3/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rw&m;zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfh Oya'rsm;udk tjrefqHk;kyfodrf;&efESifh 'Drdkua&pD
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyefvnfay;tyf&ef?
4/
t*Fvdyf? tar&duefvuf0g;BuD;tkyf t&if;Sifpepfzsufodrf; trsKd;om; tusKd;pD;yGm;wnfaxmif&ef
5/
trsKd;om; jynfolvlxk aoG;pnf;nDGwfa&;jzifh e,fcsJUorm;tpdk;&wdkY\ pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&;? ppfa&;?
zdESdyfusL;ausmfrIwdkYudk [efYwm;um wm;qD;Mu&ef?
6/
(u) urmhNidrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;umuG,f&ef?
(c) tEkjrL? [dkuf'dk*sifAHk;ESifh EsL;uvD;,m;AHk;rsm;? tqdyfydk;rTm;AHk;rsm; prf;oyfjcif;rsm;? toHk;jyKjcif;rsm;udk
wm;qD;ydwfyif&efESifh vufeufavQmhaygha&;rsm; jyKvkyf&ef?
7/
udkvdkeDpepf qefYusifwdkufzsuf&ef?
8/
jrefrm-tpa&;pmcsKyft& Srf;jynfwGif qefpyg;pdkufysKd;vkyfudkif&ef MuHG,fcsufudk uefYuGufaMumif;?
9/
tmS-tmz&du nDvmcHqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk axmufcHaMumif;?
10/
(6) Budrfajrmuf urmhvli,fausmif;om;yGJobifBuD;tm; BudKqdkaxmufcHaMumif;ESifh ArmjynfrS wufa&muf
rnfh udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUtm; EdkifiHul;vufrSwfrsm; xkwfay;&ef?
11/
puFmyl? rav;Sm;? qdu
k yf &yf? t,f*sD;,m;Edik if rH sm;ESihf if;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; e,fcsJU t&if;Sit
f pd;k &rsm;u
zdESdyfowfjzwf nOf;yef;jcif;udk jyif;xefpGm IwfcsuefYuGuf tjyKtrlrsm;udk tjrefqHk;&yfpJ&ef/
(4) taxGaxGtqdk
1/
{&m0wDwdkif;? Srf;jynfvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;nDvmcHBuD;ESifh &efukefcdkif? jynfcdkif? zsmyHkcdkif? rHkGmcdkif
ausmif;om;nDvmcHrsm;rS tqdkrsm;udk axmufcHaMumif;?
544
(5) ausmif;om;nDGwfa&;tqdk
ausmif;om;r*rsm; wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;ESifh ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;twGuf wyfOD;? 'Dtufpftdk?
&Jacgifpaom rnfonfh ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhrqdk ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmifGuf&ef/
1958 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (15) &ufaeYpGJjzifhvnf; ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*tzGJUcsKyfrS zsufodrf;jcif;
cH&jcif;ESifh ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&aom ausmif;om;ta&;ESifh ywfouf aMunmcsufwapmif xkwfjyefcJhonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
547
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
-paom a<u;aMumfoHrsm;jzifh a<u;aMumfMuonf/ tcsKdUowif;pmrsm;u Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;vdkaom
ausmif;om;rsm;? ygwDcsif; tmPmvkyGJwGif 1949 ckESpfuJhodkY 1958 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ MoZmcH ausmif;om;
rsm;rS wqifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; ckwHk;vkyfcH&onf[k a&;om;NyD; tcsKdUowif;pmq&mrsm;u ausmif;om;rsm; trsKd;om;
a&;udk aqmifGufMuonf[k a&;om;Muonf/
(ps)
(1)
(2)
(3)
wuov
kd ef ,fajrrS e,fcsaYJ jcukwpf cef;
wuodkvfe,fajrodkY ra&muf&onfrSm Mumovdkvdk pdwfxJwGifSdonf/ trSefpifppf (1) vMumrQom Sdao;onf/
rdk;zGJzGJav;rsm; cyfyg;yg;MuJcsaeaom weHeufcif;wGif wuodkvfe,fajrqDodkY csOf;uyfcJhonf/ OD;pGmyxr wuo
pm;aomufqdkifBuD;xJodkY 0ifoGm;rdonf? eHeufapmapm (7) em&DcGJavmufwGif wuoacgif;aqmiftcsKdU 0dkif;zGJU vuf&nf
aomufaeMuonfudkvnf; owd&rdonfu waMumif;? ajcvsifavQmuf&aom 'PfaMumifh 0rf;[maeonfudk jznfhwif;&ef
0ifvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ NyD;awmhSdao;onf? wuodkvfavmuESifh ArmEdkifiHavmuwvTm;\ vIyfSm;rIowif;rsm;udkvnf;
Mum;Edkifonfjzpf wckckawmh xl;wmqef;wm Mum;&rSmyJ[laom ndKUuvnf; &pfywfae\/
w,faxmifwJU tar&duef
vuf&nfqdkifzGifhprdkY vuf&nfwcGufaomufEdkif&ef a&aEG;qlatmif apmifh&jyefonf/ pm;yGJay:rS wckaomowif;pm
pkwfudk qGJ,lMunfhrdonf/ wrsufESmrS wrsufESmul; MunfhvQifyif owif;pmaxmifhwae&m tar&duefjyefMum;a&;Xme
rSxkwfa0rnfh vif;a&mifjcnfr*Zif;BuD; xGufawmhrnf/ Zlvdkifv (1) &ufaeYuyif cdkif&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;xHrS trdefY
pm&NyD;/ Armhpmayacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; b,folb,f0gawG a&;Murnfqdkaom aMumfjimcsufav;udk awGUjrifzwfIrdygonf/
onfaMumfjimcsufav;udkyif rsufawmifrcwfEdkifbJ pl;pl;pdkufpdkufMunfhaerd&if; ]w,fNyD; tar&duefawG axmifaeygvm;}
[k wifpm;rdygonf/
vuf&nfwcGufvmcsrSyif tpOf;pm;&yfoGm;onf/ rMumrDyif rdwfaqGtcsKdUESifh wuoacgif;aqmifwOD; a&mufvm
onf/ vuf&nf0dkif; zGJUrdawmhonf/
reufapmapmpD;pD; wuodkvfe,fajrtwGif;odkY a&mufvmjcif;udk trsKd;rsKd;ajymqdk aemufajymifMuNyD;aemuf uRefawmf
awGUjrifcHpm;rdaom tar&duefjyefMum;a&; aMumfjimtaMumif; ed'gef;ysKd;rdonf/ onfuyifp wuodkvfe,fajrtwGif;odkY
usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmaom tar&dueftE&m,frsm;txd pum;abmifus,foGm;onf/
[kwfayonf/ ,aeYwuodkvfBuD;wGif ynma&;Muyfwnf;rIomru wuodkvfBuD;tm; &pfoef;zHk;vGrf;oGm;rnfh tar
&duef tE&m,frsm;uvnf; Ncdrf;ajcmufaeayonf/
0gSifwefcHwyfBuD;
wuodkvfe,fajrudk yHkqGJMunfhvQif tawmfyif pdwfxdcdkufrdonf/ tar&duefwdkY\ ajcukwfpcef;rsm;ESifh &HaGvsuf
wuodkvfBuD;onf MumSnf pnfyifEdkiftHhavm[lvnf; oHo,jzpfrdonf/ taSUuqDrS wuodkvfodkYvm&m vrf;rBuD;
548
549
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
bD;vl;pnf; vlpnf;uGJNyD;
tpDtpOfuav;qdkonfu wuodkvfor*ESifh,SOfNydKifEdkif&ef ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf pm;aomufqdkiftaqmuftODwck
zGifhvSpfa&;tpDtpOfyif jzpfonf/ wuodkvfor*acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; jzm;a,mif;&efjzpf\/ onftpDtpOf atmifjrifvQif
azmifa';Sif;\taxmuftyHhjzifh wif;epf? bufwrifwefupm;uGif; taqmuftODwck aqmufay;rnf[k avypfxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ upm;ckefpm;bufwGif wuodkvftmPmydkifwdkYu ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tar&duefodrf;oGif;a&;jzpfaom (pm;
aomuf0if;? uifwif;) zGifhEdkifvQif upm;uGif;taqmuftODudk yGJctjzpfay;&ef ,kwfrmaomtMuHjzpfonf/ ygarmuwOD;ESifh
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tjzpfuav;rSm rarhEdkifacs/
odkY tajctaeqdk;rsm;teuf txl;ta&;tBuD;qHk;tcsufrSm ygarmucsKyfudk,fwdkifonfyif tmSazmifa';Sif;?
zdkY'fazmifa';Sif;wdkY ta&;ygaom tzGJU0ifwOD;jzpfaeNyD; ,if;azmifa';Sif;wdkYrS ay;orQtcGifhta&;wdkYudk,lum wuodkvf
tjrJaeonfrSdawmhbJ (1) ESpfwGif (10) vcefY EdkifiHjcm;rsm;om tcsdefukefaejcif;jzpfonf/ pHkprf;odSd&oavmufrSm
odkY tar&dueftaxmuftyHhrsm;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;odkYvSnfhvnfaejcif;twGuf zdwfac:csufrStp tcGifhta&;&yHkwdkYudk
wuodkvftkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmtydkifqHk;jzpfaom wuodkvfaumifpDudk rwifjyjcif;jzpfonfqdkonf/ udptwGuf tawmf
yif*,ufdkufaeonf/ tar&dueftaxmuftyHhjzifh pm;aejcif;udk cGifhjyKxm;csufaMumifh wuodkvfaumifpDwGif tjypfBuD;
av;pGm usa&mufaeavonf/ tar&duefwdkY wuodkvfe,fajr ajcIyfaejcif;udk tao;pdwfazmfjy&vQif qHk;tHhrxifaom
tajctaeodkY a&mufSdaeNyD;jzpf&m wuodkvfausmif;om; avmuBuD;twGuf wuoonf t"duwm0efSdonfhenf;wl
wuodkvfavmuBuD;wckvHk;twGuf wuodkvfaumifpDu txl;wm0efSdaeayonf/ tcsdefrD ppfaq;wm;qD;ygrS &efukef
wuodkvfonf tar&duef\aESmifBudK;rS vGwfajrmufrnfjzpfonf/
armifoD[
(#)
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jynfwGifNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aqmifGufMu
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kd f txdr;f trSwyf aJG wmf
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oifwef; txdcdS o
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k nf; zGix
hf m;onf/ oD;jcm;wuov
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rEav;ausmif;tkyfBuD; OD;udkudkav;? qdkS,fvpfygwDrS ta&;ygaom rEav;om;0efBuD;rsm;? wuowdkY
BudK;pm;rI? wuodkvfaumifpDwGif wuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfaom wuoOu|a[mif; OD;armifarmifausmf (,ck
A[kd w&m;k;H aSUae) ESihf OD;vSwif (A[kw
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jzpfoGm;onf/ rEav;wuokdvfausmif;om;rsm;or*rS oD;jcm;rEav;wuokdvf tMudKyGJawmfukd usif;ycJhonf/
551
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
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jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
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6/ xD;wef;ESifh &efuif;? Oypmaumvdyftqifhxd a&mufSda&;/
7/ axmufyHhaMu;rsm; qufvuf&Sda&;/
(c) wuorS OD;pD;vkyfaqmifrnfU vkyfief;rsm;1/ tm;upm;ckefpm;jrifhwifa&;ESifh aumvdyfaygif;pkH ajy;ckefupm;yGJusif;ya&;/
2/ wuodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pkHawGUqkHyGJBuD; jzpfajrmufa&;/
3/ ausmif;om; oufomacsmifcsda&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfa&;/
4/ ausmif;om;q&m yl;wGJvkyfaqmif nDGwfa&;/
5/ jynfhpkHaom ausmif;aqmifudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh &a&;/
EdkifiHwumausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;twGuf tajccHoabmxm;
,aeYurmwGif adS eaom urmYausmif;om;rsm;or* (I.U.S) ESihf urmYausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcH\ twGi;f a&;
rSL;rsm; yl;wGJ ;Hk (Coordinating Secretariat of The International Students Conference) [lonfh tzGUJ tpnf;
ESpf&yfwdkYtm; rnfonfhtzGJUESifhrQ tzGJU0iftjzpf qufoG,frnf r[kwfay/ if;tzGJUESpf&yf vkyfief;rsm;wGif wuo\
vkyfudkifaom tajccH0g'ESifh udkufnDaom vkyfief;rsm;wGifom yl;wGJyg0iffvkyfudkifoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/ urmYausmif;
om;nDw
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J yk u
f ikd af &;twGuv
f nf; wuorS BudK;yrf;oGm;rnfjzpfonf/
,aeY urmYausmif;om;avmuodYk vljzLvlrrJ aG;? bmomraG;? ,kMH unfcsufraG;bJ ausmif;om;xktcsif;
csif; cspfMunf&if;ESD;a&; vdktyfvSonf/ if;tay:rSD tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&;twGuf yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifMu
&ayrnf/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;&Sd&ef urmYppfwm;qD;a&;ESifh udkvdkeDe,fcsJUpepfudk qefYusif&rnf jzpfonf/
xdYk aMumifh befa'gif;wGif usif;ycJah om tmS-tmz&duausmif;om;nDvmcHrS wuo ud,
k w
f ikd f yg0ifcsrSwf
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tajccHum tmS-tmz&du aoG;pnf;nDGwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf&if; EdkifiHwumSd ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh
qufoG,fvkyfudkif oGm;rnfjzpfonf/
tcef;(3)
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f ykd w
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cJhay&m xdkodkYaqmifGufcJhaom t"ducsrSwfxm;onfh vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfouf wifjyvdkufayonf/
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ynma&;? ,Ofaus;rI taqmufttkw
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jrefrmEdkifiHawmfESifh udkufnDpGm jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; rSdao;ay/ odkYtwGufaMumifhvnf; ,aeY ynma&;avmuwGif
tcuftcJ tusyftwnf;rsm; ay:aygufaeNyD;vQif rvdktyfaom tjzpftysufrsm; ay:xGufaeonfrSm rsufjrifxif
Sm;yif jzpfayonf/
odkY ay:aygufvmrIrsm;udk wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf tav;teufpOf;pm;cJhonf/ ynma&;tajct
aeudk rsufajcrjywfavhvm MunfhIcJhayonf/ ,aeYjzpfay:aeaom tcuftcJrsm;? tusyftwnf;rsm;udk jyKjyifzm
ax;kjH zifh raysmufEikd af wmhbJ vufydS nma&;pepfBuD; wckv;Hk udk ajymif;vJvsuf adS om jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H tajct
aeESihf udu
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hJ nfh tm;avsmfpmG vufydS nm
a&;pepfBuD;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef twGuf Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u OD;pD;um ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; w&yfukd usi;f yay;&ef
wuorS awmif;qdkcJhayonf/
odYk ynma&;pepfopfw&yf ay:aygufvma&;twGuf 1957-58 ckEpS rf S pwif BudK;yrf;vm&m ,ckEpS w
f iG f
554
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
om;rsm;or*EiS hf &efuek w
f uov
kd f aeYausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif;wdYk rS ud,
k pf m;vS,w
f Ykd ukd zdwMf um;ac:,lum atmuf
wdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;\ t"duta&;BuD;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/ ausmif;wv
ydwaf &;onf q&mrsm;twGuf jyifqifcsdef ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf jyefvnfavhvmjcif;twGuv
f nf;aumif;? a'oE&
A[kow
k SmrS;D a&;? tcgBuD;&ufBuD; rdbaqGrsKd;rsm;xHjyefa&;? tem;,la&;rsm;twGuv
f nf;aumif;? wuov
kd yf nma&;
wGif rSv
d Qirf jzpfaom tcsujf zpfaMumif;? (15) &uf pmydo
k ifjHk zifh ynma&; rwd;k wufEikd af Mumif; ponfh tcsut
f vuf
rsm;udk azmfxw
k af qG;aEG;MuNyD; atmufwb
kd mausmif;wvydw&f efEiS hf udpw
ifjya&;twGuf &efuek w
f uov
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OD;EkESifh awGUqkH&ef oabmwlnDcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifcJhonf/
1957 ck? pufwifbmv (27) &ufaeYwGif atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;udp ta&;wBuD;aqmifGuf
&efdSonf/ pnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (5) tydk'ft& wuo txl;tpnf;ta0; w&yfac:,lum atmufwdkbmausmif;
wvydwfay;&ef? udppOf;pm;&ef ta&;ay: wuodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0; ac:,lay;&efESifh udpudk tusKd;t
aMumif;ESifhwuG jynfhpkHpGm aqG;aEG;wifjyEdkif&ef tqdkrsm;udk txl;tpnf;ta0;wGif wifoGif; qkH;jzwfcJhavonf/
odkY qkH;jzwfcsuft& atmufwdkbm (3) &ufaeYwGif wuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh wuodkvft"dywd
OD;EkwdkY awGUqkH&mwGif wuo udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ atmufwdkbmausmif;wv ydwfoifhaMumif; aqG;aEG;wifjyonfh
tcsuftvufrsm;? tudk;tum;taxmuftxm;rsm;udk wuodkvft"dywd OD;Ekudk,fwdkifvufcHvmNyD; ,ckESpf tcsdef
vGefaeNyDjzpfaomaMumifh rjzpfEdkifawmhaMumif;? udpu
dk ynma&;aumfrSifwGifvnf; wifjypOf;pm;rnf jzpfaMumif;?
vmrnfhESpf ausmif;wvydwfEdkifa&;twGuf BudK;pm;ay;rnf jzpfaMumif;wdkYudk uwday;cJhavonf/
xdkYaMumifh wuo\ atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&; aqmifGufcsuf\ atmifjrifrIonf ,ckESpfwGif
taumiftxnfESifhwuG rawGUjrif&aomfvnf; vmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif atmifjrifEdkif&ef vrf;prsm;yGifhvmNyD[k wuo
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onf[k ,lqayonf/
4/
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wuodkvfaq;kHudk aq;ukonfh aq;kHoufoufwGifom r[kwfbJ ausmif;om;rsm; tem;,l&dyfomwck
jzpfvmonftxd aqmifGuf&ef wuorS &nfrSef;xm;ayonf/ odkYaomf udpo
nf wjznf;jznf; aqmifGuf&rnfh
vkyfief;jzpfayonf/ uaeYavmavmq,f taeESifh wuodkvfaq;kHwdk;csJUa&;? aq;0g;rsm;tcrJhukocGifh&a&;/ tcrJh
aq;xk;d cGi&hf Sad &;? olemjyKq&mrrsm; vkaH vmufpmG cefYxm;a&;twGuf awmif;qdx
k m;ayonf/ awmif;qd&k Sd xm;ayNyD/
tjrefqkH;jzpfajrmufatmif taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;&ayrnf/
ausmif;aqmifrsm; rvkHavmufrIjyemudk tmPmydkifwdkYu (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfESifh ajzSif;ay;ae
aomfvnf; ESpfpOfwuodkvfrS rvTJombJ xGufoGm;&aom ausmif;om;ESifh 0ifvmaom ausmif;om;OD;a& rrQojzifh
tcef;rvkHavmufrI jyemrsm; ay:aygufvsuf Sdayonf/ ,ckESpfpwGif ausmif;om;aygif; (201) a,mufausmf
tcef;rSd wcef;ESpfa,mufpepfudk ,m,DtokH;jyK tcef;rvkHavmufrI jyemudk wuorS ,m,DajzSif;cJh&av
onf/ tcuftcJrsKd; vmrnfEh pS w
f iG f ydrk Bkd uD;rm;pGm &ifqikd &f OD;rnf[k wGucf sufEikd af yonf/ xdYk aMumifh ausmif;aqmif
opfrsm;udk wdk;wufvsufSdonfh ausmif;om;OD;a& tcsKd;tpm;udk vdkuf tjrefqkH; tvkHtavmuf aqmifGufay;&ef
wuorS awmif;qdkvsufSdayonf/
5/
aq;odyHwGif ausmif;om;OD;a& waeYwjcm; rsm;jym;vsuf rEav;yif aq;odyH cGJjcm;zGifhvSpfEdkifonftxd
jzpfvmonf/ ppfrjzpfrDuvnf; aq;odyHonf oD;jcm;jzpfcJhNyD; ,ckESpfwGif ausmif;om;OD;a& tqrwef wdk;wuf
vsufSdonfhtwGuf oD;jcm;&yfwnfEdkifonfh tajctaewGifSdonf/ oD;jcm; aumvdyfjzpfjcif;jzifh t"duvdktyfcsuf
rsm;udk ydrk akd wmif;qdk wdu
k yf 0JG ifEikd jf cif;aMumifh (Constituent College) &Sad &;twGuf aq;odyaH usmif;om;rsm;or*EiS hf
wuowdkY ndEIdif;wdkifyifaqG;aEG;NyD;vQif tjrefEdkifqkH; taumiftxnfazmf&ef wuorS wifjyawmif;qdkxm;vsuf
Sdayonf/
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&efuif;ESihf xD;wef;aumvdyw
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556
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
2/
pwkwtBudrfajrmuf wuodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pkHaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;udk wuodkvfESifh aumvdyftoD;oD;wdkY
ndEIdif;wdkifyif 1957 ck? 'DZifbmv (28-29) &ufaeYrsm;wGif armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfpnf;a0;cef;rBuD;wGif &efukef
wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*? rEav;wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*? armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;
or*ESifh rauG;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*wdkY OD;pD;acgif;aqmifum atmifjrifpGm usif;yNyD;pD;cJhavonf/
uGezf &ifBh uD;odYk &efuek w
f uov
kd \
f r[mXmersm;jzpfaom &efuek af q;odyaH usmif;om;rsm;or*? rEav;
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&efukefwuodkvfESifh rEav;wuodkvfrS ausmif;om;nDGwfa&;wyfOD; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? wuodkvfESifh aumvdyf
toD;oD;Sd toif;tzGUJ tpnf; ud,
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awGUqkHaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;wGif &efukefwuodkvf\ tajctaeESifhywfoufaom tajctaepmwrf;w&yfudk
wufa&mufol ud,
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kd f ausmif;om;rsm;u
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'kw,
d ESihf wwd,tBudrf wuov
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csrf;a&; &Sda&;twGuf tpdk;&ESifh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwdkY ESpfOD;ESpfzuf rsuffESmcsif;qdkif awGUqkHaqG;aEG;ajzSif;jcif;
jzifh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D BuD; Nidr;f owf&ef arwm&yfco
H nfh yefMum;vTmwapmifukd uGezf &ifBh uD;wGif xkwjf yefEikd cf ahJ yonf/
xdkYjyif ausmif;om;xk 'Drdkua&pDta&;rsm; jyefvnfay;tyfa&;? EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; w&yfudk
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u OD;pD;usif;yay;a&;? jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f csrf;a&; tjrefq;Hk wnfaqmufay;a&;ESihf urmYwif;rmrI avQmhaygh
a&;twGuf tjydKiftqdkif vufeufwyfqifrIrsm;? tEkjrLvufeufrsm; prf;oyfazmufcGJjcif;rsm; rjyKMu&ef wdkufwGef;
awmif;qdak Mumif;ESihf vufeufppfonftiftm; avQmah ygha&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk tjrefq;Hk vkyu
f ikd af qmifu
G Mf u&ef arwm&yf
cHonfh aMunmpmwrf;udkvnf; uGefz&ifhBuD; wckvkH;u wnDwGwfwnf; xkwfjyefEdkifcJhonf/
xdYk aMumifh pwkwt
Budraf jrmuf wuov
kd Ef iS hf aumvdyaf ygif;pkaH qG;aEG;yGBJ uD;udk uRefawmfwYkd wuoESiw
hf uG
nDaemifor*wdkY yl;wGJum atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhaMumif;/
3/
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*\ vkyfief;pOfwGif ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;vkyfief;onf
wcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ if;vkyfief;pOfudk taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;qdkif wck zGifh
vSpf&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ oufqdkif&mwdkYESifh aqG;aEG;cJh\/ or0g,rqdkiftjzpfodkY &nfTef;aomfvnf; tcuftcJrsm;
Sdaeayonf/ or0g,rpepfrSm wa,mufpD tpkS,f,mjzifh rwnf&rnfhjyif vufSdtajctaet&vnf; or0g,r
rSwfykHwif&ef cufcJaeayonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif OD;pD;vkyfudkifonfh ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;qdkif jzpf
ajrmufa&;twGuf jzpfEikd o
f nft
h ajctae? jzpfEikd o
f nfyh pHk rH S wd;k csJUvkyu
f ikd o
f mG ;&ayrnf/ qdik rf wnfa&;twGuf ausmif;
aqmif o[m,ESiphf mzwftoif; ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf awGUqkaH qG;aEG;cJo
h nf/ tcsed t
f cg tajctaet& ausmif;aqmif
o[m,ESifhpmzwftoif;rsm;rS aiGaMu;tultnD&&ef tcuftcJrsm; Sdaeayonf/ wuotaeESifhvnf; vkHavmuf
aom rwnfaiGudk xkwfay;Edkifonf r[kwfay/ odkYaomfvnf; wuotaeESifh xkwfay;onfhaiGESifhyif jzpfEdkifonfh
&efukefwuodkvf wHqdyfygSdonfh pma&;puLuwfrsm;? pmtdwfrsm;ponfwdkYudk tzdk;EIef;csKdompGmESifh kdufESdyfa&mif;
cscJhonf/ ,cktcg pma&;puLuwfrsm;ESifh pmtdwfrsm; (2300) ausmfzdk;rQ a&mif;csNyD;cJhNyD;jzpf\/ azmfjycJhonfhtcuf
tcJrsm;Sad eaomfvnf; usef adS eao;onfh aiGEiS yhf ifrwnf ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsad &;qdik w
f ck jzpfay:vmatmif
BudK;pm;&OD;rnfom jzpfonf/ ESppf Of wuo\ ynmoifaxmufyahH Mu;qk (2) qkuv
kd nf; ynmvdv
k m;NyD; pD;yGm;a&;tm;
jzifh taxmuftul vdktyfaomausmif;om;rsm;tm; tenf;ESifhtrsm; tultnDjzpfap&eftwGuf ,ckESpfrS pwif
&efykHaiGw&yf zGifhvSpfxm;&ef BudK;pm;vsuf Sdayonf/ tjcm; tao;pdwfvkyfief;taeESifhrl NyD;pD;cJhaom atmufwdkbm
pmar;yGJ &efuif;ESihf xD;wef;aumvdyrf sm;odYk oGm;a&mufajzqd&k rnfh ausmif;aqmiftoD;oD;rS ausmif;ol^om;rsm;tzdYk
oGm;vmrIv,
G u
f al p&ef armfawmfum;rsm; pDpOfay;cJah yonf/ aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f ufrsm; ausmif;om;rsm; rdrw
d Ykd &yfxH
jyefMu&m ESppf Of&tyf&jrJjzpfaom Edik if aH wmf avaMumif;o,f,yl Ykdaqmifa&;XmerS txl;avQmEh eI ;f udk kyo
f rd ;f vdu
k o
f jzifh
jyefvnf ay;tyf&ef awmif;qdkxm;cJhayonf/
4/
ausmif;om;-q&m yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;ESifh ywfouf ,ckESpfwGif tawmfatmifjrifonf[k ,lq&ayrnf/
aG;aumufyGJESpfckvkH; q&mBuD;rsm;\ tm;BudK;rmefwufulnDjcif;rsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh yl;wGJpDpOfvkyfudkifjcif;rsm;
onf xifSm;aomatmifjrifcsuf om"ursm; jzpfayonf/ odkY ausmif;om;wdkY\ vkyfief;wGif 0dkif;0ef;ulnDaom
558
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
zdwMf um;cJo
h nft
h jyif wuo\ Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; usif;ya&;ESihf ywfoufaom oabmxm;
wifjycsufrsm;udk xkwfjyefcJhayonf/
3/
1957 ck? Ed0k ifbmv (26) &ufaeYwiG f *syefjynfv;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*rsm;tzGUJ csKyf Ou|ESihf *syefjynf
tEkjrLvufeufqefYusifa&;tzGJU (Japanese Council Against A&H Bomb) onf urmYausmif;om;rsm;or*
(I.U.S) ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f aejzifh ArmjynfoYkd vma&mufvnfywf&m wuorS *kPjf yK{nfch cH ahJ Mumif;/ wuo\{nfo
h nf
tjzpf &efuek Nf rdKUwGif wywfMumrQaexdik Nf yD; ausmif;om;a&;&mjyemrsm; urmYNidr;f csr;f a&;jyemrsm;udk &efuek jf rdKUSd
toif;tzGJUaygif;pkHESifh cspfcif&if;ESD;pGm awGUqkHaqG;aEG;oGm;cJhayonf/
4/
1957 ck? 'DZifbmv (6-7-8) &ufaeYrsm;wGif rEav;wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*rS OD;pD;usif;yaom
oD;jcm;wuov
kd f tBudKyGaJ wmfoYkd rwuo\ zdwMf um;csuft& wuorS OD;pD;acgif;aqmif tm;upm;orm;rsm;ESihf
,Ofaus;rIudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifwufa&mufcJhMuayonf/
wuorS xdkodkh rEav;tBudKyGJawmfodkh wufa&muf&mwGif(1) vmrnfhESpfrSp rEav;wuodkvfudk oD;jcm;wuodkvfjzpfawmhrnfudk vIdufvSJpGm axmufcHjcif;ESifh
(2) rEav;wuodkvf nDaemifausmif;om;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;cspfcifa&;? yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;[lonfh tajccH
oabmxm;ESpf&yfjzifh wufa&mufcJhjcif;jzpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifhvnf; wuodkvfabmvkH;toif;? bwfpuufabm? abmfvDabmtoif;wdkYESifh yGJawmfwGif ulnD
ujya&;twGuf tutzGJUrsm;udkyg wuorS zdwfac:pkpnf; nDGwfpGm tm;ay;wufa&mufcJhayonf/ odkYaomf
rEav;wGif rarQmv
f ifo
h nfh jyemwckEiS hf &ifqikd cf &hJ wuorS xdu
k pd E iS yhf wfoufNyD; 0rf;enf;aMumif; rSww
f rf;wif
xm;cJah yonf/ rEav;odYk a&mufaomtcg q&mrsm;OD;pD;onfh uyGrJ sm;ppfaq;a&;tzGUJ u &efuek rf v
S monfh uyGrJ sm;udk
tprf;ujyppfaq;cHNyD;rS ujy&rnfqdkvm&m wuotaejzifh rludk vkH;0vufrcHEdkifaomaMumifh uRefawmfwdkY\
uyGrJ sm; vk;H 0ujyjcif; rjyKcJah y/ rwuotaeESihf ppfaq;a&;tzGUJ tm; tjyif;txef ta&;qdak omfvnf; tcsnf;ES;D
yif jzpfcJhayonf/ xdkYaMumifh ppfaq;a&;tzGJUwGifyg0ifaom q&mwpk\tjyKtrlESifhywfoufNyD; rwuorSvnf;
0rf;enf;aMumif; rSww
f rf;wifcahJ vonf/ aemif tjzpftysurf sK;d ay:aygufrjI zpfrvm&efEiS hf wm;qD;Edik &f efwYkdtwGuf
tjzpftysufu or*ESpfckwdkYtm; BuD;pGmaomoifcef;pm ay;tyfcJhayonf/
5/
rEav;wuodkvf tMudKyGJawmfodkY {nfhonfawmftjzpf wufa&muf&if; rEav;jrdKUSd pdkufysKd;a&;twwf
oifr[mXmeausmif;om;rsm;or* trIaqmifrsm;ESihf 'DZifbm (11) &ufaeYwiG f vnf;aumif;? rEav;aq;twwfoif
r[mXmecGaJ usmif;om;rsm;or* trIaqmiftzGUJ ESihf (9) &ufaeYwiG f vnf;aumif; wuotrIaqmifwYkd &if;ES;D cspfMunf
a&;twGuf awGUqkHaqG;aEG;cJhMuayonf/
6/
tif*sifeD,mr[mXmeausmif;om;rsm;tm; ausmif;wuf 75% rjynfhvQif pmar;yGJajzcGifh ray;onfhudpu
dk
wuoonf tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;or*ESifh vufwGJwdkufyGJ0ifvsuf Sdayonf/ udpudk wuorS 1957
ck? Edk0ifbmv (29) &ufuwnf;u qD;edwfodkY wifjyxm;aomfvnf; tif*sifeD,mr[mXmerSL;u aESmifhaES;xm;ojzifh
MumSnv
f m&m ,cktcg pmar;yGrJ sm; eD;uyfvmNyDjzpfaomaMumifh udpu
kd ajzSi;f ay;&ef wuoESihf tif*sief ,
D mor*
udk,fpm;vS,fwdkYonf ygarmucsKyfESifh (3) Budrfwdkif oGm;a&mufawGUqkH awmif;qdkaomfvnf; r&Sdao;ojzifh aSUquf
vufaqmifGufoGm;&ef tif*sifeD,mor*ESifh ndEIdif;wdkifyifvsuf Sdayonf/
7/
wuoa<u;aMumfoH td;k a0pmapmifukd 24? 9? 57 &ufaeY Ou|opf usrf;opmusdeq
f ykd w
JG iG f yxrqk;H tBudrf
taejzifh xkwaf 0cJah yonf/ xdYk aemuf (37) Budraf jrmuf trsKd;om;aeYwiG f trsKd;om;aeYtxl;xkwt
f jzpf tk;d a0pmapmif
udk wwd,tBudrf 16? 11? 57 &ufaeYwGif xkwfa0jzefYcsdcJhayonf/
ESpfywfvnf tdk;a0r*Zif;udk ESpfrukefrD xkwfa0Edkifa&;twGuf tdk;a0r*Zif;aumfrwDrS pmrlrsm;awmif;cH
jcif;? aMumfjimrsm;aumufcHjcif; paomvkyfief;rsm;udk tylwjyif;BudK;yrf;vsuf Sdayonf/ ESpfvnf tdk;a0r*Zif;udk
aumif;rGeaf ooyfNyD; tqift
h wef;rDaom r*Zif;wcktjzpf xkwaf 0Edik af &;twGuf BudK;pm;vsufadS y&m r*Zif;aumif;
wck jzpfvma&;twGuf ausmif;om;xktm;ay; ulnDrIrsm; vdktyfvsufSdaomaMumifh ausmif;om;xkrS ulnDyg&ef
av;eufpGm arwm&yfcHvdkufygaMumif;/
(1) trsKd;om;aeh /
560
tcef; (5)
txdrf;trSwfaehrsm;usif;yjcif;
/ (37) BudrfajrmuftrsKd;om;aeYudk 1957 ck? Edk0ifbmv (16) &ufaeYwGif wuoonf
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
jrifao;onfh tcsufrsm;vnf; Sdygonf/ tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;udk &ifqdkifaqmifGufcJh&ojzifh
csKdU,Gi;f wdr;f yg;csufrsm;vnf; So
d nfukd igwdYk ziG [
hf 0efccH yhJ gonf/ odYk qufvuf vkyu
f ikd &f ef usefadS eao;aom
vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; OD;vnfrokef qufvufvkyfudkifoGm;rnf[k av;eufpGm uwday;cJhygonf/ ausmif;om;xk\
wcJeufnDGwfrItiftm;jzifh vkyfief;rsm;udk atmifyGJyef;wdkifodkY a&mufonfhwdkifatmif aqmifGufoGm;Ekdifrnf[k
wifjy&if; ed*kH;csKyfcJhonf/
ausmif;om;xknDGwfa&;rS atmifyGJodkh
(yk)H
armifpD
'k-Ou|
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*
&efukefwuodkvf
aehpGJ- 1958 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (4) &ufaehwGif xkwfjyefaMunmonf/
()
pmMunfw
h u
kd Xf metpD&ifcpH m
(tpD&ifcHpm tpydkif;aysmufqHk;aeonf/)
or*pmMunfw
h u
kd o
f nf odYk tultnDawmif;cH&m or*tcGit
hf mPmESihf 0g'udk xdyg;apaom rnfonfh
tultnDudkrQ vufcHpOf;pm;rnf r[kwfay/
pmtkyfrsm;xm;SdyHkpepf
wuopmMunfwdkufSd pmtkyfrsm;udk (Decimal Classification) ac: bmomESifhvnf;aumif;? bmom
&yfqdkif&m trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf eHygwfrsm;a&;xdk;um olYbmomESifhol oDjcm;pDSdayonf/ enf;pepfaMumifh pmtkyf
iSm;&rf;olonf tvdkSdaombmom&yfudk wdkufdkufaG;cs,fEdkifonf/ odkY or*pmMunfhwdkuftwGuf pmtkyfrsm;udk
cJGjcm; pepfwusxm;&m wm0ef,laqmifGuf vkyfudkifay;aom OD;tefYarmiftm; pmMunfhwdkufaumfrwD udk,fpm;
aus;Zl;wifSdaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf/
wuopmMunfhwdkuf\ owif;pm? *sme,fESifh ypnf;ud&d,mrsm;pm&if;udk atmufygtwkdif; jzpfayonf/
jrefrmowif;pmrsm;
jrefrmhtvif;
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vlxk
&efukef
xGef;aeYpOf
vif;,kef
ol&d,
aMu;rHk
t*Fvdyfowif;pmrsm;
aeSif;
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Time
New Time
vlxk*sme,f
pD;yGm;a&;*sme,f
jynfolY*sme,f
pm;yJGukvm;xdkif (3) pHkESifh bDdk (15) vHk; Sdonf/ owif;pmESihf *sme,frsm;rSm (enf;yg;ao;&m) wdk;csJU&ef
vdktyfayonf/
wuo pmMunfhwdkufonf 1956 ckESpf topfwzef wnfaxmifEdkifcJhonfrSp ,aeYtcsdefxd (2) ESpf
oufwrf; Scd ahJ yonf/ odYk&mwGif or*pmMunfw
h u
kd rf mS ppfrjzpfru
D vdk jrefrmjynf\ taumif;qH;k aom Edik if aH &;pmMunfh
wdkufwck rjzpfvmao;ay/
562
563
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
OD;pd;k ode;f
(1957-58)
Source: Oway Magazines
&efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* - td;k a0r*Zif;aumfrwD (1957-1958)
565
Source: Oway Magazines
&efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* trIaqmiftzGUJ (1957- 1958)
aYSwef; - udkcifarmifBuD;
(wJGzuftwGif;a&;rSL;)
'kwd,wef; - udkcifatmif
udkpD
udkpdk;odef;
('k-Ou|)
armifudk,k
(,Ofaus;rIESifhupm;ckefpm;) (vlxkqufqHa&;)
aemufqHk;wef; -
udkvSausmf
&efuem;
(Ou|)
udkmPf&if
(tdk;a0wm0efcH)
udkodef;Sef
udkcifarmiftkef;
(aiGxdef;)
(twGif;a&;rSL;)
udkatmifxGef;
udkatmifomausmf udkapmwomuvm;
(oufomacsmifcsda&;) (pmMunfwdkufrSL;)
OD;uHodef;
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(EdkifiHjcm;a&;)
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
1957-58 ckEpS f
wuo rnfohkd
aG;aumufvdkuf
oenf;
aG;aumufyt
JG BuKd nDw
G af &;wyfO;D
ydpk wm vSnv
Uf nfyJG
wyfO;D rS a<u;aMumfrq
J ,
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566
aG;aumufyu
JG kd atmifjrifpmG
Ny;D qH;k Ny;D aemuf? wnwmvH;k
rJtEkid t
f I;H udk
apmifUem;axmifMuaom
&Jabmfrsm;rSm
bGJYESif;obiftaSYwGif
cJvsuyf if? aemufq;kH eHeuf
(4) em&DwiG f tEkid t
f H;I
ausnm&m
&efuif;rJrkH S rJy;kH ,lvmpOf
aq;odyw
H yfO;D rSvnf; odhk
567
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
ausmif;om;nDGwfa&;wyfOD;
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
taG;cH&aMumif;
ausnmjcif;cH&
aysmf iG pf mG jzifU aG;aumufyJG
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wnwmvH;k tEkid t
f I;H apmifq
U ikd ;f
'd;k ywfw;D aeMuaom wyfO;D &Jabmfrsm;
568
tcef; (21)
Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
'Dru
kd a&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1958 rS 1959)
A[djk yifqifa&;aumfrwD obmywd wuo Ou| OD;pd;k ode;f rdechf eG ;f ajymaepOf (&efuek w
f uov
kd b
f EYGJ iS ;f obifcef;r)
569
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJusif;y&m A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDwGif &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*rS
(10) OD;? rEav;wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*rS (5) OD;? armfvNrdKifaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*rS (5) OD;?
rauG;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*rS (5) OD;? ausmif;jzLaumvdyfausmif;om;or*rS (5) OD;? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS
(5) OD; aygif;tzGJU0ifaygif; (40) yg0ifonf/
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJOD;pD;tzGJYwGif1/ udkpdk;odef;
obmywd (wuo)
2/ udkapmvGif
'k-obmywd (rwuo)
3/ udkcifarmiftkef;
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (wuo)
4/ udkwifaT
wGJbuf-taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (rwuo)
5/ udkausmfvS
tzGJU0if (armfvNrdKifaumvdy)f
6/ udkrif;axG;
tzGJU0if (armfvNrdKifaumvdy)f
7/ udkGefYaZmf
(rauG;aumvdyf)
8/ udkrif;ausmf
(rauG;aumvdyf)
9/
(ausmufjzLaumvdyf)
10/
(ausmufjzLaumvdyf)
11/ udkcifxGef;
(ykord af umvdy)f
12/
(ykord af umvdy)f
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;wGif 0efBuD;csKyfudk,fwdkif wufa&muf rdeYf cGef;ajym&efjzpfaomfvnf; c&D;vGefaeojzifh
o0PfvTmom ay;ydkYcJhonf/ 'k-0efBuD;csKyf ocifwifuvnf; o0PfvTmay;ydkYcJhonf/
'k-0efBuD;csKyfocifwif\o0PfvTm
odhk
jynfaxmifjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ usif;ya&;aumfrwD
ausmif;om;^oltaygif;wdkharmifwdkY usKyfwdkY ,aeYta&;BuD;qHk;aom jyemonf tb,fenf;/
armifwdkY usKyfwdkY\ ,aeYta&;BuD;qHk;aomjyemrSm jynfaxmifjrefrmEdkifiHawmfBuD;onf tbufbufrS
wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;yif jzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfBuD; tbufbufrS wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf p&ef rnfonfu
h pd u
kd aqmifu
G Mf urnf
enf;/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHol^om;rsm;tbufbufrS wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif aqmifGuf&efyif jzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if o
H ^l om;rsm;tbufbufrS wd;k wufaumif;rGev
f matmif rnfonfu
h pd u
kd aqmifu
G f
Murnfenf;/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHol^om;rsm;tm; vlawmfvlaumif;rsm;jzpfvmatmif aqmifGuf&efyif jzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if o
H ^l om;rsm;tm; vlawmfval umif;rsm;jzpfvmap&ef ynmay;jcif;ESihf ynmSmjcif;yif
jzpfonf/
ynmay;jcif;? ynmSmjcif;qdk&m arG;onfaeYrSp aoonfaeYtxd aqmifGuftyfaom vkyfief;jzpfay
onf/ tvGefus,fajymaom vkyfief;BuD;w&yfvnf; jzpfayonf/
ynmay;jcif;? ynmSmjcif;wdkYonf ynma&;vkyfief;jzpf us,fajymoavmuf tvGefeufeJcufcJaom
udpBuD;vnf; jzpf\/ aeYSdo? tcsdefSdo vIyfSm;wdk;wufaeaom udpvnf;jzpf\/
xdkodkYwNyD;um; usKyfnDi,f? nDri,frsm;onf ,aeYtcsdef rdrdwdkY ESD;aESmzvS,ftHhaom udp\oabm
obm0udk vnf;aumif;? twdrfteufESifhyrmPudk vnf;aumif;? aumif;pGmtmHkjyKMuvsuf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
awmfBuD; tbufbufrS wdk;wufaumif;rGefap&ef pGrf;aqmifEdkifMuap[k qkrGefaumif;awmif;vdkufygonf/
(yH)k
'k-0efBuD;csKyf
(jynfaxmifpkvlrIa&;)
570
ynma&;0efBu;D OD;ausmZf \
H rdechf eG ;f
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf ausmif;aygif;pHkynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;odkh wufa&mufMuwJU
ausmif;ol^om; udk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdkh,aeY ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,faygif;pHkwJh ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; pwifzGifhvSpfcsdefrSm pum;tenf;
i,fajym&vdkY rsm;pGm0rf;ajrmufygw,f/ ,ckESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; jzpfajrmufatmif w&uf? ESpf&uftwGif; pDrHvdkYNyD;wm
r[kwyf gbl;/ Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf BuD;rSL;wJh ynma&;pHpk rf;rIaumfrwD tvkypf wifaqmifu
G o
f nfh 1957 ZGev
f upNyD;
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*uvnf; ausmif;om;aygif;pHkynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ wckjyKvkyfNyD; aumfrwDudk
tMuHay;cGifhjyK&ef awmif;qdkygw,f/ ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwDuvnf; ,cka&;qGJrnfh ynma&;pHepf[m jynfolvlxk?
ausmif;om;rdb? ausmif;q&m? ausmif;om;rsm;ponfh ynma&;ESio
hf ufqikd w
f hJ yk*Kd vftm;vH;k \ tMuHPf? tultnD?
yl;aygif;aqmifGufrIwdkYudk txl;vdkvm;wJhtwGuf ausmif;om;csnf;oufouf pka0;wdkifyifapNyD; tMuHtPfrsm;ay;
&ef qESdygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;&JUqE? ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwD\oabmxm;? Ou|BuD; EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf\
qEESifh udkufnDwJhtwGuf wESpfeD;ygrQ tvDvDaqG;aEG;NyD;rS xajrmufatmifjrifvmwJh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;jzpfygw,f/
,ckESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;&JU tpDtpOft& ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk aqG;aEG;rJhtaMumif;t&m tvdkuf
tpkcGJNyD; aqG;aEG;ygvdrfhr,f/ aqG;aEG;&mrSm ay:aygufvmwJh tMuHaumif;Pfaumif;rsm;udk aemufqHk;aeYusif;yr,fh
ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,af ygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;yGBJ uD;rSm xyfraH qG;aEG;twnfjyKNyD; tJ't
D pnf;ta0;yGBJ uD;u aG;aumuf
wifajrmufvdkufwJh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwDodkY wifjyaqG;aEG;ygr,f/
'DvdkvkyfwJhpepf[m EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rSm 'Drdkua&pD,HkMunfrISdwJhtaMumif;/ cdkifrmwJh om"uBuD;wck jzpfyg
w,f/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif;rSm PfSdw,f/ wa,mufeJYwa,muf yHkoPmeftrlt&m uGJjym;ovdkyJ t,ltqoabmxm;
rSmvnf; uGJjym;w,f/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif;rSm PfSdw,fqdkwm ,HkMunfrI? xdkPfSdrIudk,HkMunfNyD; jynfolvlxkudk
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf trsm;tusKd;SdrItwGuf ajymqdktMuHPfay;cGifhSdrI? wOD;ESifhwOD;uGJjym;rIaMumifh ,ckavmurSm
wd;k wufrI w
dS ,fqw
kd hJ ,HMk unfr?I 'gawG[m tajccHoabmeJY 'Dru
kd a&pDrmS ude;f atmif;aewJh tqDtESpaf wG jzpfygw,f/
,ck ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;&JU ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udkvnf; tJ'DtajccH 'Drdkua&pD,HkMunfrIeJY ynma&;pHkprf;rI
aumfrwDu ulnDusif;yay;&jcif; jzpfygw,f/
ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;? jrefrmEdik if aH wmf&UJ ynma&;udk aqG;aEG;wJt
h cgrSm tajccHoabmeJY odrw
S t
f yf
wJh tcsufuav;Sdygw,f/ tenf;i,f ajymjyygr,f/
(1) ynma&;qdkonfrSm EdkifiHwEdkifiH&JU vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? trsKd;om;a&;eJY qufpyfaeygw,f? vlrIa&;?
pD;yGm;a&;? trsKd;om;a&;rSm jyemrsm;SdaeovdkyJ ynma&;rSmvnf; jyemrsm;tpOf Sdaeygw,f/
tJ'jD yemrsm;[m wd;k wufr&I UJ t&if;cHy/J jyemSrd S wd;k wufrI rdS ,f/ ynma&;jyemrSw
d hJ Edik if [
H m
ynma&;oabmeJU wd;k wufrrI Sad wmhb;l vdYk ,lq&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh urmay:rSm b,fEikd if rH S ynma&;
jyemuif;Sif;NyD;vdkY rSdEdkifyg/ ynma&;jyemudk ajzSif;&ef tm;xkwfwJhyk*dKvfrsm;[m aEGtcg
opfyifwyifatmufrSm wHjrufpnf;vSJaewmeJY wlygw,f/ aSUuvSJoGm;? aemufu opfGufajcmufawG
xyfusovdkyJ/ ynma&;jyemudk aSUuSif;oGm;&if;eJY aemufjyemopfawG xyfvdkufvmwmyJ/
Si;f ray;&ifawmh tpd;k &tqd;k yJ/ tckqakd wmh jynfaxmifprk mS ynma&;eJYywfoufNyD; cPcP ajzSi;f ay;
ae&wmudkawmh todMuom;ygyJ/
(2) jynfaxmifp[
k m vGwv
f yfwhJ tcsKyftjcmtmPmeJU Edik if w
H Edik if b
H /J tJ'aD wmh urmay:rSmSw
d hJ tjcm;vGwf
vyfwhJ Edik if aH wGeYJ EdiI ;f ,SOMf unf&h r,f/ ud,
k Ef ikd if aH v;udk ud,
k Mf unfah er,fq&kd if ]]a&tdik x
f u
J zm;oli,feYJ
wlaeygvdrrhf ,f/}} EIid ;f ,SOw
f t
hJ cgr,f ynmSBd uD;OD;ykna&;ovdyk ?J tojymwyfxm;wJh ig;Muif;acgif;udk
awmh udik v
f Ykd rjzpfao;bl;/ ESpaf ygif;ESpaf xmifausmf oH;k axmifupNyD; wu,fu
h kd BuD;yGm;csifwikd ;f BuD;yGm;?
wdk;wufcsifwdkif; wdk;wufaewJh EdkifiHawGeJYawmh EIdif;,SOfvdkY oifhr,frxifbl;/ jrefrmEdkifiHeJY tajctae
trsKd;rsKd;wlwJh EdkifiHrsm;eJY EdIif;,SOfrS ,xmblw trSefa&mufEdkifvdrfhr,f/ Sif;oGm;atmif Oyrmjyygr,f/
wufa&mufvmMuwJh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ua&m? ausmif;om;rdbrsm;ua&m? owif;pmq&mrsm;ua&m
EdkifiHawmftxufwef;ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;q&mOD;a&eJY wynfhOD;a&rrQbl;vdkY ,HkMunfaew,f/ trSef
wu,f urmYpHcsdefeJY xdk;Munfhawmh NAdwdefEdkifiHrSm q&m (1) a,mufr,f ausmif;om; (28) a,mufSd
571
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
w,f/ tar&duefeYJ qdAk ,
D ufrmS q&m (1) a,muf ausmif;om; (24) a,mufuspD Syd gw,f/ tdref ;D csif;
tdEd,jynfBuD;rSm ausmif;om; (32) a,muf q&m (1) a,mufSdygw,f/ jrefrmjynfrSm q&m (1)
a,muf ausmif;om; (26) a,mufSdygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk trSefa&mufatmif EIdif;,SOfapvdkygw,f/
(3) ynma&;qdkonfrSm vlxk\oabmxm;? vlxk\,HkMunfrIrsm;rSm tjrpfwG,faeygw,f/ vlxkoabm
xm;? vlxk\,HkMunfrIudk wr[kwfjcif; pGefYvTwfap&ef cJ,Of;ovdkyJ tjrpfwG,fNyD; ynma&;pepfudk
vnf; wr[kwfjcif; tjrpfrSEkwfypf&ef cJ,Of;wwfygw,f/ Oyrmjyr,fqdk&if b0opfzefwD;rIpDrHudef;
[m wuov
kd f wvrf;oGm;pepfrS pufrv
I ufrt
I oufarG;0rf;aMumif; ynma&;bufoYkd vrf;vT&J efjzpf
(Dignity of Labour) ac: pufjzifhvkyf&onhftvkyf/ ,if;rrQwrIudk ukef;atmfaeaomfvnf; ,ck
ausmif;toD;oD;rSmaeMuwJh ausmif;om;aygif; (1) oef;cGaJ usmaf usmaf &m? olwYkdrb
d ? aqGrsK;d ? rdwaf qGrsm;
a&m? wuodkvf wvrf;oGm;ynm? vcpm;ynm (0g) uRefynmudkyif ESpfoufaeMuygao;w,f/
tay:,Hay:vmwJh ynma&;pepfav;udk ref;rIwfNyD; jyKjyifvdkYr&yg/ tjrpfwG,fxm;wJh vlxk\,HkMunf
rI? oabmxm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJay;rS &Edkifygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHuJhodkY 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrSmawmh tJ'Dvlxk
\,HMk unfraI wG? oabmxm;awGajymif;vJypfzYkd&m tcsed af wmh enf;enf;Mumw,f/ 'gayrJh wcgajymif;vJ
NyD;&ifawmh urmwnfoGm;Edkifygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pD[m 'Dvdkoabmawmh Sdygw,f/
ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwDonf vdk&myef;wdkifodkY a&mufatmif vrf;ESpfoG,fjzifh csDwuf&ef pDpOfxm;ygw,f/
wvrf;rSm ESpfwdkpDrHudef;? tJ'DpDrHudef;eJY ,ckvufSdtajctaet& ajzSif;ay;EdkifwJh ynma&;jyemudk csufjcif;
ajzSif;ay;r,f/ wvrf;rSm ESpfSnfpDrHudef;? tJ'DpDrHudef;rSm wjznf;jznf; a&SnfajzSif;ay;rS&rnfh jyemrsm;yg0if
r,f/ oabmrSmawmh iSufzsm;zsm;NyD; acgif;udkufaewJh vlwa,mufudk yxracgif;udkufaysmuf&ef aq;wdkuf&ovdk
acgif;udu
k af ysmufaq; wdu
k w
f mu ESpw
f pkd rD u
H ed ;f ? tzsm;jywfomG ;atmif ukojcif;u ESpf n
S pf rD u
H ed ;f jzpfw,f/ tJ'aD wmh
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSm acgif;udkufaysmufatmif? tzsm;jywfaq;[l ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;cGJNyD; pOf;pm;apvdkygw,f/
ESpw
f pkd rD u
H ed ;f ud?k ESpf n
S pf rD u
H ed ;f rsm;twGuf tcsut
f vufrsm;udk SmazGonfah e&mrSm atmufygtcsut
f vuf
uav;awGudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;apvdkygw,f/
1/
vlOD;a&oef; (20) Sd jrefrmEdkifiHawmfrSm ,ckynma&;twGufaiG (13) uka# oHk;pGJygw,f/ EdkifiHawmftwGuf
oHk;aiGtm;vHk;\ 10.6% jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DoHk;aiG (1) uka#eJY &mcdkifEIef; (2.5) u (16) ESpftwGif; wjznf;jznf;
wufvm&ygw,f/ vlOD;a&oef; (20) Sd ,dk;',m;EdkifiHrSm 10.5%? vlOD;a&oef; (20) Sd tD*spfEdkifiHrSm 11%? vlOD;
a& (10) oef;Sd oD[dkVfrSm 18.1% ponfoHk;ygw,f/
2/
,ck jrefrmEdkifiHawmfrSm txufwef;ausmif;om;aygif; (3) odef;eD;eD;Sdojzifh vlOD;a&eJYpmaomf vl (60)
wGif txufwef;ausmif;om;aygif; (1) a,mufadS eNyD; tdref ;D csiEf ikd if jH zpfwhJ tdE,
d rSm vl (313) a,mufrmS txufwef;
ausmif;om; (1) a,muf? oD[dkVfwGif vl (38) a,mufwGif (1) a,muf? *syefwGif vl (26) a,mufrSm (1) a,muf?
qdkAD,ufEdkifiHjynfwjynfwGif vl (36) a,mufrSm (1) a,muf? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;wGif vl (35) a,mufrSm (1)
a,mufSdwm awGU&ygw,f/ *syef? qdkAD,uf? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHrsm;rSm txufwef;ausmif;ynmrSm roifrae&
jzpfygw,f/
3/
ynm&nftqifhtwef;rSmvnf; EdkifiHjcm;ynmawmfoif ausmif;om;aygif; ,cktcsdefrSm (500) ausmfrQ
Sd&m oufqdkifwuodkvfrsm;rS tJ'Dausmif;om;rsm;&JU ynm&nfwdk;wufrItwGuf auseyfw,fqdkwJh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;
&Sdxm;ygw,f/
4/
pmoifMum;&rnfh tcsdefumvtydkif;tjcm;[m ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;[m oifcef;pm
wckudk jrefjrefoif,lEdkifNyD;? tcsKdUrSmawmh aES;Muygw,f/ aemufawmhrS &Muygw,f/ 'gaMumifh (3) cguspepf/
rufx&pf atmifcsufnHhrIrsm;udk atmufyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk rSDNyD; pOf;pm;xdkufygw,f/
(u) jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ausmif;om;wa,muf[m (15) ESpfjynfh&if wuodkvf0ifcGifh&ygw,f/ tjcm;EdkifiHrSm
tenf;qkH; (17) ESpfSdrS &ygw,f/ NAdwdefEdkifiHrSm (18) ESpf? wkwfEdkifiHrSmvnf; (18) ESpfjzpfygw,f/
(c) jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ausmif;om;wa,muf wuodkvfa&mufatmif ausmif;rSm (9) ESpf pmoif&ygw,f/
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rSm (11) ESpf (12) ESpfausmf ae&ygw,f/ NAdwdefrSm (12) ESpf? tdEd,jynfrSm (11) ESpf?
wkwfjynfrSm (12) ESpf jzpfygw,f/
(*) jrefrmEdkifiHrSm aygif; (13) ESpfausmif;aeNyD;&if 'D*&D&Edkifygw,f/ tjcm;EdkifiHrSm tenf;qHk; (14) ESpf
Mumygw,f/ NAdwdefEdkifiHrSm (15) ESpf? tdEd,jynfrSm (13) ESpf? tar&duefrSm (16) ESpfjzpfygw,f/
572
ynmrif;BuD; pnfola'gufwmOD;b\rdefhcGef;
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf ausmif;om;aygif;pHkynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;odkh te,fe,frS wufa&mufvmMuwJU
ausmif;om;^ol udk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdkhynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; pwifzGifhvSpfwJhaeYrSm pum;tenf;i,fajym&vdkY rsm;pGm0rf;ajrmufrdygw,f/
,ck ausmif;aygif;pHkESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; rnfuJhodkY jzpfay:vm&w,fqdkwmudk tm;vHk;odNyD;jzpfygw,f/ 'DESD;aESmzvS,f
yGBJ uD;rSm jynfaxmifpw
k ckv;kH u ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifawmh ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;[m e,faygif;
pHu
k ausmif;om;rsm;eJY twlpm;? twlae? twlaqG;aEG; jyKvky&f awmhr,f/ ynma&;oabmw&m;? vlraI &;oabmw&m;
eJY Munfhr,fqdk&if 'g[m tvGefaus;Zl;Sdygw,f/ 'DESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;om rjzpfajrmuf&if b,frSmwOD;eJYwOD; ,ck
uJhodkY awGUEdkifMurSmvJ/ 'gaMumifh tultnDay;wJh ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwD[m rjzpfraeBudK;pm;vmwJh &efukef
wuodkvfausmif;om;or*a&m rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wifzdkYaumif;ygw,f/ 'DvdktcGifhtcgrsKd; jrefrmjynf ynma&;&mZ0ifrSm
wcgrQr&ao;ygbl;/ 'DtcGifhtcgBuD;udk tjyKoabmoufoufeJY toHk;jyKNyD; rSwfwrf;wif? &mZ0ifxdk;avmufr,fh
tMuHPfrsm;udk &vdrfhr,fvdkY arQmfvifhygw,f/
'DE;DS aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;udk jynfaxmifpw
k ckv;kH u apmifMh unfh em;pGiahf eMuw,f/ jynfaxmifpBk uD;wif ruao;
bl;/ jynfaxmifpBk uD;rSmSw
d hJ Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;uvnf; apmifMh unfah eMuw,f/ bmaMumifv
h nf;qdak wmh ,aeY ausmif;
om;rsm;[m aemifwaeY jynfaxmifpkBuD;rSm ae&mXmetoD;oD;uaeNyD; acgif;aqmif&r,f/ ynmrif;BuD;ae&mawG?
ygarmucsKyfae&mawG? 'k-t"dywdae&mawG? 0efBuD;csKyfae&mawG? pufq&mBuD;ae&mawG? Adou
k mBuD;ae&mawG? armifwYkd
r,fwdkY ,lMu&awmhr,f/ ]tayG;jrif tyifo}d qdkovdk armifwdkYr,fwdkY ,ckESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;rS ay;onfhtMuHrsm;&JU
tqifhtwef;? tus,fteuf? ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk usif;yyHkrSaeNyD; ,ckacwfausmif;om;rsm;\ tem*wfudk odSdcefY
rSe;f Edik rf ,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dwm0efBuD;[m tifrwefta&;BuD;wJt
h wGuf aumif;rGeaf om tMuHPfrsm;&Sv
d rd v
hf Ykd ,HMk unf
ygw,f/
,ck ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;udk usif;yay;wJt
h wGuf Edik if aH wmftpd;k &rSm (0g) vlxrk mS aiGaygif; (5) aomif;ausmfrQ
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2/ oifMum;rIr@dKifbmom&yfESifh ywfoufaom oabmxm; (Language Policy)
3/ ynma&;vGwv
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4/ ausmif;om;or*pmwrf;
5/ rlvwef;ynma&;pmwrf;
6/ rlvwef;vGefynma&;pmwrf;
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8/ vlrsKd;pkynma&;pmwrf;
576
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3/ wjynfaxmifpkvHk;u vufcHEdkifwJh pDrHudef;jzpfapcsifw,f/
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l onfh tm;avsmfpmG ynma&;0g'csrSwjf cif;? ynma&;pepfrsm;udk avhvmoH;k oyfjcif;ESihf ywfouf
wuorS atmufygtwdkif; wifjyvdkayonf/
(2-u)
wdik ;f jynfwck\ ynma&;pDru
H ed ;f onf wdik ;f jynf\ &nfreS ;f &myef;wdik o
f Ykd csDwufa&;twGuf vH;k 0taxmuf
tul jzpfayonf/ wdkif;jynf\ pD;yGm;a&;pepf? vlaerIpepf? ,Ofaus;rIpepfwdkYESifh udkufnD&ayonf/ odkY udkufnDrS
omvQif a&;qGJxm;aom ynma&;pDrHudef; (odkY) ynma&;pepfonf jynfoludktusKd;jyKaom pDrHudef;? wdkif;jynfu
vufcEH ikd af om pDru
H ed ;f jzpfayvdrrhf nf/ xdu
k o
hJ Ykdr[kwb
f J wdik ;f jynf\ csw
D uf&mvrf;aMumif;? wdik ;f jynf\tajctaeESihf
uif;vGwfum a&;qGJvQif xdkynma&;pDrHudef; (odkY) ynma&;pepfonf av;axmifhESifhpuf0dkif;uJhodkY cGifrusbJ tusyf
twnf;rsm; ay:aygufum ysufpD;&rnf jzpfayonf/
odkYtwGuf ynma&;pDrHudef;? ynma&;pepfwckudk a&;qGJrnfqdkvQif yxrOD;qHk; wdkif;jynf\ &nfrSef;&m
yef;wdkif? pD;yGm;a&;pepf (Economic System)? vlaerItaqmufttHkwdkYESifh udkufnDonfh ynma&;0g' (Education
Policy) udk csrSwfoifhzdkYvdkayonf/
Oyrm- wkwfjynfolYorwEdkifiHwGif if;wdkY jyKjyifajymif;vJypfvdkufaom pD;yGm;a&pepf? vlaerIpepfwdkYESifh
udkufnDonfh ynma&;0g'udk EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&muGefz&ifhBuD;rS csrSwfvdkuf ynma&;pDrHudef;udk xdkcsrSwfvdkufaom
0g'tay:wGif tajccHum aemufrS a&;qGJay;cJhayonf/
ynma&;0g'ESif ywfouf 1948 ckEpS w
f iG ?f Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u 1946 ckEpS w
f iG f zGUJ pnf;cJah om (Educational
Policy Enquiry Committee) \ tpD&ifcHpmudk tajcjyKum ynma&;0g'[l atmufygtwdkif; aMunmzl;\/
1/ Adoption of a centralized control and administration of Education as in interim
and experimental measure;
2/ The discernment of the system of grant in aid; and the adoption of in its stead of a
system of state schools.
3/ The introduction of a pilot project for Compulsory Primary Education.
4/ The new grading of schools.
5/ The Provision of Vocational training and technical education and
6/ The adoption of Burmese as the medium of instruction in single unifiedsystem of
schools.
5/
txufazmfjyygtwdik ;f ynma&;rl? ynma&;0g'rsm;yifo
dS nf[k qd&k jim;aomfvnf; wdik ;f jynf\ &nfreS ;f &m
yef;wddkif? pD;yGm;a&;? vlaerIpepfwdkYay:wGif pepfwusoHk;oyfum a&;qGJvmaom 0g'r[kwfjcif;? xdkynma&;0g'
aMunmcsurf sm;onf Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf vdv
k m;ouJo
h Ykd jynfow
l &yfv;kH yg0ifa&;qGx
J m;aom 0g'r[kwo
f nft
h jyif
Note- the three Rs* - Reading, W'rting, A'rithemetic.
578
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
7/ vlrsKd;pkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;
yg0ifumEdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrIjzifh usif;yjyKvkyf oifhonf[l wifjyvdkayonf/
(3)
Edik if aH wmfdS toif;tzGUJ aygif;pHk ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;rS ]ynma&;0g'} w&yf csrSwNf yD;pDcv
hJ Qif xd0k g'udk
taumiftxnf azmf&eftwGuf ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yf wenf;qdkaomf ynma&;pepfw&yfudk a&;qGJ&ayvdrfhrnf/
uJhodkY a&;qGJ&mwGifum; tpdk;&ynma&;Xme udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? ynma&;wwfuRrf;olrsm; yg0ifaom ESD;aESmzvS,f
yGJBuD; w&yfrSae wm0ef,lum a&;qGJ&rnf jzpfayonf/ EdkifiHawmfSd toif;tzGJUaygif;pHk taeESifhaomfum; rdrdwdkY
tvdu
k s ynma&;0g'w&yf csrw
S Nf yD;pD;onfh tm;avsmpf mG yg0ifvyk af qmif&ef wm0efrSad wmh[k ,lqayonf/ odYktwGuf
csrSwfxm;aom ynma&;0g'? ynma&;rlESifhtnD ynma&;pDrHudef;udk a&;qGJ&mwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;qGJ&efvdktyf
ayonf/
(1) rlvwef;ynma&;
rlvwef;ynma&;wGif u@ESpf&yf yg0ifayonf/ emp&D (ac:) uav;oli,fausmif;ESifh rlvwef;ausmif;
jzpfayonf/
rlvwef;ausmif;onf ynma&;twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm ta&;tBuD;qHk; pOf;pm;&rnfh
tcsufjzpfayonf/ tajccHtkwfjrpf rcdkifrmvQif xdkynma&;pepfonf NydKuGJrnfjzpfayonf/ rlvwef;ynma&;udk
pOf;pm;&mwGif vlwdkif;ynmwwfa&;udk tajccHum roifrae&ynma&;pepfESifh xdkpepfjy|mef;cJhaomf pD;yGm;a&;t&
vkyfaqmifaeaom uav;oli,frsm; ynmoifMum;Edkif&ef pDpOfrIudkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf[k ,lqayonf/
ae&mwGif roifrae& ynma&;prf;oyfonfh (Project) tawGUtMuHKay:wGif tajccHoifhayonf/
(2) rlvwef;vGefynma&;
(5) wef;? (9) wef;rSonf wuodkvf0iftxd yg0ifaom ynmoifMum;a&;yifjzpfonf/ tqifhwGif
EdkifiHawmfynma&;0g'twGuf tav;xm;um pOf;pm;a&;qGJ&rnf jzpfayonf/
(3) txufwef;ynma&;
wuodkvfESifh (Institute) rsm; tygt0if jzpfayonf/
(4) toufarG;0rf;aMumif;rIynmoifMum;a&;rsm;
rlvwef;atmifjrifNyD; ynmqufvufroifMum;Edik af om uav;oli,frsm;twGuf vnf;aumif;? rlvwef;
vGeftqifhSd ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf vnf;aumif;? wuodkvfodkY ynmqufvufrqnf;Edkifolrsm;twGuf vnf;
aumif;? 'D*&DbGJU& toufarG;0rf;aMumif;ynm&yfrsm;twGuf vnf;aumif; pOf;pm;a&;qGJ&rnf jzpfayonf/
(5) oifdk;oifwef;rsm;
(Curriculum) ,ckvufdS oif;kd oifwef;rsm;udk aocsmusepGmppfaq; acwfaemufusjzpfaeaom oif;kd
oifwef;rsm;? wdk;wufaomacwfESifh rudkufnDaom oifdk;oifwef;rsm;udk avhvmjzKwfy,fjcif;? acwfESifhnDatmif
jyKjyifjcif;? EdkifiHawmfynma&;0g'udk taumiftxnfazmfaprnfh oifdk;oifwef;rsm; jzpfap&ef pDpOf&rnfjzpfayonf/
(6) q&mjzpfoifwef;rsm;
(u) vufSdq&m? q&mrrsm;wGif a[mif;EGrf;aomt,ltqrsm; 0ifa&muf cdkatmif;vsufSd&m EdkifiHawmf\
0g'? ynma&;0g'ESifhtnD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;/
(c) q&mjzpfoifwef;ausmif;rsm; Teachership Training rsm;ta&;/
(*) q&mrsm;tcGifhta&;? vpmaiGowfrSwfjcif;rsm;udk pOf;pmaqG;aEG;&rnf jzpfayonf/
(7) ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfxkwfvkyfa&;
(8) oufBuD;ynma&;ESifU tm;vyfcGifUoifwef;rsm;ta&;
(9) okawoeSmazGa&; wdkhjzpfonf/
txufygtcsurf sm;udk Edik if aH wmfynma&;0g'ESit
hf nD a&;qG&J mwGif ynma&;Xmeud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; ynma&;
wwfuRrf;olrsm;\ wm0efo
dS nfah vsmuf vufzdS UJG pnf;xm;aom ynma&;aumfrSif yk*Kd vfrsm;tjyif jyifyrS ynma&;
vkyo
f uf&ifo
h rl sm;? ynma&;aumfrSirf sm;? aumfrwDrsm;wGif yg0ifczhJ ;l olrsm;? ynma&;uRrf;usiforl sm;udyk g xyfrjH znfh
pGufum ndEIdif;a&;qGJ oifhonf[k ,lqygonf/
(4)
580
aehpGJ- 7? 11? 57
trIaqmiftzGYJ
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* (wuo)
&efukefwuodkvf
&efukefNrdKY
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG
ay:ayguv
f myHEk iS hf tajccHoabmxm; taxGaxGtpD&ifcpH m
&Jabmfudk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdkhcifAsm;jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDrS
ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ ay:aygufvmyHk? ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk rnfuJhodkY usif;yoGm;rnfudk tpD&ifcHvdkyg
onf/ txl;ojzifh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ\ tajccHoabmxm;udk azmfjytpD&ifcHrnf jzpfygonf/
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; rnfonfhtwGufaMumifh rnfodkYay:aygufvmonfudk OD;pGmtpD&ifcHygrnf/ ESD;aESm
zvS,fyGJ obmywd\ rdefYcGef;wGif azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfojzifh tcef;udk tusOf;rQom tpD&ifcHrnf jzpfayonf/
'kwd,urmppfBuD; NyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf vGwfvyfa&;&SdcJhonfh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif ynma&;avmu
tusyftwnf; trsKd;rsKd;awGUMuHKcJh&onf/ odkYawGUMuHKcJh&aom tusyftwnf;rsm;udk ajzSif;&ef ausmif;om;xk
onf tBudrfBudrf tHk<uawmif;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuonf/ jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;uvnf; ynma&;tusyftwnf;udk
ajzSif;&ef vdktyfonfudk odSdvufcHcJhayonf/ tpdk;&onfvnf; ajzSif;Edkif&ef trsKd;rsKd; BudK;yrf;cJhayonf/
odkYaomf ,ckwdkif EdkifiHawmfonf ynma&;tusyftwnf;rS kef;xGuf r&Edkifao;ay/
udv
k ekd pD epf <uif;usef&pfaom tarGq;kd aMumifyh if odYk tusyftwnf; awGUae&jcif; jzpfayonf/ tajccH
usus pepfwckv;kH udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ rypfEikd o
f aGU rnfoYkd yif jyKjyifzmax;onfjzpfap tusyftwnf; qufvuf
awGUaernfom jzpfayonf/
tcsufudk ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;u ydkifEdkifpGm MunfhIEdkifcJhojzifh ynma&;a&;pepfwckvHk; jyKjyif
ajymif;vJypfNyD; ynma&;0g'opfudkcsrSwfum ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yf a&;qGJEdkifa&;twGuf or*rsm;rSOD;aqmifum
wdkufyGJ0ifcJh ayonf/
odkY wdkufyGJ0ifcJh&mwGif 1956 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*rS wuodkvfynma&;
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf a<u;aMumfcJhonf/ xdkESpfwGif ausmif;om;xkqEaMumifh wuodkvfrS (3) cgusESifh
65% ausmif;wuf&ufpepfudk pHkprf;a&;aumfrSif zGJUpnf;cJhayonf/ pmwrf;wapmifudk xdkaumfrSifrS xkwfjyefcJh
onf/ xdkpmwrf;tay: wuorS oabmxm;udk 31? 55? 67 aeYu xkwfjyef&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH\ynma&;udk
zmax;Edkifa&;twGuf BuKd;yrf;HkrQjzifh tusyftwnf;rsm;rS rvGwfajrmufEdkif/ ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf
Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;rS ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;? vlxv
k w
l ef;pm;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;rS ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;? q&mrsm;? vli,fausmif;
om;rsm;ESifh ynmSifrsm;tm;vHk;\ awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS OD;pD;usif;y&ef wifjycJhayonf/
odkY wifjyNyD;aemuf 8? 6? 57 &ufaeY EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf\ (4) ESpfpDrHudef;rdefYcGef;wGif ynma&;jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;twGuf azmfjycJah yonf/ (4) ESppf rD u
H ed ;f tpdwt
f ydik ;f w&yftjzpf ynma&;pHpk rf;rIaumfrwD zGUJ pnf;ay:
aygufvmcJhayonf/ odkY ajymMum;cJhonfhrdefYcGef;ESifh zGJUpnf;cJhonfh aumfrSifwdkYtm; ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI
tvm;tvmtwGuf c&D;OD;MudKjyKcJhayonf/
BuKdqkd rHk Qru ydrk akd tmifjrifEikd af &;twGuf tMuHPfrsm; ay;cJah yonf/ Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,f
yGJudk vlxkvlwef;pm;rsm;? EdkifiHa&;ygwD? ynmSifrsm;? q&mrsm;? vli,fausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifNyD;
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS OD;pD;usif;yjyKvkyfay;&ef 7? 11? 57 &ufaeYwGif xyfrHwifjycJhjyefonf/
581
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
odYk wifjy&mwGif ynma&;pHpk rf;rIaumfrwDEiS hf tBudrBf udrf awGUqHak qG;aEG;cJ&h m ausmif;om;rsm;\ wifjy
csuftwdik ;f jynfph o
kH nfh Edik if aH wmfdS jynfov
l x
l w
k &yfv;kH udk ud,
k pf m;jyKEdik o
f nfh ynma&;ES;D aESm zvS,yf BJG uD;w&yf
usif;yEdkifa&;udk oabmwlnDcsuf r&SdEdkifbJ ausmif;om;rsm; ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; usif;yEdkifa&;udkom
ulnDcJhayonf/ odkY usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf wuotm; wm0efvTJtyfcJhNyD;aemuf usif;yvQif ynma&;pHkprf;rI
aumfrSifrS ulnD&efwdkYudk ulnDcJhayonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tm; udk,fpm;jyKEdkifonfh ESD;aESm
zvS,fyGJBuD;w&yf usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;onfhtaejzifh ,ckausmif;om;rsm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;
atmifjrifa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;cJh&ayonf/
,ckE;DS aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;udk &efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*? rEav;wuov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*?
armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*? rauG;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*? ausmufjzLOypmaum
vdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*? ykodrfOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*ESifh ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rsm;
tzGJUcsKyfwdkY yl;wGJum A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDw&yf zGJUpnf;vkyfaqmifcJhayonf/
A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD
wuorS
1/ udkpdk;odef; (obmywd)
2/ udkcifarmiftkef; (taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)
3/ udkodef;Sef
4/ udkcifatmif
5/ udkatmifxGef;
6/ udkPf&if
7/ udkcifarmifBuD;
8/ udkatmifomausmf
9/ udkvSwif
10/ udkav;GefY
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f m
582
armfvNrdKifrS
16/ udkausmftkef;
17/ udkausmfvS
18/ udkrif;axG;
19/ udkausmfSdef
20/ rjrifhjzL?
rauG;rS
21/ udkGefYarmif
22/ udkrif;ausmf
23/ udkwifOD;
24/ udkxGef;EG,fOD;
25/ udkcspfaiG
ausmufjzLrS
26/ udkbwif
27/ udkpdk;0if;
28/ udkxGm;csKd
29/ udkbdk;wif
30/ udkpHvdIif
ykodrfrS
31/ udkcifxGef;
32/ udkGefY0if;
33/ udkjrifhodef;
34/ udkarmifarmifpdef
35/
-
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS
36/ udkaZmf0if;
37/ udkvSjrifh
38/ udkpGefwdwf
39/ udkjrifhOD;
40/ udkndK0if;
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJOD;pD;tzGJY
1/ udkpdk;odef; (obmywd)
2/ udkapmvGif ('k-obmywd)
3/ udkcifarmiftkef; (taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)
4/ udkwifaT (wGJbuf-axGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)
5/ udkausmfvS
6/ udkrif;axG;
7/ udkGeYfarmif
8/ udkrif;ausmf
9/
10/
11/ udkcifxGef;
12/
-
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
jyemw&yfudk tawGUtMuHKtoD;oD;ESifh,SOf ESD;aESmzvS,fMuNyD;aemuf xdktajctae odkYr[kwf jyem&yfrsm;udk
ajzSif;&efndEIdif; tajzSmMujcif;jzpfonf/
odkYESD;aESmzvS,f&mwGif tajctaersm;udk ay:vGifEdkifatmif aqG;aEG;&mwGif tajctaerSef &SdapEdkif&ef
twGuf pmwrf;rsm;udk zwfMum;um xdkpmwrf;rsm;tay: tajcjyKaqG;aEG;Muayonf/ wifjyaom pmwrf;rsm;onf
aqG;aEG;twnfjyK&rnfh pmwrf;rsm;r[kwf? tpD&ifcHpm oabmrsKd;r[kwf/ aqG;aEG;&mwGif tajccHoabmjzpfap&ef
wifjyonfh pmwrf;rsm;jzpfayonf/
pmwrf;rsm;tay:wGif tajccHum jynf0h pGmaqG;aEG;NyD;aemuf axmufc&H nfeT ;f csufrsm;? tMuHay;csufrsm;udk
pkaygif;xkw,
f l &ayonf/ axmufc&H nfeT ;f csurf sm;? tMuHay;csurf sm;udk pkaygif;xkw,
f o
l nft
h cef;wGif jynfph pkH mG ygSd
Edkifa&;udk t"du*kjyK&ayonf/
odkY ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ tajccHoabmxm;rsm;udk wifjyNyD;aemuf &JabmfwdkYtm; ,aeYusif;yrnfh ynma&;
ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;onf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if \
H ynma&;twGuf rnfonft
h cef;u@rS rnfoYkd aqmifu
G o
f mG ;&rnf
udk wifjyvdkygonf/
&Jabmfw-hkd
,aeY Edik if aH wmfynma&;twGuf vdt
k yfcsurf mS wdusaomtajctaeESihf udu
k n
f aD om ynma&;0g'opfw&yf
csrSwfEdkifa&;ESifh xdkcsrSwfaom ynma&;0g'tay:wGif tajccH EdkifiHawmf\vdktyfcsuf tvHk;pHkudk jznfhpGrf;Edkifaom
ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yf a&;qGJEdkifa&;jzpfonf/
ynma&;0g'opfw&yf csrSwfEdkifa&;ESifh ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yf a&;qGJEdkifa&;wdkYtwGuf ESD;aESmzvS,f
yGJBuD;rS xrf;aqmifMudK;yrf; ay;Mu&rnf/ ynma&;0g'opfw&yf csrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmf\ ,cifESifh ,ck
vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh ynma&;tajctaersm;udk wdusydkifEdkifpGm oHk;oyfNyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf\ ,ckvufSd tajctae?
EdkifiHawmf\ &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh tudkufnDqHk; ynma&;0g'opfw&yfudk csrSwfEdkif&ef vdktyfayonf/
xdkodkYcsrSwfaom ynma&;0g' tay:wGif tajccH ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yf a&;qGJ&mrSm ynma&;yg&*lrsm;\
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u@vdkuf ydkif;jcm;um csrSwfxm;aom 0g'ay:wGiftajccH tMuHPfrsm;ay;tyf&ef vdktyfayonf/ tMuHPfay;
csufrsm;rSmvnf; tao;pdw
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f J ynma&;
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tajccHoabmxm;rsm;ESihf ES;D aESmzvS,yf w
JG iG f ta&;BuD;onfw
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BuD;ayonf/ ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG sKd;rSm Edik if aH wmf\&mZ0ifwiG f yxrqH;k tBudru
f sif;yonfh ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; jzpfonfh
tjyif ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG tawGUtMuHKtvGeef nf;um nDvmcHrsm;? uGe*f &ufrsm;\ tawGUtMuHKrsm;ESihf a&maxG;oGm;rnfukd
txl;*kjyK&rnf jzpfayonf/
xdkYjyif ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;twGif; aqG;aEG;Muaom aqG;aEG;csufrsm; tm;vHk;onf ynma&;twGuf tajccH
&nfG,fum aqG;aEG;&rnf jzpfayonf/ &JabmfwdkY\ rwluGJjym;jcm;em;onfh ,kHMunfcsuf? ,lqcH,lcsufrsm; tm;vkH;
z,fmS ;um Edik if aH wmf\vdt
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aqG;aEG;&rnf jzpfayonf/
odkY ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJtajccHrsm;udk ydkifEdkifpGm oabmaygufqkyfudkifrdum BudK;yrf;Mu&rnf jzpfNyD;vQif
ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;onf Edik if aH wmf\ tajctaevdt
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f nfh ynma&;0g'opfw&yf csrSwEf ikd Nf yD;
vQif xd0k g'ay:wGif tajccHa&;qGrJ nfh ynma&;pDru
H ed ;f twGuf tvGet
f a&;wBuD;vdt
k yfrnfh tMuHPfay;csufrsm;
ay:xGufvmrnfjzpfayonf/
- ynma&;0g'opfcsrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;Mu
- ynma&;pDrHudef;opftwGuf tMuH Pfay;csufrsm; xGufay:vma&;twGuf BudK;yrf;Mu
A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD
(wuotaqmuftOD? &efukefwuokdvf)
ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifUpmwrf;
( aumfrSif )
Mo*kwfv (11) &uf
bGJYESif;obifcef;r (&efukefwuodkvf)
ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;wGif ynma&;vGwv
f yfciG Ehf iS hf ywfouf tajctae pmwrf;wck
wifjyaqG;aEG;&ef vdktyfayonf/
(1) ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhoabmxm;
(2) ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifh ydwfyifrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaomtE&m,f
(3) aqmifGufxdkufonfh axmufcH&nfTef;csuf (Recommendation) ponfh (3) ydkif;udk jyifqifa&;
aumfrwDrS wifoGif;vdkayonf/
(1) ynma&;vGwfvyfcGiUfoabmxm;ynma&;\&nfrSef;csuf (0g) OD;wnfcsufonf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; rdrdwdkY\oabmtavsmuf
rdrdBudKufESpfouf&m rdrdwdkYoefpGrf;&mwdkYudk avhvmoif,lcGifh? A[kokwwdk;yGm;EdkifcGifh &Sdjcif;jzifh vlrItaqmufttHk\
vdktyfcsufrsm;? ,if;\tusKd;twGuf jynfoljynfom;aumif; wa,mufyDyD OD;vnfrokef xrf;GufEdkif&ef zefwD;ay;
Edik af om &nfreS ;f csufjzpf&ayrnf/ if;jyif ynma&;\&nfreS ;f csufonf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; rdrw
d Ykd \ trsKd;om;
,Ofaus;rIudk av;pm;aponfhtjyif tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIudkvnf; em;vnfav;pm;apjcif;jzifh if;wdkYtm;
trsKd;om;vGwv
f yfa&;? 'Dru
kd a&pDtcGit
hf a&;? Nidr;f csrf;a&;? tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;\ jynforl sm;udk em;vnfav;pm;rI
Sdapjcif;udk zefwD;Edkifrnfh ynma&;&nfrSef;csuf jzpf&ayrnf/
if;&nfrSef;csuf (0g) ynma&; &nfG,fcsufrsm;\ tESpfom&toGifonf vlom;wdkY\ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
tywfwukwf BudK;pm;&if;rS ay;pGr;f Edik af om 0dZm ynm&yfrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;? tjyKoabmjzifh
wd;k wufxeG ;f um;atmif aqmifu
G jf cif;jzifh vnf;aumif; ay:vGix
f ifmS ;ap\/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS ynma&;onf wckwnf;
aom vlrItaqmufttHk\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhpGrf;Edkifaponfh oabmSd&rnf/ ynma&;ydkif;jcm;csufudk (Oyrm)
pufryI nm? pmayynm oif,&l rnfyh nm (Obligatory) ESihf oifvu
kd oifEikd af omynm (Non-obligatory Training)
ponfh tqufqufukd pkaygif;pyfvsOf; avhvm&onf/ avhvmjcif;jzifh ynma&;\ tESpfom&toGifudk aqmifap
onf/ ta&;BuD;aomtcsufrSm ynma&;udk rdrd\trsKd;om;bmom pum;jzifh t"duxm; oif,l&rnf/ odkY&mwGif
EdkifiHjcm;bmompum;udkvnf; txl;tm;ay;xdkufayonf/
txufyg&nfreS ;f csuEf iS hf tESpo
f m&toGiu
f akd qmifaom ynma&;onf 'Dru
kd a&pDtoGiaf qmifonfh (Democratic Education) jzpfayonf/ &nfrSef;csuf tESpfom&udk taumiftxnfazmfaom ynma&;vkyfief;wGif- rlvwef;ESifh rlvwef;vGefynma&; oifMum;cGifh
- EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? bmoma&; rcGJjcm;bJ vlwdkif;vGwfvyfpGm tcvGwf ynmoif,lcGifh
- tpdk;&rS wuodkvfynm&yfudk vlwdkif; wufa&mufoifMum;Edkif&ef tcvGwfynma&; aqmifGufjcif;?
axmufyHhaMu; vHkavmufpGmay;a&;? ausmif;aqmif ae&mxdkifcif; vHkavmuf oufomacsmifcsda&;
- ausmif;om;taqmufttHkyHkpHudk pepfwusjyifjcif;jzifh vlrItaqmufttHkwGif ausmif;om;rsm; rdrd
wdkYyg0ifonfh tcef;u@wdkif; vG,fvifhwul 0ifa&mufxrf;aqmifjcif; ponfhvkyf&yfrsm; (0g) vkyfief;
rsm;udk OD;aqmifaponf/
odkYvQif txufyg &nfrSef;csuftESpfom&ESifh vkyf&yfyHkpHwdkYjzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom ynma&;udk csKyfudkif
onfh oabmonf ynma&;vGwv
f yfciG u
hf kd ay;pGr;f Edik o
f nfo
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kd a&pDusaom ynma&;
ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhonf odkYSd&rnf/
(u) ausmif;\vkyfief;wGif vGwfvyfcGifh? vkyfudkifaqmifGufEdkifcGifh oabmSd&rnf/ uJhodkY vkyfudkif&m
ausmif;om;? rdb? q&m oH;k yGiq
hf ikd cf sdecf iG o
f zG,f (Balanced Participation) yl;wGaJ qmifu
G &f rnf/
(c) ausmif;\wdk;wuf&mwdk;wuffaMumif; vkyfief;rSeforQ vkyf&mwGif raESmifh,Sufonfhjyif rdrdwdkY\ rlrrSef
aom oabmw&yfudk ausmif;xJwGif roGwfoGif;ap&ef aqmifGuf&rnf/
(*) pD;yGm;a&;ESihf Oya'vGwv
f yfciG hf tmrcHcsuf S&d rnf/ wcsed w
f nf;wGif avmu"gwfoyd EH iS hf ,Ofaus;rIynm
wdk;wuf&m wdk;wufaMumif; avhvmvdkufpm;cGifh Sdap&rnf/
585
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(C) ynmoifMum;pepf acwfrD&rnf/ qdkvdkonfrSm ynmoifMum;a&;ESifh vlYavmu tquftpyfSd&rnf/
trsKd;bmomtoGiaf qmif 0dZm enf;usaom ausmif;oH;k pmtkyrf sm; jy|mef;&rnf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
wuodkvfESifh txufwef;ausmif; tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif yg0ifcGifhSd&rnf/ wuodkvfodkY ay;tyfxm;onfh
tcGifhta&;udk dkaoMu&rnf/
(i) ynma&;\qefYusifbufjzpfaom ppfom;pkaqmif;jcif;udk rSdap&/
(p) trsKd;orD;wdkif; trsKd;om;ESifh wef;wlynmoifMum;cGifh Sd&rnf/
(q) q&mrsm;cefYxm;&m ynmt&nftcsif;jzifh jzpf&rnf/ Edik if aH &;cGjJ cm;rI ryg0if&/ if;jyif q&mrsm;onf
rdrdwdkY BudKufESpfouf&m EdkifiHa&;0g'udk avhvmydkifcGifh Sd&rnf/
(Z) atmifjrifNyD;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdwdkYt&nftcsif;t& tvkyfvkyfydkifcGifh Sd&rnf/
(2) ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifUydwfyifrIaMumifU jzpfay:vmwwfaomtE&m,f
ynma&;tcGifhta&; aESmifh,Suf&m tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;ESifh jynfywdkif;wyg;rS 0ifa&mufzsufqD;jcif;udk
cH&wwfonf/ Oyrmjy&vQif tar&duefEdkifiHwGif ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhydwfyifrIudk rsm;pGmawGUSd&ayonf/ OyrmvljzL-vlrJcGJjcm;oifMum;jcif;? vljzLausmif; vlrJrwufa&mufEdkif? wufa&mufvQif 0dkif;0ef;owfjzwfcH&onftxd
Oyrm- (Little Rock Affair in Sept 1957) ynmwwfygarmursm;pGmudk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif ausmif;xkwfjcif;rsm;?
ppfaq;jcif;rsm;? Oyrm- (Loyalty Oath, Un-American Act) ponfjzifh tEkjrLygarmuBuD; Oppenheimer
uJo
h Ykdaom vly*k Kd vfrsm; w&m;pGcJ &H onf/ tvkyx
f w
k cf &H onf/ pmtkyjf y|mef;&m tenf;i,fw;kd wufaom toGit
f jyif
aqmifonfh pmtkyfrsm;udkydwfyifonf/ Oyrm- Mark Twain a&;om;aompmtkyfrsm; (A Connecticut Yankee
in Kings Author Court) ponfrsm; jzpfayonf/ if;aemuf ppfom;pkaqmif;jcif;? tEkjrL-[du
k Nf 'dK*siAf ;kH wdr;f aSmif
enf; ppfynm&yftaxGaxGukd ausmif;rsm;oifMum;jcif;? rdrw
d Ykd tvdu
k s ygarmursm;cefY azmifa';Si;f trsKd;rsKd;emrnf
jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom ausmif;rsm;/ Oyrm- Morgan, Rockefeller career, and Ford ponhf taxmuf
tyHw
h nfausmif;rsm; urmYtESYt
H jym;wnfaqmuf 0g'oGwo
f iG ;f jcif; ponfh ynmvGwv
f yfciG u
hf kd ydwyf ifzsuq
f ;D onfh
oabm oufa&mufojzifh wdkif;jynf\ynma&;udk tE&m,fusa&mufaponf/
,aeYjrefrmjynf ynma&;avmuwGif ynma&;vGwv
f yfciG hf ydS g\avm[laom awG;ac:csufonf ay:ayguf
vmonf/ awG;ac:csufudk ajzqdk&vQif ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhonf rSdao;[k qdkvdkonf/ ydkrdkxifSm;vdkayonfrSm
,ckavmavmq,f awGUSdae&aom jyemESifh ,cifMuHKawGUcJh&aom jyemrsm;udk OD;cdkufwifjy vdkayonf/
ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf jy|mef;&m trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI xdef;odrf;Edkifonfh zGHUNzdK;Edkifonfh jynfoltcsif;csif;
&if;ES;D cspfMunfa&;udk zefw;D Edik o
f nfh pmtkyrf sm;udk jy|mef;onfxuf tcsif;csif; pdw0f rf;uGaJ paom ,Ofaus;rIacgif;yg;
aom ppfom;pkaqmif;onfh oabmyg0ifaom tpd;k &\ rlrrSeaf om t,ltqwdYk ukd oGwo
f iG ;f apaom npfnrf;onfh
toHk;tEIH;rsm; yg0ifaom pmtkyfrsm;udk ,ckxufwdkif tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;rS wuodkvfausmif;rsm;txd jy|mef;
oifMum;vsufyif Sdaeao;onf/
Oyrm- tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek a&;om;xm;aom vlxkatmfoHjyZmwfuJhodkY pmtkyf?
wyfxJu jrwfudkudk ponfwdkY jzpfonf/
wuodkvfrsm;wGifvnf; Oypmwef;wGif OD;Eka&;om;xm;aom ]jynfaxmifpyk ef;wdik }f uJhodkYaom 0g'oabm
oGwo
f iG ;f onfh pmtkyrf sm;jy|mef;jcif;/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS wdik ;f jynftaMumif; odapvdv
k Qif txufygpmtkyf jy|mef;&efrvd/k
wdkif;jynf\ tkyfcsKyfyHk? zGJUpnf;yHkpmtkyfrsKd;? tajccHOya'uJhodkYaom pmtkyfrsKd; avhvmaponfum; rlrSefayOD;rnf/
,ckum; uJhodkYr[kwfbJ rdrdwdkYBuKdufESpfouf&m 0g'vrf;pOfudk twif;oGwfoGif;rnfh yHkpHkrsKd;jzpfvm vGwfvyfpGm
avhvmvdkufpm;cGifh ydwfyifjcif;w&yfyif/ if;aemuf wuodkvfodkY EdkifiHjcm;tultnDjzifh oifMum;ydkYcsay;aeaom
tjynfjynfqdkif&m qufoG,fa&; (International Relation) wGif if;oifMum;aom tar&duefq&mrsm;u rdrdwdkY
tar&duef0g'udkom OD;pm;ay;onf/ wzufowfusaom pmtkyfrsm;jy|mef;jcif;? oifMum;ay;jcif;? Oyrm- Perkins
a&; International Relations ponfESifh vlrIqufqHaA' (Sociology) wGifvnf; wzufowfusaom pmayrsm;
ydkYcsaejcif;wdkYonf ynma&;vGwfvyfrItE&m,frsm; jzpfayonf/
ausmif;q&mrsm; cefYxm;&mvnf; ygwDtvdkuscefYxm;jcif;aMumifhvnf; t&nftcsif;rSdaom q&mrsm;
aygrsm;apjcif;/ t&nftcsi;f jynf0h aom q&mrsm;\tcGit
hf a&; ydwyf ifc&H jcif;/ Edik if aH &;0g't& qefYusio
f nfxif&ol
rsm;tm; tvkyfrcefYjcif;? jzKwfjcif;/ (Oyrm-OD;wifaT (ac:) &Jabmfcsrf;at;tm; abm*aA' vufaxmufuxdurS
586
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
wuov
kd v
f rl sKd;pktoif;tzGUJ aygif;pHEk iS hf em;vnfr&I Sad tmif aqmifu
G &f jcif;? A[djk yifqifa&;aumfrwDrS udck sKd (rEav;
wuodkvf) ESifhtcsKdU EkwfxGufoGm;onfrSvGJ usefESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk 13? 8? 58 &uf? eHeufykdif;wGif wuo
Ou| udkpdk;odef; acgif;aqmifonfh wyfOD;tkyfpku atmifjrifpGm usif;yNyD;pD;cJhonf/
ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;ESifh apwemrSefESifh dk;om;pGm&yfwnfjcif;udk odem;vnfonfESifhtrQ 0efBuD;csKyf
onf ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ wufa&mufolrsm;udk npmjzifh {nfhcHonf/ azsmfajza&; tpDtpOfrsm;ygonf/ yxrwGif rlt&
vufcjH cif;rjyKcJah om txuausmif;om;or*rS ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;twGuf c&D;p&dwx
f w
k af y;&ef 0efBuD;csKyfu oabm
wlcJhygonf/ qufoG,fa&;wm0efcH ynma&;okawoet&mSd OD;bjrifhtm; xdkwm0efudk aqmifGuf&ef 0efBuD;csKyf
u ausmif;om;rsm;aSUyif EIwfrdefYay;cJhavonf/
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJaMumifh tpdk;&\odumrsm;pGm wufoGm;onf/ tpdk;&ESifhausmif;om;Mum; tjrJwrf;uP
aump jzpfaerIrsm;udk ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;ESifh tpdk;&yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;? em;vnfrISdvmjcif; jzpfonf/
ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG tusKd;qufrmS yDuif;NrdKUawmfwiG f usif;yrnfh urmah usmif;om;or* (I.U.S) nDvmcHoYkd Auorsm;
tzGJUcsKyf? wuoESifh usefaumvdyfwuodkvf or*udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufcGifh&&ef vrf;yGifhoGm;jcif; jzpfayonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG S
xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf
1/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;Sd wuodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHkrS OD;pD;usif;yum jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;
qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk 1958 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (9) &ufaeYrS (13) &ufaeYtxd &efukef
wuodkvf bGJUESif;obifcef;raqmif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf/ wuodkvfESifh aumvdyftoif;tzGJUrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f
aygif; (215) a,muf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&wef;jrifhausmif;rS udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (441) a,muf? NrdKUe,fausmif;om;rsm;
or*rS udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (110) a,mufESifh pufrIvufrIESifh pdkufysKd;a&;ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (11)
a,muf wufa&muf pkpkaygif; udk,fpm;vS,f (789) a,muf wufa&mufMuonf/
2/
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;wGif jyifqifa&;A[dkaumfrwDrS a&;qGJum1/ ynma&;0g'wifjycsufpmwrf;
2/ oifMum;rIr@dKifbmom&yfESifh ywfouf oabmxm;wifjycsuf
3/ rlvwef;? rlvwef;vGefynma&;ESifh tvGwfynmoifausmif;pmwrf;
4/ twef;vGefynma&;pmwrf;
5/ pufrIvufrItoufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynma&;pmwrf;
6/ vlrsKd;pkynma&;pmwrf;
7/ ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh or*zGJUpnf;cGifhpmwrf;
8/ vlxkynma&;ESifh oufBuD;ynma&;pmwrf;[l pmwrf;aygif; (13) ck a&;om;wifjycJhonf/ aumfrSif
(8) pkcGJum aqG;aEG;cJhonf/
3/
ynma&;0g'wifjycsufpmwrf;udk 1958 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (10) &ufaeYwGif wufa&mufvmaom udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;tm; tpk (5) pkcGJum aqG;aEG;cJhonf/ xdkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif wufa&mufvmaom udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;
pdwt
f m;xufoefpmG yg0ifaqG;aEG;Muonf/ ynma&;0g' wifjycsupf mwrf;udk wufa&muf aqG;aEG;olrsm;u oabmwl
nD vIdufvSJpGmvufcHMuygonf/ pmwrf;a&;om;rIESifh ywfouf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ ynma&;0g'ESifh ynma&;
vkyfief;rsm;udk oHk;oyfa0zef&mwGif ydkrdkjynfhpHkvHkavmufpGm a0zef&efoifhaMumif;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;Muonf/ wifjy
aqG;aEG;csufuv
kd nf; jyifqifa&;A[dak umfrwDrS wifjycsufjzpfaom ynma&;0g' (8) &yfEiS yhf wfouf wufa&mufol
rsm;u ,ckxufydkNyD; tcsuftvufjynfhpHkpGm a&;oifhaMumif; tMuHay;&m A[dkaumfrwDrS vufcHoabmwlnDaMumif;?
wufa&mufol udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrS tcsKdUolrsm;u e,fcsJUya'o&mZfqefYusifa&; [laomtcsufudk tcsufw&yft
jzpfEiS hf vnf;aumif;? 'Dru
kd a&pDynma&;0g'udk tcsuw
f csut
f jzpf vnf;aumif;? (cultural autonomy) ,Ofaus;rI
vGwfvyfcGifh[laomtcsufudk vnf;aumif;? pm&dwr@dKifjrifhwifa&;? vlwdkif;usef;rma&;twGuf upm;ckefpm;tm;
ay;a&;[laomtcsufukd vnf;aumif;? Ak'b
momrl Ak'y nma&;jzpf&rnf [laomtcsufrsm;udk vnf;aumif; jznhpf u
G f
csrSwfoifhaMumif; wifjyaqG;aEG;Muonf/ xdktcsufrsm;ESifh ywfouf jyifqifa&;A[dkaumfrwDESifh oabmxm;jcif;
wlnrD rl Syd g/ rwlnrD o
I nfh taMumif;jycsuu
f rkd u
l m; aumfrSit
f oD;oD; wifjyaqG;aEG;csuu
f kd tpD&ifcaH om oD;jcm;pm
588
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
jzpf oD;jcm;aumfrSiftvdkuf wifjyonfh pmwrf;rsm;wGif ygSdygonf/
7/
pufrIvufrI toufarG;0rf;aMumif;ynm&yfwifjycsuf pmwrf;rsm;udk 11? 8? 58 ESifh 12? 8? 58 &ufaeY
wGif avmu"gwfcef; (1) usif;yjyKvkyyf gaMumif;? obmywdtjzpf rwuo twGi;f a&;rSL; udw
k ifaTu aqmifu
G f
wifjyoltjzpf tcsuftvufSmazGpkaqmif;a&;aumfrwDrS udkpdk;ausmfuaqmifGufonf/ udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (50)
wufa&mufMuygonf/ A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDrS wifjyaompmwrf;udk aqG;aEG;Muol udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u vufcH
oabmwl ,aeYxkwfvkyfvsufSdaom vufrIynmonfrsm;tm; ta&twGufuefYowfrI rSdap&efudk vnf;aumif;?
tkycf sKyfa&;ydik ;f wGif Edik if jH cm;rSpu
G zf ufrI uif;vGwaf &;[laom tyd'k u
f kd xnfo
h iG ;f &ef wifjytMuHay;Mu&m A[dak umfrwD
ESifh oabmqEjcif; wlnDrISdcJhygonf/
8/
vlrsKd;pkynma&;pmwrf;udk 11? 8? 58 &ufaeYrS 12? 8? 58 &ufaeYxd aumifppD nf;a0;cef;rwGif usif;yjyKvkyf
ygonf/ obmywdtjzpf wuotrIaqmif udkcifatmifu aqmifGuf tcsuftvufSmazGpkaqmif;a&;aumfrwDrS
udkatmifoef;? udkatmifomausmfwdkYu wifjyolrsm;tjzpf aqmifGufygonf/ udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (58) a,muf
wufa&mufaqG;aEG;Mu vlrsKd;pkpmwrf;yg oabmxm;wifjycsufESifh ywfouf aqG;aEG;oludk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh
oabmwlnD Muygonf/ odkYaomf vlrsKd;pkpmwrf;onf jynfhpHkaompmwrf;wck r[kwfao;aMumif;udk wifjy&m A[dk
jyifqifa&;aumfrwDrS vufcHygonf/
jynfaxmifpkpdwf"gwfzGHUNzdK;a&;pmydk'fudk tydk'f (2) aSUrSxnfhoGif;ay;&ef? rGefbmomudk tydkbmomtjzpfrS
pdwfBudKufbmomtjzpf jy|mef;&ef? vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm; ynma&;twGuf txl;&efyHkaiGxm;Sd&ef? ytdk0fhpmwrf;wGif ygaom
pmwrf;wckudk jznfhpGuf&ef tMuHay; wifjyMuygonf/
9/
ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh ausmif;om;or*pmwrf;udk 11? 8? 59 aeY? aeYvnfydkif;? 12? 8? 58 aeY?
eHeufydkif;wGif aqG;aEG;Mu&m udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (253) a,mufwufa&muf aqG;aEG;olaygif; (47) a,mufSdNyD;
pdwftm;xufoefpGm aqG;aEG;MuaMumif;? obmywdtjzpf udkaZmf0if; (Auorsm;zGJUcsKyf Ou|) u aqmifGufNyD;?
t&Hobmywdtjzpf udkpHvIdif (ausmufjzLOypmaumvdyfor*) u aqmifGuf tcsuftvufSmazGpkaqmif;a&;
aumfrwDrS udkaxG;wdkY wifjyMuygonf/ wifjycsufpmwrf;udk wufa&mufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u vufcHaqG;aEG;
Muygonf/ ynma&;vGwv
f yfciG Ehf iS hf or*zUJG pnf;cGiu
hf kd tm;vH;k u vufcMH uayonf/ ausmif;aumifprD sm; rzGUJ pnf;&ef
ESifh zsufodrf;ay;&ef[laom tcsufudk udk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdUu wifjy&m A[dkaumfrwDESifh qEwlnDrI r&SdygaMumif;/
vlxkynma&;ESifh oufBuD;wuodkvfynma&;pmwrf;udk 11? 8? 58 &ufaeYwGif avmu"gwfcef;r (2)
aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ obmywdtjzpf AuotzGJUcsKyfrS trIaqmif udkpGefwdwfu aqmifGuf tcsuftvufSmazG
pkaqmif;a&;aumfrwDrS udkaX;atmifESifh udkodef;oef;xGef;wdkYu wifjyygaMumif;? udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (9) a,muf
wufa&mufaqG;aEG; 11? 8? 58 &ufaeY? nae (5) em&DwGif NyD;qHk;ygonf/ A[dkaumfrwD\ wifjycsufpmwrf;rsm;
ESifh ywfouf oabmxm; uGJvGJrIvHk;0rSdyg/ aqG;aEG;olrsm; vIdufvSJpGm axmufcHMuygonf/
10/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf w
JG iG f A[djk yifqifa&;aumfrwDrS pmwrf;aygif; (13)
ck wifjyum aumfrSif (8) ckrS aqG;aEG;cJh&m a,bk,stm;jzifh A[dkaumfrwD\ wifjycsufpmwrf;udk vufcH udk,f
pm;vS,rf sm; oabmrwlno
D nfh tcsut
f vufrsm;So
d nfukd awGUS&d ygonf/ oabmrwlnrD rI sm;vnf; pmwrf;wckv;kH
tay:wGifr[kwfbJ tpdwftydkif;tvdkuf wifjycsufay:wGif rwlnDrIjzpfaMumif; xkwfjyefaMunmvdkufygonf/
11/
9? 8? 58 &ufaeYrS 13? 8? 58 &ufaeY? eHeufydkif;txd (5) &ufwdkifwdkif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhaom jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tultnDay;aom jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if t
H pd;k &? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H tpd;k &ynma&;XmeESihf Xmeqdik &f m t&mSrd sm;? e,frsm;Sd ausmif;tkyq
f &mBuD;
rsm;? &efukefwuodkvf 'k-t"dywdESifhwuG q&m? q&mrrsm;? tvkyform;rsm;tm; aus;Zl;wifSdygaMumif;? ESD;aESm
zvS,fyGJBuD;rS rSwfwrf;wifaMumif; xkwfjyefaMunmygonf/
ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI atmif&rnf
A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ
wuotaqmuftOD
&efukefwuodkvf
591
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(C)
593
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(i) cGx
J u
G cf iG Ehf iS hf Sr;f ausmif;om;rsm;aMunmcsuf
&efukefNrdKY ? Srf;jynfausmif;ol^ausmif;om;rsm;toif;
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif;rS Srf;jynfcGJxGufEdkifcGifUESifUpyfvsOf;
&efukefNrdKY ? Srf;jynfausmif;ol^ausmif;om;rsm;toif; trIaqmiftzGJY\
oabmxm;xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf
Srf;jynfoltaygif;wdkhcifAsm;jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH? zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' tcef; (10) yg yk'frrsm;t& vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf
(10) ESpfausmfvQif Srf;jynfonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rS cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufEdkifcGifh &Sdxm;ayonf/
odYk &Sx
d m;onfukd Sr;f jynfu xdck x
JG u
G cf iG hf pGeYf vw
T &f ef tajccHOya' tcef; (10) yg yk'rf rsm;udk vdt
k yfovdk
jyifqifzdkY erfhcrf;trwf OD;xGef;at;u ,ck 1959 ckESpf rwfvwGif awmifBuD;NrdKUwGif usif;yrnfh Srf;jynfe,faumifpD
tpnf;ta0;wGif tqdkwifoGif;rnf[k 11?2? 59 aeY &efukefxkwf ]ae;Si;f } owif;pmwGif twdtvif; aMunmxm;
onfudk awGUSdzwfI&ojzifh uRefawmfwdkY &efukefNrdKU Srf;jynfe,fausmif;om;rsm;toif; trIaqmiftzGJUu xdkudpu
dk
av;eufpGm pOf;pm;oHk;oyfMuNyD;vQif oabmxm;udk xkwfjyefaMunmvdkufayonf/
OD;xGef;at; taMumif;jycsufrSm Srf;jynfu jynfaxmifpktwGif;rS cGJxGufEdkifcGifhSdaejcif;onf1/ jynfaxmifpkwnfjrJa&;twGuf tE&m,fjzpfap
2/ wdkif;wyg;wdkh 0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkif&eftwGuf vrf;cif;ay;&ma&mufonf [l jzpfayonf/
odYk aomf trSew
f &m;rSm OD;xGe;f at;\,lqcsufEiS hf ajymif;jyef jzpfaeayonf/ trSerf mS cGx
J u
G Ef ikd cf iG hf rSjd cif;
(0g) cGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk zsufodrf;jcif;wdkYuomvQif jynfaxmifpkwnfjrJa&;udk tE&m,fjzpfap wdkif;wyg;wdkY 0ifa&muf
pGufzufEdkif&eftwGuf tuGufaumif;qifay;&m a&mufayonf/ owdcsyfoifhonfrSm uRefawmfwdkY\ EdkifiHonf
jynfrESifhjynfe,frsm; pdwfwloabmwl yl;aygif;wnfaxmifxm;Muaom jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHBuD;wck jzpfaMumif;yif
jzpfayonf/ jynfaxmifpw
k &m;ay:wGif tajcpdu
k
f zGUJ pnf;wnfaxmifvmcJah om uReaf wmfwYkd jynfaxmifpt
k "dyg ,fukd
tjynft
h 0aqmifapNyD; jynfaxmifpk xm0&wnfjrJa&;udk tBuD;rm;qH;k aom taxmuftuljzpfap udv
k ekd eD ,fcsUJ orm;
wdkY\ tE&m,fudkwGef;vSefEdkifum vlrsKd;pkcsif; ppfrSefcdkifjrJaom cspfcif,HkMunfrIudk wnfaqmufEdkifayonf/ wcGef;xJ
qdk&vQif cGJxGufEdkifcGifhudkom tajccHOya'wGif cdkifcdkifrmrmBuD; xnfhoGif;xm;jcif; rjyKcJhygu jynfaxmifpkBuD;yif
ay:aygufEdkifcJhrnf r[kwfay/ odkYjzpfvQif vGwfvyfa&;udk aMunmEdkifcJhMurnf r[kwfay/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
1947 ck yifvpkH mcsKyfBuD; rcsKyfru
D Sr;f paom vlrsKd;rsm;u? ArmvlrsKd;BuD;tay: twdw&f mZ0ifu taMumif;rsm;aMumifh
pdwcf s,MkH unfjcif; rScd ahJ omaMumifjh zpfayonf/ odYkaomf zufqpf*syefqefYusiaf &;wGif vufwv
JG yk u
f ikd cf zhJ ;l waMumif;?
vlrsKd;pkrsm;tay: AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY\ oabmxm;rSefuefcJh waMumif; taMumif;wdkYaMumifh yifvHkpmcsKyfudk
csKyfqdkEdkifcJhNyD; jynfaxmifpk wnfaxmifEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/
txufuqdkcJhonfhtwdkif; Srf;paom vlrsKd;pkrsm;u ArmvlrsKd;BuD;tay:wGif twdwf&mZ0ifu taMumif;
rsm;aMumifh pdwfcs,HkMunfjcif; rSdjzpfaecsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYu Srf;wdkY\ pdk;&drfaMumifhMurIrsm; yaysmufoGm;
atmif1/ vGwfvyfa&;udk ArmjynfeJY vufwGJ,lyg/
2/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;wJhtcg ArmawGeJY aygif;csifrSaygif;Muyg? raygif;csifvnf;aeMuyg/
3/ ArmawGeJYaygif;vdkYSd&if ArmawGu rESdyfpuf&atmif Oya'awGbmawGeJY pepfwuscdkifcdkifvHkvHk pDrHjy|mef;
ay;ygr,f/
4/ tJ'Dvdk aygif;wmvnf; tjrJxm0pOf aygif;oGm;&r,f? b,fawmhrS cGJrxGuf&bl;&,fvdkY r[kwfygbl;?
oabmusoavmufaygif;? oabmrus&if cGJxGufoGm;Muyg/
5/ aygif;aewJhtcgrSm ]Armwusyf? Srf;wusyf} qdkwJh tcGifhta&; wef;wlnDrQrIeJY aygif;ygr,f/
6/ Srf;jynf&JUjynfwGif;a&;rSm bmrS0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rjyKygbl;/
7/ Srf;jynf&JUudk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifhudk dkaoav;pm;yghr,f ponfjzifh oabmxm;rSefuefpGmjzifh uwday;onfh
twGuf Srf;jynfu jrefrmjynfeJYvufwGJ vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0if&ef auseyfpGmqHk;jzwfvdkufNyD; yifvHk
pmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/
594
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
twdkcsKyfqdk&vQif tajccHOya'wGif rGefjrwfvSaom cGJxGufEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;udk tcdkiftrm xnfhoGif;
xm;EdkifcJhonfh twGufaMumifhom jynfrESifh jynfe,frsm; pdwfwloabmwl yl;aygif; vufSdjynfaxmifpkBuD;udk zGJU
pnf; wnfaxmifEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;udk tajccHOya'wGif xm0pOfwnfjrJatmif
umuG,x
f ed ;f odr;f Edik rf o
S mvQif Sr;f jynfow
l &yfv;kH twGuf Oya't& rdrw
d Ykd \uHMurmudk rdrw
d Ykd u,
kd w
f ikd f vGwv
f yfpmG
zefwD; vkyfaqmifEdkifcGifhSdaevQif Srf;jynf\ wnfwHhBuD;yGm;a&;udk tm;oGefcGefpdkuf BudK;yrf;vkyfaqmifonfESifhtrQ
jynfaxmifpkBuD; wnfwHhBuD;yGm;a&;twGuf vkyfaqmifaeorQ umvywfvHk; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY toufxifSm;
SdpOftcgu tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftrmxnfhoGif;cJhaom rGefjrwfvSonfh cGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk rnfolrQ wpHkw&m
xdyg;jcif;? jyifqifjcif;? kyfodrf;jcif;? ao;odrf,kwfnHhatmif wenf;enf;jzifh MuHpnfjyKvkyfjcif; tvsOf;rjyKoifh
aMumif; uRefawmfwdkY trIaqmiftzGJUu tav;teufcH,lygonf/
odkYtwGufaMumifh Srf;jynfu tajccHOya't& cGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk pGefYvTwf&ef tajccHOya' tcef; (10)
Hygyk'frrsm; jyifqifzdkY erfhcrf;trwf OD;xGef;at;u rMumrDusif;yawmhrnfh Srf;jynfe,faumifpD tpnf;ta0;wGif
tqdkwifoGif;rnf[k twdtvif; aMunmvmjcif;onf- AdkvfcsKyfatmifqefESifUwuG Srf;jynfolacgif;aqmifrsm; tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifU jynfaxmifpkay:xGef;a&;
twGuf tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftrmxnfUoGif;cJUaom Srf;jynfolwdkh\ rGefjrwfvSonfU udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifU
udk udkvdkeDe,fcsJYorm; tvdkawmfus rdkufrJpGmzsufqD;ypf&ef tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmjcif;/
- yifvHkpmcsKyft& jynfrESifUjynfe,frsm; pdwfwloabmwl yl;aygif;wnfaxmifMuaom oabmw&m;udk
ysufjym;atmif e,fcsJYorm;tvdkus tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmcJUjcif;ESifU
- jynfaxmifpk zGJYpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk puLpkwfjzpfoGm;atmif ,kwfrmpGm tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmjcif;
wdkhyif jzpfayonf/
,ckuJhodkY OD;xGef;at;u Srf;jynftoufjzpfaom tajccHOya'yg cGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk jyifqif&ef? zsufodrf;
ypf&ef tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmcJhjcif;onfomvQif Srf;jynf\ wnfjrJa&;udk vnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;\
wnfjrJa&;udk vnf;aumif;? tE&m,fjzpfap wdik ;f wyg;wdYk 0ifa&mufpu
G Ef ikd &f eftwGuf vrf;cif;ay;&m a&mufayonf/
,if;odkY jynfaxmifpkcspfpdwf? rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf acgif;yg;vSaom e,fcsJUolvQKd? udk,fusKd;Smorm;? tmPml;?
trsKd;om;opmazmuf OD;xGef;at;u Srf;jynfolwdk\ tusKd;? jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;\ tusKd;udk ausmcdkif; Srf;jynf
tygt0if jynfaxmifpkwckvHk; qHk;IH;epfemap&eftwGuf udkvdkeDe,fcsJUorm;\ tvdkawmfus rdkufrJpGm tm;xkwfvkyf
aqmifvmjcif;udk uRefawmfwdkY &efukefNrdKU? Srf;jynfausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif; trIaqmiftzGJUu tjyif;txef Iwfcs
uefYuGufvdkufayonf/
xdkYjyif Srf;jynfolw&yfvHk;\ rGefjrwfvSpGmaom cGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk ao;odrf,kwfnHhoGm;atmif apmfbGm;
tcsKdUu rdrdwdkYtusKd;twGuf apmfbGm;tmPmpGefY avsmfaMu;awmif;&m aps;qpfonfhvufeuftjzpf toHk;jyKaejcif;
udkvnf; tjyif;txefIwfcs vdkufayonf/
Srf;jynftusKd;? jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;tusKd; vdkvm;Muaom Srf;jynfudk,fpm;vS,f trwfrsm;? apmfbGm;rsm;?
rdbjynfolrsm;? &[ef;oHCmrsm; tm;vHk;wdkYuvnf; Srf;jynfolwdkY\ udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifhjzpfaom tajccHOya'yg
cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;udk wvHk;wyg'rQ tjyiftqifrcH? tkwfodrf;rcHMubJ udkvdkeDe,fcsJUorm;wdkY\ vufudkif
wkwf? udk,fusKd;Sm tmPml; OD;xGef;at;\ t,kwfwrmjyifqifcsuf zsufodrf;&ef tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmjcif;udk
vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;apmif;rusef tjyif;txef IwfcsuefYuGufMuyg&ef EId;aqmfyefMum;tyfygonf/
- e,fcsJYolvQKd udk,fusKd;Smorm; tmPml; trsKd;om;opmazmuf OD;xGef;at;udk 0dkif;y,fMu
- Srf;jynf\ udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifhudk umuG,fMu
- Srf;jynfolw&yfvHk; aoG;pnf;Mu
trIaqmiftzGYJ
Srf;jynfausmif;ol^ausmif;om;rsm;toif;
&efukefNrdKY
(15? 2? 59)
596
(p) wuov
kd t
f ufOya'udjk yifqifa&;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;
tpdk;&rS 1959 ck? Zefe0g&D (17) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom wuodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0;wGif &efukef
wuodkvftufOya'udk jyifqif&eftwGuf wifjycJhayonf/
xdktcg ausmif;om;rsm;or* (wuo) u atmufygtwdkif;jyefMum;cJhygonf/
1/
vufSdEdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf tdrfapmifhtpdk;& jzpfonf/ w&m;0iftpdk;&tzGJU jzpfay:vma&;twGuf w&m;rQ
waom aG;aumufyu
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Mum;Edkifa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk nDvmcHBuD;rSm csrSwfEdkifcJhygw,f/ azmfjywJh ynma&;wm0ef&yfrsm;udk acgif;aqmifNyD;
taumiftxnfazmfzdkY twGuf uRefawmfwdkY trIaqmiftzGJUudk vTJtyfcJhygw,f/
nDvmcHNyD;wJah emufyikd ;f rSm cufcw
J chJ sKyfcs,frrI sm;wJh vrf;c&D;udk jzwfoef;&jcif;jzpfvYkd ESppf Ofnv
D mcH ac:,l&
rSm jzpfayrJh rusif;yEdkifcJhygbl;/ 1957 ckESpf rEav;rSm yxrOD;pD;nDvmcHeJY 1958 ckESpf &efukefwuodkvfrSm
'kwd,wdk;csJU OD;pD;nDvmcH xyfac:EdkifcJhw,f/ vkyfief;awGtay:rSm ppfaq;wm? a0zefwm? aSUvkyfief;pOfawG twGuf
jyifqifwmawGudk vkyfEdkifcJhNyD; 'DaeYnDvmcHuGef*&uf ac:qdkEdkifwmjzpfygw,f/
1957 ck zqyvtpdk;&? 1958 ck zqyvtuGJ oefYSif;tpdk;&? 1959 ck AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tpdk;&? 1960
ckESpf yxp oefYSif;zqyvtpdk;&qdkwJh EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&; ajymif;vJrItrsKd;rsKd;rSm tzGJUcsKyfwm0efrsm;udk xdef;odrf;vkyf
aqmifcJhwmrdkY or*rsm;&JU tqifhtaetxm;& trsKd;rsKd;ajymif;vJcJh&ygw,f/
or*wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&; wdkufyGJwavQmuf 1957 ckESpftwGif;rSm ausmif;ol^ausmif;om;aygif; (20) ausmf
tzrf;cH&NyD;? ausmif;ol^ausmif;om;aygif; (300) eD;yg; ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&wJhxd &Jabmfrsm;[m wm0efudkraSmifbJ
vkyfaqmifMucJhygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYeJY jynfolawG nDGwfvmwJhtcg? oabmxm;awmif;qdkrIawG rSefuefwJhtcg
vIyfSm;rItSdefMoZmaMumifh 1958 ckESpf oefYSif;zqyvtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm tzrf;cH&olawG jyefvTwfay;cJh&w,f/ ausmif;
xkwfxm;olawG ausmif;jyefoGif;ay;cJh&w,f/ Ncdrf;ajcmufrIawG kwfodrf;ay;vm&w,f/
&mZ0ifrmS rMuHKbl;ao;wJh 1958 ckEpS f Mo*kwv
f ausmif;om;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; usif;yEdik cf NhJ yD; or*awG
w&m;0if&yfwnfciG ?hf or**P
k o
f u
d m awGukd jrifrh m;atmif vkypf rG ;f Edik cf yhJ gw,f/ aSUrSmqufvufNyD; 'D atmifjrifraI wGukd
taumiftxnfazmfzdkY jyifqifae&if; uRefawmfwdkYwawG yDuif;NrdKUawmfrSm usif;ywJh urmYausmif;om;rsm;or*
tzGJUcsKyf uGef*&ufrS jyefra&mufrD EdkifiHa&;tajctaeajymif;vJNyD; ppftpdk;& wufvmcJhygw,f/ wygwnf; ynma&;
avmurSm ppfrkefwdkif;awG xefcJhw,f/ EdkifiHeJYt0Srf; usD;vefYpmpm; ocFsKdif;wpjyifvdk jzpfae&pOfrSm usefae&pfcJhwJh
trIaqmifrsm;[m or*wm0ef&yfawGudk qufvufacgif;aqmifcJh&ygw,f/ or*qdkwmudk tpwkef;ZD0defcsKyfatmif
vkyfcJhwJh tE&m,fudk [efYwm;EdkifcJhwJh BuD;rm;aomwm0efudk ,lEdkifcJhygw,f/ txl;ojzifh wuodkvf? aumvdyfor*
awGrSm aG;aumufyGJawG jzpfajrmufcJhw,f/ or*vIyfSm;rIawG vkyfaqmifcJhwm[m or*&JUacgif;aqmifrI tquf
rjywfwmudk oufaocHjcif;ygyJ/
{nfUonfawmfrsm;? udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;eJh avhvmolrsm;cifAsm;trsK;d om;ynma&; wnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;awGrmS wuf<upGmwm0ef,v
l yk af qmifcv
hJ Ykd atmifjrifpmG usi;f yEdik f
cJhwJh 1958 ck? Mo*kwfv ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;rSm or*awG[m wcrf;wem;yg0ifcJhNyD; tzGJUcsKyf
&Jabmfrsm;[m wm0efausyeG pf mG ,lcw
hJ ,f/ uReyf nma&;rS trsK;d om;ynma&;udk ul;ajymif;Edik af &;wm0efawG[m rNyD;qH;k
ao;ygbl;/ pyful;ryful;umvrSm rwnfrNidrfjzpfae&wJh 'Dynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;pcef;rSm or*awGomrSd&if
rjzpfb;l vdYk em;vnfreI YJ twl vGwv
f yfa&;acwfwavQmufv;kH rSm or*awGupkd nf;H;k NyD; trsKd;om;wnfaqmufa&;vkyf
ief;awGeYJwygwnf; ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;udk aqmifu
G cf jhJ cif; jzpfygw,f/ uReaf wmfwYkdrmS jrefrmEdik if yH nma&;
0g' (ay:vpD)? ynma&;pepf? ynma&;vkyif ef;eJYywfoufNyD; aqG;aEG;ES;D aESmcsufawG &,lxm;NyD;ygNyD/ ausmif;om;rsm;
ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ&JU atmifjrifcsufawG &Sdxm;ygNyD/ 'Dxuf ydkrdkus,fjyefYwJh wrsKd;om;vHk;udk,fpm;jyK aqG;aEG;rJh
ynma&;aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;rSm wifjyppfaq;cHNyD; or*rsm;&JU wm0efcef;taeeJY ,laqmif&ef tqifoifhjzpfaeygw,f/
wavmuusif;ywJU q&mBuD;rsm;nDvmcHudk avUvmjcif;jzifU EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rSm(1) ynma&;tusyftwnf;jzpfaeaom
(2) jznfhpGufa&;twGuf pepfwckpkaygif;SmazG&ef qdkwJh vufcHrIudk tuJcwfvdkY&ygw,f/
'Daumif;rGeaf om vufcrH u
I kd rlwnfNyD; rMumrDumvrSm trsKd;om;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; jzpfajrmufa&;
twGuf jyifqifzdkYvdktyfovdk 0dkif0ef;vkyfaqmif&ef tpdk;&eJY q&mBuD;rsm;? rdbjynfolrsm;udk yefMum;ygw,f/ tpdk;&
oabmudk jynfolausmif;om;awGrSm csjy? aqG;aEG;jyNyD; tMuHPfaumif;awG ,loifhw,fvdkY wifjycsifygw,f/
ynma&;udk trsKd;rsKd;prf;oyfcJhvdkY EdkifiHrSmepfemcJhwmawGudk tpdk;&taeeJYoifcef;pm,lwwfzdkY tav;teufwifjycsif
ygw,f/ ynma&;vdktyfcsufawG zefwD;ay;a&;[m t"dujzpfygvdrfhr,f/ rxdkifcif ajcqif;vdkY r&ovdk tajctae
rSdao;? rjyKjyif rjznfhpGufEdkifao;bJ pepfwckudk t&rf;vkyf&if ratmifjrifbJ xdcdkufrSmawG pdk;&drf&ygw,f/ uRef
awmfwdkY ausmif;om;awG&JU wifjycsuf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrS &,lcsufawGudk 'Drdkua&pDudk av;pm;ygw,f
608
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
xdkYaemuf trIaqmiftzGJU\ tpD&ifcHpmudk taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkvSjrifhu wifoGif;cJhonf/
if;tpD&ifcHpm tESpfcsKyfrSmzqyv[m or*udkzsufodrf;a&;twGuf trdefYxkwfNyD;aemuf Auorsm; wnfwHha&;twGuf yrtBudrf
ajrmufnDvmcHudk atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhw,f/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;eJY trsKd;om;a&;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhw,f/ 1956
rS 1960 av;ESpftwGif; zqyvESpfjcrf;uJGpOf 'Drdkua&pDqefYusifa&;? tjyKwfwdkufa&;? e,fcsJUvufyg;apudk 0dkif;y,f
NyD; 'Drdkua&pDa&; tpOftvmSdwJh tiftm;pkudk axmufcHcJhw,f/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tpdk;&wufvmawmh 'Drdkua&pDqefY
usifa&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifvmcJhw,f/ ausmif;om;awG tzdESdyfhcHcJh&w,f/ ausmif;xkwf? 0&rf;ajy;&jcif;[m txG#f
txdyfa&mufcJhw,f/ olykefeJY aqGrsKd;awmfpyfw,fqdkNyD; vlrr,fausmif;om;rsm;udk e,fESifawmxkwfyGJBuD; usif;ycJh
w,f/
ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rSm vufydS nma&;pepf pepfwusrSyd ekH YJ trsK;d om;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f y
&ef a<u;aMumfcJhonf/ xdkodkYBudK;yrf;rIaMumifh 1958 ck Mo*kwfv (9) &ufaeUrSm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhw,f/
ynma&;toHk;p&dwf wdk;jrifhoHk;pGJa&;ESifhywfouf rsm;jym;aom ausmif;om;OD;a&ESifhtnD ynma&;toHk;
p&dwf wdk;jrifh&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ 1958-1959 ck &efukef xD;wef;OypmaumvdyftwGuf toHk;p&dwfrSm (42000)
jzpf&m ppfom; (10) OD;rQygaom wyfpdwfwpdwf toHk;p&dwfrQyifjzpfaMumif; axmufjycJhonf/ toHk;p&dwf enf;yg;rI
aMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; usef;rma&;? tawG;tac:&ifhoefrIESifh MuHcdkifwDxGifMuHqEdkifrIwdkY csKdU,Gif;&onfh'Pfudk
wdkif;jynfu aumif;pGmcHpm;ae&onf/ tusyftwnf;rsm; &ifqdkif&um ausmif;xkwfcH&ol ydkrdkrsm;jym; toHk;p&dwf
wdk;jrifh&ef wdkufyGJ0ifaom ausmif;om;or*rsm;udk zdESdyfzsufqD;vmonf/
'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJrsm; wcJeufnDGwfpGm wdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf/ xdktcg or*udk
NzdKvJSzsufqD;&ef BudK;yrf;vmMuonf/ or*wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;twGuf qufvufwdkufyGJqifEGJcJhMuonf/ or*rsm;
zsuford ;f &ef trdeYf xw
k cf ahJ om zqyvtpd;k &onf 'Dru
kd a&pDwu
kd yf JG vIid ;f wHy;kd rsm;Mum; NydKuGcJ sKyfNidr;f cJo
h nf/ tpd;k &ESihf
ausmif;om;qufqaH &; aumif;rGe&f ef yxptpd;k &onf ausmif;om;or* zsuo
f rd ;f a&;trdeYf ukd kyo
f rd ;f ay;&efvo
kd nf/
or*rsm; w&m;0ifxlaxmifcGifh ray;vQif tpdk;&ESifh ausmif;om;qufqHa&; oabmxm;rSefuefonf[k rqdkEdkif/
wuov
kd o
f r* OD;aqmifrt
I cef;udv
k nf; du
k cf sK;d wuov
kd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;aumifprD S or*u,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;udk xkwyf ,f
cJhonf/
Nidr;f csr;f a&;twGuv
f nf; ausmif;om;xkonf jynfwiG ;f ppf'Pf? jynfwiG ;f rNidr;f csr;f rI'Pfukd jynfow
l &yfv;kH
ESit
hf wl cHpm;cJ&h onf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfukd taMumif;jyK zdEydS rf 'I PfccH &hJ onf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfaMumifh ppfp&dwf ydrk o
kd ;kH pGv
J mum
ynma&;toH;k p&dw\
f (4) qausmf jzpfco
hJ nf/ jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f csrf;a&; (8) OD;aumfrwD\ olremud,
k rf em Nidr;f csrf;a&;
vrf;pOfudk axmufcHcJhonf/ ausmif;om;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf tvm;tvmrSdonfh wnfjrJzqyvudk
qefYusif Nidrf;csrf;a&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&; tvm;tvmSdonfh oefYSif;zqyvudk axmufcHcJhonf/
EdkifiHwumvIyfSm;rIESifh yl;aygif;aqmifGufrItwGuf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfrSm urmUausmif;om;or*tzGJUcsKyf
(I.U.S) ESihf urmY'r
Du
kd a&pDvil ,frsm;tzGUJ csKyf (W.F.D.Y) wdYk\ tzGUJ 0ifjzpfonf/ or*zUJG pnf;cGiyhf w
d yf ifrI trdeYfxw
k f
jcif;udk wjynfv;kH uefuu
G q
f Ejywdu
k yf 0JG ifaejcif;udk urmYausmif;om;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;rSwqifh wifjycJah yonf/ urmY
ausmif;om;or*rsm;u axmufcHtm;ay;rIrsm; rw&m;Oya'kyfodrf;&ef jrefrmtpdk;&tm; awmif;qdkuefYuGufpmydkY
ulncD o
hJ nf/ 1957 ck urmUausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,f ud[
k mrm (*syef) jrefrmjynfoYkd a&mufvmNyD;? *smref'rD u
kd &ufwpf
ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,f rpwmzd*k ,fvf a&mufvmjcif;? pnf;a0;yGrJ sm; aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; jyKvkycf o
hJ nf/ zqyvruGrJ u
D
urmYausmif;om;yGJawmfrsm;twGuf EdkifiHul;vufrSwfrsm; rxkwfay;cJhyg/ 1958 ck aEG&moDwGif wkwf-Armtpdk;&
cspMf unfrt
I & wuoOD;aqmifum ud,
k pf m;vS,f (50) ausmt
f zGUJ onf wkwjf ynfomG ;um ESpjf ynfaxmif ausmif;om;
vli,fwdkY\ cspfMunfa&; tkwfjrpfcsEdkifcJhonf/ zqyvzGJUNyD; oefYSif;tpdk;&vufvuf wuo? rwuo? rwuo?
ykodrfaumvdyfor*wdkYrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wkwfjynf? yDuif;NrdKUwGif usif;yaom (5)Budrfajrmuf urmYausmif;om;
rsm;or*tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcHodkY wufa&mufEdkifcJhayonf/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if; ppftpdk;&vufxuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
rsm;pGm tzrf;cH&NyD; tcsKdUaSmifwdrf;cJh&onf/ 1958 ck 'DZifbmvwGif ausmif;om;or*tzGJUcsKyf 'k-Ou| rpwm
[efeufonf jrefrmjynfodkYa&mufvmcJhNyD; pwkwtBudrf ausmif;om;yGJawmfodkY wufa&mufcJhonf/ (6) Budrfajrmuf
urmYausmif;om;nDvmcH wufa&mufa&;twGuf oufqdkif&mtpdk;&ESifh wm0efcHwdkYu EdkifiHul;vufrSwf rxkwfay;
roGm;EdkifcJhay/
610
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*
( 1959 - 1960 )
trIaqmiftzGt
YJ pD&ifcpH m
1/ zGJUpnf;jcif;
2/ trIaqmiftzGJU0g'ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;
3/ trsKd;om;a&;twGuf aqmifGufcsufrsm;
4/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm; xdyg;vmjcif;ESifh aqmifGufcsufrsm;
5/ ynmoifMum;a&;ESifhywfoufaom aqmifGufcsufrsm;
6/ yGJobiftcrf;tem;rsm;
7/ taxGaxGvkyfief;rsm;
8/ Xmeqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;
9/ aus;Zl;wifSdjcif;
10/ ed*Hk;
611
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(1)
zGJYpnf;jcif;
(u) aG;aumufyt
JG &mScd efjh cif;- 1959-60 ckESpf &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* trIaqmifrsm; aG;aumufyGJ
twGuf wm0ef,laqmifGufrnfh 1958-59 ck &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* Ou| udkcifarmiftkef; tzrf;cH
ae&NyD; 'k-Ou|jzpfaom udkbaumif;rSm 0&rf;xkwfxm;rIaMumifh wdrf;aSmifaecJh&onf/ xdkYaMumifh 1959-60 ckESpf
trIaqmifaG;aumufyt
JG wGuf 1959 ck? Mo*kwv
f (8) &ufaeYwiG f jyKvkyu
f si;f yaom 1958-59 ckEpS f &efuek w
f uov
kd f
ausmif;om;rsm;or*\ tvkyftpnf;ta0;rS aG;aumufyGJt&mSd udkndK0if;ESifh aG;aumufyGJt&mSdtm; ulnD&ef
(Fore Teller) (4) a,mufudk aG;aumufwifajrmufcJhayonf/
xdo
k Ykd aG;aumufyt
JG wGuf aG;aumufyt
JG &mSrd S BudK;yrf;jyifqifaepOf 1959 ck? Mo*kwv
f (14) &ufaeYwiG f
rEav;wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*? Ou| udkapmvGiftm;vnf;aumif;? Mo*kwfv (16) &ufwGif rEav;
wuov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* 'k-Ou| udpk ed jf rift
h m;vnf;aumif; zrf;qD;jcif;twGuf aG;aumufyt
JG &mSrd S ,if;uJo
h Ykd
zrf;qD;jcif;udkuefYuGuf zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tjrefjyefvTwf&ef awmif;qdkcJhayonf/
(c) aG;aumufyrJG sm;- 1959-60 ckESpf &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* 'k-Ou|ESifh aiGxdef;wdkYudk aG;aumufyGJ
wifajrmuf&ef yxrtywf wuoaG;aumufyGJudk 1959 ckESpf pufwifbmv (3) &ufaeYwGif usif;yrnf[k aG;
aumufyGJt&mSdrS aMunmcJhonf/ 0ifa&muftaG;cHvdkolrsm;\ avQmufvTmrsm;udk 1959 ck? Mo*kwfv (28) &ufaeY
eHeuf (10) em&DrSp (31) &ufaeY? nae (3) em&DrwdkifrD aG;aumufyGJt&mSdxH wifoGif;&rnf[k aMunmcJhonf/
Ou|ESifh aiGxdef;ae&mrsm;twGuf ,SOfNydKiftaG;cH&ef avQmufvTmwifoGif;ol wOD;pDomSdNyD;? 'k-Ou|
ae&mtwGuf avQmufvTmwifoGif;ol (3) OD; SdcJhonf/ xdk,SOfNydKiftaG;cH&ef wifoGif;Muaom 'k-Ou| ae&mt
wGuf (3) OD; Sdonhfteuf (2) OD;rSm rdrdwdkYqEtavQmuf avQmufvTmrsm; jyefvnfkyfodrf;Edkifaom pufwifbmv
(1) &uf? nae (2) em&DwGif avQmufvTmrsm;udk jyefvnfkyfodrf;oGm;cJhonf/
xdkYaMumifh Ou|? 'k-Ou|ESifh aiGxdef; (3) ae&mpvHk;wGif ,SOfNydKiftaG;cHrnfholrSdawmhaomaMumifh Ou|
udkvSwif? 'k-Ou| udkpdef0if; (oHk;cG) ESifh aiGxdef; udkAaqGav; (bDat) wdkY a&G;cs,fjcif; cHcJh&onf/
trIaqmif (6) OD;ae&mtwGuf wuo 'kwd,ywfaG;aumufyGJudk aG;aumufyGJt&mSdtjzpf udkvSwifu
aqmifu
G u
f m 1959 ck pufwifbmv (10) &ufaeUwGif usif;yrnf[k aMunmcJo
h nf/ ,SONf ydKiftaG;cH&ef avQmufvmT
wifoGif;Muolrsm; (14) a,mufSdonfhteuf (2) OD;rSm rdrdwdkY qEtavQmuf avQmufvTmrsm; jyefvnfkyfodrf;ojzifh
usef o
dS l (12) a,mufEiS hf aG;aumufyjJG yKvkycf &hJ m ,SONf ydKiforl sm; teuf udn
k Kd 0if;? udjk roef;? udak usmv
f idI (f udx
k eG ;f ausm)f ?
udkxGef;vIdifaz (udkwifarmifaqG)? udkudkMunfESifh udkatmif0if;wdkYrSm rJtrsm;qHk;&Muojzifh 1959-60 ckESpf wuo
trIaqmiftjzpf taG;cHcJh&onf/
(*) trIaqmiftzG-YJ &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* 1959-60 \ yxrtBudrf trIaqmiftpnf;ta0;yGJudk
1959 ck? pufwifbmv (19) &ufaeYwGif jyKvkyfusif;ycJhonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;rS tdk;a0r*Zif;wm0efcHtjzpf rcif
cifapmESihf pmMunfw
h u
kd f yd#uwfwu
kd rf LS ;tjzpf udak tmiford ;f Edik w
f Ykd tm; aG;cs,fwifajrmufMuNyD; atmufygtrIaqmif
tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
udkvSwif
Ou|
udkpdef0if;
'k-Ou|
udkAaqGav; (bDat)
aiGxdef;
udkndK0if;
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
udkjroef;
wGJzuf-taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r;ESifh jyefMum;a&;XmerSL;
udkausmfvIdif
EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
udkwifarmifaqG
upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmerSL; (ausmufbDvl; wifarmifaqG)
udkudkMunf
vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
udkatmif0if;
ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL;
rcifcifapm
tdk;a0wm0efcH
udkatmifodrf;Edkif
pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
612
pmMunfhwdkufwm0efcH
twGif;a&;rSL;
aiGxdef;
aumfrwD0if
aumfrwD0if
aumfrwD0if
aumfrwD0if
wm0efcH
wuo'k-Ou|
aiGxdef;
twGif;a&;rSL;
aumfrwD0if
aumfrwD0if
aumfrwD0if
aumfrwD0if
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
udkjroef;- (17) Budrf? udkausmfvIdif- (19) Budrf? udkwifarmifaqG- (13) Budrf? udkudkMunf- (17) Budrf?
udkatmif0if;- (17) Budrf? rcifcifapm- (15) Budrf? udkatmifodrf;Edkif- (15) Budrf/
(2)
trIaqmiftzGJY0g'ESifU vkyfief;pOfrsm;
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* 1959-60 \ Ou|opf usrf;opmusdefqdkyGJudk 1959 ck? pufwif
bmv (25) &ufaeY &efukefwuodkvf? ,k'oefcef;raqmifwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhNyD; &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;
or* 1959-60 \ 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; aMunmcJhonf/
0g'
1/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;? tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifhjzL;a&;?
2/ ausmif;om;nDGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;ta&;jyemwdkif;wGif aqmifGufvdkaom ausmif;om;
tiftm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;wGJaqmifGufa&;?
3/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rI xdef;odrf;jrifhwifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;pGmaygif;oif;
qufqHa&;/
vkyfief;pOfrsm;
1959-69 ckESpf vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk a,bk,s ausmif;om;xk vdktyfcsuftajccHrsm;udk csrSwfvdkufygonf/
xdktajccHvkyfief;rsm;udk rlwnf tao;pdwfvkyfief;csJUxGif vkyfaqmifoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/
1/ ,aeYtcsdeftcgwGif 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; kyfodrf;cHae&onf/ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;IH;ae&onf/
ausmif;om;xktygt0if jynfov
l x
l \
k 'Dru
kd a&pDtcGit
hf a&; umuG,af &;wdu
k yf u
JG kd wuotaeESihf qifEw
JT u
kd yf JG
0ifrnf/
2/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; kyfodrf;cH&NyD; qHk;IH;vsufSdonf/ wuodkvfaumifpDwGifvnf;aumif;? ausmif;aqmif
aumfrwDwGifvnf;aumif; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; z,fxkwfjcif;cH&onf/ pepftrsKd;rsKd;? pnf;urf;trsKd;rsKd;
udk ausmif;om;xkqErygbJ jyKvkyfvsufSdonf/ ausmif;om;xkqErygbJ ausmif;aqmifrlopfudk twif;csrSwf
vkyaf qmifco
hJ nf/ rvdu
k ef mEdik o
f nfh pnf;urf;rsm; twif;tusyv
f yk cf ikd ;f vsuf So
d nf/ xdt
k csurf sm;rSm ausmif;om;
tcGifhta&; kyfodrf;cH&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm; wuouvkyf
aqmifrnf/
3/ ynma&;wDxiG cf suf a<u;aMumfojH zifh ynma&;jyifqifcsurf sm; vkyaf qmifc\
hJ / xdjk yifqifcsuaf Mumifh ausmif;om;xk
ynma&;tusyftwnf;ESihf &ifqikd &f \/ ausmif;vcay;&jcif;? pmar;yGpJ epfopfaMumifh ynmoifMum;rI tcGit
hf a&;
qHk;HI;&jcif;? (2) cgusvQif ausmif;rSxGuf&jcif; ponfh tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkifcJh&\/ xdktcsufrsm;rSm
ynma&;wDxGifcsufaMumifh jzpf\/ wuoonf ynma&;wDxGifcsuf ysufokOf;a&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;rnf/
ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf aqmifGufrnf/
4/ aESmifBudK;wnf; pGufzufrISdonfh tar&duef\ wuodkvftaxmuftyHhrsm;onf ,aeY ausmif;om;xktwGuf
vnf;aumif;? tem*wfwuodkvftwGuf vnf;aumif; BuD;pGmaomtE&m,f jzpfayonf/ wuodkvfe,fajrudk
0dik ;f &HvsufadS yonf/ aESmifBudK;wnf; pGuzf ufrI o
dS nfh tar&duef\ wuov
kd o
f Ykd axmufyrhH rI sm; wm;qD;a&;udk
wuorS aqmifGufrnf/
5/ rSefuefaom vkyfenf;vkyf[efESifh ppfrSefonfh ausmif;om;tusKd;jyK oufomacsmifcsda&;vkyfief;rsm; wuou
wdk;csJUvkyfaqmifoGm;rnf/
6/ tqifhtwef;jrifhaom wuodkvfjzpfvma&;? wuodkvfoD;jcm;vGwfvyfcGifh umuG,fa&;twGuf q&mausmif;om;
cspfMunfpGm yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;udk taumiftxnfazmf vkyfaqmifoGm;rnf/
(3)
trsKd;om;a&;twGuf aqmifGufcsufrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; wuodkvfESifhausmif;toD;oD;wdkY ynmoifvsufSdMuaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;
onf jynfolvlxk\ tpdwftydkif;w&yf jzpfonf/ jynfolvlxk\ &ifESpfom;orD;rsm;om jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh
614
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
oGm;&mrS AdkvfcsKyftpdk;& wufvmcsdefwGif ajAmifzdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;yif jyKrlvmawmhonf/
1959 ck? Mo*kwfv (31) &ufaeYwGif wuodkvfHk;rS ausmif;om; (3) OD;jzpfonfh wuoaiGxdef; udkA
aqGav; (Oya'0dZm yxrESp)f ESihf wuotrIaqmifa[mif;rsm;jzpfMuaom ud
k Pf&if (r[m0dZm -yxrESp)f ? udjk rifo
h ed ;f
(0dZmtaxGaxG*kPfxl;wef;-yxrESpf) wdkYtm; ausmif;0ifcGifhrS y,fzsufvdkufaMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ jzpf&yfwGif
wuodkvf\ tcGifhtmPmtydkifqHk;jzpfaom ygarmucsKyfudk,fwdkif rodvdkufaom jyKrlcsufjzpfaMumif; ygarmucsKyfrS
0efcHum ausmif;jyef0ifcGifh jyKcJhayonf/ odkYjzpf&onfrSm oufqdkif&mXmerS TefMum;csufw&yfom jzpfaMumif;
ygarmucsKyf\ xkwaf zmfajymjycsut
f & tmPmydik w
f Ykdonf ygarmucsKyfuykd if ausmv
f eG u
f m kyyf suq
f if;ysuf usL;ausmf
zdESdyfvmjcif;jzpfonf/
(c) atmufwdkbmausmif;aqmifaecGifU /
/ atmufwdkbm ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif jynfe,fausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
jyef&ef vrf;yef;c&D;cufcJaom ausmif;om;rsm;udkom taqmifaexdkifcGifh,lNyD; tr&ESifh &mrnaqmifrsm;wGifom
taqmifaecGifh jyKrnfjzpfaMumif; ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS aMunmcJhayonf/ xdkxkwfjyefaMunmcsufonf ausmif;
om;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;udk kyfodrf;jcif;om jzpfonf/ tpOftvmrsm;udk qefYusifum ausmif;om;rsm; pmayavhvm
jcif;udk taESmifht,Suf jzpfaponf/ atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&ufonf pmoifESpfukefqHk; ausmif;ydwfjcif;r[kwf?
acwausmif;ydwfjcif;om jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;aqmifom;tm;vHk;wGif pmoifESpfrukefqHk;rcsif; ausmif;aqmif
rsm;wGif aexdkifcGifhSdaMumif;/
ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS ,if;ausmif;ydw&f ufwiG f ausmif;aqmifaexdik cf iG ahf y;xm;onfh ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS
aiG 14d^- aumufcHjcif;onfvnf; vHk;0rw&m;ay/ ausmif;aqmifaexdkifoltm;vHk;onf atmufwdkbmvtwGuf
aiGay;oGif;NyD;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&ufwGif ausmif;aqmifom;wdkif; rdrdwdkY taqmifrsm;wGif
tcrJhaexdkifcGifhonf rdrdwdkY\ udk,fydkiftcGifhta&;om jzpfaMumif;/
ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD\ jyKvkyv
f mcsufrsm;onf ausmif;om;tcGit
hf a&;udk csKd;zsufjcif;omjzpfNyD; ausmif;
om;udk,fpm;vS,f rygonfh aumfrwDrS ausmif;om;qEESifhqefYusifpGm tmPmSifqefqef jyKrlvmcsufrsm;om jzpf
aMumif;rsm;jzifh uefYuGufcJhonf/
wuoESifhtoif;tzGJUrsm;rS uefYuGufawmif;qdkaecsdefwGif ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif wuodkvft&Hwyf&if;udk
xm;Srd nfjzpfaMumif; aMunmvdu
k jf yefonf/ aS;OD;pGm ausmif;aqmifrsm;jyif&eftwGu[
f
l ajymNyD;aemufwiG f wuov
kd f
t&Hwyf&if;awmh xm;Edik o
f nfqo
kd nfh jyem xyfqifch jhJ yefonf/ xdYkaMumifh ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD\ qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;
onf ausmif;om;rsm; taqmifwGifraea&;om &nfG,faom zdESdyfrIoufoufomjzpfaMumif; xifSm;ayonf/
odkYtwGuf &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* Ou|\ tcGifhtmPmt& wuorS ausmif;om;xk
tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk 1959 ck? pufwifbmv (23) &ufaeY? n (7) em&Dtcsdef wuocef;rwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf/
,if;pnf;a0;yGJrS atmufygtqdkrsm;udk wifoGif;qHk;jzwfcJhonf/
1/ atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; rdrdaexdkifonfh ausmif;aqmifwGif aexdkifcGifhrjyKbJ aiG 14d^ay;oGif;um tjcm;ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif ajymif;aTUae&rnfqdkaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD\ qHk;jzwf
csufudk uefYuGufaMumif;/
2/ atmufwb
kd mausmif;ydw&f uftwGi;f wuov
kd t
f &Hwyf&if;udk ckw;kH vky
f wuov
kd ef ,fajrwGif ppftajc
cHpcef;zGifhvmjcif;udk uefYuGufaMumif;/
3/ odYk zdEySd cf sKyfcs,v
f mjcif;udk ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGrJ S wqufwnf; wuov
kd ef ,fajrwGi;f vSnv
hf nf
qEjyuefYuGuf&ef/
pufwifbmv (23) &ufaeYnwGif ausmif;om;xkq;kH jzwfcsuft& qEjycJMh uayonf/ xdu
k pd E iS yhf wfouf
&efukefwuodkvfaumifpDrS wuotrIaqmifrsm;onf ausmif;pnf;urf;azmufzsufNyD; qlylonf[laom taMumif;jy
csufjzifh ygarmucsKyftm; (7) &uftwGif; awmif;yef&rnf? vufrSwfa&;xdk;&rnf[k qHk;jzwfaMunmcJhonf/
xdkjyemESifh ywfouf wuotrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;rS tav;teufpOf;pm;MuNyD;1/ xdkta&;onf q&mausmif;om; at;aq;ausvnfpGm ajzSif;oifhaom jyemw&yfom jzpfonf[k
wuorS ,HkMunfonf/
2/ xdkta&;aMumifh wuodkvf\ at;csrf;om,mpGmwnfSda&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;a&;udk rxdcdkuf
ap&ef/
616
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
wuov
kd t
f ufOya' jyifqifcsut
f & ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,f wuov
kd af umifpv
D Bl uD; (2) OD; aG;aumuf
yGJudk 1959 ck? 'DZifbmv (17) &ufaeYwGif usif;yrnf[k wuodkvfaumifpDrS aMunmcJhonf/ wuo\qEESifh
udkufnDrIrSdaomfvnf; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f trnfcHum ausmif;om;qEtwdkif; raqmifGufaom wuodkvf
aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD; rjzpfap&efESifh ausmif;om;qErsm;udk wuodkvfaumifpDwGif wifjyEdkif&eftwGuf ausmif;om;
udk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD;tm; wuoonf toif;tzGJUaygif;pHkESifh ndEIdif;aG;cs,fum 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifap
cJhonf/
EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkYvnf; (1) wuodkvfe,fajrwGif EdkifiHa&; ppfwvif;rjzpfa&;? (2) ausmif;om;
tusKd; epfemcsufrsm;udk ausmif;om;xkqE? ausmif;om;xktjriftwdkif; aqmifGufEdkifa&;twGuf wuodkvfaumifpD
ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f aG;aumufyGJwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifjcif; rjyK&ef arwm&yfcHcJhayonf/
odkY&mwGif EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;wckjzpfaom oefYSif;zqyvrS 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&ef jyifqifvmjcif;aMumifh?
oefYSif;zqyv\ qEt& wuoonf (3) Budrfwdkifwdkif awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhonf/ xdkodkY aqG;aEG;&mwGif oefYSif;
zqyvESihf wuoonf (1) 'Dru
kd a&pDa&; aqmifu
G rf rI sm;wGif wlncD surf sm;So
d nf? (2) ynma&; oabmxm;rsm;wGif
em;vnfrrI sm; Scd jhJ cif;wdYkaMumif?h ,aeY wuov
kd af usmif;om;xk\ vdv
k m;csurf sm;jzpfonfh ynma&;vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;
y,fzsufay;a&;? ynma&;epfemcsufrsm;udk aumifpDwGif wifjyawmif;qdkay;a&; ponfh rl (2) csufudk vufcHNyD;
Edik if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfonfh oefYiS ;f zqyv\ ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f aeESihf r0ifb?J wuo\aG;cs,faom ud,
k pf m;vS,f
tjzpf 0ifrnfqdkygu wuorS axmufcHay;rnf[k wifjycJhonf/
odYk aomf oefYiS ;f zqyvtaeESihf vufrcHaomaMumifh wuoonf wuo\ aiGxed ;f a[mif; OD;wDy0D rf;ESihf
Ou|a[mif; OD;armifarmifausmf wdkYtm; udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf aG;aumufum oefYSif;zqyv udk,fpm;vS,f OD;0if;?
OD;&mSpw
f YkdEiS hf ,SONf ydKifco
hJ nf/ wuoud,
k MkH unfjcif;? ausmif;om;xk\ tpOftvmESio
hf pmudck ,
H
l ausmif;om;tusK;d
o,fy;kd xrf;Gurf nfh wuoud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk ,HMk unf&if;pGJ jdS cif;wdYk aMumifh wuoud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;u tEdik &f Scd hJ
ayonf/ trdwuo\ *kPfodumudk pnf;vHk;nDGwfjcif; t&nftaoG;jzifh wifay;vdkMuojzifh armfvNrdKif? ykodrf?
ausmufjzLaumvdyf or*rsm;ESifh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;rS nDGwfpGm rJay;cJhMuonf/
wuoonf aumifpaD G;aumufyw
JG iG f wuoud,
k pf m;vS,f (2) OD; tEdik &f cJah omfvnf; wuoud,
k pf m;vS,f
aumifpDwGif yg0ifcGifh&Sda&;rludkum; qufvuf udkifpGJjrJudkifpGJ wuodkvf jyifqifcsuftufOya' y,fzsufa&;udk
qufvufwdkufoGm;rnfom jzpfayonf/
(q) tzrf;cHausmif;om;rsm;pmar;yGJajza&; /
/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tpdk;&onf Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;udk taMumif;jyum
wuodkvfESifhtxufwef;ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk yk'fr (5) jzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcJhonf/ 1958-59 ckESpfwGif
tzrf;cH&aom ausmif;om;tcsKdUrSm pmar;yGJajzcGifh avQmufaomfvnf; EdkifiHtpdk;&rS cGifhrjyKojzifh pmar;yJGajzqdkcGifh
r&Sdacs/ odkY zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;aMumifh tzrf;cHausmif;om;rsm;twGuf txl;yifepfemcJh&onf/ odkYtwGuf 195960 ckESpf pmar;yGJwGif &oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;t&? ajzqdkcGifhudk rdrdwdkY\ oufqdkif&maxmifwGif;rS ajzqdkcGifhjyK&ef
awmif;qdkcJhonf/
odkY&mwGif zdEdSyfcsKyfcs,frIudkom jyKvdkaom tpdk;&onf wOD;wa,mufudkrQ ajzqdkcGifhrjyKaMumif; jyefMum;cJh
ojzifh? vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh ynmoifMum;EdkifcGifhtcGifhta&; wm;qD;&ma&mufojzifh jyif;jyif;xefxef uefYuGufcJhonf/
(Z) or*0ifaMu;aumufcHay;&ef /
/ 1954 ckESpfrSp or*aMu;rsm;udk ausmif;0ifonfESifh wNydKifeuf
wuodkvfrS aumufcHay;cJhonf/ odkYaumufcHay;cJhjcif;onf wuoudk w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKjcif;yifjzpfonf/
1959-60 ckESpfwGif ,cifuJhodkY aumufcHaeqJyif wydkif;wpor*aMu;rsm; aumufcHjcif;udk &yfqdkif;xm;cJhonf/
,ckEpS f 1960-61 wGiv
f nf; raumufcaH y;bJ xm;Scd ahJ yonf/ or*aMu;rsm;aumufcrH I &yfqikd jf cif;onf wuotm;
w&m;0iftodtrSwrf jyKonfh oabmjzpf\/ wuoud,
k pf m;vS,f aumifpv
D Ml uD;rsm;tm; y,fzsujf cif;? ausmif;aqmif
aumfrwDrsm;tm; zsuo
f rd ;f jcif;jyKNyD;aemufwiG f ,ckqufvuf or*ut
kd odtrSwrf jyK&ef vkyaf qmifjcif;yifjzpfonf/
jynfolvkxk\ 'Drdkua&pD tvm;tvm arQmfudk;csufjzifh tHk<uaxmufcHjcif;aMumifh wufvmaom oefYSif;
zqyv (,ck yxp) tpdk;&onfyif or*aMu;rsm; aumufay;&efudk jiif;qefxm;Sdayonf/ wuo\ ausmif;om;
udk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD;\ aumifpDwGifwifjycsufudk uefYuGufMuojzifh xdktqdkudkwif&ef &yfqdkif;xm;cJh
&onf/
618
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
EdkifiHwGif ESpfpOfusif;yaom pmar;yGJwdkif;vdkyif csKdU,Gif;csufrsm; jzpfay:cJhonf/ 1960 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (16) &uf
aeYrpS usif;yaom wuov
kd 0f ifwef;pmar;yGw
J iG v
f nf; csKdU,Gi;f csufrsm; jzpfcjhJ yefonf/ t*Fvyd pf mar;cGe;f tcsKdUwGif
pmrsufESm wzufrygSdjcif;? ar;cGef;trSwf (4) wGif bmomjyefyg (odkYr[kwf) tusOf;a&;yg[l cGJr&Edkifaom rwd
usaom ar;cGef;udkar;jcif;? ocFsmar;cGef;vTm (2) t*FvdyfbmomESifh jrefrmbmom *Pef; (2) rsKd; jzpfaejcif;?
(7) yk'f ajzyg[l jrefrmbmomwGif ryg0ifjcif; paomcsKdU,Gif;rIrsm; jzpfcJhonf/
xdb
k momrsm;onf r,lrae&bmomBuD;rsm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; twGuf BuD;rm;aom
epfemcsufrsm; jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; repfemap&ef aqmifGufay;&efESifh xdkodkYaqmifGufrIrsm;udk
wuodkvf0ifpmppfbkwftzGJUrS twdtvif; xkwfazmfaMunm&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/
(C) ynma&;r[mXmeESifUaxmufyHUaMu; / / ,cifESpfrsm;u ynma&;r[mXmewGif axmufyHhaMu;,lol ausmif;
ol? ausmif;om;wdkif;tm; axmufyHhaMu;ay;cJhonf/ odkYaomf 1969-60 ckESpf axmufyHhaMu;,lvdkaom ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om; (300) cefYSdonfteuf (130) om ay;cJhonf/ aiGaMu;tusyftwnf;aMumifh ynma&;r[mXmewGif
oif,laeMuaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;tcsKdU axmufyHhaMu;r&rIaMumifh ynmqufvufoif,l&ef tcuftcJawGU
ae&onf/ ausmif;vc ray;Mu&aom ,cifESpfrsm;uyif axmufyHhaMu;&vdkolwdkif;tm; ay;EdkifcJhao;&m ausmif;vc
,laom 1959 ckESpfwGif ydkrdkom ay;Edkifp&mjzpfonf/
odYk twGuf ynma&;r[mXmeESihf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wdYk nEd idI ;f aqG;aEG;um if;wdYk oabmwlq;kH jzwfcsuf
twdkif; ay;apoifhaMumif; awmif;qdkcJhonf/
(i) jrefrm&mZ0ifoD;jcm;oifa&; / / &efukefwuodkvfwGif pmayoifMum; ydkYcsrIqdkif&mXmersm;teuf taSUwdkif;
&mZ0ifXme[l XmeSdcJhonf/ ,if;Xmeudk ppfNyD;acwf 1951 ckESpfwGif &mZ0ifXmerS cGJxkwfum oD;jcm;Xmewcktjzpf
wnfaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf/ 1955 ckEpS w
f iG f wzef taSUwdik ;f &mZ0ifXme jrefrm&mZ0ifukd oD;jcm;bmomw&yftjzpf
wdk;csJUum 0dZmwef;rsm;wGif oifMum;ydkYcscJhavonf/ 1959-60 ckESpfwGif jrefrm&mZ0if oifMum;olaygif; (800)
ausmfxd wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmcJhonf/
xdkodkY wdk;wufrsm;jym;aeaom jrefrm&mZ0ifoifMum;ydkYcsrIudk 1960-61 ckESpfrSp &efukefwuodkvfwGif
oD;jcm;bmom&yftjzpf oifMum;jcif;rjyKawmhbJ zsufodrf;&ef &efukefwuodkvfqD;edwftzGJUrS qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ odkYt
wGuf toif;tzGJUrsm;? owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh aqmif;yg;Sifrsm;rS uefYuGufa&;om; azmfxkwfvmcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh
vnf; &efukefwuodkvfrS ajzSif;csufwckxkwfjyefcJhonf/ jrefrm&mZ0ifoifMum;jcif;udk zsufodrf;jcif;r[kwf? taSU
wdkif;&mZ0ifXmerS wdk;csJUum jrefrm&mZ0ifudk oD;jcm;bmom w&yftaejzifh oifMum;&mrS q&mrvkHavmuf jrefrm
&mZ0ifowfowf (odkYr[kwf) taSUzsm;&mZ0ifowfowf wckckudkom oifMum;jcif;jyK&ef qHk;jzwfjcif;jzpfaMumif;
azmfjycJhonf/
wuodkvfrS ajzSif;csuf? ygarmucsKyf\ ajymMum;csufwdkYudk avhvmygu q&mrvHkavmuf [laom
taMumif;jycsufom Sdayonf/ wuodkvfwGif q&mrvHkavmufjcif;rSm jrefrm&mZ0ifXme wckwnf;omr[kwf?
bmom&yftrsm;tjym;wGif rvHrk avmufjzpfaeonfrmS txiftSm; jzpfaeonf/ q&mrvHak vmufom bmom&yfrsm;
oifMum;ydYkcsjcif;udk &yfqikd ;f &rnfqv
kd Qif wuov
kd f oifMum;ydYkcsEikd o
f nfh bmom&yftenf;i,fom usef rdS nfjzpfonf/
jrefrm&mZ0ifudk oD;jcm;bmom&yftjzpf oifMum;ydkYcsEdkif&ef q&mrSdqdkjcif;rSmvnf; rrSefay/ jrefrm&mZ0if
jzifh &mZ0ifbmomwGif a'gufwmbGJU&cJhaom q&m? q&mrrsm; wuodkvfwGifSdayonf/ xdkYjyif jrefrm&mZ0ifudk
SmrD;S pkaqmif;cJah om q&mrsm;vnf; wuov
kd f Sad eayonf/ ,if;q&mrsm;u jrefrm&mZ0ifukd wuov
kd f oifMum;
ydkYcsay;Edkifygonf[l ajymqdkaeygvsuf q&mrvHkavmuf q&mrSd[k taMumif;jyaejcif;rSm rsm;pGmoHo,jzpfzG,f
Sdaeayonf/
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&mZ0ifowfowf (odYkr[kw)f taSUwdik ;f &mZ0ifEiS hf jrefrm&mZ0ifaygif;um wckcu
k kd aG;cs,o
f ifMum;&ef qdjk cif;rSmvnf;
jynfolvlxkESifh ausmif;om;xktm; vSnfhpm;rIjyKonfh oabmomjzpfonf/
wuov
kd w
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kd t
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rsm; jzpfayonf/ jrefrmbmom oifMum;rIr@dKifjzpfonfukd zsuq
f ;D vdo
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620
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
1960 ck? ZGev
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kd f armifr,fopfviG af eYjzpfonf/ wuov
kd t
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vmjcif;udk aumif;aomvmjcif;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKum BudKqdk&if; ausmif;om;xk\ aemufqufwGJ&a&;udk qEjyum
0dkif;0ef;arwm&yfcHyGJ jyKvkyfcJhonf/
1960 ck? ZGefv (29) &ufaeY nwGif wuodkvfqD;edwf tpnf;ta0;usif;yum wuodkvf aemufqufwGJ
pmar;yGJusif;y ray;EdkifaMumif; qHk;jzwfNyD;vQif xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/ ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; kwfjcnf;tHk<uum
(29) &ufaeYnrSmyif ygarmutm; 0dik ;f 0ef;ta&;qdk qEjycJMh uonf/ pdwv
f u
kd rf mefyg tajctaewif;rm;rI rjzpfap&ef
wuorS 0ifa&mufxdef;odrf;cJhonf? wm0ef,lcJhonf/ ygarmucsKyftaejzifh ausmif;om;xkbufrS &yfwnfum
aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJusif;ya&; awmif;qdkay;rnf[k tcdkiftrm uwday;cJhonf/
odYk aomf aemufwaeY (30) reufwiG f uwdzsufvu
kd jf yefco
hJ nf/ xdYk aMumifh aemufqufwpJG mar;yGJ usif;ya&;
ESifh jrefrm&mZ0ifudk oD;jcm;,cifuuJhodkY oifMum;a&;twGuf (30) &ufaeYwGif rD;wkwfudkifqEjyyGJudk wuorS
atmifjrifpmG jyKvkycf o
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f (5) &ufaeY Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ek\owif;pmSi;f vif;yGw
J iG f
aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJjyKvkyf jzpfEdkifonfhenf;vrf;udk wifjyvmcJhonf/ ygarmucsKyfrsm; qD;edwftzGJUrSvnf;
oabmwl vufcHcJhayonf/
odkYtajctaersm; jyemrsm; ajyvnfaumif;rGefvmpOfwGif ZGefv (29) &ufESifh (30) &ufaeYrsm;wGif
qEjyjcif;aMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;pnf;urf; azmufzsufonf? xdkYaMumifh ygarmucsKyftm; aemifwGif odkYrusL;vGef
yg[k uwday;awmif;yef&rnf[k ygarmucsKyf (17) OD;u vufrSwfa&;xdk; aMunmcJhonf/ (29) &ufaeY qEjyjcif;
wGif wuorS 0ifa&mufxed ;f odr;f ojzifh at;csr;f oGm;aMumif;udk BudKqdak xmufco
H ifyh gvsuf (30) &ufaeYn wuou
OD;pD;NyD; pepfwusqEjyrIudk Iwfcsxm;ayonf/
wuoonf jzpf&yfudk oabmxm;&mwGif xdkuJhodkY qEjycJhMujcif;onf ausmif;om;xk\ w&m;aom
vdkvm;csuftwGuf rSefuefpGm awmif;qdkcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh wuoESifh ausmif;om;xk\ awmif;qdkqEjyrI
onf rSefuefonf/ odkYaomf rSefuefaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk awmif;qdk&m epfemcsufrsm; BuD;rm; jyKrlrIrsm;udk
rcHr&yfjzpfveG ;f aomaMumifh pdwv
f u
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awmif;yef&ef 0efrav;yg[k aMunmcJhonf/
wuotaeESihf wuov
kd \
f at;csr;f om,ma&;? Nidr;f csr;f pGmynmoifMum;a&;? q&mausmif;om; em;vnfrI
wdk;wufa&;? yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;udk vHk;0vdkvm;ayonf/ xdktcsufrsm; atmifjrifa&;udkvnf; tpOfwpdkuf BudK;pm;
cJhayonf/ odkYaomfvnf; jzpfvmaom jyemrsm;udk ajyvnfpGm ajzSif;Edkif&ef vdktyfonf[k ,lqayonf/
xdkYaMumifh ,if;jyemwGif q&mrsm;taeESifh wm0efSdaom jyemrsm;ay:wGif wm0efSdonf? wm0ef,l
onf[k azmfjyajzSif;&ef vdkayonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifhvnf; wm0efSdaom jyemrsm;tay:wGif wm0efSd
aMumif; azmfjyajzSif; wm0ef,l&ef vdkayonf/ rdrdwdkYwm0efSdaom tydkif;rsm;udkwm0ef,l wm0efruif;aMumif;
azmfjyajzSif;MurSomvQif ppfrSefaom q&m? ausmif;om;tMum; qufqHa&; ajyjypfrIudk&rnfjzpfNyD; at;csrf;om,m
aom wuodkvfudk tmCmwrSd zefwD;EdkifMurnfjzpfaMumif; wifjycJhonf/
odkY&mwGif Zlvdkifv (23) &uf wuodkvfqD;edwf tpnf;ta0;rS xdkjyemudk aumifpDodkYvTJum qHk;jzwf&ef
wifxm;qJyif jzpfonf/
aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJudpw
Gif wuoonf oabmxm;rSefuefpGmjzifh ausmif;om;xkESifhwom;wnf; &yf
wnfrIwdkYaMumifh rSefuefaomwdkufyGJrS rSefuefaomatmifjrifrI pmar;yGJudk &Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif q&mESifh
ausmif;om;wdkY\ qufqHa&;wGif wif;rmrItcsKdU Sdaeao;jcif;twGufum; 0rf;enf;zG,fyif jzpfonf/
(q) aq;odyHESifUtif*sifeD,m0ifcGifUt&nftcsif;ppfpmar;yGJ / / &efukefwuodkvf aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJ y,fzsuf
jcif;ESifhtwlyif 1960 ckESpf? ESpfOD;ydkif;uyif qD;edwfrS Oypmtxufwef; atmifjrifNyD; vdktyfaomtrSwfrjynfh
aq;odyHESifh tif*sifeD,modkY 0ifcGifhpmar;yGJajzvdkolrsm;tm; trSwfrjynfhaombmomudkom r[kwfbJ bmompHkjyefajz
&rnf jzpfaMumif; aMunmcJhonf/
odkYjyKvkyfjcif;onf aq;odyHESifh tif*sifeD,mwdkYwGif vHkavmufaom toHk;taqmifrsm; rSdjcif;aMumifh[k
twdtvif; 0efcHxm;jcif;Sday&m odkYjyKrIjcif;onf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; aq;odyHESifh tif*sifeD,modkY
ta&mufenf;yg;&ef? ra&mufvmEdkif&efu vTJ bmrQt"dyg,f rSdacs/
622
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
onf/ wrsKd;om;vHk;ESifhoufqdkifaom ta&;rsm;ESifhywfouf jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsKd;om;nDGwfa&; wnf
aqmufa&; yefMum;csux
f w
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G &f eftMuHay;csurf sm;udk jy|mef;Edik cf o
hJ nf/
(i) Adkvfatmifausmfaeh /
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wGif Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf? &uowdYk EiS hf yl;wGu
J m Adv
k af tmifausmf\ ocFsKdi;f *lwiG pf k ;kH oGm;a&muf yef;acGrsm;cs t"d|mef
pmwrf;zwfMum; t"d|mefjyKcJhonf/
(p) [,f&Dwefaeh /
/ pwkwtBudrfajrmuf [,f&DwefaeYudk Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYESifyl;wGJum 1960
ck? rwfv (22) &ufaeYwGif jyKvkyfcJhonf/ or* (3) ckrS trIaqmifrsm; pka0;NyD; [,f&Dweftkwf*lSd MuHawmokef
odkY vGrf;olYyef;acG oGm;a&mufcsum t"d|mefpmwrf; zwfMum;cJhonf/
(q) trIaqmifrsm;tzrf;cH&aomESpfvnfaeh / / 1959 ck? {NyDv (3) &ufaeYwGif vufeufudkifwyfom; (200)
ausmfwdkYonf wuo taqmuftODudk 0dkif;0ef;um wuoOu| udkcifarmiftkef;? twGif;a&;rSL;a[mif; udkatmif
bef;wdkYudk zrf;qD;cJhMuonf/ wuotrIaqmif wOD;jzpfaom udkzdk;omab;tm;vnf; if;\aetdrfwGif zrf;qD;jcif;
jyKcJhonf/ wcsdefwnf;wGif wuo 'k-Ou| udkbaumif;? wuotwGif;a&;rSL; udkcifatmif? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf
udkaZmf0if;wdkYrSm wdrf;aSmifaecJh&onf/ zrf;qD;cH&aomausmif;om;rsm;rSm udkudk;uRef;odkY tydkYcH&onf/ xdktzrf;cH
&aom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl rEav;wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;? txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm; vTwf&efESifh 0&rf;
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; 0&rf;kyo
f rd ;f &ef wESpaf jrmufaeYwiG f awmif;qdck o
hJ nf/ xdak eYwiG f ydpk wmrsm;uyfjcif;? 0rf;enf;aom
txdrf;trSwftjzpf tvHeufrsm; vTifhxljcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/
(Z) udkvdkeDpepf qefhusifa&;aeh /
/ {NyDv (24) &ufaeYonf EdkifiHwumvli,fausmif;om;rsm;\ udkvdkeD
pepfqefYusifa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;pGm,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;aeY jzpfonf/ 1955 ck? {NyDv (24) &ufaeYwGif tif'dkeD;Sm;jynf
befa'gif;NrKdUwGif tif'dkeD;Sm;? tdEd,? oD[dkVf? wkwfjynfolYorwEdkifiH? jrefrmEdkifiH (5) EdkifiHrS OD;aqmif tmStmz&duwdkif;jynfrsm; yg0ifonfh befa'gif;nDvmcHudk usif;ycJhMuonf/ xdknDvmcHrS udkvdkeDpepfqefYusifa&;ESifh
Nidrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;udk csrSwfcJhayonf/
xdkaeYwGif wuoonf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? jynfolUvli,ftzGJUcsKyfwdkYESifh yl;wGJum udkvdkeDpepfqefYusifa&;?
Nidrf;csrf;pGm,SOfwGJaexdkifa&; atmifjrifa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&ef aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhonf/
(ps) tmZmenfaeh /
/ 1960 ck? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG trsKd;om;acgif;
aqmifBuD;rsm; usqHk;onhf (13) ESpfajrmufaeY jzpfonf/ trsKd;om;ynma&;? trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; AdokumBuD;rsm;
tm; owd&OD;GwfonfhtaeESifh wuo? Auo? &uoESifh wef;cGJwef;cswdkufyGJaumfrwDrsm; yl;aygif;um tmZmenf
AdrmefodkY csDwuftav;jyKum wdkifwnfyGJ usif;ycJhMuonf/
(n) udkudk;uRef;jyefrsm;*kPfjyKyGJ /
/ 1958 ck? atmufwdkbmvwGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm; oefYSif;zqyvrS
tmPm vTJajymif;ay;pOfu wuoonf tjyif;txef uefYuGufqEjycJhayonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif wuotm; EdkifiHa&;
tmCmwrsm;xm;um 1959 ck? {NyDv (5) &ufaeYwGif wuoOu| udkcifarmiftkef;? trIaqmif udkzdk;omab;ESifh
twGif;a&;rSL;a[mif; udkatmifbef;wdkYtm; zrf;qD; udkudk;uRef;odkY ydkYaqmifcJhayonf/ (13) vausmfrQ tcsKyf
taESmifcH&NyD; 1960 ck? arv (14) &ufaeYwGif jyefvnfvGwfvmcJhayonf/ rSefuefaom wdkufyGJrsm;? vIyfSm;rIrsm;
udk axmufcHum tcdkiftrmjyK&if; vli,fESifhausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; *kPfjyK&efvdkayonf/
odkYtwGuf 1960 ck? arv (21) &ufaeYwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;? toif;tzGJUrsm;udk zdwfMum; wuo?
AouESifh jynfolYvli,ftzGJUcsKyfwdkYrS BuD;rSL;um *kPfjyKyGJ jyKvkyfcJhonf/
624
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
&ufaeYwGif jyKvkyfusif;yjrJ jzpfayonf/ pmqdkawmfaeY\ tBudKaeYjzpfaom 1959 ck? Edk0ifbmv (29) &ufaeYnwGif
uavmiftoif;? pme,fZif;toif;wdYk EiS hf wuowdYk yl;aygif;um wuo taqmuftODwiG f pmqdyk nmSirf sm;jzpfaom
OD;at;armif? OD;azarmifwif? OD;odef;[ef? rif;ok0PfwdkYtm; uefawmhylaZmfyGJjyKvkyfum vli,fpma&;q&mrsm;\
a[majymyGJrsm;udk jyKvkyfcJhonf/
(C) upm;ckefpm;ESifU,Ofaus;rIXme / / wuo upm;ckefpm;ESifh,Ofaus;rIXmeonf wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;
\ tm;upm;avmu tqifhtwef;jrifha&;twGuf wuodkvfq&mrsm\ vspfvsLIjcif;cHae&aom wuodkvftm;
upm;avmu zGUH NzdK;ap&ef ulnt
D m;ay;cJo
h nf/ jyify tm;upm;NydKifyrJG sm;wGif yg0if,OS Nf ydKifaom wuov
kd rf S tm;upm;
toif;tzGJUESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; txl;tm;ay;cJhMuonf/
wuodkvfESpfywfvnf ajy;ckefupm;yGJ ydkrdkpnfum;a&;twGuf yg0ifaqmifGufcJhonf/ 1959 ckESpf 'DZifbm
vwGif ,d;k ',m;jynf? befaumufNrdKU usi;f yaom taSUawmiftmSro
d m;pk tdv
k yH pfNydKifyt
JG wGuf aG;cs,jf cif;cH&aom
wuodkvfrS tm;upm;orm; (17) OD;tm; *kPfjyKyGJjzpfajrmuf&ef BudK;pm;aqmifGuf atmifjrifcJhayonf/
1959 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif tdEd,jynf? tm*&mNrdKU usif;yjyKvkyfaom wuodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHk
ajy;ckeu
f pm;yGo
J Ykd &efuek w
f uov
kd rf S xl;cReaf om tm;upm;orm;rsm; yg0if,OS Nf ydKifEikd af &;twGuf wuov
kd t
f m;upm;
aumifpDrSwqifh ygarmucsKyfxHodkY awmif;qdkay;cJhonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; &efukefwuodkvfrS tm;upm;orm; (8)
OD; yg0if,OS Nf ydKifciG hf &Scd ahJ yonf/ jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; Sm;yg;onft
h wGuf Edik if jH cm;wuov
kd rf S tm;upm;
pmtkyfrsm; vSL'gef;Edkif&ef pmjzifha&;om; tultnDawmif;cJhonf/ tcsKdUw0uf&SdcJhonf/
urmYausmif;om;or* 'k-Ou| rpwmtbl*pf'g&D\ a,bk,sowif;ay;csuft& 1961 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv
wGif blvaf *;&D;,m;jynf? qdzk ,
D mNrdKU usi;f yrnfjzpfaom urmYwuov
kd af ygif;pHk ajy;ckeu
f pm;yGw
J iG f &efuek w
f uov
kd f
rS xl;cRefaom tm;upm;orm;rsm; yg0if,SOfNydKifEdkifa&;udk wuodkvf upm;ckefpm;aumifpDwGif wifjy&m rltm;jzifh
vufcHvdkufNyD; jzpfonf/
&efuek w
f uov
kd f upm;ckepf m;aumifpw
D iG f q&m (5) OD;ESihf wuo ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,f (5) OD;yg0ifc&hJ m
EdkifiHjcm;rS enf;jyq&m awmif;,la&;udk upm;ckefpm;aumifpDwGif wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhonf/ xdkYtwGuf tar&duefjynf
zl;(vf)bdu
k pf rD u
H ed ;f rS bwfpuwfabm? abmfvaD bm? wif;epfEiS hf a&ul;wdYk twGuf enf;jyq&m rpwm'pfabmif;0g;
ESifh ZeD;wdkY rMumrDu a&mufSdvmcJhayonf/
wuov
kd t
f av;r tm;upm;HBk uD;wGif upm;ol vlO;D a&ESihf rnDrQvmonfwYkdukd awGUS
d taqmuftODopf
wdk;csJUa&;udk awmif;qdkay;cJh&m &SdcJhayonf/
&efuek w
f uov
kd f wBudrw
f cgrQ avhvmqefppfjcif; rjyKvkycf b
hJ ;l aom &efuek w
f uov
kd f tm;upm;avmu
ppfwrf;wapmifudk a&;om; wuodkvfupm;ckefpm;aumifpDodkY wifoGif;EdkifcJhonf/ b@maiG tcuftcJSdrlaMumifh
wuodkvfESifh aumvdyfaygif;pHk ajy;ckef;upm;yGJ rjyKvkyfEdkifcJh/ tm;upm;owif;pOf pmapmifrsm; rxkwfEdkifcJhay/
wuodkvf tm;upm;toif;tzGJUaygif;pHkESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJw&yfudkvnf; Mo*kwfv wwd,ywftwGif;
jyKvkyf&ef pDpOfxm;onf/
1959 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif jyKvkyfaom rEav;wuodkvf aiG&wkobifyGJodkY udk,fpm;vS,f vTwfjcif;?
wuo\ pDrHuGyfuJrIjzifh jyZmwfyg0ifujy EdkifcJhjcif;rsm;jzifh ulnDcJhonf/
(i) tdk;a0r*Zif;Xme /
/ tdk;a0r*Zif;onf &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*\ a<u;aMumfoHjzpfonf/
Zmwdrmefwuf<uzG,f pmrlrsm;? pmayajrmufaom pmaumif;ayrGefrsm;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? rdwfaqGjzpfa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI
jrifhwifa&; wdkYtwGuf &nfoef xkwfa0cJhayonf/
1950-60 ckESpfonf wuo\ tESpf (30) ajrmufaom ESpfumvjzpfonf/ tdk;a0r*Zif;udk txl;xkwf
jzpfvo
kd nf/ odYk &mwGif &efyakH iG tcuftcJrmS rwnfaiGyif rSjd zpfco
hJ nf/ odYk twGuf &efyakH iGrsm;udk vdu
k v
f aH umufcu
H m
rwnfaiGSmazGcJh&onf/ yHkESdyfwdkufrSvnf; aiGaMu;twGuf rsm;pGmulnDcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifhrsm;pGmaom tcuftcJMum;
rSyif ESpf (30) ajrmuf wuo\ tdk;a0r*Zif;onf wrlxl;jcm;pGm xkwfa0Edkifayawmhrnf jzpfonf/ 1960 ck?
Mo*kwfvtwGif; xGufvmEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
(p) EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;Xme /
626
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
vnf;aumif;? urmYausmif;om;rsm;aeYESifh trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeY jyyGJjyKvkyf&mwGif wm0ef,laqmifGufay;aom yef;csD
q&m OD;eef;a0tm;vnf;aumif;? "gwfyjkH yyGw
J iG f "gwfyrkH sm;pkaqmif;pdu
k x
f w
k af y;aom [Hom0wD owif;pmrS OD;aTarmif
tm;vnf;aumif;? rEav;aiG&wkobifoYkd uyGt
J ultnDay;&mwGif wm0efcu
H n
l aD y;aom vli,f'gdu
k w
f m wuov
kd f
jrwfav;tm;vnf;aumif;? w,fvDzHk;aMu;ray;qyfEdkifojzifh jyefvnfwyfqifay;&efBudK;pm;&m aiG (100) vSLay;
aom EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ektm;vnf;aumif;? aiG (100) vSLay;aom wuoxrif;qdkifrS a':MunfMunftm;vnf;
aumif;? tdk;a0r*Zif; xkwfEdkifa&;twGuf rwnfaiGvSL'gef;yg0ifMuaom trIaqmifa[mif;rsm;? t&mSdBuD;rsm;?
ukefonfrsm;? owif;pmwdkufrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; wuorS txl;aus;Zl;wifSdaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf/
(10)
ed*Hk;
&Jabmfw-hkd
1959-60 or*oufwef;onf? ql;ajimifhcvkwfrsm;jzifh jynfhvQrf;aeaom tMurf;wrf;qHk;c&D; jzpfonf/
wjynfvHk;wGif 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;um? jynfolw&yfvHk;rSm tylvHk;<uvsufSdaom umvjzpfonf/ jyif;xefaom
rkew
f ikd ;f Mum;0,f or*onf rm;rm;&yfEikd pf rG ;f ygrnfavm[l &ifwrrjzpfc&hJ onf/ ]ausmif;om;jynfot
l m;udk rnforl Q
rwm;Edik ?f wm;qD;Edik af om&mZ0ifonf urmwGirf S}d [laom oabmudk wkwjf ynfoYl orwEdik if H ausmif;om;jynfow
l Ykd
\wdu
k yf ?JG tm&yfjynfaxmifpo
k rwEdik if H ausmif;om;wdYk \ wdu
k yf ?JG tD&wfausmif;om;wdYk \ wdu
k yf ?JG *syefjynfausmif;
om;vli,frsm;\ *syef-tar&duef pmcsKyfzsufodrf;a&;ESifh uDSDtpdk;& EkwfxGufay;a&;wdkufyGJ? awmiftmz&duESifh
tJvf*sD;&D;,m; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ? awmifudk&D;,m;ESifh wl&uDSd ausmif;om;
vli,fwdkY\ zufqpftmPmSiftpdk;& wdkufzsufa&;wdkufyGJrsm;wGif txiftSm;jyvsuf Sdacsonf/
or*&aJ bmfw-hkd
wuoonf BuD;rm;aomtE&m,fESifh &ifqdkifcJh&NyD; ausmif;om;jynfolwdkYtwGuf aqmifGufcsufrsm;?
wuovkyif ef;wdYk ukd zsufq;D &ef w&m;rJph mG vkyMf uHjcif;rsm; cHcMhJ u&onf/ odYk wapvnf; igwdYk wuoonf oufwrf;
(30) jynfah jrmufco
hJ nfwikd af tmif ausmif;om;xktwGuf ud,
k u
f sKd;rzufaom&mZ0if? jynfov
l x
l t
k wGuf opmrzsuf
cJhaom tpOftvmrsm;udk tav;teufjyKum MuHUMuHUcH &yfwnfEdkifpGrf;cJhMuonf/ ausmif;om;jynfolwdkY tm;aMumifh
'Dru
kd a&pD\ qefYusib
f uftrdu
k o
f m;rsm;onf ,m,Dtm;jzifh z,fmS ;oGm;cJah yonf/ odYkaomf qufvuf BudK;yrf;&ay
OD;rnf? or*ysujf ym;ap&ef MuH,
G cf surf sm;Sad eay&m or*wnfwchH ikd jf rJa&;twGuf qufvufcsw
D ufMu&ef vkad yonf/
rSefuefaom oabmxm;ESifh ausmif;om;jynfolwdkY\ tiftm;onf atmifyGJudk qifETJEdkifrnfomwnf;/
-
628
(yH)k
pdef0if;
'k-Ou|
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*
(1959-60)
OD;vSwif
(1959-60)
Source: Oway Magazines
(wzufpmrsuEf mS rS)
udkpdef0if; (oHk;cG)- 1959-60 ck wuo ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmonf wuoordkif;wGif txl;jcm;qHk; tjynfhpHkqHk;xJrS wckjzpfonf/
1971 ck? arvrS ZGefvtxd uRef;pepfzsufodrf;a&; tpmiwfcHqEjywdkufyJGwGif wdkufyJG0ifcJhNyD;? uRef;pepfysufNyD; tif;pdef
(wJGzufaxmif) odkY olYtm; vlemxrf;pOfjzifho,fum uRef;wdkuf tusOf;csxm;cJhonf/ uRef;wdkufyJG aemufxyf
ESp&f ufo;kH &ufqufygu udpk ed 0f if;yg aoqH;k oGm;Edik o
f nf/ if;'Pfrsm;aMumifh aoqH;k csed t
f xd use;f rma&;csKUd ,Gi;f cJ&h onf/
aemufq;kH tBudrf axmifxaJ &muf awmhvnf; if;'Pfrsm;aMumifyh if uG,v
f eG cf o
hJ nf/ (OD;vSaz rSwcf suf- jirf;? udpk ed 0f if;oHk;cG? pm- 12? trSwfpOf- 4? ar 2000/ w,fvDzkef;ar;jref;csuf)
1988 ck? pufwifbmv ppfwyftmPmodrf;tNyD; e,fpyfodkYxGuftvm rlvusef;rma&; csKdU,Gif;aom'PfaMumifh vrf;c&D;
zifhaES;aeNyD; ajcaxmufwGif'Pf&m&um e0w\ zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onf/ 1990 'DZifbmwGif tonf;toefaeraumif;
jzpf 1991 Zefe0g&Dvqef;wGif tif;pdefaxmifaq;HkodkY wifvdkuf&onf/ 1991 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (10) &ufaeYwGif
axmifaq;HkwGif uG,fvGefonf/ (tusOf;axmifxJrS tmZmenfrsm;? {&m0wDpmtkyfwdkuf? 1999? pm-18/ atatyDyD)629
&efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* trIaqmiftzGUJ (1959- 1960)
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
rcifcifapm
udkAaqGav;
udkvSwif
udkpdef0if;
udkndK0if;
(pmMunfhwdkufrSL;)
(aiGxdef;)
(Ou|)
('k-Ou|)
(twGif;a&;rSL;)
udkjroef;
(wJGzuftwGif;a&;rSL;)
udkudkMunf
udkatmif0if;
udkwifarmifaqG
(vlxkqufoG,fa&;)
(oufomacsmifcsda&;)
(,Ofaus;rIESifhupm;ckefpm;)
ygy,m;
emdkif;em;
OD;uHodef;
udkausmfvIdif udkatmifodrf;Edkif
(EdkifiHjcm;a&;)
udkbay:
(tdk;a0wm0efcH)
udkvSausmf
&efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* - td;k a0r*Zif;aumfrwD (1959-1960)
Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D tpd;k &acwf wuo (17) vc&D; ("gwyf u
kH @)
631
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
632
633
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
634
635
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
636
(Ou| udv
k w
S if rdechf eG ;f ajymaepOf)
637
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(yH-k if;aG;yJw
G iG f oefh iS ;f zqyv ud,
k pf m;vS,f ;HI ojzifh oefY iS ;f
rdom;pk I;H yJBG u;D [k ydpk wma&; vSnv
Uf nfvmMupOf)
638
udak tmiford ;f Edik f - vufrSwfxdk;xm;ol tdk;a0wm0efcH udkatmifodrf;Edkifonf AuyodkY awmcdkoGm;cJhNyD; vlxka':trmom;tBuD; udkpdk;0if;ESifh
639
twl jzKwf? xkwf? owf- ao'Pfay;ta&;,lcH&onf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
640
641
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tcef; (23)
Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
'Dru
kd a&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY
trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1960 rS 1961)
Ou|
'k-Ou|
aiGxdef;
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;ESifhjyefMum;a&;XmerSL;
EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmerSL;
vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL;
tdk;a0wm0efcH
pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
(c) &efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* (1960-61) Ou|opf usr;f opmused q
f ykd JG
Ou|opfudkwifat;rdefhcGef; (1960 ck? Edk0ifbmv 17 &uf)
{nfUonfawmfvlBuD;rif;rsm;? q&m^q&mrrsm;? &Jabmfausmif;ol^om;rsm;cifAsm;(31) ESpaf jrmuf wuoOu|tjzpf uReaf wmfu
h kd wm0efay;MuwJt
h wGuf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om *kP,
f rl yd gw,f/
ay;tyfwJhwm0efudkvnf; xrf;aqmifyghr,fvdkY usrf;opmusdefqdkNyD;ygNyD/
ausmif;om;xku ,Hk,HkMunfMunf ay;tyfwJh ausmif;om;wm0efrsm;eJY rdbjynfolrsm;uay;tyfwJh trsKd;
642
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tcGifhta&; trsm;tjym;udkawmh razmfjyvdkawmhygbl;/ txifSm;qHk; om"uwckudk azmfjy&vQif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;
tpdk;&vufxuf 1959 ck &efukefwuodkvf tufOya'jyifqifcsuf[m wuo&JU e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsKd;om;a&;
wdkufyGJrS&SdwJh ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;udk csKd;ESdrfvdkufjcif; jzpfygw,f/ 1958 ck jyifqifcsuft& wuo&JU w&m;0if
udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udk &efukefwuodkvfaumifpDu xkwfy,fcJhygw,f/ wuodkvfaumifpDrSm tjcm;aomXmeawGu
wdkufdkufudk,fpm;vS,f yg0ifcGifh &Sdayr,fh wuoudkawmh 'DtcGifhta&; kyfodrf;ypfvdkufw,f/ 'g[m wuo&JU
xGef;ajymifwJh &mZ0ifudk csKd;ESdrfjcif; jzpfw,f/ wuo&JU&mZ0ifudk *kPfodumudk edrfhusatmif xdyg;apmfum;jcif;yJ/
'Dvdk wuoudk csKd;ESdrfwJhae&mrSm wuo acgif;aqmifa[mif;awG yg0ifaewmudk 0rf;enf;pGm awGU&w,f/
wuo&JU udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;[m &efukefwuodkvfaumifpDrSm yg0ifoifhw,fvdkY ,aeYwdkif uRefawmfwdkY
,HMk unfygw,f/ yg0ifciG &hf atmifvnf; qufvufwu
kd yf 0JG ifygr,f/ &efuek w
f uov
kd &f UJ ta&;tcif;rSeo
f rQrmS wuo
ud,
k pf m;vS,rf ygbJ b,fenf;ESirhf Q ajzSi;f vdYk r&bl;qdw
k m &mZ0ifu oufaocHaeygw,f/ tpd;k &? wuov
kd t
f mPm
ydkifeJY ausmif;om;qufqHa&;[m wuo udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; aumifpDtwGif;rSm&SdwJh w&m;0ifae&mrSefudk jyefr&
oaGU NyD;jynfhpHkrSm r[kwfygbl;/ 'gaMumifh ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;wdkufyGJrSm wuo udk,fpm;vS,f
(2) OD; aumifpDtwGif; yg0ifcGifh&Sda&;twGuf wuodkvftufOya' jyifqifcsufudk qefYusifwdkufyGJ0ifr,f? 'DOya'udk
kyfodrf;ay;ygvdkY awmif;qdkygw,f/
qufvufNyD; wuodkvf&JU ynma&;tajctaeudk tav;teuf ajymMum;vdkygw,f/ wuodkvfrSm ynm
oifMum;rItajymif;tvJ rsm;jym;w,f/ bmom&yfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m 'DESpfoifMum;cGifh&ayr,fh aemufESpfus&if
oifMum;cGifhr&eJY rwnfrNidrfjzpfaeygw,f/ oifMum;aewJh ae&mrSmvnf; q&m? ausmif;oHk;ypnf;? pmtkyfpmwrf;
rvHkavmufwJhMum;u tqifhtwef; jrifhwifa&;qdkNyD; oifMum;wJhtcgrSm tqifhtwef;rjrifhbJ ausmif;om;awGom
pmar;yGJtusrsm;wm awGU&ygw,f/
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tckq&kd if ausmif;om;awG[m rdrpd w
d 0f ifpm;&m? rdrt
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f w
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kd m oifMum;aewJt
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ausmif;xkwfypf pwJh tifrwef&ifav;p&mb0udk ausmif;om;awG &ifqdkifae&ygw,f/
uRefawmfwYkd jzpfapcsifwmu pmayoifMum;rI vdt
k yfcsufrsm; jynfph akH tmifvyk yf g/ tqift
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tvkyv
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jyemudk owdSdSdeJYajzSif;zdkY vdktyfaeygNyD/
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edrfhusaewmawG wdkif;jynfzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI rSdwmawG[m wdkif;jynfrNidrf;csrf;vdkYbJ jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkYvdkY wdkif;jynf
Nidrf;csrf;csifwJhqESdwJh uRefawmfwdkYu jynfwGif;ppfudk 'Drdkua&pDusus &yfpJcsifygw,f/
vlBuD;rif;rsm;cifAsm;'DuaeY wuodkvfBuD;&JU*kPfodum[m wdkif;jynfrSmtawmfyJ usqif;aeygw,f/ wuodkvftaMumif;
raumif;owif;rsm; ysHUvGiahf eygw,f/ 'g[mrrSeu
f efwhJ tkycf sKyfa&;aMumifh jzpfygw,f/ ynmoifMum;rIqikd &f myk*Kd vf
tcsif;csif; rnDGwfrI? av;pm;tyfaom Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rvdkufemrIaMumifh ray:ayguf rjzpfoifhaom udpr sm;
jzpfyGm;&jcif;udk uRefawmfwdkY pdwfraumif; jzpf&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh q&meJYausmif;om; wOD;udkwOD; em;vnfpGm
BudK;yrf;Mur,fqdk&if wuodkvf&JU*kPfodumudk jrifhwifEdkifygw,f/ 'DvdkjrifhwifzdkYtwGuf uRefawmfwdkYu aS;OD;pGm
vufurf; BudKqdkygw,f/
644
645
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf
&efukefwuodkvfygarmucsKyf cefYxm;jcif;ESifhywfouf &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*u 26?
1? 61 aeYwGif ]ygarmuae&mtwGuf avQmufxm;ol oHk;OD;rSwOD;jzpfol a'gufomvSu 24? 1? 61 aeh oHHk;
wck {nfUcHyGJwGif olonfygarmucsKyfjzpf&ef (75) &mcdkifEIef; aocsmonf/ olonfygarmucsKyfjzpfvQif wuo
ESiUf ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjywftowf ESrd ef if;ypfrnf} [k ajymqdck o
hJ nf/ xdu
k pd u
kd a'gufwmomvSu r[kwaf Mumif;
jiif;qdkcJhonf/
wuoonf ausmif;om;tusK;d ? jynfot
l usK;d rSeo
f rQ &J&0J 0hH ahH SUwef;rS aqmifu
G cf o
hJ nf/ rnfonft
h cgrQ
yk*Kd vfa&;tm;jzifh tmCmwxm;um &efwu
kd af y;d;k xH;k pHrScd ?hJ jyKvnf; rjyKcJ?h jyKrnfvnf; r[kwaf y/ ausmif;om;
xktm;? wdkif;jynftm; vdrfnmcJhaom tpOftvmrSdcJhonfudk ordkif;u oufaocHvsufSdonf/
xdak eYu oH;kH {nfch yH w
JG iG f a'gufwmomvSonf pum;rsm; xkwaf zmfajymqdck ahJ Mumif; wuou tcdik t
f
rm odSd&onf/ xdkaeYu oHHk;{nfhcHyGJodkY wuoOu| udk,fwdkifwufa&mufcJhonf/ pum;rsKd; ajymqdkonf
rajymqdo
k nfrmS a'gufwmomvSomvQif todq;kH jzpfayonf/ tcsuEf iS yhf wfouf ajzSi;f rnfqv
kd Qif wuo
toifhSdonf/ wuotaejzifh udk,fawGUMum;cJholrsm;yif wifjyEdkifayonf/
a'gufwmomvS odkYajymqdkcJhjcif;rSmvnf; ,ckrSomr[kwf? wuoESifh ausmif;om;xktm; qefYusifcJh
aom pum;rsm;udk tpOftvmuyif ajymqdkcJhonfrSm jiif;uG,f r&Edkifay/ xifSm;vSayonf/
wuotaejzifh ,ckrQavmuf xkwfazmfa&;om;jcif;udkyif rvdkvm;ay/ odkYaomf vufSdygarmucsKyf
aG;cs,af &;ESihf ywfouf ausmif;om;rsm;? q&mrsm;ESihf qufqaH &;ajyjypfrnfo
h ?l wuov
kd yf nma&; wd;k wufa&;
aqmifGufEdkifrnfhol? wuodkvf Nidrf;csrf;om,ma&; aqmifGufEdkifrnfhol? vlawmfvlaumif;rsm; &Sda&;twGuf
xkwfazmf aMunm&jcif;jzpfayonf/
- wuoudkxdyg;rnfUtE&m,f umuG,fMu
- wuodkvfNidrf;csrf;om,ma&; BudK;yrf;Mu
aehpJG-27? 1? 1956
trIaqmiftzGJY
&efuefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*
&efukefwuodkvf
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf
&Jabmfausmif;ol^om;taygif;wdkh,aeY 28? 1? 61 &ufaeYwGif ygarmucsKyftopfaG;cs,fonfh wuodkvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;udk usif;y
cJhonf/ ygarmucsKyf aG;cs,fyGJESifhywfouf &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* taeESifh1/ wdkif;jynf\ ynma&;wdk;wufa&;udk aqmifGufEdkifrnfhol?
2/ wuodkvf wdk;wufom,ma&;udk aqmifGufEdkifrnfhol?
3/ q&mrsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;ajyjypf aumif;rGefrnfhol?
4/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;twGuf aqmifGufEdkifrnfhol?
5/ tusifhodum aumif;rGefjzLpifonfh oludkom aG;cs,fcefYxm;&ef wifjycJhayonf/
xdkwifjycsufudk wuodkvft"dywd? yxpXmecsKyfESifh aumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;odkY wifjycJhayonf/ xdkodkY
wifjyaepOfrSmyif oufqdkif&mtpdk;& wm0efSdoltcsKdUu ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;rajyjypfol wOD;tm;
rdrdwdkYtvdkus ygarmucsKyftjzpf cefYxm;a&;twGuf BudK;yrf;cJhayonf/ wuodkvftmPmudk vkyfMuHrIjyKvkyf
cJhayonf/ ygarmucsKyftjzpf 0ifa&muftaG;cHol a'gufwmomvSuvnf; ausmif;om;xkESifh wuotay:
racsiHaom pum;rsm; ajymqdkcJhayonf/ xdktcsufrsm;udk wuotaejzifh tav;teuf uefYuGufcJhayonf/
,aeY ygarmucsKyf aG;cs,f&ef aumifpDtpnf;ta0; usif;yaomtcgwGifvnf; wuoESifh wuodkvf
toif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u OD;aqmif oifhawmfaom aumif;rGefoludkom ygarmucsKyfaG;cs,fa&;? tqifrajyol?
racsiHoludk ygarmucsKyftjzpf raG;cs,fa&;? wuodkvftmPm vkyfMuHrIwm;qD;a&;wdkYtwGuf aumifpDtpnf;
646
(*-4) ref;aq;ausmif;om;rsm;vIyfSm;rI
rEav;wuodkvfaq;odyHausmif;om;rsm;or*rS1/ (4) cgusESifh ausmif;xGufcJh&aom ausmif;om; (39) a,muftm; jyefvnfvufcHyg&ef
2/ (4) cgusNyD;rsm; pmar;yGJaemufxyf (2) Budrf ajzqdkcGifh&Sdyg&efESifh
3/ pmar;yGJppfcsdefrsm; ajymif;ay;yg&ef
-ponfh awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ynma&;bkwftzGJUodkY ay;ydkYcJhonf/
ynma&;bkwftzGJUrS tcsKdUudk vdkufavsm (4) cgus ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jyefvnfvufcHum aemufxyf
pmar;yGJ (1) Budrf ajzcGiahf y;rnf/ pmar;yGpJ pfrnfh tcsed rf sm;udk ,cifvESihf ZGev
f tpm; ,ckrwfvESihf pufwifbmvrsm;
ppfaq;ay;rnf[k ygarmursm;tzGJUu twnfjyKvdkufonf/
(*-5) [oFmwausmif;om;rsm;vIyfSm;rI
[oFmwNrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*\ trIaqmiftzGUJ tpnf;ta0;yGw
J &yfukd Zlvikd v
f (10) &ufaeY? aeYvnf
(12) em&D [oFmwNrdKU? igrsufESmbk&m;0if;twGif;Sd ig;uefavomZ&yfwGif usif;yonf/ tpnf;ta0; Ou|
udkwifaiGu obmywdtjzpf vnf;aumif;? twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf udkaomif;u vnf;aumif; aqmifGufMuonf/
tpnf;ta0;wGif obmywdu rdefYcGef;ajymMum;NyD;aemuf NrdKUay:Sdvrf;rsm;wGif ydkpwmrsm;uyf wdkufyGJ
0if&ef? ausmif;om;xkBuD;\ epfemrIrsm;udk atmifjrifonftxd or*EiS ahf usmif;om;xk vufww
JG u
kd yf 0JG if&ef? &yfuu
G f
tvdkuf a[majymyGJrsm; jyKvkyf&efwdkYudk wnDwGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfonf/
xdkYaemuf ]aemufqufwGJ atmifpm&if; tjrefxkwfay;? wef;cGJwef;cs tjref&yfqdkif;ypf? OD;bdkwdk ausmif;om;
xkudk rvSnfUpm;ESifU? ynma&;0efBuD;OD;at;armif razmufjyefESifU? bDSDxHk;ESvHk;rlavmU? or*w&m;0if&yfwnfcGifUay;}
ponfh a<u;aMumfoHrsm; [pfa<u;cJhonf/
647
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(*-6) ref;ausmif;om;rsm;vIyfSm;rI
1961ck Mo*kwfv (15) &uf? eHeuf (7) em&DrS pwif rEav;cdkifAuorS OD;pD;NyD; em&Daygif; (60)
tpmiwfcq
H EjyyGu
J kd rEav; taemufawmifusK;H axmifw
h iG f usi;f y&m ausmif;om; (600) ausmyf g0if tpmiwfcq
H Ejy
Muonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;onf (2) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf &yfqdkif;ypf? wef;cGJwef;cs &yfqdkif;ypf? trsKd;om;ynma&;
ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f ya&;? ausmif;om;ta&; ygvrD efwiG q
f ;kH jzwfay;yg? at;csr;f pGm ynmoifMum;a&;twGuf tpmiwfcH
qEjyygonf [laom ydkpwmrsm;axmif tpmiwfcHqEjyMuonf/
(*-7) wef;cGJwef;cs&yfqdkif;ypfa&; ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJ
wuodkvfwef;cGJwef;cspepf 'PfudkrcH&yfEdkifwJhtwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;onf wef;cGJwef;cs&yfqdkif;ypfa&;
aumfrwDukd ZGev
f (15) &ufaeY &efuek w
f uov
kd f or*cef;raqmifrmS &efuek cf dik af usmif;om;rsm;or*u aSUaqmif
zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfuvnf; NrdKUe,ftvdkuf cdkifwdkufyGJaumfrwDrsm; zGJUpnf; qEjycJhMuonf/ qEjy
rIrsm; us,fjyefYvm EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u owif;pmuGefz&ifhwGif (15) &ufeJY (1) vtMum;rSm aMunmEdkifvdrfhr,fvdkY
ynma&;0efBuD;u ajzMum;oGm;&onf/ xdkYaemuf 30? 7? 61 wGif 0efBuD;csKyfu owif;pmuGefz&ifhwGif aMunmcsuf
xkwfjyef&m1/ 1960-61 ckESpfrSm wef;cGJwef;cspepfudk &yfqdkif;ypfvdkufonf/ pepfa[mif;twdkif; vkyfrnf/ wuodkvf
pmar;yGJ rvkyfbl;/ ynma&;Xme vkyfrnf/
2/ 1962 ckESpfupNyD; wef;cGJwef;cspepfudk jyefusifUoHk;rnf/
3/ 1961 ckESpfupNyD; owrwef;pmar;yGJudk tpdk;&ppf rjyKvkyfawmUbJ ausmif;ppfom usif;yjyKvkyfrnf/
pojzifh vdkufavsmcJhonf/
(*-8) udkvdkeDpHepfqefhusifa&;aehvIyfSm;rI
21? 2? 61 &ufaeYwGif vli,fausmif;om;? trsKd;orD;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u OD;aqmifaom udkvdkeDpepfqefYusif
a&;ESihf e,fcsUJ usL;ausmrf I uefYuu
G q
f EjyyGJ usi;f ycJo
h nf/ xdq
k EjyyGEJ iS yhf wfouf yxptpd;k &u tMurf;zufErdS Ef iS ;f NyD;
taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;jyum vlaygif;rsm;pGm zrf;qD;cJhonf/
xdkYodkY zrf;qD;xm;aomolrsm;udk vTwf&ef udkvdkeDpepfqefYusifa&;aeY vli,fausmif;om;? trsKd;orD; yl;wGJ
aumfrwD (wuoaqmuftODu) awmif;qdkcJhavonf/
(C)
&efuek w
f uov
kd f vlrsK;d pkausmif;om;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf
( 1960 - 61 )
1960-61 ckESpf &efukefwuodkvf vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfudk zGJUpnf; u@opfw&yf zGifhvSpfEdkifcJh
onf/ vlrsKd;pkordik ;f rSm armfueG ;f wifco
hJ nf/ vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;tm;vH;k wnDwGww
f nf; pkaygif;NyD; vlrsKd;pkrsm;
&JU ynma&;? ,Ofaus;rIeJY trsKd;om;a&;udk yl;wGJaqmifGuf&ef MuHG,fcJhMuonf/
trIaqmifrsm;
obmywdtzGYJ0ifrsm;
1/ pdkif;cGef;tHkwdkif (Srf;)
2/ udkapmarmif (&cdkif)
3/ rif;axG;vHk;ausmf (rGef)
4/ puGef;vGif (u&if)
5/ *Gef*sef (ucsif)
6/ udkaz0if; (u,m;)
7/ pDcdkifrif; (csif;)
648
'k-Ou|
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
b@ma&;rSL;
(Dr. Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe)
pm&if;ppf
jyefMum;a&;ESifh0g'jzefYcsda&;
ynma&;rSL;
0g'
1/ rnfonfhtpnf;tHk;? rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ vufatmufcH MoZmrjzpf&/
2/ vkyfief;pOftm;jzifhjzpfap? &nfG,fcsuftm;jzifhjzpfap wlnDaom rnfonfhtoif;tzGJUESifhrqdk yl;wGJvkyf
aqmif&rnf/
3/ ynma&;? ,Ofaus;rIESifh trsKd;om;a&;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&rnf/
&nfG,fcsuf
1/ vlrsKd;pk ausmif;ol^om;rsm;tcsif;csif; cspfMunf&if;ESD;a&;? em;vnfrI&Sda&;? pnf;vkH;a&;ESifh twlwuG
ylaygif;vkyfaqmifa&;?
2/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk xdef;odrf;jrifhwifzvS,fa&;?
3/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ wef;wlnDrQa&;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;pdwf"gwfudk azmfxkwfjrifhwifay;a&;?
4/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;udk &,lxdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
uaeNyD; rSefuefdk;om;pGm ay:aygufvm&wJh tzGJUcsKyfjzpfaMumif; uRefawmf &J0HhpGm0efcH&Jygw,f/ 'Dvdk jrifhjrwfaom
&nf,
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h if;cdik rf mwJh nDw
G af &;tiftm;awGaMumifh b,favmuf tiftm;BuD;rm;wJh tzsuo
f rm;rsm;
&JU rkefwdkif;ab;tE&m,frsm;eJY &ifqdkif&apumrl b,ftcgrS rNydKuGJrysufqD;Edkifygbl;qdkwm uRefawmf tav;teuf
,HkMunfygw,f/ vlYordkif;wavQmufudk qef;ppfvdkYSd&if ausmufacwfupNyD; ,ckuRefawmfwdkY&JU odyH acwfwdkifatmif
tqifhqifhwdk;wufajymif;vJvmwJh acwfBuD;jzpfygw,f/ 'DvdkacwfBuD;rSm uRefawmfwdkYwawG[m woD;wjcm;? bmod
bmom &yfwnfaevdkY rjzpfawmhbl;qdkwm od&ygvdrfhr,f/
wdk;wufaewJh acwfeJYtnD uRefawmfwdkY vlrsKd;pktm;vHk; &yfwnfEdkifa&;eJY wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;a&;udk aSUINyD;
'DtzGJUcsKyfudk wnfaxmifcJhMuygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DuaeY vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;&JU rGefjrwfoefYpifwJh &nfG,fcsuf
rsm;udk nDGwfpGm vkyfaqmifoGm;MuzdkY 'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk wnfaxmifEdkifcJhjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmordkif;udk wenf;wzHk
jznfhpGufa&;om;vdkufwmeJY wlygvdrfhr,f/
'gwifru vlrsKd;pk&JUu@udkvnf; ydkrdkxGef;ajymif awmufyvmEdkifr,fqdkwm rvGJraoGygyJ/
{nfUonfawmfrsm;eJh cspfvSpGmaom vlrsKd;pkausmif;ol^om;taygif;wdkhqufvufNyD; 'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD[m uRefawmfwdkY vlrsKd;pk&JUordkif;rSm b,favmuf ta&;ygt&ma&mufvmr,fh
tzGJUcsKyfBuD;jzpfaMumif;udk Sif;jyyg&ap/ uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiH[m aemifawmfArmrsm;eJY twl Srf;? ucsif? u&if? u,m;?
csif;? &cdkif? rGef pwJh vlrsKd;rsm;tygt0if aygif;pkaexdkifMuwJh jynfaxmifpkBuD; jzpfygw,f/ twdwfumvudk jyefvnf
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csJUorm;eJY zufqpf*syefacwfrmS yJ jzpfjzpf? tifrwef pufqyk b
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f yfa&;twGuf wnDwGwf
wnf; pkaygif;wdkufyGJ0ifvmcJhMuygw,f/ 'DvdkeJYyJ 1947 ckESpfrSm vlrsKd;pkeJYpkaygif;NyD; vGwfvyfa&;&,lzdkYtwGuf yif
vHkpmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkcJhMuygw,f/ tJ'DpmcsKyfrSm t"du Edik if x
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k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGirUf sm; &Scd pH m;apzdhk twdtvif;
xnfUoGif;cJUMuygw,f/
'gayrJh 1948 ckEpS f vGwv
f yfwhJ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf aMunmNyD;wJah emuf tckxufwikd f uRefawmfwYkd
vlrsKd;pkawG[m yifvHkpmcsKyfrSm oabmwlxnfhoGif;cJhwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wif;jynfhusyfjynfh rcHpm;&bJ epfemqHk;IH;
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aumif;? ynma&;eJY ,Ofaus;rIt&vnf;aumif; tppt&m&m zdESdyfcs,fvS,frI'Pf cHae&ygw,f/ 'DzdESdyfcs,fvS,frI
awG[m t*Fvyd ef ,fcsJUacwfu xufawmif ydrk &kd ufpuf qd;k 0g;ygao;w,f/ tcsKyftm;jzifh ajym&r,fq&kd if vlrsKd;pkrsm;
teuf ,ckvufSd vlrsKd;pkjynfe,fawG[m Armjynfr&JU yPmquf udkvdkeDEdkifiHav;rsm;b0 usa&mufaeygw,f/
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w,fqdkwm b,folvm jiif;EdkifyghrvJ/
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&ifav;p&m aumif;vSygw,f/
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ysKd;axmifzdkY[m uRefawmfwdkY &efukefwuodkvfrSmSdwJh vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;&JU vufxJrSm vHk;0wnfSdaew,fvdkY
,HkMunfrdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DaeY uRefawmfwdkYtzGJUcsKyf&JU a0iSxm;wJh0g'eJY&nfG,fcsufawG ygSdwJhtwdkif; tcsif;csif;
cspfcif&if;ESD;rI ydkrdkwdk;wufa&;? ,Ofaus;rI? ynma&;eJY trsKd;om;a&;rsm;udk uRefawmfwdkYwawG[m vufwGJNyD; pkaygif;
650
Source: AAPPB
Source: KW
OD;ombef;
(&cdik )f
idef;u,ef;xef (c) OD;aTat; - 1962 ck? Zlvdkif (7) &uf ta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;csdefwGif &efukefwuodkvfwGif aemuf
qH;k ESpf ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpfNyD; if;ta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifco
hJ nf/ xdu
k mvwGif vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;tzJUG csKyf\
twGif;a&;rSL;csKyftjzpf aqmifGufcJhonf/ 1963 jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;? (6) cdkifqEjyyJGwGif vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;
tzJGUcsKyfrS wuf<upGmyg0ifEdkifa&;udk OD;aqmifrIay;cJhonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yJGysuf tzrf;tqD;rsm;aMumifh wdrf;
aSmifaecJh&onf/ 1964 ck? Mo*kwfv (8) &ufwGif u,ef;jynfopfygwD wnfaxmifaomtcg twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf
pwifwm0ef,lcJhonf/ u,ef;jynfopfygwD Ou|tjzpf 2006 ckESpf? Mo*kwf (21) &ufaeY uG,fvGefcsdeftxd wm
0ef,lcJhonf/ touf (65) ESpfwGif uG,fvGefonf/ (cspfMunfa&;? twJG- 4? Edk0ifbm? 2006? pm- 20)
a'guw
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k f - vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ yxrqHk;orwBuD;
p0faTodkuf\ om;jzpfonf/ 1962 ck? Zlvdkif (7) &uf ta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;csdefwGif vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;tzJGUcsKyf\
b@ma&;rSL;jzpfNyD; t*Fvyd pf menf;jytjzpf &efuek w
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1963 ckESpfwGif awmcdkcJh 1964 ck Srf;jynfwyfrawmf xlaxmif&mwGif OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhNyD; 1977 ckESpftxd
OD;aqmifco
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wavQmufvHk;ESifh uG,fvGefcsdeftxd epfjrKyfvkyfaqmifcJhonf/ 24? 7? 04 &ufaeY touf (65) ESpft&G,fwGif uae
651
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
'gEdkifiH? beful;Am;NrdKUwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/ (Srf;oHawmfqifh? UNLD Press, Various Website)
OD;vSaz - ausmif;om;nDGwfa&;wyfOD; pwifzJGYpnf;prS p vlrsKd;pkudk,fpm;vS,fwOD; tjzpfyg0ifaqmifGufcJhNyD;
1956-57 wuotrIaqmiftzJGUwGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmewm0efcHtjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1962 Zlvdkif (7) &uf
ta&;tcif;jzpfymG ;csed w
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tcif;jzpfyGm;rIudk tpnf;ta0;pwifcsdefrS aemufqHk;ypfcwfonftxd wuoatmufxyfSd wuopm;aomufqdkifrS
wcsdefvHk; apmifhMunfhaecJhonf/ 1963 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;Nidrf;a&;vIyfSm;rIwGif yg0ifNyD; 'DZifbmv (12) &ufaeYwGif
tzrf;cH&onf/ 12? 2? 69 &uf (jynfaxmifpkaeY) tif;pdefaxmifrSxkwf noef;acgifausmfwGif udk;udk;uRef;odkY
ydkYaqmifjcif;cH&onf/ udk;udk;uRef; uRef;zsufodrf;a&;wdkufyJGwGif yg0ifcJhonf/ 1971 Edk0ifbm (11) &ufwGif
uRef;zsufodrf;tNyD; tif;pdefaxmifodkY jyefa&mufvmonf/ tif;pdef axmifrS rvTwfciftxd nOf;qJcH&jyefonf/
1972 ck {NyDv (12) &ufwGif tif;pdefaxmifrS jyefvGwfvmonf/ Spfav;vHk;ta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifcJhonf/ 1989
a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ tmPmzDqefa&;vIyfSm;rI yg0ifNyD;aSmifwdrf;&um Mo*kwfv (8) &ufaeYwGif bk&m;oHk;ql
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uRef;tawGUtMuHKudk a&;om;xm; xifmS ;onf/ 1991 rS tcef;quftjzpfazmfjycJo
h nf/ a&'D,zkd &D;at;S jrefrmydik ;f
owif;axmuftjzpf vkyfudkifcJhonf/ &cdkifjynftrsKd;om;aumifpD (ANC) wGif tzJGU0ifwOD;tjzpf aqmifGufcJhonf/
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OD;ombef;- &cdkiftrsKd;om; wOD;jzpfonf/ wyfOD;ausmif;om; wOD;jzpfNyD; wuo trIaqmiftjzpf 1960-61 ck
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om;vlrsKd;pka&;&maumfrwD0ifESifh vkyfief;aumfrDwD0ifjzpfonf/ yxrtBudrf 1991 rS 1995 txd axmifcscH&onf/
,ckpmtkyfjyKpk&mwGif ulnDcJhrIjzifh 1998 wGif tzrf;cH&NyD; (6) ESpftMum 2004 ck? ZlvdkifvwGif axmifrS jyefvGwfvm
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9/ aus;Zl;wifSdjcif;
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aG;aumufwifajrmuf&ef yxrtywf wuoaG;aumufyGJudk 1960 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (19) &ufaeYwGif usif;yrnf[k
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652
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qufvuf tMurf;zufESdrfESif;um yk'fr (144) xkwfcJhayonf/ vli,fausmif;om; jynfol tajrmuftrsm;udkvnf;
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ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS wDxiG cf srSwv
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656
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rajyjypfoljzpfaomfvnf; wuotaeESifh wuodkvfwGif rvdkvm;tyfaom jyemrsm; ray:aygufa&;? wdkif;jynf\
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kd f om,mwd;k wufa&;? Nidr;f csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;wdYk twGuf qufvuf BudK;yrf;oGm;
rnfjzpfaMumif; aMunmcJhayonf/
(p) ausmif;aqmifrvHkavmufrIjyem /
/ ,ckESpf 1961 ck? ynmoifESpfwGif tpOftvmtm;jzifh SdaecJhaom
ausmif;aqmif rvHkavmufrIjyemrSm ydkrdkBuD;rm;vmcJhayonf/ &efukefwuodkvfwGif tpOftvmt& ausmif;aqmif
rvHak vmufrI cdS jhJ cif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? vGecf ahJ omESpf pufwifbmv aemufqufwpJG mar;yGEJ iS hf rwfvpmar;yGrJ sm;wGif
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ausmif;aqmifae&mcsxm;a&;aumfrwDwGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifcGifhay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhay
onf/ xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifh ywfouf 19? 6? 61 aeYwGif usif;yaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;wGif
pOf;pm;um wcef; (2) a,mufxm;&efESifh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; ausmif;aqmifae&mcsxm;a&;aumfrwD
wGif yg0ifcGifhay;&ef qHk;jzwfcJhavonf/
ausmif;aqmif ae&mrvHak vmufro
I nf ausmif;om;rsm;\ ynmoifMum;a&;udk rsm;pGmxdcu
kd o
f nf[k wuo
rS ,HkMunfayonf/ ae&mSdoavmufom ay;NyD;? usefolrsm; aecsif&mae rdrdwdkY bmomzefwD;Mu[laom tmPmydkif
wdkY\ t,ltqudk wuotaeESifh vHk;0vufrcHEdkifay/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;aqmifaexdkif ynmoifMum;vdkonfh
ausmif;om;wdkif; ausmif;aqmifae&m&&ef wuoonf enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;SmMuH awmif;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifcJhayonf/
wuoonf avmavmq,f &ifqikd af e&aom ausmif;aqmifrvHak vmufrI jyemudk ajzSi;f Edik &f eftwGuf ,ckpmoif
cef;tjzpf jyKvkyfxm;aom bDtdkpDaumvdyftm; ausmif;aqmiftjzpf ajymif;vJum ausmif;om;rsm;tm;xm;&ef quf
vuf wifjycJhayonf/ odkYaomf 26? 6? 61 &ufaeY usif;yaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;wGif wuo\
wifjycsuu
f kd ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD obmywd ygarmucsKyf a'gufwmomvSu vH;k 0vufrcHbJ obmywdtmPmoH;k
um y,fcscJhjyefonf/ xdkYaMumifh wuoonf 3? 7? 61 aeYwGif wuo ausmif;om;xk txl;tpnf;ta0;wck
ac:,lum ausmif;aqmifae&m tvHak vmuf&Sad &;? bDtpkd aD umvdyt
f m; ausmif;aqmiftjzpf ajymif;vJum ae&mcsxm;
ay;&efESifh ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; tjrefaqmufvkyfay;&ef wnDwGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfcJhavonf/ wuorS wifjycJh
aom wcef;ESpfa,muf aexdkifa&;rlwGif rauseyfaom ausmif;om;rsm; SdaeaomaMumifh wuoonf 3? 7? 61
&ufaeYwGif usif;yaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;odkY ESpfa,mufwcef;pepfudk twif;rusifhoHk;bJ ESpf
a,mufESpfcef; aexdkifEdkifolrsm;udk if;wdkYqEt& ESpfa,mufa,mufcef; aexdkifcGifhjyK&ef wifjyawmif;qdkcJh&m ausmif;
aqmifaumfrwDrS y,fcscJah yonf/ xdYk jyif wuoonf txl;ausmif;om;tpnf;ta0;rS qH;k jzwfawmif;qdck sufrsm;udk
658
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
aeonf/ wuotaejzifv
h nf; wuov
kd \
f vufpdS mar;yGpJ epfukd ajymif;vJa&;rlukd vufcaH yonf/ vufdS pmar;yGJ
pepfudk ajymif;vJypf&ef 1958 ckESpf Mo*kwfvwGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;om;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,f
yGJBuD;rSvnf;aumif;? 1960 ck atmufwdkbmvwGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHrSvnf;aumif;
csrw
S cf ahJ yonf/ xdYkaMumifh wuoonf ,aeYwuov
kd w
f iG f usio
hf ;kH aeaom pmar;yGpJ epfopftm; ynma&;tajccHay:
wGif rltm;jzifh oabmudkufnDayonf/
odYk aomf pmar;yGpJ epfopf wcktm; ajymif;vJrnfqv
kd Qif pmar;yGpJ epfEiS hf wqufwnf;jzpfaom oifMum;ydYk
csyHkpepf? oifMum;ydkYcsrI tajctae? oifdk;oifwef;rsm;udkyg jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ayrnf/ odkYrSomvQif wajy;nDaom
ajymif;vJr?I rSeu
f efaom jyKjyifrrI sm; jzpfrnf/ xdo
k Ykd tajctaet&yf&yfukd ravYvmrajymif;vJbJ pmar;yGpJ epfwckwnf;
udkom uGufuGufuav;jrif ajymif;vJ&ef BudK;pm;cJhonfqdkygu pdwful;,Ofjcif;rQom jzpfayonf/
,aeY wuov
kd t
f ajctaeudk jyefvnfqef;ppfvQif vufdS ynmoifMum;ydYkcsypkH epftm; ajymif;vJ&efppD Ofjcif;
rSdbJ vufSd ausmif;taqmuftOD rvHkavmufrI? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm* rvHkavmufrI? t&nftcsif;jynfh q&mOD;a&
ESifh ausmif;om;OD;a& rrQwrI ponfh oifMum;ydkcsa&; tajctaewdkYudk jyKjyifzefwD; jznfhpGufjcif;rsm;udk rawGU&ay/
xdkYaMumifh ,ckESpf pwifusifhoHk;aeaom pmar;yGJpepfopfonf wuodkvf tajctaet&yf&yftm; ajymif;vJ
jyKjyifjcif;rSb
d J atmifjrifEikd rf nf r[kwaf y/ xdYk jyif ,ckEpS u
f sio
hf ;kH aeaom pmar;yGpJ epf\ tcGit
hf a&;rsm;rSm rSwyf w
kH if
ausmif;om;rsm;om tjynft
h 0 &Sad yrnf/ xdYk aMumifh ausmif;om;wdik ;f rSwyf w
kH ifausmif;om;b0udk cH,El ikd af &;twGuf
pmar;yGJusausmif;xkwfpepfudk zsufodrf;&efESifh ausmif;aecsifolwdkif; ausmif;aecGifhjyK&ef vdktyfaMumif; oabmxm;
w&yfudk xkwfjyefcJhayonf/
,cktcgwGif wuodkvfwGif pmoifcef; rvHkavmufjcif;? q&m rvHkavmufjcif; jyem &ifqdkifae&onf/
wuou OD;pGm axmufjycJhonfhtwdkif; pepfrSm ratmifrjrif jzpfvm&onf/ enf;jyoifwef;rsm;rSm wywfxuf
wywf tcsdefavQmhvmonf/ q&mrsm;vnf; rEdkifreif;jzpfum ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; pdwfysufaeMuonf/ pmar;yGJ
pepfopfESifhywfouf wuoonf oabmxm;tjynfhtpHkudk xyfrHpOf;pm;um vkyfief;rsm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef
vdkayonf/
wuodkvf\ ynmoifMum;a&; wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGufum; wyGJxdk;aq;NrD;wdkjzifh pdwful;wnfh&m
avQmufvkyfaer&? pdwful;,Ofr&[k wuou tav;teuf,HkMunfonf/ wuodkvfoifMum;a&; aumif;rGef
wd;k wufvmap&ef wuov
kd w
f iG f ynmoifMum;rItajctae ydrk w
kd ;kd wuf aumif;rGev
f map&ef ynma&;jyKjyif ajymif;vJ
a&;udkvnf; tav;teufxm;um aqmifGuf&efvdktyfayonf/
(6) yGJobiftcrf;tem;rsm;
(u) usrf;opmusdefqdkyGJ /
/ 1960-61ck &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* Ou|opf\ usrf;opmusdef
qdkyGJtcrf;tem;udk 1960 ck? Edk0ifbmv (17) &uf? aeYvnf (1) em&DtcsdefwGif wuocef;r usif;ycJhonf/
usdrf;opmusdefqdkyGJodkY ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;? or*trIaqmifrsm;? q&m? q&mrrsm;? EdkifiHjcm;oHHk;rsm;rS
{nfhonfawmfrsm; wufa&mufMuayonf/ usrf;opmusdefqdkyGJodkY q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;u o0PfvGmay;ydkYcJh
onf/ usrf;usdeyf u
JG kd wuo\ yxrqH;k Ou| OD;ausmfcif vma&muf usrf;usdeaf y;cJo
h nf/ xdu
k srf;opmusdeq
f ykd w
JG iG f
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* trIaqmiftzGJU\ 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk aMunmcJhayonf/ usrf;opmusdef
qdkyGJwGif tpOftvmtm;jzifh ausmif;aeY0uf ydwfxm;cJhaomfvnf; ,ckESpfwGif ygarmucsKyfu ydwfray;cJhacs/ odkY
ygarmucsKyf\ tjyKtrltwGuf wuoonf 0rf;enf;aMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf/
(c) atmufwdkbm txdrf;trSwfaeh /
/ 1953 ck? atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;ta&;awmfyHktm; tav;
teufxm;aomtm;jzifh atmufwdkbm (3) &ufaeYwGif ausmif;om;xk aoG;pnf;nDGwfa&; oabmxm;aMunmcsuf
wapmifudk xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/
(*) q|rtBudrfajrmuf Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyfnDvmcH / / ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rsm;tzGJUcsKyf\ (6)
Budrfajrmuf nDvmcHudk wuocef;r 1960 ck? atmufwdkbm (20) &ufaeYrS (24) &ufaeYtxd usif;ycJhayonf/
wuo\ nDvmcHodkY aemifawmfnDawmf wuodkvfor*rsm;ESifhtwl wufa&mufcJhayonf/ &efukefwuodkvf\
tajctaeudk wifjyum Armw0Srf;vHk;Sd ausmif;om;rsm;\ b0tajctae? ynmoifMum;a&; tajctae? 'Drdkua&pD
660
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(n) [,f&Dwefaehtcrf;tem; /
/ yrtBudrfajrmuf [,f&DwefaeYtcrf;tem;udk Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uo
wdkYESifh yl;wGJum 1961 ckESpf? rwfv (22) &ufaeYwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf/ or* (3) ckrS trIaqmifrsm;pka0;NyD;
[,f&Dweftkwf*lodkY oGm;a&mufNyD; vGrf;olYyef;acGrsm;csum t"d|mefpmwrf;rsm; zwfMum;cJhonf/
(#) tmZmenfaeh / / 1961 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaeY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;
usq;kH onfh (14) ESpaf jrmufaeYwiG f trsK;d om;ynma&;? trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&; Adou
k mBuD;rsm;owd& OD;Gwo
f nftae
ESifh wuo? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkY yl;aygif;um tmZmenfAdrmefodkY csDwuftav;jyKum? vGrf;olYyef;acGcsyGJESifh
uarmufurynma&; wdkifwnfyGJudk usif;ycJhonf/
(7) Xmeqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;
(u) Edik if jH cm;qufo,
G af &; / / ausmif;om;xkEiS hf jynfov
l x
l t
k wGuf wuo\ ajymifajrmufaom wdu
k yf rJG sm;aMumifh
vnf;aumif;? urmYausmif;om;tcsi;f csi;f aoG;pnfn
D w
G af &;vkyif ef;rsm;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? wuo\ *kPo
f u
d m
onf urmYwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif xifSm;ay:vGifcJhonf/ wuoonf EdkifiHwumausmif;om; tzGJUtpnf;rsm; jzpfonfh
(International Union of Students, Co-ordinating Secretariat) rsm;ESiv
hf nf;aumif;? vli,ftzGUJ tpnf;rsm;
jzpfonfh (W.F.D.Y, W.A.Y) wdkUESifhvnf;aumif; qufqHcJhayonf/ txl;ojzifh (I.U.S, W.F.D.Y) wdkYESifh yl;wGJ
udkvdkeDqefYusifa&;? e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? EdkifiHwumausmif;om;vli,fwdkufyGJrsm;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifcJh
ayonf/ xdkYjyif urmYEdkifiHt&yf&yfSd ausmif;om;tzGJUrsm;ESifh qufoG,fEdkifcJhayonf/ tdEd,? *syef? wkwfjynf?
AD,uferf? puFmyl? tD&wf? kSm;? zifvef? qGDZmvef? *smrPD? awmiftmz&du? t,fvf*sD;&D;,m; ponfhwdkif;jynftoD;
oD;\ ausmif;om;tzGJUrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f &SdcJhayonf/ odkY&mwGif tmS-tmz&du pnf;vHk;nDGwfa&;twGuf
tmS-tmz&du wdkif;jynftoD;oD;ESifh auseyfjynfhpHkvHkavmufonftxd qufoG,frI tcdkiftrmrSdcJhay/ (World
University Service W.U.S) tzGJUESifhvnf; 1958 ckESpfrSp ,aeYtxd qufoG,frItjynfht0 rSdcJhay/
wuoonf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;tcef;wGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfESifhtwl Armjynf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;
e,fcsJUtE&m,fESifh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ta&;awmfyHkrsm;tm; rsufajcrysufapa&;? trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nDGwfa&; tif
tm;jzifh wdkufyGJ0if&ef tpOftjrJvIHUaqmf OD;aqmifcJhayonf/ if;jyif e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;tcef;ESifh qufpyf Armjynf
tm; wkwfjzLrsm; wdkufdkufusL;ausmfrI? tar&dueftpdk;&\ wdkufkdufpGufzufrIrsm;udk wuoonf tpOfowdSdcJh
ayonf/ xdYk aMumifh wkwjf zLusL;ausmfr?I tar&duefpu
G zf ufrI uefYuu
G f w
I cf syGrJ sm; jyKvkyo
f nfEiS hf wqufwnf;wGif
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &tm; e,fcsJUtay: jywfom;vmap&ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f cJah yonf/ txl;ojzifh tar&dueftpd;k &onf Armjynf
ESifh wkwfjynfolYorwEdkifiHESifh ___ &if;ESD;a&;udk rvdkvm;onfh tavsmuf ppfa&;? EdkifiHa&; ___ taESmifh
t,Sufay;aeonfudk wm;qD;&ef vdktyfcJhonf/ ___ ___ ArmpmcsKyf csKyfqdka&;? Ek-acsmif rlig;csufESifh
ArmEdkifiHMum;ae0g' ___ cJhayonf/ xdkYjyif tar&duefonf Armjynf\ pD;yGm;a&;? ___,Ofaus;rIwdkYwGif
0ifa&muf pGufzufEdkifa&; ___ qD;wdk;tkyfpkwGif;odkY yg0ifa&;wdkYtwGuf ___ ___ rsm; nDvmcHudk (Zefe0g&D
25 - azazmf0g&D __) ___aqmif ygupwef u&mcsdNrdKUwGif ___ ___ \ aumufuspfpOf;vJrIudk
azmfxkwfcJhayonf/ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _______________/
EdkifiHwumausmif;om;rsm; cspfMunf&if;ESD;a&;twGuf wuo tESpf (30) ajrmuf ytBudrf ausmif;om;
yJGawmfodkYwufa&muf&ef EdkifiHwumvli,fausmif;om;tzJGUrsm;udk zdwfMum;cJhayonf/ (I.U.S) ___ eH,rf;
wuodkvfausmif;om;or*rS o0PfvTmrsm;&SdcJhonf/ *smref'Drdku&ufwpforwEdkifiHrS vli,fowif;pmq&m
rsm;tzJUG ? wkwjf ynfoYlorwEdik if \
H Edik if w
H umvli,fawGUqHak qG;aEG;yJG ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zJUG ? (Co-sec) rS ud,
k pf m;vS,?f
MopaMw;vQjynf ausmif;om;tzJGU Ou| wuoodkY vma&mufcJhonf/
wuo\ Edik if w
H umqufqaH &;wGif jynfwiG ;f vIyf mS ;rIrsm;aMumifh pmtquftoG,rf sm;jzifo
h m jyKvkycf &hJ ?
wuoud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; jyifyodYk xGucf mG cGirhf &cJah y/ tD&wfEikd if H b*'wfNrdKUwGif usif;yaom urmYausmif;om;or*
nDvmcHoYkd vnf;aumif;? armfpudNk rKdUwGif usi;f yaom Edik if w
H umvli,fawGUqHak qG;aEG;yJo
G Ykd vnf;aumif; wufa&muf&ef
Edik if u
H ;l vufrw
S f xkwyf a;&efawmif;qdck &hJ m yxptpd;k &rS jiif;qefcahJ yonf/ odYk tm;jzifh yxptpd;k &onf ausmif;
om;or*rsm;\ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;udk ydwfyifcJhayonf/ Armjynf\ wnfhrwfaom Mum;aea&;0g'udk rrSefruef
usifhoHk;cJhayonf/ zqyvtpdk;&? ppftpdk;&ESifh ,aeY yxptpdk;& vufxuftxd tpOftjrJ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;
\ EkdifiHwumqufqHrI tcGifhta&;udk ydwfyifcJhayonf/ yxptpdk;&\ jyKrlcsufESifh ywfouf wuoonf jynf
662
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
wuowdYk yl;aygif;um wuocef;rwGif pmqdak wmfynmSiBf uD;rsm; jzpfMuaom q&mBuD;ocifu,
kd af wmfridI ;f ? q&mBuD;
OD;azarmifwif? q&mrif;ok0PfESifh q&mOD;rsKd;rif;wdkYtm; uefawmhylaZmfyGJ usif;ycJhonf/ if;aemuf a[majymyGJudk
usif;y&m q&mrif;ok0PfESifh OD;rsKd;rif;wdkYu a[majymMuonf/
(i) tdk;a0r*Zif; /
/ tdk;a0r*Zif;onf &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;or*rsm;\ a<u;aMumfoH jzpfonf/
tdk;a0onf ausmif;om;xk b0tajctaeESifh cHpm;csufrsm;? epfemcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwf&m wifjy&mjzpfonf/ jynfol
rdbrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;xk b0tajctae epfemcsufrsm;udk qufpyfwifjy today;&mvnf; jzpfonf/ tdk;a0onf
e,fcsJUorm; vufxufuyif e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifh trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGJwdkYtwGuf jynfolrdbrsm;ESifh
ausmif;om;xk w&yfvHk;tm; aoG;opfjznfh&m? tm;opfavmif;&m wGef;tm;jzpfcJhonf/
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsKd;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; xde;f odr;f umuG,af &;? trsKd;om;ynma&; wnfaqmufa&;ESihf
'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkufyGJrsm;onf ,aeY tqHk;rowfao;acs/ tdk;a0onf wm0ef&yfrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&eftwGuf
aSUodkY qufvufcsDwufrnf jzpfonf/
1960-61 ckESpfonf tdk;a0r*Zif; (25) ESpfajrmufESpf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tdk;a0r*Zif;aumfrwDu
,if;r*Zif;udk txl;wvnf jyifqifxkwfa0rnf jzpfonf/
tdk;a0r*Zif;udk- or*wnfwHUcdkifjrJa&;? ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;?
- e,fcsJYqefhusifa&;? trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; xdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;?
- trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI xdef;odrf;jrifUwifa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&; [laomtcsufrsm;udk tajccHxkwfa0rnf/
tdk;a0r*Zif;udk Edk0ifbmvwGif ausmif;om;xkvufodkY ay;ydkYjzefYcsdEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
(8) taxGaxGvkyfief;rsm;
1960 ckESpf? pufwifbmv (12) &ufaeY jynfolYvTwfawmfwGif ynma&;0efBuD; ajymMum;aom tpD&ifcHpm
twGuf EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtoD;oD;udk zdwfac:rnf/ wwdkif;jynfvHk;ESifh aqG;aEG;rnf[laom tcsufESifh ynma&;pHkprf;rI
aumfrSiw
f iG f Edik if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf; ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk xnfo
h iG ;f aqmifu
G af prnfqakd om ajymMum;csuw
f Ykdukd wuo
u axmufcHcJhonf/ trsKd;om;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ wckjyKvkyf&ef vdktyfaMumif;udkvnf; wifjycJhonf/
1960 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv (31) &ufaeYrS p &efuek w
f uov
kd f bGUJ ESi;f obifcef;rwGif usi;f yaom tmStaSU
zsm;qdik &f muif;axmufnv
D mcHoYkd jrefrmh&efol wkwjf zLud,
k pf m;vS,f wufa&mufjcif;ESihf nDvmcHusif;yaepOf bGUJ ESi;f
obif taqmuftODwGif wkwfjzLtvH vTifhxlxm;jcif;udk wuorS uefYuGufcJhonf/
1960 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv pmar;yGw
J iG b
f UJG &olrsm;tm; 1961 ckEpS f 'DZifbmvwGif jyKvkyaf om bGUJ ESi;f obif
odkY wufa&mufcGifh rjyKjcif;udk uefYuGuf&efESifh wufa&mufcGifhjyK&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ odkYaomf ae&mrvHkavmufrI
taMumif;jyum wufa&mufcGifhrjyKcJhay/
(12) ESpfwdkif rw&m;zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif; cHcJh&aom udk,fvufroefol 'kudwBuD; ocifaza|;tm; tjref
qHk;vTwfay;a&;twGuf awmif;qdkcJhonf/
,cifESpfwGif b@ma&;tusyftwnf;aMumifh rwyfqifEdkifaom pum;ajymaMu;eef; (w,fvDzkef;) udk
wuo udpr sm;ESifhwuG ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; vG,fvifhwul qufoG,fEdkifa&;wdkYtwGuf ,ckESpfwGif jyefvnf
wyfqifcJhonf/
1960 ck? rwfvwGif usif;yrnfjzpfaom wuodkvfpmar;yGJrsm;tm; ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; vGwfvyf
at;csrf;pGm pmMunfhEdkif&ef wuocef;rudk 23? 1? 61 &ufaeYrS pwifum pmMunfhcef;tjzpf zGifhvSpfpDpOfay;cJhonf/
0dZmodyH (u) ausmif;om; udkat;xGef;onf 1960 ck? pufwifbmv (__) &ufaeY uG,fvGeftedp
a&mufoGm;jcif;? OypmodyH (u) ausmif;om; udkav;vGifonf 1960 ck? Edk0ifbm (24) &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGeftedp
a&mufjcif;? Oypm0dZm (c) ausmif;ol rjrwfreG o
f nf 1960 ck? 'DZifbmv (16) &ufaeYwiG f uG,v
f eG t
f edp a&mufjcif;?
OypmodyH (u) ausmif;om; udkcifarmif&ifonf 1961 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (24) &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGef tedpa &mufjcif;/
0dZmodyH (c) ausmif;om; udkudkat;onf 1961 ck? {NyDv (15) &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGeftedpa&mufjcif;? 0dZmodyH
(u) ausmif;om; udkaZmf0if;xdefonf 1961 ckESpf? Zlvvdkifv (11) &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGeftedp a&mufjcif;wdkYudk
wuorS tokbydkYaqmifcJhonf/
664
665
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
OD;wifat; (NrKd rY )
(1960-61)
Source: Oway Magazines
&ef u k e f N rKd U NrKd U rtrsKd ; om;ausmif ; ausmif ; xG u f j zpf o nf / NrKd U rausmif ; om;a[mif ; rsm;tzJ G U wG i f
&moufyeftrIaqmifwOD; jzpfonf/ NrdKUrOD;wifat;[k vlord sm;aom aSUaeBuD;wOD;jzpfonf/ ,ckpmtkyaf &;om;
&mwGif ulnDcJhrIjzifh 1998 ESpfOD;wGif zrf;qD;cH&NyD; axmif'Pf (7) ESpfcsrSwfcH&onf/ awmifilaxmifrS 2003
Mo*kwv
f qef;wGif jyefvw
G v
f monf/ axmifruscifuwnf;u cg;ema&m*g&Scd NhJ yD;? axmifwiG ;f ydrk q
kd ;kd Gm;vmum
axmifrS vGwfajrmufNyD; (2) veD;yg;tMum 2003 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (2) &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/
aoqHk;csdefwGif touf (73) ESpf&Sd om;orD; (4) a,mufusef&pfcJhonf/ (atatyDyD? udkcGef;qdkif;)
&efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* trIaqmiftzGUJ (1960- 1961)
udkvSaT
udkapmarmif
udkAaqGav;
666
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udkrif;axG;
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(EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;)
(upm;ckefpm;ESifh,Ofaus;rI)
(vlxkqufoG,fa&;)
ygyD,m;
emdkif;em;
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(pmMunfhwdkuf)
OD;uHodef;
udkbay:
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(taqmuftODxdef;)
(pma&;BuD;)
(Hk;trIxrf;)
tcef; (24)
Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
'Dru
kd a&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;ESifh trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1961 rS 1962)
(u) &efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;or* trIaqmiftzGUJ (1961-62)
Ou|
udkAaqGav;
(c) uarmufurynma&;wdu
k yf JG
(c-1) jzpfay:vmyHk
1960 ckESpf ynmoifESpfwGif ausmif;om;or*rsm;u OD;aqmif jrefrmwjynfvHk;rS ausmif;om;rsm;onf
uarmufurynma&; zsufodrf;a&;wdkufyGJBuD;udk tSdefjyif;pGm qifETJcJhMuayonf/ vGwfvyfa&; (14) ESpf umvwGif
ynmoifESpfwck qef;vmwdkif; wdkif;jynf\ taxGaxGynma&;tusyftwnf;rSm ydkBuD;rm;vmcJhonf/ ausmif;oHk;
pmtkyfrsm; aps;BuD;jcif;? aep&mausmif; rSdjcif;? oifay;rnfh ausmif;q&m rSdjcif;? ausmif;p&dwf rvHkavmufjcif;?
&mcdkifEIef; (90) ausmf usHI;onfh atmifpm&if;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&jcif;? pmar;yGJusonfhtwGuf ausmif;xkwfcH&jcif;?
tvkyfvufrJhb0a&mufjcif; jyemrsKd;pHk awGUMuHKae&onf/ jyemrsm; twdkiftqBuD;rm; us,fajymvmNyD;wdkif;
vlaerIpepfESifh ,aeYynma&;pepf\ tHacsmfaeonfudk jyoayonf/ yxptpdk;& vufxufwGif wuodkvf0ifESifh
ausmif;xGufpmar;yGJ cGJjcm;onfhpepf? wef;cGJwef;cspepfudk twif;tusyf jyefvnfusifhoHk;vmonf/ (2) cgusausmif;
om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; ausmif;rSxkwfypfjcif; jyemrsm; &ifqdkifvm&onf/
1961 ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif ppfaq;NyD; ZGev
f wGif xkwjf yefvu
kd o
f nfh wuov
kd 0f ifEiS hf wef;jrifah usmif;xGuf
atmifpm&if;rsm; xGufvmaomtcg rajzolatmifaompm&if;? rajzonfhbmom *kPfxl;xGufonfh atmifpm&if;?
uarmufuratmifpm&if; jzpfvmonf/ xdktcg rajzolatmifNyD; rdrdwdkYusaeonfhtjzpfudk ausmif;om;rsm; &ifqdkif&
aomtcg uarmufurynma&;pepf'Pf cHpm;&csuf? wdkif;jynf\ vlaerIpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh rudkufnDaom ynma&;
uarmufurjzpfrI? (2) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf wef;cGJwef;cspepfwdkYaMumihf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; aygufuGJ
667
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
vmonf/ uarmufurynma&; zsufodrf;a&;awmif;qdkcsufudk wcJeufa<u;aMumf awmif;qdkvmayonf/
(c-2) vIyfSm;rI
ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*rsm;tzGUJ csKyfu wjynfv;kH rS ausmif;om;rsm;\ epfemcsufukd qkyu
f ikd
f
OD;aqmif wdkufyGJ0ifavonf/ 26? 6? 61 &ufaeY wGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf ausmif;om;rsm; epfemcsufrsm;jzpfonfh
awmif;qdkcsuf (4) csufudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&odkY wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonf/
(1) wuodkvf0ifESifh wef;jrifhausmif;xGuf pmar;yGJ cGJjcm;ppfaq;jcif;jzpfonfh wef;cGJwef;cs pepf&yfqdkif;
ay;&ef?
(2) ESpfcgus ausmif;xkwfpepf rusifhoHk;&ef?
(3) wuov
kd 0f ifEiS hf wef;jrifah usmif;xGuf pmar;yGaJ tmifpm&if;rsm; uarmufurjzpfraI Mumifh tajzvTmrsm;?
trSwfpm&if;rsm; jyefvnfppfaq;NyD; pmar;yGJatmifpm&if; xyfrHxkwfay;&ef? xdkYodkYjzpfrIrsm;? csKdU,Gif;
csufrsm; rjzpfay:a&;ESifh wm0efSdolrsm;tm; ta&;,la&;twGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u pHkprf;a&;aumfrSif
wckzGJU pHkprf;ay;&ef?
(4) vufSdynma&;pepfonf udkvdkeDynma&;udk zmax;onfh vlaerIpepfESifh rudkufnDbJ uarmufur
jzpfaeonf/ xdkuarmufur ynma&;udk zsufodrf; ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;/ trsKd;om;ynma&;
wnfaqmufa&;twGuf trsKd;om;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;wckukd Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u BuD;rSL; tjref
qHk;usif;y&ef/
awmif;qdkcsuf (4) csufudk wjynfvHk;rSm ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrdbrsm;onf wcJeufaxmufcH
wdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuayonf/
30? 6? 61 aeYwGif &efukefcdkifausmif;om;rsm;or*rS OD;aqmif &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*
cef;rwGif ausmif;aygif;pHk pnf;a0;yGBJ uD;jyKvkyu
f m awmif;qdck suBf uD; (4) csuu
f kd wcJeuf awmif;qdck \
hJ / jrefrmjynftESYH
ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJrsm; qufwdkufjzpfay:vm\/ 14? 7? 61 wGif rEav;cdkifausmif;om;rsm;or*rS OD;pD;
ausmif;om;xk (3000) ausmfwufa&mufaom ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJBuD; vkyfavonf/ 21? 7? 61 aeYwGif Auo
tzGJUcsKyfrS OD;aqmif wjynfvHk;twdkif;twmESifh uarmufurynma&;wdkufyGJ yg0ifMuonf/ &efukefNrdKUwGif ausmif;
om;xk waomif;ausmf yg0ifqEjyMu\/ wjynfvHk;tESHYtjym; wdkufyGJ0ifMuavonf/ &cdkif? Srf;? weoFm&D? jrpf0
uRef;ay:? ajrvwf? csif;wGif;? ucsifjynfe,ftESHYtjym; qEjyyGJrsm;? a&arQmyGJrsm;? rD;wkwfudkifqEjyyGJrsm;? uarmuf
urynma&; tavmif;aumifrD;IdUyGJrsm;jzifh yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd; wdkufyGJ0ifcJhav\/ a&eHajra'orS ausmif;q&mr wOD;onf
ausmif;om;rsm;\wdkufyGJwGif udk,fwdkifyg0if qifETJcJhonf/
(c-3) yxptpdk;&wkefhjyefrI? ausmif;om;wefjyefvIyf&Sm;rI
odkY ausmif;om;rsm;u uarmufurynma&;zsufodrf;&ef tHk<uawmif;qdkaecsdefwGif yxp ynma&;
0efBuD; OD;{armifonf 0efBuD;csKyf\ owif;uGefz&ifhrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? owif;axmufrsm;ESifh awGUqHk&mwGifvnf;
aumif;? ]uarmufurawmU rjzpfygbl;} ]enf;enf;yg;yg;yg} ]tusyfudkifvQif aemufqufwGJatmifpm&if; rxkwfay;}
[k ausmif;om;xkudk Ncdrf;ajcmufavonf/
13? 6? 61 ESifh 30? 7? 61 &ufrsm;wGif ynma&;0efBuD;onf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf trIaqmifrsm;ESifh (2)
BudrfawGUqHk ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsuf (4) csufudk wifjy awmif;qdkcJhavonf/ yxrtBudrf awGUqHkpOfu
ausmif;om;rsm;\ wifjyawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&tzGJUodkY wifjypOfpm;ygrnf[k jyefMum;avonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf
awGUqHkaomtcg atmufygtwdkif; wm0efrJhjyefMum;cJhavonf/
Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf wzufuwifjyawmif;qdk&if; wzufu xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tav;teufjzpf
ap&ef ausmif;om;xkqEudk ydkrdkay;&efvdkjcif;? awmif;qdkcsuf w&m;rQw rSefuefaMumif; rdbjynfolrsm;tm; wm0efcH
odMum;apvdkjcif;rsm;aMumifh Zlvdkifv (21) &ufaeYwGif ydkrkdBuD;rm;aom twdkif;twmSdonfh uarmufurynma&;
wdkufyGJBuD;udk NrdKUawmfcef;raSUwGif &efukefcdkif ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJBuD;udk rjyKvkyfrD ydkpwmwdkufyGJw&yfudk vIHYaqmf
pnf;Hk;cJhonf/ e,frsm;wGifvnf; wjynfvHk; wajy;nDwnf; jyKvkyfcJhayonf/ xdkwdkufyGJwGif ArmwjynfvHk;qdkif&m
tvGwfynmoif ausmif;q&mrsm;toif;csKyfESifh aqG;aEG;ndEdIif;cJhNyD; q&mtoif; axmufcHrI&cJhavonf/
yxrtpdk;&ynma&;0efBuD;\ jyefMum;csufrSm668
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
&Hum jynfolESifh ausmif;om;xkudk Ncdrf;ajcmufcJhonf/ yxptpdk;&onf EdkifiHawmfbmom ta&jcHK 'Drdkua&pDudk
zsufqD;avonf/ vTwfawmfESifh udkuf (100) twGif; qEjyjcif; rjyK&[laom wcsufvTwftrdefYudk xkwfavonf/
oHCmawmfrsm;onf Edik if aH wmfbmomjy|mef;onfh ygvDrefukd ausmif;om;rsm;qEjyyGaJ Mumifh rxdcu
kd af pcsi/f xdYk aMumifh
trsKd;rsKd; arwm&yfcHMuonf/ rdbjynfolrsm;onf dk;&mtpOfvmtm;jzifh Ak'bmomouf0if ,HkMunfMuolrsm;
jzpfay&m Edik if aH wmfomoemjyKvkyif ef;wGif pdww
f rd ;f GwMf uavonf/ tpd;k &uvnf; tpd;k &tmPmudk tpGr;f ukeo
f ;kH
vIHYaqmfonf/ wcsdefwnf;rSmyif jynfolrsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;qEjyvQif xdcdkufaoausrnf pdk;&drfavonf/ q&m
BuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;uvnf; aemufxyf atmifausmfawG jzpfaeOD;rSm pdk;&drfaMumif; NiD;Smavonf/ owif;rsm;u
vnf; ausmif;om;qErjyMu&ef arwm&yfcHavonf/
ygvDrefqEjyaumfrwDonf aemufq;kH wGif tm;vH;k aom arwm&yfccH surf sm;ESihf rdbrsm;\ pdwcf sr;f oma&;udk
aSUI yHkpHajymif;vdkuf&onf/
(c-4) yHkpHajymif;vJjcif;
ygvDref qEjyaumfrwDonf yHkpHajymif;vJjcif;ESifh ywfouf aumfrwDtwGif;0,f jyif;xefpGm aqG;aEG;
cJhMuonf/ if;aumfrwDu zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frI uefYuGufa&;? uarmufurynma&; zsufodrf;a&;? ausmif;om;xk qE
jyyGJudk 24? 8? 61 wGif wuocef;r jyKvkyfcJhayonf/ ausmif;om;xk\ yg0iftm;rSm avsmhenf;oGm;avonf/
ausmif;om;xk Ncdrf;ajcmufcH&jcif;? vIyfSm;Edkifonfh &Jabmf (au'g) rsm; avsmhenf;oGm;jcif;? tcsdefkwfw&ufajymif;
vJpDpOf&jcif;twGuf vIHYaqmfrItwdkif;twmrSmvnf; enf;oGm;onf/ toHcsJUpufoHk;cGifhrSp rsm;pGmzdESdyfjcif;cHcJh&
ayonf/
ygvDrefqEjyaumfrwDonf ygvDrefqEjya&; oabmxm;udk ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfrsm;tzGJUcsKyftm; 22?
8? 61 aeYwGif avQmufxm;cJhayonf/ q&mawmfrsm;rSvnf; ausmif;om;wdkY\ wdkufyGJrSefuefaMumif;? ulnDrnfjzpf
aMumif; rdefYMum;cJhayonf/
uarmufurynma&;zsufodrf;a&;ESifh ywfouf ygvDrefqEjya&;tpDtpOfESifh ywfouf tzGJUcsKyfu
csrSwx
f m;aom oabmxm;rSm tajctaeay:wGif rlwnfjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh rSeu
f efonf[k ,HMk unfonf/ vkyef nf;
vkyf[efrsm;ESifh ywfouf csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;? rnDGwfrIrsm;Sdrnfjzpfaomfvnf; oabmxm; taejzifhum; rSm;,Gif;rI
rSdaMumif; vufawGUtawGUtMuHKt& xifSm;ayonf/
ynma&;rif;BuD;a[mif; (3) OD;yg0ifaom uarmufuratmifpm&if; pHpk rf;a&;aumfrwDu uarmufurjzpfrI
rsm;twGuf pHpk rf;rIrsm; jyKvkyo
f nf[q
k o
kd nf/ Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfukd vma&mufawGUqH&k ef ac:qdo
k nf/ Auorsm;tzGUJ
csKyfrS oGm;a&mufrawGUacs/ ]]pmar;yGaJ tmifpm&if; uarmufurjzpfonfrmS wdik ;f odjynfojd zpfonf/ xdahk Mumifh pHpk rf;&ef
rvdk}} [laom oabmxm;ay;ydkYcJhonf/ pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDtpD&ifcHpm xGufvmaomtcg cyfzHk;zHk;tpD&ifcHcsufom
jzpfonfudk awGUSd&ayonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifh tpD&ifcHpmudk tHMojcif;rSdvSay/ aemufqHk; tpdk;&\aemuf
qufwJG atmifpm&if;rsm; xkwaf y;awmhrnf[k cdik rf maomowif;rsm; xGuv
f mavonf/ owif;tay: ausmif;om;
rsm;\ cdkifrmvSaom ,HkMunfcsufum; qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifawmif;qdk&ef vdktyfonf[k oabmaygufMuavonf/
10? 9? 61 &ufaeYwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*? &efukefcdkifausmif;
om;rsm;or*wdkY yl;wGJ ausmif;om; (52) a,mufyg0ifaom em&D (50) tpmiwfcHqEjyyGJBuD;udk &efukefNrdKU ql;av
bk&m;vrf;axmifhESifh taemf&xmvrf;axmifhwGif jyKvkyfavonf/ vlxk\axmufcHtm;ay;rI rsm;pGm&SdcJhonf/ tpm
iwfcH ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdk;xJavxJ0ifvm tm;ay;Muonf/ vlxkBuD;uvnf; rdk;xJavxJrSmyif vmtm;ay;
Muonf/ tpmiwfcpH Of oH;k pG&J efaq;0g;rsm; awmify&kH myHk jzpfaeayonf/ Nidr;f csr;f a&;zcifBuD; q&mBuD;ocifu,
kd af wmf
rIdif;u &ifxkremjzifh tpmiwfcHausmif;om;rsm;xH arwmo0PfvTm ay;ydkYcJhavonf/
yxptpd;k &onf ausmif;om;trsm;pk\ qEukd qefYusifvsufyif\
dS / ynma&;0efBuD; a'gufwm{armifu
]tpdk;&rSm &efolrsKd; (6) yg; 0dkif;wdkufaew,f} [kajymqdkNyD; ]ausmif;om;rsm;tm; &efoleHygwf (1)} wGifxm; ajym
qdkavonf/
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awmfrsm;ESifh vlxk\ axmufcHrIjynfh0pGm &SdcJhayonf/ vTwfawmftrwfrsm;yif vTwfawmftwGif; ausmif;om;rsm;
wifjycsuu
f kd tav;ay; ajymqdv
k mcJo
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f a'oudk vdu
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[k uwday;vmonf/
670
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rsm;tzGJYcsKyf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&muGefz&ifU
(1961 ck? pufwifbmv 30 &ufrS atmufwdkbmv 4 &ufaehtxd)
Edik if v
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hJ r*rsm;rS ausmif;om;ud,
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onf/ nDvmcHBuD;rS 'Dru
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a&; aSUvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk qHk;jzwfjy|mef;vdkufonf/ yxptpdk;&\ 'Drdkua&pDcsKd;azmufrIESifh ausmif;om;qEESifh
qefYusipf mG jyKrlrrI sm;udk nDvmcHu jyif;xefpmG Iwcf svu
kd o
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k yf yJG pkH u
H kd
atmufygtwdkif; csrSwfvdkufonf/
(1) a&wdkwdkufyGJ
(2) a&&SnfwdkufyGJ
a&wdkwdkufyGJ
uarmufurynma&; zsufodrf;a&;twGuf ,ckESpfydkif; tBuD;rm;qHk;? tiftm;taumif;qHk;? wefzdk;tSdqHk;?
txufjrufqHk; wdkufyGJBuD;wckudk zefwD;um oufqdkif&mwm0efSdolwdkYtm; awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0if&ef vdkayonf/
xufjruftm;aumif;aom wdkufyGJBuD; w&yfqifETJEdkifa&;twGuf oufqdkif&mor*rsm;onf ausmif;om;xktwGif;
ynma&;oabmxm;rsm; em;vnfoabmayguf jrifodonfhtwdkif; pnf;Hk;aqG;aEG;Mu&rnf/ igwdkYESifh rqdkif[laom
oabmxm; ausmif;om;twGif;0,f rSdatmif BudK;yrf;Sif;vif;wifjyum ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; 'ifjynfhtm;jynfh
yg0ifaom wdkufyGJyHkpHwckudk aG;cs,fvIyfSm;Mu&rnf/ wdkufyGJwGif 'Drdkua&pDcsKyfcs,frI uefYuGufa&;? uarmufur
ynma&; zsufodrf;a&;wdkYudk OD;wnfMu&rnf/
a&SnfwdkufyGJ
a&SnfwdkufyGJ[lonf igwdkYausmif;om;rsm;u qGJac:aom wdkufyGJr[kwf oufqdkif&mwm0efSdol tpdk;&\
oabmxm;ay:wGif wnfonf/ igwdYk \ uarmufurynma&; zsuford ;f a&;onf rSeu
f efonf/ ausmif;om;xkw&yf
vHk;uvnf; tm;SdpGmaxmufcHonf/ &[ef;Sifvljynfol w&yfvHk;uvnf; taustvnfoabmayguf odjrifum
wdu
k yf u
JG kd axmufco
H nf/ Edik if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;uyif igwdYk\wdu
k yf u
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tpd;k &u oabmxm; wif;rmvGe;f onft
h ay:wGiu
f m; igwdYk \ uarmufurynma&;wdu
k yf rJG mS a&Snw
f u
kd yf t
JG oGio
f Ykd
a&mufEdkifonf/ a&SnfwdkufyGJonf ausmif;om;xkvIyfSm;rIomru oabmw&m;a&;&m wdkufyGJvnf;yg0ifonf/
or* &Jabmfrsm;onf ,aeY ynma&;rwnfNidrfrIudk ausmif;om;xk? jynfol? &[ef;ESifh vlwef;pm;rsm;xH csOf;uyfum
uarmufurynma&;
zsuo
f rd ;f a&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f
ac:qu
kd si;f yaom Auorsm;tzGcYJ sKyf
Ekid if v
H ;kH qdik &f muGezf &ifu
U kd 1961 ck?
pufwifbm 30 rS atmufwdkbm 1-23-4 aehrsm;wGif usi;f ycJo
U nf
671
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
axmufcHrI&atmif aqG;aEG;&rnf/ jzefYcsdwifjyEdkif&rnf/ tpdk;&\ ynma&;oabmxm; rrSefrI? wdusrSefuefaom
ynma&;pepfrJhrI? wnfNidrfajzmihfrwfaom oabmxm;rSdrIESifhwuG ynma&;uarmufurjzpfrIrsm;udk wifjypnf;Hk;
Mu&rnf/ wqufwnf;rSmyif ynmoifMum;rItajctae wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wifjy
awmif;qdkMu&rnf/ ynmoifMum;a&;tajctae wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;ESifh ynma&;jyKjyifajymifvJa&;twGuf jynf
axmifpktwGif;Sd vlxkvlwef;pm;? vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? woD;yk*v
rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; aygif;pHk
yg0ifaom trsKd;om;ynma&; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;w&yfudk usif;yum ,aeYwdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ta&;ESifh
wdkif;jynfxlaxmifa&;twGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnDaom oabmxm;udkvnf; igwdkYausmif;om;xk w&yfvHk;
em;vnfMu&rnfom jzpfayonf/ jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; r&SdbJ? jynfwGif;trsKd;om;pD;yGm; wnfaqmufrIr&Edkif/
wqufwnf;rSmyif ausmif;om;wdkY\ b0tajctaeESifh ynmoifMum;rI tajctaerSmvnf; wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;vmrnf
r[kwfay/ tcsufudkvnf; tav;teufxm;um uarmufurynma&;wdkufyGJESifh qufpyfazmfxkwf oGm;&rnf
jzpfayonf/
tm;aumif;aom ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJrsm;udk qufvufpnf;Hk; vkyfudkif&efjzpfNyD; wdkufyGJvkyfief;pOf w&yf
tjzpf &efukef? [Hom0wD? yJcl;? om,m0wD? tif;pdefcdkifwdkY yg0ifaom (5) cdkif ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJBuD;udk
&efukefNrdKUwGif jyKvkyf&ef nDvmcHwGif wnDwGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/
nDvmcHusif;yaepOftwGif; aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJatmifpm&if; xGufvmonf/ aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJ
atmifpm&if;xGuv
f maomcg ausmif;om;rsm; tm;wuf0rf;ajrmufMu\? tcsKdUuauseyfMu\/ tqufrjywf awmif;
qdk wdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom tcsuf (1) ckom &SdNyD; usef (3) csuf usefaeonf/
(c-6) ig;cdkifqEjyyGJ
&efukef? tif;pdef? [Hom0wD? yJcl;? om,m0wDwdkYrS ausmif;om;xkyg0ifaom (5) cdkif ausmif;om;xk
qEjyyGJBuD;udk Edk0ifbmv (14) &ufaeY uefawmfrifyef;jcH usif;yonf/ qEjyyGJrwdkifrDtwGif; Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf
onf pnf;Hk;a&;wm0efcH trIaqmifrsm;onf (5) cdkifa'orsm;odkY jzefYqif;um cufcJBuD;pGm jyifqif&avonf/
aiGaMu;cufcJrI jyemrsm;? yxptpdk;&\ ydwfyifwm;qD;rIrsm;? Ncdrf;acsmufrIrsm; &ifqdkif jyifqif&av\/
ynma&;0efBuD; a'gufwm{armifonf yJcl;odkYa&mufvmNyD; (5) cdkifqEjyyGJwGif yJcl;tpdk;&ausmif;rS ausmif;om;rsm;
ryg0ifap&ef q&mrsm;u jyKvkyf&rnf[k ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;rsm;odkY trdefYay;avonf/ &efukef &Jrif;BuD;rSmvnf;
uefawmfrifyef;jcHwGif qEjycGifhudk ray;bJxm;avonf/ tcsdefeD;uyfrS qEjycGifhjyKonf/ om,m0wDcdkifrS ausmif;
om;rsm;onf um;iSm;r& &xm;jzifhcsDwufMu&\/ rdk;ndKrSausmif;om;rsm;vnf; um;rSd (10) rdkifc&D;udk vrf;
avQmufNyD; rif;vSodkY vm&\/ yJcl;rS ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;\ ydwfyifrIudk qEjyqefYusifNyD;
qEjyyGJodkY csDwufvmMu&avonf/ qEjyyGJwGif ausmif;om;aygif; (4000) cefYyg0ifavonf/ &efukefwNrdKUvkH;odkY
(10) rdkifausmfcefY c&D;SnfcsDwufNyD; qEjyMu\/ jynfolvlxk\axmufcHrI wcJeuf&Sdonf/ vli,f? trsKd;orD;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS c&D;SnfcsDwufqEjyyGJ vrf;c&D;wavQmufwGif a&rsm;? tazsmfrsm; qD;BudKwdkufauR; avonf/
NrdKUvlxku xrif;xkyfrsm;ay; ulnDavonf/ xrif;xkyfxJwGif aiGrsm;? aq;vdyfbl;rsm;? axmufcHtm;ay;pmrsm;
xnfhoGif; ay;Muavonf/
jynfov
l x
l \
k qEtavsmuf jzpfay:vmrIukd tpd;k &taeeJU rSeu
f efat;csr;f pGm ajzSi;f &rnft
h pm; 'Dru
kd a&pD
qefYusifaom tMurf;zufenf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKcJhonf/ &JtzGJUudk wkwfay; rauseyf aoewfxkwfay;&mrS ,cktcg
oHcsyfumum;awG wyfqifNyD;aMumif; ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rsm;zGJUcsKyf Ou| udkcifarmiftkef;u zdESdyf
csKyfcs,frI uefYuGufa&;ESifh uarmufurynma&;zsufodrf;a&; (5) cdkif ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJwGif ajymMum;oGm;\/
if;qEjyyGw
J iG f (5) cdik rf S ausmif;om; (2000) ausmf wufa&mufMu\/ udck ifarmiftek ;f u qufvufajymMum;&mwGif
1961 ckESpftwGif; vlxkqEjyyGJrSm yxp 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&aMumifh vl (3) a,muf aocJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ azazmf0g&Dv
(21) &ufaeY e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;qEjyyGJwGif (2) a,mufESifh Edk0ifbm (10) &ufaeY ZmwfHkaSUqEjyyGJwGif (1)
a,muf aocJhonf/ 'DtjyKtrlawG qufvufusifhoHk;ae&if yxptpdk;&[m ykvdyftpdk;& jzpfvmrnfjzpfaMumif;/
yxptpd;k &[m ykvyd jf yem aomif;ajcmufaxmifukd tcGit
hf a&;,lNyD; e,fcsJUvkyMf uHrEI iS hf ppftmPmSit
f E&m,fawG
udk pdk;&drf&aMumif;? owif;pmtm;vHk;u tpdk;&&JU 'Drdkua&pDqefYusifaom Oya'zsufodrf;&ef ta&;qdkvmaMumif;?
owif;pm? ausmif;om;? &[ef;? ukefonf? trIxrf;awGudk &efoltjzpf aMunmvmwJh tpdk;&[mb,folrS udk,fpm;jyK
Edkifrnf r[kwfaMumif;? ausmif;om;xk&JU rSefuefwJhawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk atmifjrifonftxd wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;rnfjzpf
672
(tay:)
21? 2? 1961
&efuek cf kid af usmif;om;rsm;o*rS
Bu;D rI;usi;f yaom
uarmufurynma&;zsuo
f rd ;f a&;
ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJ
(tv,f)
1961 ck? pufwifbmv
(10-11-12) &ufaehrsm;wGif Auo?
wuo? &uowdkhrS
Bu;D rSL;usi;f yaom
uarmufurynma&;zsuo
f rd ;f a&;
em&D (50) tpmiwfcq
H EjyyGJ
(atmuf)
(5) ckid af usmif;om;rsm;
uarmufurynma&;pepftm;
c&D;Sncf sw
D ufqEjy uefu
h u
G pf Of
r[mAEKvvrf;axmifU awGY jrif&yHk
673
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
aMumif; ajymMum;oGm;onf/ [Hom0wDckid f ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,f udx
k ifausmf? &efuek cf dik v
f ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;
or* udk,fpm;vS,f udkzdk;xif? yJcl;cdkifausmif;om;or* udk,fpm;vS,f udkaZmfjrifh? om,m0wDckdif ausmif;om;
or*udk,fpm;vS,f udkxGef;SdefwdkY toD;oD; rdefYcGef;ajymMum;Mu\/
wef;cGJwef;cspepf &yfqdkif;ypfa&;? ESpfcgusausmif;xkwfpepf rusifhoHk;a&;? ynma&;toHk;p&dwf wdk;jrifh
oHk;a&;? trsKd;om;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ usif;ya&;? vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk tMurf;zufajzSif;aeaom yxptpdk;
tm; IwfcsaMumif;? rEav;wuodkvfrS zrf;xm;aom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; vTwfay;a&;ESifh 0&rf;kyfodrf;a&;?
ausmif;om;or* w&m;0ifzGJUpnf;cGifh ay;a&;? owif;pmrsm;\ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;wdkufyGJtm; axmufcHaMumif;?
jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk aphpyfaqG;aEG; wnfaqmuf&ef tqdkrsm;udk wifoGif;qHk;jzwfMu\/
ausmif;om;xkonf pepfwuswef;pDxm;NyD; uefawmfrifyef;jcHrSxGufum aTwd*Hkbk&m;vrf;rS NrdKUwGif;odkY
c&D;Snf csDwufvSnfhvnf qEjyMu\/ aTwd*Hkbk&m;vrf;rS AdkvfcsKyfvrf;? Adkvfwaxmifbk&m;vrf;? r[mAEKvvrf;?
armfwifusKHBuD;vrf;? qlavbk&m;vrf;wdkYrS tpOfvdkuf wef;pDvSnfhvnfvmNyD; NrdKUawmfcef;raSU r[mAEKvvrf;
ay:wGif pkHk; tcrf;tem; kyfodrf;vdkuf\/ c&D;SnfcsDwuf&mwGif usKH;BuD;vrf;ESifh (13) vrf;xdyf ta&mufwGif
&efukefcdkifrS udkrsKd;0if;? yJcl;cdkifrS udkjr0if;wdkY rl;arhoGm; tif;pdefodkY ydkYvdkuf&onf/
(*) wuov
kd t
f wGi;f rS *,ufrsm;
Edk0ifbmv (11) &uf wuodkvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;rS csrSwfcJhaom &efukefwuodkvf jrefrmpmXmewGif
ygarmucsKyf OD;{armiftm; jyefvnfcefYxm;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/ xdkudpE Sifhywfouf jrefrmpmXme ygarmucsKyf
tjzpf acw0ifa&muf trIxrf;vsufadS om OD;0ef\bufawmfom;rsm;u qlyu
l efYuu
G
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onf/ OD;{armifESifh OD;0efjyemwGif rludkab;csdwfNyD; wuodkvftmPmydkifrsm;onf yk*dKvftmPmudk aSUwef;odkY
xkwfcJhonf/ OD;0efbufrS wyfOD;uacgif;aqmif vdkufygvmavonf/ ygarmuOD;0ef vufxufwGif udkbaumif;?
udk,k paomolrsm;udk jrefrmpmXmewGif uxdursm; cefYaomaMumifh wyfOD;rsm;u OD;0efudk aus;Zl;qyfonfhtaeESifh
qlyluefYuGufMuoavm[k xifjrifp&mrsm; jzpfvmonf/ ygarmuOD;0ef vufxufwGif udkbaumif;? udk,kESifhwuG
tjcm;wyfOD;acgif;aqmif (7) OD;tm; ta&;ay:q&mrsm;tjzpf cefYxm;cJhavonf/
675
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
OD;AaqGav;
(1961-62)
Source: Oway Magazines
bdu
k av;Zmwd jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;nDw
G af &;wyfO;D tzJUG 0ifwOD;jzpfonf/ 1959-60 wGif wuo aiGxed ;f
tjzpf aqmifGufcJhonf/ 1959 ckwGif Oya'0dZmyxrESpf wufa&mufcGifh wuodkvfHk;rS y,fzsufaMumif;
aMunmaomfvnf; ygarmucsKyfudk,fwdkif rodvdkufaom jyKrlcsufaMumifh ygarmucsKyfrS0efcHNyD; oludk,fwdkif
ausmif; jyef0ifcGifhay;cJhonf/ 1960-61 wGif wuo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aG;aumufwifajrmuf
cH&onf/ 1961-62 aemufq;kH wuo\ Ou|tjzpf aqmifu
G cf o
hJ nf/
676
tcef; (25)
Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
'Dru
kd a&pDa&; ppftmPm&SifpepfqefYusifa&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1962)
(u) Zlvikd v
f (7) &uf ta&;awmfyBkH u;D
(7) &uf Zlvdkifvta&;awmfyHkonf zufqpfqefaom zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&; vIyfSm;rIBuD; w&yfyifjzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;wGif 'kwd,urmppfBuD;aemufydkif; wcgrSray:aygufcJhbl;ao;aom &ufpufrIvnf; jzpfonf/
ta&;awmfyHkwGif wdkif;jynf\ tem*wf om;aumif;&wemrsm;pGm a&wdrfepfcJh&onf/ &efukefwuodkvf e,fajronf
&J&eJ aD om ausmif;om;xk\ aoG;rsm;acsmif;pD;rwwf jzpfc&hJ onf/ wuov
kd yf &0Pfwckv;kH usnfqefEiS hf ,rf;aiGUrsm;
vTrf;rdk;cJhonf/ ppfwvif;yrm tavmif;csif;xyfum jrifraumif;aom Icif;onf wuodkvftm; ted|mkHum;csyf
BuD;tjzpf zefwD;cJhonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
jzpfonf/ [,f&Dwefta&;awmfyHkonfvnf; tmPmydkifwdkY\ csKdU,Gif;csufudk vlowfvufeufjzifh ajzSif;vdkufMu
jcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;xkurauseyf qEjyaomtcg tMurf;zufenf;udo
k ;kH vsuf vufeufjzifv
h o
l wf ESyd u
f yG f
vdu
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kd \
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h Qiv
f nf; tmPmydik w
f Ykd\ wzufowf
csrSwfxm;aom tajzESifh taopGJudkifrI? aemufqHk;tMurf;zufrIudk awGU&onf/ oifMum;rIrjynfhpHkaom pmar;yGJpepf
wckudk twif;csrSwfcJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u yxrOD;pGm vdktyfaeaom ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*rsm;? q&mrsm; wdk;
csUJ yg? oifMum;rI tajctaersm; rjynfph rkH u
D mvwGif pepfopfukd &yfqikd ;f xm;[l wifjycJo
h nf/ odYk aomf tmPmydik f
wdkYonf vdkufavsmhrIrjyKcJhbJ aemufqHk; pufwifbmvwGif vufeufjzifh tMurf;zufajzSif;vdkufonf/ ausmif;om;
tajrmuftrsm; 'Pf&m&cJhonf/ zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;? 0&rf;ESifhqkaiGrsm; xkwfjcif;? ausmif;rS xkwfy,fjcif;wdkYudk
jyKvkyf jyif;xefpGm zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fcJhMuonf/
ordkif;pOfrsm;udk jyefMunfhvQif ausmif;om;wdkufyGJtm;vHk; tmPmydkifwdkY\ usL;ausmfrI? tMurf;zufrI?
ausmif;om;xkESifh jynfolYqE ypfy,frIrsm;udk awGU&ayonf/ wqufwnf; ausmif;om;xk\ Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoif
Mum;a&;udk cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;? Nidrf;csrf;pGm qEjyenf;jzifhom awmif;qdkvIyfSm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ppfwyftpdk;&onf
wufvmpOfuwnf;u Ade;f aAgi;f wD;xGuv
f monf/ xdt
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tmPmodrf;NyD; oufwrf; (3) v twGif;rSmyif ausmif;om;xktm; zdESdyfa&;vkyfief;udk pwifvmayonf/ ynma&;
XmeESifh vHk;0rtyfpyfbJ ppfwyfoPmefygaom pnf;urf;rsm; csrSwfvdkufMuonf/ csrSwf&mwGif ausmif;om;xk
qE,ljcif;? ndEIdif;jcif;vHk;0rSdbJ aMumfjimbkwfwGif trdefYxkwfenf;rsKd;jzifh wzufowf csrSwfcJhonf/ pnf;rsOf;\
tESpfom&ydkif;onf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&;owfowfudkazmfjyvsuf vkyfrlvkyf[efonf ppf0g'ESifUppfrme? igwaumaum
aom zufqpfvuPmudk aqmifaeonf/ tmPmydik w
f Ykd\ xdv
k yk if ef;onf ppfreS af om pnf;urf;rsm;jzpfonfh wdik af tmif
ratmifjrifEdkifaom vkyfenf;vkyf[efom jzpfayonf/
pnf;urf;wck atmifjrifa&;onf(1) if;pnf;urf;onf vdkufem&rnfh olrsm;\ b0ESifh [yfrd&ef?
(2) vdkufem&rnfh olrsm;udk,fwdkif todESifh,SOf vufcHvm&efwdkY vdkayonf/
ausmif;om;xk\qEurkd ,ljcif;? nEd iId ;f rIryvkyjf cif;wdYkonf b0ESi[
hf yfrad om pnf;urf;rsm;jzpfrvmjcif;\
tajccHjzpfayonf/ wzufowf ppfrdefYqefqef csrSwf ZGwftwif;vdkufemapjcif;onf todESifh,SOfvufcHvma&;
udk r&,lEikd af om vky[
f efomjzpfonf/ xdYkaMumifh ppfwyftmPmydik w
f Ykd\ pnf;urf;onf tESpo
f m&a&m vky[
f eft&yg
rSm;,Gif;cJhonfrSm xifSm;vSayonf/ ausmif;om;xkrSm pnf;urf;xm;Sda&;udk rltm;jzifhvufcHaMumif; twdtvif;
wifjycJhonf/ wqufwnf;wGif txufygtwdkif; ausmif;om;xkqE,la&;? q&m? ausmif;om;ESifh tmPmydkifwdkY
oHk;OD;oHk;zvS,f ndEIdif;a&;qGJa&;? todESifhvufcHvmatmif ynmay;a&;wdkYudk jyKvkyf&ef tBudrfBudrf wifjycJhonf/
odYk aomf tmPmydik rf sm;\ rsufEmS pHn
k aD wGUqkcH iG u
hf ykd if cg;cg;oD;oD;jiif;y,fum wuo\ wifjycsufukd vH;k 0Oayum
jyKcJhonf/
ausmif;om;xktaeESihf b0ESi[
hf yfrad om todjzifh vdu
k ef mEdik af om pnf;urf;rsm;t& ausmif;aqmifu,
kd yf ikd f
tkycf sKyfciG u
hf kd &,lvo
dk nf/ ausmif;aqmifu,
kd yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG o
hf nf or*rsm;\ tpOfwpdu
k af wmif;qdck ahJ om tcGit
hf a&;
vnf; jzpfayonf/ ausmif;aqmifudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh Sdjcif;tm;jzifh(1) ausmif;om;rsm;\b0udk ausmif;om;rsm;u ydkrdkxdawGUodSdjcif;?
(2) 'Drdkua&pD tkyfcsKyfrIpepfudk vufawGUusifhoHk; tavhtusifhjzpfvdkjcif;?
(3) ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk xda&mufpGm umuG,fEdkifjcif;?
(4) q&m? ausmif;om; em;vnfrI ydkrdk&SdEdkifjcif; wdkYaMumifh or*rsm;taeESifh tpOfwpdkufawmif;qdkcJh&jcif;
jzpfonf/
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhonf ausmif;om;rsm; xif&mvkyfa&;twGuf r[kwfbJ q&m? ausmif;om; ndEdIif;rIjzifh
pepfuspGm tkyfcsKyfa&;om jzpfayonf/ xdkodkY tajccHusaom ausmif;om;xk\ wifjycsufrsm;udk vHk;0OayumjyKjcif;
cHc&hJ avonf/ Nidr;f csr;f pGmynmoifMum;a&;udk cspjf rwfE;kd aom ausmif;om;xkonf Nidr;f csr;f pGm qEjyawmif;qdck o
hJ nf/
Nidr;f csrf;pGmvIyf mS ;awmif;qdrk ?I rsufEmS pHn
k aD jzSi;f rIonf ausmif;om;or*rsm;\ tajccHrjl zpfaMumif; ausmif;om;vIyf
Sm;rIordik ;f u oufaocHvsuf Sad eayonf/ vufeufro
hJ rl sm;yDyD tMurf;zufru
I v
kd nf; rvdv
k m;cJah y/ aygufurJG w
I ikd ;f
vnf; tmPmydik w
f Ykd \ usL;ausmfrrI S tMurf;zufrrI sm; ay:aygufvmaMumif;udv
k nf; ordik ;f jzpf&yfrsm;u txiftSm;
jyovsufSdayonf/ Zlvdkifv (7) &uf ta&;awmfyHkonfvnf; jzpfpOftrSefudk tmPmydkifwdkY\ usL;ausmfrI? tMurf;
678
&efukefwuodkvftufOya'udk kyfodrf;onfUOya'
EdkifiHawmfawmfvSefa&;aumifpD Ou|onf atmufygOya'udk jy|mef;vdkufonf/
1/
(1) Oya'udk 1962 ckESpf &efukefwuodkvftufOya'udk kyfodrf;onfhOya'[k ac:wGifap&rnf/
(2) Oya'onf csufjcif; tmPmwnfap&rnf/
2/
(1) &efukefwuodkvftufOya'udk Oya'jzifh kyfodrf;vdkufonf/
(2) ,if;odkYkyfodrf;onfhtcg(u) jrefrmEdkifiHpum;&yf Oya'yk'fr (5) yg jy|mef;csufrsm; tusKd;oufa&muf&rnf/
(c) &efukefwuodkvfydkif ypnf;tm;vHk;onfvnf;aumif;? &efukefwuodkvf\ a<u;NrDwm0ef
tm;vHk;onfvnf;aumif; tpdk;& wnfSdoufa&muf ap&rnf/
3/
Oya' pwiftmPmwnfonft
h csderf S tpjyK Edik if aH wmfawmfveS af &;tpd;k &onf &efuek w
f uov
kd t
f m;
tqdkygkyfodrf;jcif;cH&aom &efukefwuodkvftufOya'jzifh ay;tyfxm;onfh tmPmESifhwm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk
qufvufoHk;pGJ aqmifGuf&rnf/
xdjhk yif 1962 ckEpS f rEav;wuov
kd t
f ufOya'udk kyo
f rd ;f onUf atmufygOya'udk Edik if aH wmf awmfveS af &;
aumifpD Ou|u jy|mef;vdkufonf/
1/
(1) Oya'udk 1962 ckESpf rEav;wuodkvftufOya'udk kyfodrf;onfhOya'[k ac:wGifap&rnf/
(2) Oya'onf csufjcif; tmPmwnfap&rnf/
2/
(1) 1957 ckESpf rEav;wuodkvftufOya'udk Oya'jzifh kyfodrf;vdkufonf/
(2) ,if;odkYkyfodrf;onfhtcg(u) jrefrmEdik if H a,bk,spum;&yfjzifh Oya'yk'rf (5) yg jy|mef;csurf sm; tusK;d oufa&mufap&rnf/
(c) rEav;wuodkvfydkif ypnf;tm;vHk;onfvnf;aumif;? rEav;wuodkvf\ a<u;NrDwm0ef
tm;vHk;onfvnf;aumif; tpdk;& wnfSdoufa&muf&rnf/
3/
Oya' pwiftmPmwnfonfhtcsdefrS tpy EdkifiHawmfawmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&onf rEav;
wuodkvftm; tqdkygkyfodrf;jcif;cH&aom 1957 ckESpf rEav;tufOya'jzifh ay;tyfxm;onfh tmPmESifhwm0ef
0w&m;rsm;udk qufvufoHk;pGJ aqmifGuf&rnf/
yHk
(Adkvfae0if;)
Ou|
EdkifiHawmfawmfvSefa&;aumifpD
1962 ckESpf? arv (9) &uf
1962 ck azazmf0g&DvwGif usi;f ycJah om &efuek cf dik ?f wef;jrifah usmif;xGupf mar;yGu
J dk zsuo
f rd ;f vdu
k af Mumif;
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&u aMunmcJhonf/ xkdudpESifh ywfouf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYu uefYuGufcJh
Muonf/ awmfveS af &;aumifpt
D pd;k &u ar;cGe;f aygufMum;rIjzifh wef;jrifah usmif;xGupf mar;yGu
J kd zsuford ;f vdu
k o
f nf[k
qdkavonf/
679
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
ar;cGef;aygufMum;rI jyemay:ayguf&jcif;rSm ynma&;Xmewm0efcHrsm;\ rormrI? csKdU,Gif;ysufuGufrI
rsm;aMumifh jzpfonf[k Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfrS ,lqcJah yonf/ tpd;k &tqufqufwYdkonf ar;cGe;f aygufMum;rIrsm;twGuf
oufqikd &f mwm0efcrH sm;udk ta&;r,lbJ ausmif;om;rsm;tay: yHck sum ajzSi;f cJah yonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;wGif tjypfrS?d
xdkYaMumifh oufqdkif&mwm0efcHrsm;tm; tjypfay;jcif;? ta&;,ljcif; rjyKvkyfbJ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmar;yGJcsypfjcif;?
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmar;yGJy,fjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfum ausmif;om;rsm;tay:yHkcsenf;udk Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfu tpOftjrJ
uefYuGufcJhayonf/ xdkUjyif ZGefv (26) &ufaeYuvnf; wuorS ausmif;aqmifae&m r&ao;aom ausmif;om;rsm;
twGuf ae&mr&ol (1300) ausmftwGuf taqmifjyem ajzSif;ay;&ef wuodkvfaumifpDrSwqifh ygarmucsKyf
OD;um (ygarmucsKyf a'gufwmomvS ae&ma&mufvmol) xH pmay;ydkY vdkufavonf/
&efukefwuodkvf ausmif;jyefzGifhNyD;aemuf ausmiff;om;? ausmif;olrsm; vdkufem&rnfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk
wuov
kd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; tmPmydik rf sm;u aMunmcJ\
h / ,if;pnf;urf;csuf w&yftaeESihf ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om;
rsm;twGuf npmpm;csdefudk nae (6) em&DcGJrS (7) em&DcGJtxd ajymif;vJuefYowfay;&ef ZGefv (25) &ufaeYu
jyKvkyaf om wuov
kd o
f [m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rS ausmif;aqmifjyemESihf ywfoufaom tpnf;ta0;rS awmif;qdk
cJhonf/ xkdYjyif ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om;rsm; nzuf ausmif;aqmifodkY jyef0ifcGifhudk n (8) em&Dtpm; n (11)
em&Dtxd cGifhjyK&ef ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm; a&;qGJ&m ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u awmif;qkdonf/
(C) wuov
kd af umifpu
D kd zsuo
f rd ;f jcif;
arv (10) &ufaeY? (1) em&Dcw
JG iG f &efuek Nf rdKU? '*H&k yd o
f m Edik if aH wmfawmfveS af &;aumifpD Ou| Adv
k cf sKyfBuD;
ae0if;onf wuov
kd af umifpt
D zGUJ ud,
k pf m;vS,f toD;oD;jzpfMuonfh ynmrif;BuD; OD;bd;k xd?k ygarmucsKyf a'gufwm
omvS? aq;wuov
kd rf S a'gufwmarmifarmifat;? a'gufwmarmifarmifc? NrdKUawmf0efO;D ausmfrif;? twGi;f 0ef OD;ausmf
GefY? q&mBuD;OD;azarmifwif? OD;tkef;? ygarmursm;jzpfonfh OD;vSoGif? OD;at;vIdif? OD;bwkwf? OD;atmifcif? a'gufwm
bvSD tpSdonfh yk*dKvfrsm;? ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; pkpkaygif; (28) OD;eJY awGUqHkcJhonf/
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u]]ausmif;awmfBuD;\ ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfysufaeonfh tajctaeudkajym&vQif ausmif;om;ESifhq&m olYrdkao?
ighrdak oqdo
k vdk jzpfaeonft
h csuf jzpfw,f/ q&mavmua&m ausmif;om;avmua&m Edik if aH &;ya,m*0ifvmaeMu
w,f/ Sif;Sif;ajym&vQif taSUtkyfpka&m? taemuftkyfpka&m ya,m*awG0ifvmaeMuw,f/ udk,fem;vnfxm;wJh
q&morm;qdk&mrSm udk,fhzmomynmwwfaeHkeJY rNyD;bl;/ tusifhpm&dwaumif;&rJhtjyif? tcufcJqHk; ywf0ef;usifvl
trsm;&JU dak orI&Sad &;yJjzpfw,f/ ausmif;awmfBuD;rSvv
JG Qif ArmEdik if H ynmay;&rnft
h aqmufttHk rSad wmhaMumif;?
'Dtwdkif;qufoGm;ae&if wdkif;jynfb,fawmhrS aumif;rSmr[kwfbl;/ wuodkvfavmuwGif tpdk;&tmPmSdol
awGuvnf; 0ifa&mufNyD; EdkifiHa&;upm;aeMuw,f/ 'DuaeY aumifpDvlBuD;awGudk ac:NyD;ajym&wmuawmh wuov
kd f
aumifpDudk zsufodrf;vdkufNyDqdkwmbJ}} ajymMum;cJhonf/
wuodkvfaumifpDudk jyefvnfzJGYpnf;jcif;
17? 5? 62 &ufaeh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD trdefhtrSwf (30)
1962 ckESpf? arv (17) &ufaeYwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpD trdefYtrSwf (30) udk xkwfjyefaMunmNyD;
wuodkvfaumifpDudk jyefvnfzJGUpnf;cJhonf/
t"dywd
AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;az
tzJGU0ifrsm;
AdkvfrSL;csKyfpef;,k
AdkvfrSL;BuD;oef;pdef
AdkvfrSL;BuD;wifpdk;
ygarmucsKyfOD;um
rSwfcsuf- 61-62 zsufodrf;cHwuodkvfaumifpD? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtrdefYtrSwf (30) wuodkvfaumifpDjyefvnfzJGUpnf;jcif;(&efukefwuodkvf pdef&wkobif (2006)? xkwfa0- jynfolYbwfawmfom;rsm;? pm- 48? 49) rS ul;,lazmfjyonf/
681
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
(i) Zlvikd v
f (7) &uf ta&;awmfypkH wifjcif;
Source: The Student Movement and Civil War in Burma: page-84 (unknown)
Zlvikd v
f (7) &uf ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;rsm;kyo
f rd ;f a&; pnf;a0;yJt
G Ny;D wuotaqmuftODrS ausmif;om;rsm;qEjy&ef xGuv
f mMupOf
683
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tkycf sKyforl sm;omrubJ vdu
k ef m&rnfh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;awGyg yg0ifa&;qGrJ o
S m obm0usygw,f/ usifo
h ;kH Edik f
wJh pnf;urf;awGvnf; jzpfvmEdkifygw,f/ 'DaeY wzufowfa&;qGJxm;wJh pnf;urf;awG[m rlt&udk rrSefygbl;/
wdk;wufwJhEdkifiHawGrSm taqmifawGudk udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhrsm;yif ay;aewJhumvrSm 'Dvdkwzufowf pnf;urf;awGeJY
csKyfcs,fxm;wm[m &mZ0ifudk aemufjyefqGJovdk jzpfaeygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY[m txufwef;ynm oifMum;aeMu
&olrsm; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh wOD;eJYwOD; ESD;aESmzvS,fcGifhqdkwmawG Sd&ygr,f/ 'grS ynma&;twGuf ydkrdk tusKd;jzpf
Edkifygw,f/ 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ n (8) em&Dxdk;vQif taqmifwHcg;awG aomhcwf? tcef;wcef;rS tcef;wcef;odkY rul;&?
ud,
k phf m;yGu
J ,
kd x
f ikd ?f pmzwf pnf;urf;rvdu
k ef m&if ausmif;aqmifrx
S w
k w
f ehJ nf;[m vufawGUrSmrjzpfEikd yf gbl;/ 'gwif
ruao;bJ xrif;auR;csdefudk eHeuf (10) em&DrS nae (6) em&Dtxdjcm;wm[m vufawGUrSm ausmif;om;awG 'ku
a&mufMuygw,f/ 'gawGaMumifh ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tkyfcsKyfola&m? vdkufemolyg yl;wGJndEdIif;NyD; pnf;urf;awG jyefvnfqGJzdkY
awmif;yefygw,f/ vufSd pnf;urf;awGudkom qufvufusifhoHk;vQif atmifjrifp&m vrf;rSdygbl;/ zdESdyfa&;twGuf
pnf;urf; trnfcHomjzpfygvdrfhr,f}} [k ajymMum;oGm;cJhonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;onf eD&Jaom cGyfa'gif;tvHudk avxJvTifh? ydkpwmrsdK;pHkudk udkif? aSUqHk;rSm BuD;rm;vSaom
cGyfa'gif;tvHBuD;udk jzefYvsuf ausmif;om; (10) a,mufcefY udkifaqmifvmMuonf/
]]&JabmfwdkY ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk pwifrjyKvkyfbJeJY csKyfcs,fa&;pnf;urf;awGudkom pepfwus
vkyfaqmifaewmudk uRefawmfwdkY qufvufwdkufyGJ0if&OD;rSm jzpfw,f/ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;? trsKd;om;ynm
a&; wnfaqmufa&;twGuf aSUvkyfief;udk qufvuf vkyfaqmif&vdrfhOD;r,f? rw&m; ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;awGudk
vnf; kyfodrf;zdkY vufwGJwdkuf&OD;rSm jzpfw,f/ 'DwdkufyGJawGtwGuf taumif;qHk;vufeuf[m ausmif;om;xknDGwf
a&;yJ? ausmif;om;nDw
G af &;ukd r&raewnfaqmufNyD; ausmif;om;or*&UJ cGyaf 'gif;tvHatmufrmS pkpnf;nDw
G Nf yD;
qufvuf wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;MuygpdkY}} [k trIaqmifwOD;u qEjyyGJ ed*kH;csKyfrdefYcGef;udk or*taqmuftODaSUwGif ay;NyD;
aemuf us,favmif Snfvsm;vSaom vufckyfoHrsm;jzifh ed*kH;csKyf rdefYcGef;qHk;oGm;avonf/
wuo taqmuftODaSY
t"dywdvrf;rBu;D ay:wiG f
&JEiS aUf usmif;om;
y#dyujrifuiG ;f
ausmif;om;wdu
hk cJjzifaU yguf
&Jrsm;u rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH ypfNy;D
vlpck aGJ epOfawG&Y yHk
685
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
Zlvikd v
f (7) &uf ausmif;om;ESi&Uf J
tjyeftvSef y#dyujzpfymG ;Ny;D
ausmif;om;rsm;xyfrH zrf;qD;rIrvkyEf ikd &f ef
t"dywdvrf; t"dut0ifayguf wHcg;Bu;D udk
ausmif;om;rsm;u ydwx
f m;vdu
k o
f nf
rEav;aqmifEiS Uf
tr&aqmifEpS cf Mk um;rS
qEjya<u;aMumfaeMuaom
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; qlyrl rI jyK&ef
'k-Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D pdev
f iG f
oGm;a&mufajymMum;aepOf
686
aoqHk;olrsm;pm&if;
1/ armifcifGefY(c)cifarmifGefY
2/ armifpef;aT
3/ armifausmf0if;
4/ armifpdef0if;
5/ armifusifrdk;
6/ armifoef;xGef;
7/ armifwifGefY
8/ armifpdef0if;
9/ qlAm;
10/ udkwifxGef;
'k-ESpf (bDat)
tcef; (83)? ppfudkif;aqmif Oypmtydkif; (c)
rEav;aqmif
0dZm (c)
tcef; (91)? awmifilaqmif 0dZm (c)
xm;0,fausmif;? Am;u&m
awmifilBuD;
wuodkvf0ifpmppfXme? pma&;
xGef;tvGwfynmoifausmif;
tvkyform;
yJcl;aqmif
'Pf&m&olrsm;
1/ udkrif;vGif
2/ udkpdk;GefY
3/ udkPf
yif;,aqmif
waumif;aqmif
'*Hkaqmif
yk*Haqmif
waumif;aqmif
jynfausmif;aqmif
aeYausmif;om;
yif;,aqmif
aeYausmif;om;
rEav;aqmif
oxkHaqmif
oxkH (3) vrf;
"gwkaA'enf;jy
rEav;aqmif
*kHavQmfpuf? tvkyform;
wHwm;jzLae
tvkyform;wef;vsm;
jynfaqmif
yJcl;aqmif
yJcl;aqmif
waumif;aqmif
yk*Haqmif
yif;,aqmif
yif;,aqmif
yif;,aqmif
rEav;aqmif
tdkifat (c)
bDat (at)
tdkifat (bD)
tdkiftufpD (at)
bDat (bD)
bDtufpD (bD)
bDat (bD)
bDat (bD)
bDtufpD (bD)
bDat (bD)
OypmodyH (c)
Oypm (u)
Oypm (c)
0dZm (u)
0dZm (c)
0dZm*kPfxl;
0dZm (u)
Oypm (c)
Oypm (c)
0dZm*kPfxl;
Oypm (u)
0dZm (u)
Oypm (u)
Oypm (c)
0dZmwef;
0dZm (c)
0dZmodyH
OypmodyH (c)
OypmodyH (u)
t&yfom;
t&yfom;
t&yfom;
t&yfom;
aTbkdaqmif? rmvDrSL;
vuform;
pufrIvufrIausmif;om;
puffrIvufrIausmif;om;
wuodkvf0if;? t&yfol
wuodkvf0if;? t&yfol
687
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
tzrf;qD;cH&olrsm;
1/ udkjynfGefY
2/ udkwifaiG
3/ udkwifxGef;(c)udkodef;xdkuf
4/ udkcspfarmif
5/ udk0if;Munf
6/ udkxdef0if;
7/ udkb&if
8/ udkouf
9/ udkBuD;pdef
10/ udkPf0if;
11/ udkAaqGav;
12/ udkouf0if;
13/ udknDav;(c)udk&Jatmif
14/ udkapmr&
15/ udkcsKdcsKd(c)udkjroef;
16/ udkrif;atmif(c)atmifatmif
17/ udkxGef;wif
18/ udkcifxGef;
19/ udkav;jcpf(c)udkwifvIdif
20/ udkwifat;
21/ udk0if;Munf
awmifilaqmif
(45)? tmwD;,m;vrf;
0dZm (u)
OyZm (u)
OyZm (u)
0dZm (c)
0dZm (c)
0dZm (c)
0dZmodyH (u)
0dZm*kPfxl;aemufqHk;ESpf
OypmodyH (u)
tr&aqmif
rEav;aqmif
rEav;aqmif
oufBuD;wuodkvf
Auo-Ou|
&uo-twGif;a&;rSL;
wuo-Ou|
yJcl;aqmif
ynmwefaqmifausmif;
tif;0aqmif
oxHkaqmif
awmifilaqmif
OypmodyH (c)
atmufMunfhjrifwdkifvrf;
trSwf (72)? vdIifjrpfvrf;
awmifilaqmif
rEav;aqmif
0dZm (u)
0dZmody H(c)
Oypm (c)
aq;odyHaemufqHk;ESpf
t&yfom;
t&yfom;
688
689
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
Source: The Student Movement and Civil War in Burma: page-84 (unknown)
690
a'gif;&moDjynfawmfvSefa&;
(1)
trSefw&m;&JU
&rufuGef,ufxJ
igh awmfvSefa&;twawG
0JysHoGm;w,f/
(2)
twdwf&mZ0ifqdk;
yJhwifoH[m
tmPmpufoHrPdtdrfudk
jymcs
&J&ifhwJhtem*wfrsKd;qufysKd
urmraMuwJh vufoD;qkyfxJ
tm;rmef
acgif;ndwfwcsuf
tjyHK;wvSnfh
tpfudkBuD;opfykwfyif
uMunfh
'gayr,fh
ppfbdeyfoHawG
ppfaoewfoHawG
ppfrsuf&nf,dkAHk;awG
ppf*ef;ydkufvHk;awGaMumifh
olYtoJtrm&Gwfu
awmufacgufaew,f/
uHah umf
pdefyef;
pG,fawmfawG[m
'@m&Dr[kwfwJh
usnfqHawGudk
a'gormefeJY
tHBudwfMunfhaew,f/
rm,meJU vSnfhpm;xm;wJh
ayvTmawG
jcaoFh (2) aumifu
[m;wdkuf&,farm
csKd;jzLwdkY&JUcg;oD;yHk&dyf
tdk;a0wdkY&JUawmifvdkyHkwJh
[pfa<u;oH
bGJUESif;obifcef;ru
&ifcGifydkufxm;wkef;bJ/
O'gef;raMu
urmwnfr,fh trSwfw&
Adkvfatmifausmf
ausmufwdkifuajym
or*ajrrIefUawG
em;pGifhodrf;xm;w,f/
[dk; - cyfvSrf;vSrf;u
wkdif (18) wkdifeJY
*syfqifacgif;avmif;rSm
aoG;pufawGeJY/
'g cGyfa'gif;wdkY&J
xm0&tjyHK;w&m;ay:uowd
ol&Jaumif;tmZmenfwdkY&JU
armfuGef;awGyJ/
(3)
arceJYrvdcom;awmf
]]r[m{&m0wD}}a&
jynfolawG&JU
zsm;emaewJhvGwfvyfa&;
tm;emaewJhom,mrI
acgifrvHkwJh aysmfTifrI
ted|mHkyef;csDum;xJu
trJa&mifaq;pufawG
'gawGudk rif;&JUopmw&m;eJY
691
oefYpify,fSm;
'Drdkua&pDtysKd&nfzsufol
vlYtcGifhta&;yef;a>col
jynfolYtaoG;udkaomuf
tom;udktjrnf;yGJvkyfaewJh
rdpmewfqdk;arG;pm;
rdef;rysuf&JUom;
bmr[kwfnmr[kwf
vlpmG vkyf
bmrxl;nmrxl;
wPSmcyfl;l;eJY
yvifay:wuf
rsKd;rppfwJh
[dk[mpm;wJh
0pDyg'fawGeJY xkwfydk;
0dyguBudrfwHeJY
&mZ0wfom;awG
uGyfrsufwJh
cHukef;rSm rif;&JUtm;rmefeJY
ajrjrKyfoN*K[fay;cJhyg
]r[m{&m0wD} a& - /
692
(4)
a&dkif;
ajrdkif;u
yef;dkif;awG
uEm&rJhtkdatppfawGjzwf
ppfrJh&yf0ef;qDtoGm;
odumysufyumawG&JU
w&m;ysufwJhpum;
tem;rowfwJhoGm;Mum;rSm
[dkrSmwpfyGifha<uus
'DrSmwpfyGifhajrc
useftyGifhawG aA'gysHtHudkcJ
]'kwm0wD} a&
rif;&JUOD;vnfrokefwJh
tMuifemw&m;eJY
aEG;axG;ay;cJhyg/
(5)
tawG;acguf rsKd;wHk;
todPfu edrfhIH;
tEkynmu a0;qHk;jzpfapwJh
vrdkuf
oufMum;tdk
&ifjyifudk
rif;&JUa'gif;aowJh
qifaowJh
a&pD;tm;rmefeJY
wdkufpm;
]oHvGif} a&
a&mifeDNzKd;armuf
tkPfta&muf
&ifjyifopfodkY ydkYaqmifay;cJhyg/
(6)
tdk;NzdKif;NzdKif;
cg;udkif;udkif;
tykyfeHYwvdIifvdIif
uifqmawmifrEdkif
acsmif;w[Gwf[Gwfqdk;
emwmSnpf u
JG yf
tyifysuf
[dkra&muf'Dra&muf
tyGifh
[dkrwnfh'Drwnfh
toD;
[dkvdkvdk 'Dvdkvdk
tjrpf - awGckwfvSJ
ajrr[DrSm
pdrf;vef;
Nidrf;csrf;wJh
ESif;yef;awG
pdkufay;cJhyg
]ppfawmif;} a&
(7)
awmfvSefa&;
ESvHk;ysuftm;aq;
aomufcsifolrsm;
awmfvSefa&;
aemufxrsm;
awmfvSefa&;
aiGpkpmtkyf
vkyfcsifolrsm;
awmfvSefa&;
rsufrSefpdrf;
wyfMunfholrsm;
'Dolrsm; 'Dolrsm; ]upye'D} a&
rif;&JUvIdif;eJY
o,faqmif
a&atmufocsKif;rSm
eef;awmfwnfaqmuf
olwdkYudk
urnf;wif
ae&may;vdkufyg/
(8)
aEG[m &moDtdrfr[kwf
oPmefkyfryD
a0'emav[yf
iSufzsm;pGJuyfaew,f/
trSm;zufwJh w&m;ysufawG
ykwD;wzufudkudkif
ightwGufqdkwJh
rmewufwJh
pum;tufawGeJU
"g;wpfvufudkqGJ
ighaqGighrsKd;
y&rJhawGzuf
'kudwpmaA'
aoewfwpfvufudkxrf;
tkdemusKd;uef;
'eduawGwyfqif
um&efrJhtqdyfawGvTwf
waqGvufopf
toGifeJY
aEGobm0udkzsuf
'Dawmh jcpfjcpfawmuftylcsdefrSm
ukwftusxlxl0wf
rD;xdkifvIHae&w,f/
aEGxJuwaygif;
waygif;xJu vli,fopfwdkYpsmye
waygif;xJu oHzaemifhatmuf
jzLpifwJhvGwfvyfa&;yef;yGifhrsm;
waygif;xJrS awmfvSefa&;awGx
aerif;u rsufaxmifheDeJYMunfh
ik0gcufay:u rsuf&nfpuftwGuf
wdrfoufwefYawGyifhoufdIuf
aeMuw,f/
aEG&JUt&dyf[m
avjyifudkjzwf
dk;rudkazmuf
awmifawGudkausmf
wdkufyGJ0ifvG,ftdwfvG,f
aoG;*vJhpm;
OD;xkyfudkaqmif;
tpdrf;a&mif
oHvGifcufudkcsD
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
,rf;aiGUudky,f
(4) &ufaeYtysKdrudk
u,fwifzdkY
a'gif;jynfudk
jzefYusufcJhao;w,f/
(9)
rdk;[m
ZGef? Zlvdkif&JU
*E0iftedpa wG
jyefac:nd
Mo*kwfv&JUaeUopfrSm
yef;ykxktoday;
teufa&mifpufwifbmaeYudk
tkwf*loGif;zdkY
uwdjyKvdkufw,f/
693
694
ezm;BudK;wyfcH&wJh
csnfwdkifuEGm;
jcHapmifhacG;
nwa&;Edk;
tdyfa&;ysufoHeJY
iSufkyfqdk;aMumif;
rdk;pufyGifhvuFmawG
om;aMumjywf
rsKd;qufopfuAsmawG
udk,f0efysufusoGm;w,f/
rdk;xJurkwfokH
rkwfokHxJrSm
aT0ga&mifpyg;ESHawG
OD;armh
rkwfokHxJrSm
pmtHoHawGwdwf
rkwfokHxJrSm
awmfvSefa&;awGquf
wdrfjymutm;ay;
a0[ifuvufckyfwD;
ESif;qDjzLawG tm;wufcJhMuw,f/
rdk;&JUedrdwf[m
a&jyifudkMuufajccwf
urf;ajcudkajy;uyf
ajcmufaoGUrIudkab;iwf
ppfiwfrGwfolwdkYtwGuf
Zmwfodrf;cef;c&mrIwf
ppfESvHk;emolwdkYtwGuf
at;Nidrf;wJhyef;awmfquf
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
cJawmifhawGy,f
(4) &ufaeY tysKdrudk
vufqGJEIwfqufzdkY
a'gif;jynfudk
vTrf;jcHKcJhao;w,f/
(10)
ESif;ou&mZfpuf
jrLcdk;em&DtdkrSm
tvif;a&mifawG
pkwfjyJjcpm;
tpawG zGmvefMuJ
,Ofaus;rIawGrIdwuf
'DZifbmaqmif;[m
tyl'D*&DqufcJh&w,f/
aoG;r&SdwJh
t"r0g'D
ayw&mrSm tMurf;zuf
jynfolawG toufquf
aqmif;tvSawG ysufcJh&w,f/
aqmif;xJu ESif;&nf
ESif;&nfxJu rsKd;qufawG
b0udkay;
tnMw toufawGpaw;
awmfvSefa&;u aoG;ykwfudkaq;
yvifodrf;yGJ
IH;edrfholawG
usdefpmqdk
vrif;rsufvHk;rSm
ta&mif[yf
ydawmufeJYtwl
ryGifhwJhca&awG
a<ucJh&w,f/
aqmif;&JUqHNrdwf[m
a0[ifudkodrf;
ta&mifawGudkxdef;
tdkufpyfpyfudkpdrf;
oHajcusOf;cwfcH&olawG
jrL;<u
wHcg;txyfxyfaemufolawG
pdwfus
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
aMu;pm;awGudkz,f
(4) &ufaeY tysKdrudk
vufcsif;,SufzdkY
a'gif;jynfudk
AsL[mcif;cJhw,f/
(11)
tzdk;rIdif;a&
trsKd;dkif;awGu
kyfawGudkcsKyfaESmif
pdwfawGudkydwfavSmif
cHpm;rIawGysufjym;
qmavmifawGBuD;xGm;
aygufuGJrIudk
avjzwfatmif
taoowfaew,f/
tzqef;a&
trsKd;uef;awGaMumifh
vufxdyftopfeJY
tdyfr&wJhn
ausmcif;topfeJY
tusOf;cswJhn
a'gufajcusOf;eJY
wdkufydwfcH&wJhn
tdyfrufr[kwfwJh
'Dn 'Dn awmfvSefa&;rsufpdn
a&wdrfepfatmif
vkyfaeMuw,f/
tzdk;rIdif;eJY
tzqef;a&
awmfvSefa&;u 'l;raxmuf
awmfvSefa&;u OD;rGwf
awmfvSefa&;u tHI;ray;
awmfvSefa&; tzsuform;rsm;
pdwfawGarSmufrSm;
aoG;avacsmufjcm;aew,f/
(12)
tztdk&JU rajywJha<u;
nDtpfudkawG&JU toufeJYaoG;
&JabmfawG&JU acwfa[mif;rSmaqG;
(13)
Ow&avawG
tdrfjyeftem;,lwJhtcg
awmifolawG
,mrD;dIUNyD;wJhtcg
aumufopfpm;yGJawG
usif;ywJhtcg
cgumbdk&mZD awmifxdyfa&muf
v&dyfvIHaewJh
(4) &ufaeYtysKdr
tjrefjyefvmyg/
awmfvSefa&;om;ysKdav;
usef;rmygap/
(atmifxeG ;f )
695
'kw,
d urmppftNy;D u &efuek w
f uov
kd f
wuov
kd af umifpcD ef;r
Source: Unknown
tif;0aqmifaY q
S EjyyGJ (0Jr,
S m xdik af eolrsm;udck ifarmiftek ;f ? udak tmifcif? udek efZifvm)
696
&efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* (wuo)
taqmuftODwiG f usi;f ycJaU om tpnf;ta0;
&efuek w
f uov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or* Ou|rsm;
(1930-1962)
1/ udkausmfcif
2/ udkxGef;pdef
udkbdk;ul;
3/ udkpHazmfatmif
4/ udkodef;armif
5/ udkzdk;at;
6/ udEk k
7/ udk&mSpf
8/ udkb*srf;
9/ udkatmifqef;
udkA[def;
1930-31
1931-32
/
1932-33
1933-34
1934-35
1935-36
1936-37
1937-38
1938-39
/
10/ udkvSaT
11/ udkAaqG
12/ udkvSarmif
1939-40
1940-41
1941-42
udkoef;
udkoef;armif (ol&d,)
udkpdefvS
udk&efa0;
udkarmifarmifausmf
udkudkav;
udkpdefbef;
udkudkBuD;
1945-46
1946-47
1947-48
1948-49
1949-50
1950-51
1951-52
1952-53
udkwifxGef;
udkwifxGef; (ewfarmuf)
udkpodef;[ef
udkpdk;odef;
udkcifarmiftkef;
udkvSwif
udkwifat;
udkAaqGav;
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
697
aemufqufwJG
698
aemuf
aemuf
quf
qw
ufGJ w(24)
GJ
To
..............................
..............................
..............................
Date ..............................
All BURMA STUDENTS CONFERENCE
1. The above Conference will be held in Rangoon coming the third week of April,
1936, (most probably on the 21st and 22nd of April, 1936, the exact date and
place will be notified later) under the auspices of the Rangoon University Boycotters
council.
2. The session will last two days.
3. All schools and Colleges can send delegates to this CONFERENCE, and a fee of
Rs. 1/- will be levied for each delegate.
4. Free messing and accommodation for the delegates will be provided by the Rangoon
University boycotters Council during the Conference. But delegates will have to
bear their own travelling expense.
5. All Students wishing to attend as delegate are requested to inform the Rangoon
University Boycotters Council either individually or collectively.
6. The number of delegate is not limited.
7. These attending to attend the Conference are requested to send to the Rangoon
University Boycotters Council, before the 10th of April, 1936 all resolutions to be
moved at the Conference.
8. All delegate arriving at Rangoon are requested to report at the Headquarters,
Rangoon University Boycotters immediately on arrival in Rangoon. Previous
intimation of time and date of arrival should also be sent.
Conference Section,
University Boycotters Council
Shwedagon Pagoda,
Rangoon.
- 1 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*\ tkycf sKyaf &; - pnf;rsO;f Oya'
tcef; (1)
trnf
1/
/ tzGJUudk ]ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*XmecsKyf} [k ac:wGifap&rnf/ (aSUqufvufum;
twdkcsKH; ]Auo} [k ac:a0:vdrfhrnf/)
rSwfcsuf- or*cGJrsm;tzdkY? ausmif;eHrnfESifh cdkiftvdkuf NrdKUe,fwGJ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*
cGJ[k ac:qdk&rnf/
&nfG,fcsuf
2/
/ tzGJU\ &nfG,fcsufrsm;um;/
(1) urmw0Sr;f vH;k Sad usmif;om;rsm;ESihf ae&mwdik ;f wGif &ifabmifwef; wOD;ESiw
hf OD; jzLpifaomarwmjzifh
qufqH&ef/ aygif;oif;qufqH pnf;vHk;um ausmif;om;avmuBuD;udk wnfaxmif&ef/
(2) ausmif;om;wdkif; ausmif;olwdkif;tm; um,Av? PAvESifh pm&dwzGHUNzdK; &ifhoef aumif;rGefap&ef/
(3) ausmif;om;wdkif; ausmif;om;wdkif;tm;? wkdif;cspfjynfcspf pdwf"gwfESifh vGwfvyfaom pdwf"gwfrsm;
arG;jrLay;&ef/
(4) wm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk odSdem;vnf&efESifh ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmifEdkif&ef/
(5) ArmEdik if \
H ynma&;tqift
h wef;udk jriw
hf if&efEiS hf ausmif;om;rsm;\ &oif&h xdu
k af om tcGit
hf a&;
rsm;udk w&m;aomenf;vrf;jzifh awmif;qdkEdkif&ef/
(6) ArmEdik if \
H vGwv
f yfa&;wnfwrhH w
I iG f ausmif;om;tiftm;pkonf wk;d wufaomwyfO;D tjzpfEiS hf yg0if
Edkif&ef jzpfayonf/
3/
/ txufygyk'fr (2) wGif azmfjyaom &nfG,fcsufrsm; atmifjrifap&ef or*\ atmufygvkyfief;rsm;udk
aqmifGufrnf/
(1) urmw0Srf;vHk;Sd ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHEdkif&eftwGuf/
(u) urmvHk;qkdif&mausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfESifh qufoG,fyl;aygif;rnf/
(c) Edik if jH cm;odYk ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;apvTwjf cif;? Edik if jH cm;rS ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vnfrsm; zdwMf um;
jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdausmif;om;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHtoD;oD;Sd ausmif;om;rsm;\ &if;ESD;pGm qufoG,frI
udk BudK;yrf;rnf/
(2) ausmif;om;wdkif;tm; um,Av? PAv? pm&dwAv? rdwAv? zGHUNzdK;&ifhoef aumif;rGefap&ef/
wkdif;cspfjynfcspf pdwf"gwfESifh vGwfvyfaom pdwf"gwfrsm; arG;jrLay;&ef wm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk odSdem;
vnf&ef ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmifEdkif&ef wdkYtwGuf(u) pum;&nfvkyGJ? aqG;aEG;yGJ? a[majymyGJrsm; usif;yjyKvkyfay;jcif;?
(c) oifwef;rsm; jyKvkyfay;jcif;?
(*) pmpDpmukH;NydKifyGJrsm; jyKvkyfay;jcif;?
(C) pmGufpmwrf; pmapmifrsm; dkufESdyfxkwfa0jcif;?
(i) pmMunfhwdkufrsm; zGifhvSpfay;jcif;?
(p) tdrfwGif;upm;rIrsm;ESifh jyifyupm;rIrsm;udk tm;ay; NydKifyGJrsm;usif;yay;jcif;?
(q) ausmif;om;rsm;ESpfouf&m? 0goemyg&m? aqG;aEG;yGJ tzGJUi,frsm;zGJUpnf;ay;jcif;?
(1) t*Fvdyfpm? (2) jrefrmpmay? (3) EdkifiHordkif;? (4) yx0D?
(5) ywf0ef;usifavmuESifhoufqdkif&m? (6) odyHynm? (7) wl&d,m?
(8) um,AvESifh tm;upm;? (9) EdkifiHa&;ynm? (10) tzGJUi,fwdkY jzpfonf/
(3) ArmEkdifiH\ ynma&;tqifhtwef;jrifhwif&ef/ ausmif;om;rsm;\tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f&efESifh
ArmEdik if v
H w
G v
f yfa&; wnfwrhH w
I iG f ausmif;om;rsm;or*onf wd;k wufaom wyfO;D tjzpf yg0ifEikd af &;
twGuf- 2 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
(u) urmw0Srf;vHk;Sd EdkifiHtoD;oD;\ ynma&;pepf ynma&;0g'udk qnf;yl;avhvmjcif;/
(c) ynma&;ESiyhf wfowf jyKjyif&ef? csUJ xGi&f ef vdt
k yfonfrsm;udk oufqikd &f m tmPmydik rf sm;xHrS
awmif;qdkjcif;/
(*) pmrwwfol yaysmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmifGufjcif;/
(C) EdkifiHa&;ynmESifh EdkifiHa&;0g'toD;oD;udk vGwfvyfpGm avhvmqnf;yl;jcif;/
(i) ausmif;om;wyfzGJUpnf; ppfynmavhusifhjcif;/
rSwcf su-f yk'fr (6) rysufcifpyfMum; (i) tydk'fwGif ausmif;om;&Jacgif[k eHrnfajymif;
ppfynmvufawGUavhusifhjcif;rS acw&yfpJxm;&rnf/
(p) ausmif;om;rsm;onf rnfonfyh gwD *dP
k ;f *Prqdk vkyif ef;pOfuu
kd n
f v
D Qif tultnDay;jcif;?
yl;aygif;aqmifGufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
- ausmif;om;tusdK;twGuf wckwnf;omjzpf&rnf/
- wrsKd;om;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifaom EdkifiHa&;jyemrsm;
- ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;rS qHk;jzwfaomrlESifh vrf;pOfrsm;jzpfcJhaom jyemtoD;
oD;rsm;udk aqmifGufEdkifonf/
tcef; (2)
or*0ifaMu;ESifU or*0ifa&;
1/
/ ArmEdkifiH rnfonfhausmif;rsKd;rqdk? pmayoif,lavhvmqJ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkif; or*0iftjzpf
vufcH&rnf/
2/
/ txufyg tcef; (2)? yk'fr (1) t& atmufazmfjyyg t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh jynfhpHkolrsm;udkom or*0if
tjzpfvufcH&rnf/
(u) touf (10) ESpf jynfh&rnf/
(c) udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;rGef or*\aus;Zl;opmudk apmifhoddkaooljzpf&rnf/
(*) A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ 0ifjzpfap? cdik t
f rIaqmiftzGUJ 0ifjzpfap (odYk r[kw)f or*ct
JG rIaqmif tzGUJ 0ifjzpfap
if;yk*dKvfrsm;xJrS ESpfOD;u tusifhpm&dwaumif;aMumif; tmrcH&rnf/
(C) or*\&nfG,fcsufESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk em;vnfvdkufemEdkifol jzpf&rnf/
(i) A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ rS tcsdet
f cgESiahf vsmfnpD mG owfrw
S af om0ifaMu;ESihf ESppf OfaMu;aiGrsm;udk ajyvnf
atmif ay;oGif;Edkifolrsm; jzpf&rnf/
(p) l;oGyfaoma&m*gESifh ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm; rSdap&/
(q) tpOftwdkif; wOD;\trdefYudkwOD; waoGrwdrf;emcH&rnf/
(Z) or*0ifvv
kd Qif rSwyf w
kH ifoufqikd &f mrS 0ifaMu;ESiw
hf uGay;,l axmufcpH mjzifh oufqikd &f mrSwqifh
pD or*cGJ NrdKUe,for*? cdkifor*\ vufrSwfygaom rSwfyHkwifwapmif XmecsKyfodkY ay;ydkY&rnf/
3/
/ or*0ifwdkif; or*tpnf;ta0;rsm; aG;aumufyGJrsm; rJay;ydkifcGifhSdap&rnf/
4/
/ or*0ifwOD; tjzpf0ifa&muf&ef t&nftcsif;ESifhjynfhpHkol wOD;onf taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; odkYr[kwf
or*cGJ twGif;a&;rSL;rS awmif;,l&SdEdkifaom toif;0ifyHkpHudk tcef; (2)? yk'fr (2)? tydk'fi,f (*) t&? tmrcHolESpfOD;
\ vufrSwfESifh wifoGif;&rnf/
5/
/ or*0ifwOD; jypfru
I sL;vGecf ahJ omf or*ct
JG rIaqmiftzGUJ u 'gPfu
kd jf cif;? acwEw
k yf ,fjcif;? vH;k 0Ekwyf ,f
jcif;wdYk ukd jyKvkyEf ikd o
f nf/ uJo
h Ykd jyKvky&f mwGif A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ ud,
k pf m; ckid o
f r* Ou|\ oabmwlncD sufukd
&,l&rnf/
6/
/ txufyg yk'fr (5) t& tjypfay;jcif;cH&aom toif;0ifwOD;onf tu,f rauseyfvQif A[dkor*
OD;pD;tzGJU (odkYr[kwf) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;nDvmcHrsm;wGif t,lcHydkifcGifhSdap&rnf/
7/
/ txufygtcef; (2)? yk'fr (357) ? or*trIaqmiftjzpf taG;cHEkdifcGifhonf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\
wm0efcH tvkyftrIaqmifrsm;jzpfaom or*0ifrsm; rSdap&/
- 3 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
1/
tcef; (3)
or*\tzGJYtpnf;rsm;
/ or*\tzGJUtpnf;rsm;um; atmufygtwdkif;jzpfap&rnf/
(u) ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*nDvmcH (uGef*&uf)
(c) A[dkor*OD;pD;tzGJU (aumifpD)
(*) A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJU
(C) cdkiftrSKaqmiftzGJU
(i) NrdKUe,ftrSKaqmiftzGJU
(p) or*cGJtrSKaqmiftzGJU
tcef; (4)
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcH
1/
/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHwGif atmufygyk*dKvfrsm;yg0if&rnf/
(u) A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;
(c) cdkifausmif;om;or*wdkif;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(*) NrdKUe,for*rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
rSwfcsuf- ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qkid &f mausmif;om;or*crJG sm;rS trsm;qEt& aG;aumufwifajrmuf Edik if v
H ;kH qkid &f m nDvmcHoYkd
wufa&muf&rnfh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&udk A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJUu owfrSwfydkifcGifh Sdonf/
2/
/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHudk omreftm;jzifh wESpfwBudrfus ESpfpOfusif;y&rnf/
3/
/ nDvmcHac:qdka&;ESifh ywfoufonfh aeY&uftcsdefESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUu owfrSwfa&;qGJ
ydkifcGifhSd&rnf/
4/
/ tu,f A[dt
k rSKaqmiftzGUJ tm; if;wdYk onf St
d yfaom tcGit
hf a&;rsm;xuf ydrk v
kd eG u
f
J aqmifu
G cf suf
qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; So
d nf[k ,lqcJv
h Qif if;wdYk EiS hf ywfouf nDvmcHwiG jf zpfap? A[dOk ;D pD;tzGUJ tpnf;ta0;
wGifjzpfap apm'uwufEdkifcGifh Sdonf/
5/
/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHonf tcsKyftcsmtmPm tydkifqHk;jzpf atmufazmfjyyg udpr sm;ESifhywfouf
aom tqdkrsm; wifoGif;Edkifonf/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifonf/
(u) or*\ tkycf sKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk jyifqif&ef? jznfph u
G &f ef? twnfjyK&ef (odYk r[kw)f y,fzsuf&ef?
(c) or*ESifhywfoufaom udprsm;?
(*) wEdkifiHvHk; wrsKd;om;vHk;ESifh ywfoufaomudprsm;/
6/
/ nDvmcHtpnf;ta0; or*EiS ahf omfvnf;aumif;? or*\vkyif ef;rsm;ESiafh omfvnf;aumif; ywfoufaom
ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jref;EdkifcGifhSdonf/ odkY&mwGif ar;jref;vdkaom ar;cGef;\ taMumif;t&mrsm;udk A[dktrSK
aqmiftzGJUodkY BudKwif taMumif;Mum;xm;ESifh&rnf/
7/
/ nDvmcHtpnf;ta0;rS cefYrSef;xm;onfh OD;a&\ xuf0ufwufa&mufvQif w&m;0ifxajrmufonf[k
rSwf,l&rnf/
8/
/ or*\ tkycf sKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;udk jyifqifjznfph u
G f (odYk r[kw)f y,fzsufjcif;rsm;udk nDvmcHtzGUJ 0if oH;k yHEk pS yf kH
u qErJay; qErJay;olwdkY\ oHk;yHkESpfyHku oabmusrSom twnfjyK&rnf/
9/
/ EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHrS A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;&rnf/ if;OD;pD;tzGJUwGif - pnf;rsOf;tcef; (4)? yk'fr
(1)? ydk'fi,f (u) ESifh (c) t& - A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJUESifh cdkifnDvmcHrsm;rS aG;aumufwifajrmufaom
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifap&rnf/
10/
/ EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mor*Ou|udk wESpfwBudrf usif;yaom EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHwGif qErJjzifh aG;aumuf
wifajrmuf&rnf/
11/
/ txufyg tcef; (4)? yk'fr (10) t& usif;yrnfhaG;aumufyGJudk pnf;rsOf;tcef; (17) t& usif;y&rnf/
12/
/ aG;aumufwifajrmufjcif;cH&aom Ou|onf pDrHESifhwGJbufvkyfudkif&ef &mxm;onfh A[dktrSKaqmif
tzGJU0ifrsm;\trnfrsm;udk aMunmNyD;vQif nDvmcH\oabmwlnDcsufudk &,l&rnf/
13/
/ or*\ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmudk EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcH (odkYr[kwf) trIaqmiftzGJUu wifjy&rnf/
- 4 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
14/
15/
tcef; (5)
A[dkOD;pD;tzGJY
1/
/ tcef; (4) yk'fr (9) t& zGJUpnf;onfh A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUonf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHrSvGJ tcsKyftjcm
tmPmtydkifqHk;aom tzGJUjzpf&rnf/
2/
/ A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJUESifh rNyD;jywfEdkifaom jyemt&yf&yfudk A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUu aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf&rnf/
3/
/ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUudk ta&;ay:onfhtavQmuf ac:,lusif;yEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGifac:ydkifcGifhrSm Ou|ESifh A[dk
trIaqmiftzGJUom Sdonf/ EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHac:ouJhodkY or*cGJrsm;u awmif;,lydkifcGifhrSd/
4/
/ pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESihf ywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk ,m,Djyifqif jznfph u
G jf cif;ESihf ,m,DEw
k yf ,fjcif;
rsm;udk A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUu qHk;jzwfjyKvkyfydkifcGifhSdonf/ odkY&mwGif vHk;0jyifqifjznfhpGufjcif;? Ekwfy,fjcif;rsm;udk A[dkOD;pD;
tzGJUu jyKvkyfydkifcGifhrSd/
5/
/ A[kOd ;D pD;tzGUJ onf A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ 0if wOD;OD;tm; tjypftavsmuf &mxl;rS,m,DEw
k yf ,fjcif;? &yfqikd ;f
jcif;udk jyKvkyfydkifcGifhSdonf/
6/
/ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU\ obmywdESifhtusKd;aqmifrsm;onf A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU\Ou|ESifh taxGtaxGtwGif;
a&;rSL; toD;oD;jzpf&rnf/
7/
/ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUonf or*\vkyfief;pOf tajccHudk jy|mef;Edkifonf/ or*\ vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh ywfouf
A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUtm; pdppfEdkifonf? TefMum;Edkifonf/
8/
/ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU\ tpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh wESpfvQif ESpfBudrf usif;y&rnf/ tpnf;ta0; ac:,la&;
rSm tcef; (5)? yk'fr (3) t&jzpfonf/ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU\ ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;wGif
(u) A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJU\ &nfG,fcsufrsm;udk vnf;aumif; ? tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? aqG;aEG;t
wnf jyK&rnf/
(c) or*\ &HyHkaiG pm&if;Sif;wrf;udk zwfMum;twnfjyK&rnf/
(*) ukefqHk;cJhaom ESpftwGif; NyD;cJhaomvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk trSm;trSef jyefvSefppfaq;jcif; ? a0zefjcif;rsm;
jznfhpGufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&rnf/
(C) or*\vmrnfhESpf 0ifaiG xGufaiG cefrSef;ajcpm&if;udk wifoGif;twnfjyK&rnf/
9/
/ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU\ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh ywfouf wifvdkvQif (odkYr[kwf) rauseyfcJhvQif qdkif&mnDvmcH
wGif t,lcHEdkifcGifhSdonf/
1/
2/
tcef; (6)
A[dktrIaqmiftzGJY
/ (u) aemufwBudrf Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHrS aG;aumufwifajrmufaom A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ opf zGUJ pnf;NyD;
onftxd A[dkor*OD;pD;tzGJUrSty tmPmtydkifqHk;jzpf or*\aSUarSmufwGif usa&mufaom
jyemt&yf&yfudk aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf ajzSif;ydkifcGifh Sdonf/ rdrdvufatmufcHor*rsm;\ vkyfief;&yf
toD;oD;wGif yg0if tMuHPfay;jcif;? wdkufwGef;jcif;rsm;udk vkyfEkdifonf/
(c) A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ onf Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHEiS hf A[do
k r*O;D pD;tzGUJ rS vTt
J yfaom udpt
&yf&yfrsm;udk
jzpfajrmufatmifaqmifu
G &f ef tzGUJ taeESiahf omfvnf;aumif;? tzGUJ 0ifwOD;pDtaeESiahf omfvnf;aumif;
Sdap&rnf/
/ or*\A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfap&rnf/
(1) Ou|
(2) 'k-Ou|
(3) aiGxdef;
- 5 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
(4) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
(5) tjcm; (12) OD; xufrydkaom trIaqmifrsm;/
3/
/ Ou|ESiAhf [dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ 0ifrsm;onf rnfonfEh ikd if aH &;ygwD\ wm0efc?H tvkyt
f rIaqmifrsm; rjzpfap&/
4/
/ or*0iftoif;om;tjzpf tenf;qHk;wESpf 0ifa&mufNyD;rSom A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUwGif yg0ifEdkifonf/
rSwcf su-f or*tzGUJ csKyfEiS q
hf ufo,
G Nf yD; or*crJG sm;wGif or*0iftjzpf tenf;qH;k wESpyf g0ifb;l olrsm;udk qdv
k o
kd nf/
5/
/ A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ \Ou|onf A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ 0iftjzpf tenf;qH;k wESpaf qmifu
G b
f ;l ol jzpf&rnf/
>cif;csuf- tcef; (17)? yk'fr (7) (u)? (c) t& aG;aumufEdkifonf/
6/
/ or*ESifhywfoufaom enf;Oya' Hk;vkyfief;ESifh oufqdkifaom enf;Oya't&yf&yfudk A[dktrIaqmif
tzGJUu owfrSwf&rnf/
7/
/ pnf;rsOf;tcef; (5)? yk'fr (5) t& Ekwfy,fcH&aom (odkYr[kwf) EkwfxGufvpfvyfaom trIaqmif
ae&mtwGuf A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ u A[dOk ;D pD;tzGUJ \ oabmwlncD suft& aG;cs,fEikd o
f nf (odYk r[kw)f ,m,DcefYxm;
Edkifonf/
8/
/ tcef; (5)? yk'fr (5) t& Ou|Ekwfy,fcJhaomf (odkYr[kwf) EkwfxGufcJhaomf EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcH\
oabmwlnDcsufjzifh if;zGJUpnf;cJhaom A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJUrSm rysufbJ qufvuf w&m;0ifonf[k ,lq&rnf/
9/
/ A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ onf or*vyk if ef; wGiu
f s,af p&eftwGuf trIaqmiftzGUJ cGrJ sm;ESihf XmecGrJ sm; zGUJ pnf;jcif;
rsm; jyKvkyfEkdifonf/
10/
/ or*tzGUJ csKyftwGuf taxGaxG0efxrf;rsm; cefYxm;jcif;? Ekwyf ,fjcif;? if;wdYk tm; vpmESihf axmufyahH Mu;
aiGrsm; owfrSwfjcif;wdkY A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu vHk;0wm0ef,l aqmifGuf&rnf/
11/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf pkaygif;acgif;aqmifrIESifh wGJbuf wm0efcHrIrsm;Sd
rnf/
12/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*vkyfief;w&yfw&yfESifh ywfouf vdktyfvQif wm0efcHrnf/ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU
tpnf;ta0; ac:,lEkdifonf/
13/
/ or*tzGJUcsKyfydkif ypnf;tm;vHk;udkvnf; A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu pDrHtkyfcsKyf&rnf/
14/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU tpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh &ufow (2) ywfvQif wBudrfus pnf;a0;&rnf/
15/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0if wOD;OD;onf A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUtpnf;ta0;ac:,l&ef vdktyfonfxifvQif tjcm;
A[dktrIaqmif (2) OD;\ vufrSwfa&;xkd;axmufcHcsufudk Ou|xHwifoGif;vQif Ou|uA[dktrIaqmiftzGJU\ txl;
tpnf;ta0;udk ac:,l&rnf/
16/
/ tpnf;ta0;ac:ydkifcGifh tmPmSdolrsm;rSm Ou|ESifh taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif Ou|\
oabmwlnDcsuf&&rnf/
17/
/ omreftpnf;ta0;ESifh txl;tpnf;ta0;rsm; tzGJU0ifOD;a& xuf0ufwufa&muf ta&;ay:tpnf;
ta0;rsm; Ou|yg0ifaom trIaqmiftzGJU0if (5) OD;wufa&mufvQif tpnf;ta0; jzpfajrmufonf/
>cif;csu-f A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU\ oHk;yHkwyHkuac:,l&ef? (3) cgwdwd taMumif;jy awmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; Ou| rwuf
a&mufcJhvQif if;oHk;yHkwyHku pnf;a0;ydkifcGifh qHk;jzwfydkifcGifhSdonf/
18/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhtcgrQ udk,fpm;vS,fvTwf vnf;aumif;? owif;pum;
taMumif;Mum;vnf;aumif; qErJray;&/
19/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf cdkifor*\ vkyfief;rsm;udk yg0ifaqmifGufEdkifonf/ tultnD ay;Edkifonf/
vkdtyfonf xifvQif vHk;0wm0ef,l acgif;aqmifEdkifonf/
20/
/ EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifwdkif; wm0ef,l&rnf/
1/
tcef; (7)
ckdifnDvmcH uGef*&uf
/ cdkifnDvmcHtpnf;ta0;wGif atmufygyk*dKvfrsm; yg0ifap&rnf/
(1) cdkiftrIaqmiftzGJU?
(2) A[dkor*OD;pD;tzGJUodkY wufa&mufaom cdkifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;?
(3) or*cGJrsm;rS trsm;qEt& aG;aumufwifajrmuf apvTwfaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
- 6 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
2/
3/
aemufqufwGJ (24)
tcef; (9)
NrdKYe,fnDvmcHtzGJY
1/
/ NrdKUe,for*nDvmcHudk NrdKUe,for*trIaqmif\ qEt& ac:Edkifonf/ NrdKUe,for*0ifrsm;\ oHk;yHkwyHk
uvnf; ac:,l&ef awmif;qdkydkifcGifhSdonf/
2/
/ NrdKUe,for*nDvmcHwGif atmufygyk*dKvfrsm; yg0ifap&rnf/
(u) NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJU
(c) NrdKUe,for*0ifrsm;
3/
/ NrdKUe,for*\ ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHudk cdkifnDvmcHrusif;yrD NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUrS twGif;a&;rSL;\
TeMf um;csuft& usif;y&rnf/ (if;NrdKUe,ftwGi;f a&;rSL;\ TeMf um;csufonf NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGUJ \ qH;k jzwfcsuf
t&om jzpf&rnf/)
4/
/ NrdKUe,for*ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHwGif
(1) NrdKUe,fnv
D mcHoYkd wufa&mufrnfh ud,
k pf m;vS,Of ;D a& ta&twGuu
f kd NrdKUe,f trIaqmiftzGUJ rS
owfrSwfonfh twdkif; jzpfap&rnf/
(2) NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUopfudk pnf;rsOf;tcef; (17) t& aG;aumufwifajrmuf&rnf/
(3) (u) or*vkyfief;ESifh ywfoufaomtqdkrsm; wifoGif;cg qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&rnf/
(c) wEdik if v
H ;kH ESiyhf wfoufaom jyemt&yft&yfukd tqkrd sm;wifoiG ;f um qH;k jzwfcsufrsm;
csrSwf&rnf/
5/
/ NrdKUe,for*cGJ\ ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHwGif pnf;rsOf;tcef; (4)? yk'fr (14) ESifh (15)? tcef; (7)? yk'fr
(5) wdkYt& aqmifGuf&rnf/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
tcef; (10)
e,f&SdtrIaqmiftzGJY
/ NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUrSm NrdKUe,fnDvmcHrS trsm;qEt& aG;aumufwifajrmufaom tzGJUjzpf&rnf/
/ NrdKUe,ftrIaqmifOD;a&rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfap&rnf/
(1) Ou|
(2) 'k-Ou|
(3) twGif;a&;rSL;
(4) aiGxdef;
(5) tjcm; (7) OD;xufrydkaom trIaqmifrsm;/
/ NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUonf(u) NrdKUe,for*\ vkyfief;t&yf&yfwGif vHk;0wm0ef,l acgif;aqmif&rnf/
(c) cdik t
f rIaqmiftzGUJ \ NrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*vyk if ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmifu
G jf cif;? tult
nDay;jcif;ESifh vHk;0wm0ef,l acgif;aqmifjcif;rsm;udk vufcH&rnf/
/ cdkiftrIaqmiftzGJUodkY wvwBudrftpD&ifcHpmrsm; rSefrSefay;ydkY&rnf/
(1) pnf;Hk;rItiftm;
(2) vkyfief;pOft&yf&yf
(3) b@ma&;tajctae
(4) XmetoD;oD;tpD&ifcHpmrsm; yg0ifonf/
NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh twGif;a&;rSL;vufrSwfrsm;jzifh ay;ydkY&rnf/
/ NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUonf(u) Hk;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh cdkiftrIaqmiftzGJUrS TefMum;aomvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmifGuf&rnf/
(c) or*cGJrsm;odkY cdkiftrIaqmiftzGJUrS ay;ydkYaom TefMum;vTmrsm;udk rdwLrsm;jyKvkyfum or*
cGJodkY jzefYcsd&rnf/
(*) or*cGJ\pm&if;tif;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk MudKwif taMumif;Mum;um ppfaq;Edkifonf/
- 8 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
6/
/ NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*\vkyfief;t&yf&yfwGif yg0ifaqmifGufEdkifonf/ vdktyfonf xifvQif
vHk;0wm0ef,l acgif;aqmifEdkifonf/
7/
/ NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUtpnf;ta0; atmufyg pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;jcif;? qHk;jzwfjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyf&rnf/
(u) NrdKUe,for*\ pnf;Hk;rItiftm;
(c) NrdKUe,for*\ b@ma&;oHk;pm&if;
(*) NrdKUe,for*\ aeYpOfvkyfief;
(C) NyD;pD;cJhonfh XmetoD;oD;\tpD&ifcHpmrsm;
(i) oufqkdif&me,fwGif; vlxkta&;ESifhywfoufaom jyemrsm;/
8/
/ NrdKUe,for*b@ma&;/
NrdKUe,for*onf cdkifor*odkY cdkifnDvmcH\ qHk;jzwfcsuft& qufaMu;ay;ydkY&rnf/
tcef; (11)
or*cGJnDvmcHtzGJY
1/
/ or*cGJnDvmcHudk or*trIaqmiftzGJU\ qEt&ac:,lEdkifonf/ or*cGJrsm;\ oHk;yHkwyHk uvnf;ac:,l
&ef awmif;qkdydkifcGifhSdonf/
2/
/ or*cGJnDvmcHwGif atmufygyk*dKvfrsm;yg0ifap&rnf/
(u) trIaqmiftzGJU
(c) twef;wm0efcHrsm;
(*) or*0ifrsm;
3/
/ or*c\
JG ESpyf gwfvnf nDvmcHukd NrdKUe,fnv
D mcHrusif;yrD qdik &f mor*cJG trIaqmiftzGUJ rS twGi;f a&;rSL;
\ TefMum;csuft& usif;y&rnf/
4/
/ or*cGJESpfywfvnf nDvmcHwGif
1/ NrdKUe,fESifh cdkifnDvmcHudkwufa&mufrnfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk aG;&rnf/
2/ or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUtopfudk pnf;rsOf;tcef; (17) t& aG;aumufwifajrmuf&rnf/
3/ (u) or*vkyfief;rsm;ESifhywfoufaom tqdkrsm;wifoGif; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&ef?
(c) wEdkifiHvHk;ESifhywfoufaom jyemt&yf&yfudk tqdkrsm;wifoGif;um qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
cs&rnf/
5/
/ or*cGJ\ ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHwGif pnf;rsOf;tcef; (4)? yk'fr (14) ESifh (15)? tcef; (7)? yk'fr (5)
wdkYt& aqmifGuf&rnf/
tcef; (12)
or*rsm;ESifh trIaqmiftzGJY
1/
/ cdik v
f ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHoYkd ud,
k pf m;vS,af pvTwaf om or*ct
JG zGUJ tpnf;wckonf NrdKUe,frw
S qifh cdik o
f Ykd
qufoG,fNyD;aom or*jzpf&rnf/ xkdqufoG,fjcif;udk A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu todtrSwf jyKNyD;aomtcg or*tzGJU
csKyf\ w&m;0ifaomor*cGJwck jzpfvmonf/
2/
/ or*cGJ\trIaqmiftzGJUrSm pnf;rsOf;tcef; (15) t& or*cGJnDvmcHrS wifajrmufaom tzGJUjzpf&rnf/
3/
/ or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfap&rnf/
(1) Ou|
(2) 'k-Ou|
(3) twGif;a&;rSL;
(4) aiGxdef;
(5) tjcm; (7) OD;xufrydkaom trIaqmifrsm;/
4/
/ or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUonf twdkifyifcHrsm;tjzpf oufqdkif&mausmif;om;or*\ twef;wm0efcHrsm;udk
cefYtyfEdkifonf/ xdkuJhodkY cefYtyf&mwGif oufqdkif&mtwef;\ oabmwlnDcsufudk &,l&rnf/ oufqdkif&m twef;rS
aG;aumufwifajrmufaom (odkYr[kwf) emrnfwifoGif;aom twef;wm0efcHrsm;udk todtrSwfjyK&rnf/
- 9 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
5/
/ or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUonf oufqdkif&m or*tzGJU0ifrsm;tm; or*\0g'? &nfG,fcsufESifh vkyfief;pOf
rsm;udk vdkufemaqmifGufatmif BudK;yrf;&efwm0efSdap&rnf/
6/
/ or*c\
JG trIaqmiftzGUJ onf A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ cdik t
f rIaqmiftzGUJ ESihf NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGUJ \ TeMf um;
csufrsm;t& vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk aqmifGuf&rnf/
7/
/ or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJU\tpnf;ta0; atmufygpOf;pm;aqG;aEG;jcif; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk jyKvkyf&rnf/
(u) or*cGJ\ pnf;Hk;rSKtiftm;
(c) or*cGJ\b@ma&; toHk;pm&if;rsm;
(*) or*cGJ\ aeYpOfvkyfief;rsm;
(C) NyD;pD;cJhonfh |metoD;oD;\ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;
(i) oufqdkif&me,ftwGif; vlxkta&;ESifhywfoufaom jyemrsm;/
8/
/ or*cGJ\tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJU twGif;a&;rSL;onf Ou|\vufrSwfjzifh NrdKUe,ftrI
aqmiftzGJUESifh NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUrSwqifh cdkiftrIaqmiftzGJUwdkYodkY wvwBudrfay;ydkY&rnf/
9/
/ or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUonf
(u) or*cGJ\ vkyfief;rsm;wGif wm0ef,lum acgif;aqmif&rnf/
(c) cdkiftrIaqmiftzGJU\or*vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmifGufjcif;? tultnDay;jcif;ESifh vHk;0
wm0ef,l acgif;aqmifjcif;rsm;udk Gufaqmif&rnf/
10/
/ or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJU\ tpnf;ta0;onf omreftm;jzifh &ufow (2) ywfvQif wBudrfusif;y&rnf/
tcef; (13)
or*\ b@ma&;
1/
/ or*ESifh oufqdkifaom tzGJUcsKyfSd &efyHkaiGtm;vHk;udk or*trnfESifh A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu aG;cs,faom
bPfwGif tyfESHxm;&rnf/
2/
/ or*cGJrsm;onf NrdKUe,for*\nDvmcHqHk;jzwfcsuft& qufaMu;ay;ydkY&rnf/
3/
/ or*cGJrsm;rS 0ifaiGtm;vHk;udk? oD;oefYjy|mef;jcif;rdSonfh tjcm;0ifaiGtm;vHk;udk omref&efyHkaiGxJodkY
xnfhoGif;&rnf/
4/
/ tvSLaiGrsm;? o'gaMu;rsm;? aiGw;kd rsm;ESihf ESppf Of toH;k p&dwrf S ydak omaiGrsm;teuf tenf;qH;k oH;k yHEk pS yf u
kH kd
oD;oefY&efyHkaiGtjzpf ajymif;vJxm;&rnf/
5/
/ tvSLaiGrsm;? o'gaMu;rsm;? aiGwdk;rsm;ESifh ESpfpOftoHk;p&dwfrS ydkaomaiGrsm; twwfEdkifqHk; oHk;yHkESpfyHkudk
oD;oefY &efyHkaiGtjzpf ajymif;vJxm;&rnf/
6/
/ or*\ H;k toH;k aqmifrsm;? y&dabm*rsm; 0,f,jl cif;ESihf jyifqifjcif;rsm;rSty oD;oefY&efyakH iGukd A[do
k r*
OD;pD;tzGJU (odkYr[kwf) EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcH\ qHk;jzwfcsufr&vQif roHk;&/
7/
/ EdkifiHjcm;odkY ynmawmfoifapvTwfjcif;? pHkprf;MunfhIa&;tzGJUrsm; apvTwfjcif;? EkdifiHjcm;rS tzGJUtoD;oD;udk
vufcHjcif;? taxGaxGtcrf;tem;ESifh {nfhcHjcif;wdkYtwGuf &efyHkaiGjyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
8/
/ ta&;BuD;aomudpr sm; ay:aygufvmaomtcg ta&;ay:&efyakH iGtjzpf A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ upDr
H aumuf
cHEdkifonf/
9/
/ or*&efyHkaiG wdk;wufa&;twGuf aiGxdef;onf jyZmwfkyfSifyGJrsm;udk tvSLcHjcif;? uyGJrsm;usif;yjcif;ESifh
o'gaMu;rsm;udk or*cGJrsm;onf oufqdkif&mNrdKUrsm;wGif aumufcHEdkifonf/
10/
/ b@ma&;tceff; (13)? yk'fr (9) t& aumufcHaom &efyHkaiGrsm;udk A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUodkY rSefuefwduspGm
tpD&ifcH&rnf/
11/
/ or*tzGJUtpnf;wdkYonf tjcm;toif;tzGJUrsm;odkY &efyHkaiGudk vG,fvifhwulxkwf acs;iSm;jcif;rjyK&/
12/
/ or*&efyHkaiGrsm;xJrS aiGxkwf&ef csufvufrSwf (odkYr[kwf) A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu pDrHay;&rnf/
13/
/ aiGxdef;onf oD;oefY&efyHkaiG wdk;wufapjcif;iSm tvSLaiGESifh o'gaMu;aiGrsm;pm&if;udk rdrdqEt& zGifh
xm;Edkifonf/
14/
/ or*\ 0ifaiG? xGufaiGpm&if;rsm;udk ppfaq;&ef A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu oifhavQmfol wOD;OD;udk pm&if;ppf
tjzpf cefYxm;&rnf/
- 10 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
15/
/ ESpfpOf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHrwdkifrD or*\ 0ifaiG? xGufaiGpm&if;rsm;udk pm&if;ppfu ppfaq;&rnf/
ppfaq;NyD;aomtcg pm&if;rsm;udk pm&if;ppf\ tpD&ifcpH mESiw
hf uG Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcH rwdik rf D tenf;qH;k &ufow
ESpyf wfu BudKwifNyD; A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ odYk aiGxed ;f u wifjy&rnf/ ESppf Of aiGpm&if;Si;f wrf;ESihf pm&if;ppftpD&ifcpH mudk
nDvmcHodkY wifjy&rnfh b@ma&;tpD&ifcHpm xnfhoGif;&rnf/
16/
/ or*tzGJUcsKyfxm;aom aiGpm&if;ESifh bPfpm&if;rsm;udk Ou|u ppfaq;&rnf/
tcef; (14)
or*ESifh tjcm;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;
1/
/ or*onf Edik if aH &;ygwD tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;\ vufatmufcrH [kw/f MoZmtmPmcHr[kw/f oD;jcm;vGwv
f yf
aom tzGJUtpnf;jzpf ausmif;om;vkyfief; ygwDya,m*rsm; vHk;0uif;Sif;ap&rnf/
2/
/ or*\ wm0efct
H rIaqmif &mxl;vufcx
H m;aom yk*Kd vfrsm;onf wm0efcrH sm;taejzifh ygwDya,m*rsm;rS
vHk;0 uif;Sif;ap&rnf/
3/
/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDwckck\ wm0efcH&mxl; vufcHxm;aom yk*dKvfonf trsm;qEt& or*\ wm0efcH&mxl;
rsm;udk vufcH&aomf oufqdkif&m EdkifiHa&;ygwD\ rlv tvkyftrIaqmif&mxl;rS EkwfxGuf&rnf/
4/
/ or*rsm;onf tzGJUcsKyf\cGifhjyKcsufjzifh (0g) TefMum;csufr&bJ rnfonfhtzGJUpnf;ESifhrQ qufoG,fjcif;
rjyK&/ twdkuftcH qefYusifbuf rjyK&/
5/
/ or*rsm;onf vlxkvkyfief;t&yf&yfwGif tzGJUcsKyf\trdefYtwdkif; waoGrwdrf;emcH aqmifGuf&rnf/
tcef; (15)
or*trnftoHk;jyKa&;
or*tzGJUtpnf;\ rnfonfhwm0efcH yk*dKvfrS or*\ trnfudkaomfvnf;aumif;? or*wGifaqmifGuf
aeaom wm0efuakd omfvnf;aumif; rdru
d ,
kd af &;ud,
k w
f m twGujf zpfap? or*EiS hf roufqikd af omudp t&yf&yftwGuf
jzpfap vHk;0toHk;rjyK&ef/
tcef; (16)
ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;
1/
/ ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; trIaqmif (3) OD;xufrenf; qkdif&mor*tzGJUtpnf;\ Hk;pdkuf&m NrdKUrsm;
usef&pfvQif if;wdkYrSm ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm; jzpf&rnf/
2/
/ ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; trIaqmiftzGJU0if (3) OD;xufenf; qdkif&mor*tzGJUtpnf; Hk;pdkuf&mNrdKU
rsm; usef&pfcJhvQif vufSdtrIaqmiftzGJUu ausmif;ydwf&ufrwdkifrD or*0ifrsm;xJrS or*\ wm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk
xrf;Guf&rnf/ ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcH (3) OD;udk cefYxm;&rnf/
3/
/ qdkif&mtrIaqmiftzGJUonf ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;\trnfrsm;udk aG;cs,fNyD;onfESifh wNydKifeuf
aMunm&rnf/
4/
/ ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;onf b@ma&;XmerSty trSKaqmiftzGJU\ aqmifGufqJvkyfief;ESifh wm0ef
rsm;udk vufcH&rnf/
5/
/ ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;onf(u) trSKaqmiftzGJUu vTJtyfcJhaom wm0ef0w&m;rsm;ESifh Hk;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmifGuf&efomjzpfonf/
(c) or*tzGJUtpnf;wckvHk;ESifh oufqdkifaom vkyfief;BuD;rsm;udk qHk;jzwfajzSif; aqmifGufcGifhrSd/
6/
/ pnf;rsOf;tcef; (16)? yk'rf (5)? yk'rf i,f (c) ESio
hf ufqikd af om ta&;rsm;ay:aygufvmcJah omf ausmif;ydwf
&ufwm0efcHrsm;onf trSKaqmiftzGJUudk jyefvnfac:,l wm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk tyfESif;&rnf/
7/
/ aiGxdef;onf ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; oufqdkif&m or*tzGJUtpnf;Hk;pdkuf&mNrdKU rSdcJhaomf trSKaqmif
tzGJUrS oabmwlnDcsufudk ,l oifhavsmf,HkMunfpdwfcs&aom or*0ifwOD;OD;udk ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHtjzpf
cefYxm;NyD;vQif rdrdwm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk vTJtyfcJh&rnf/
8/
/ ausmif;jyefzGifh trSKaqmifa[mif;rsm; jyefvnfa&mufSdvmaomtcgwGif ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;u
or*wm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk jyefvnfvTJtyf&rnf/
- 11 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
tcef; (17)
aG;aumufyGJrsm;
1/
/ aG;aumufyrJG sm;udk tzGUJ tpnf;\ tcsKyftjcmta&mufq;kH aom ESpyf wfvnfnv
D mcHrsm;wGif usif;y&rnf/
2/
/ (u) aG;aumufyGJrsm;udk trSKaqmiftzGJU\ Ou|a[mif;rsm;u OD;pD;&rnf/ tu,f Ou|a[mif;onf
jyefvnftaG;cHvdkaomf (odkYr[kwf) aG;aumufyGJwGif ysufuGufcJhaomf qkdif&mor*tzGJUtpnf;rS
wm0efvTJtyfaom yk*dKvfu aG;aumufyGJwm0efcH OD;pD;oltjzpf aqmifGuf&rnf/
(c) or*cGJ aG;aumufyGJrsm;wGif qErJay; aG;aumufwifajrmufjcif;ESifh emrnfwifoGif;jcif; ESpf&yf
teuf or*tzGJUtpnf;u vdkvm;aom enf;pepft& aG;aumufyGJudk usif;y&rnf/
3/
/ aG;aumufyrJG sm;wGif rJqEpm&if;rsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;? rJpm&if;rsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;rSm aG;aumufyw
JG m0efcH
OD;pD;ol\ wm0efjzpfonf/
4/
/ aG;aumufyGJwm0efcHOD;pD;olonf rdrdtultnD&&eftwGuf trSKaqmif&mxl;vufrcHrnfh or*0if (4)
OD;udk orm"dvlBuD;rsm;tjzpf cefYtyfxm;Edkifonf/
5/
/ aG;aumufyGJwGif vGwfvyfpGmESifh vQKdU0Suf wkdufdkufrJay;aom pepfudk toHk;jyK&rnf/
6/
/ or*odkY ay;qyf&efSdaom aMu;aiGt&yf&yfudk ajyvnfatmif ray;oGif;Edkifolrsm;onf aG;aumufyGJwGif
taG;cHEdkifcGifh? tqdkoGif;EdkifcGifh? axmufcHEdkifcGifhrsm; rSdap&/
7/
/ AuowGif taG;cHEdkifcGifh/
if;yk*dK vfonf ausmif;xGufcJhNyD; (2) ESpftwGif; ausmif;om;or*wGif taG;cHvdku atmufygt&nftcsif;
rsm;ESifh jynfhpHk&rnf/
(u) emrnfysuf rSdcJhbl;jcif;?
(c) AuowGif wm0efcHtrIaqmiftjzpf tenf;qHk; wESpf xrf;aqmifcJhzl;jcif;ESifh jynfhpHkcJhaomf yk*dKvf
tm; (Auo) wGif trsm;qEt& aG;aumufwifajrmufEdkifonf/
8/
/ taG;cHvdkolwOD;onf tenf;qHk; qdkif&mor*tzGJUtpnf;0if (2) OD;\axmufcHcsufESifh aG;aumufyGJ
wm0efcH OD;pD;olxHodkY taG;cHEdkifcGifh avQmufvTmwifoGif;&rnf/
9/
/ taG;cHEdkifcGifh avQmufvTmtpHkwckonf pnf;rsOf;t& jznfhpGuf&efvdktyfaom ta&;BuD;tcsufrsm;wGif
jznfhpGufjcif; ysufuGufcJhaomf if;avQmufvTmudk y,fcs&rnf/
10/
/ aG;aumufyGJusif;yaeonfh tcsdeftwGif; rnfonfhor*0ifrS taG;cHolvlwOD;\ aumif;usKd;qdk;jypfudk
qdkif&mor*tzGJUtpnf;odkY xkwfazmfajymqkd ydkifcGifhrSd/
11/
/ or*0ifwOD;vQif wm0efcH&mxl; wae&mtwGuf rJqEwckxuf ydkray;Edkif/
12/
/ wm0efc&H mxl; ae&mta&twGux
f ufy
kd taG;cHorl sm;cJv
h Qif rJta&twGuv
f u
kd f wm0efc&H mxl; aG;cs,f
&rnf/ qErJSifwOD;onf taG;cHrnfholwOD;twGuf wrJom ay;ydkifcGifhSdonf/
13/
/ qErJpm&if;udk aG;aumufyGJaeY (odkYr[kwf) aemufwaeYwGif wm0efcHOD;pD;olonf orm"dvlBuD;rsm;aSU
arSmuf ppfaq; aG;aumufwifajrmufcH&olrsm;\trnfpm&if;udk tjrefqHk;aMunm&rnf/
wm0efc&H mxl;tvdu
k f aemufq;kH taG;cs,fc&H rnfh trSwpf OfwiG f rJqErJ wlnaD eygu wm0efcOH ;D pD;olonf
tEdkiftIH; qHk;jzwfonfhqErJudk ay;ydkifcGifhSd&rnf/
14/
/ aG;aumufyGJtwGuf oD;oefYxm;onfh qErJyHkpHpmGufrsm;udk aG;aumufyGJwm0efcHOD;pD;olu xkwfa0
&rnf/
15/
/ rnfonfhqErJSifrS udk,fpm;vnfvTwfvnf;aumif;? pmjzifh taMumif;Mum;vnf;aumif; qErJay;ydkif
cGifhrSd/
16/
/ qErJta&twGufESifh ywfouf rauseyfcJhvQif aG;aumufyGJ aMunmNyD;csdefrS (72) em&DtwGif; qErJSif
(19) OD;\ qEjzihf rJpm&if;ta&twGufudk MunfhIEdkifonf/
17/
/ qErJSif av;yHkwyHku aG;aumufyGJusif;yNyD;onfh (7) &uftwGif; aG;aumufyGJESifh ywfouf rauseyf
aMumif; Ou|xH taMumif;Mum;vQif Ou|onf txl;tpnf;ta0;wckac: aG;aumufyGJ\ taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
aocsm*epGm pHkprf;&ef qErJSif (9) OD;yg0ifaom pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDudk aG;cs,f&rnf/
18/
/ xkdpHkprf;a&;aumfrwD\ oHk;yHkESpfyHku taG;cH&olwOD;onf rdrdtaG;cH&rItwGuf aiGaMu;tukeftuscH
aoG;aqmifcJhonf[k oabmwlnDcJhvQif if;taG;cH&rIudk w&m;r0if[k aMunm xkdtaG;cH&oludk or*wm0efcH
- 12 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
&mxl;rsm;twGuf taG;cHEdkifcGifhrsm;rS wESpfwdwd &yfpJxm;&rnf/
tcef; (18)
enf;Oya'ESifU bdkifavmrsm;
1/
/ or*tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk rlwnf enf;Oya'ESifh bdkifavmrsm;udk or*tzGJUtoD;oD;wdkYu
usepGm aqmifGufEdkif&efESifh usifhxkH;wkdY twllwljzpfap&eftwGuf A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu jy|mef;Ekdifonf/
2/
/ enf;Oya'udk jy|mef;&m vnf;aumif;? jyifqifjznfhpGuf&m vnf;aumif;? xkwfy,f&m vnf;aumif;
EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m nDvmcHuom jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
3/
/ enf;Oya'udk ,m,Djy|mef;jcif;? ,m,DjznfhpGufxkwfy,fjcif;rsm;udk A[kdOD;pD;tzGJUu jyKvkyfydkifcGifhtmPm
rsm;Sdonf/
AuoXmecsKyf
tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk 1308 ck? 1946 ck? Zlvdkifv (3) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom ArmEdkifiHvkH;
qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or* nDvmcHwGif zwfMum;twnfjyKonf/
(yk)H
xGef;Gefh
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
AuoXmecsKyf
1308-1946 ck? Zlvdkifv (3) &ufaeYnDvmcHwGif a&;qGJtwnfjyKcJhaom tkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk
1948 ck? Zlvikd v
f (9) &ufaeY (6) Budraf jrmuf ArmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcHwiG f xyfrjH yifqif Ekwyf ,fjznfh
pGuf zwfMum;twnfjyKonf/
(yk)H
atmifoed ;f
pnf;kH;a&;rSL;
- 13 -
(26)
aemufqufwGJ (24)
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF STUDENTS
DEPT . LB/ JP / BS
aemufqufwGJ (28)
(24)
tqift
U rsK;d rsK;d Sad om AuotzGrYJ sm;\ Ou|pm&if; (1945-1958)
AuoXmecsKyf Ou|rsm;
udkoef;
(1945 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvrS 1946 ckESpf Zlvdkifv)
udkoef;xGef;
udkoef;armif
udkxGef;GefY
udkoef;MuG,f
udkoef;
Ou|rsm;
(1951 - 1952)
(1952 - 1953)
(1953 - 1954)
(1954 - 1956)
(1956 - 1960)
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyfopf Ou|rsm;
udkbdk;omab;
(1958 ckESpf pufwifbmvrS 1959 ckESpf {NyDv)
rSwfcsuf- 1962 ck? rwfv (3) &ufaeYtxd Auorsm;tzJGUcsKyf\ Ou|rSm udkcifarmiftkef; jzpfNyD;? udkcifarmiftkef;udk
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tmPmodrf;rI aMunmcsufaMumifh Ou|ae&mrS z,fSm;um 'k-Ou| udkoufrSm Ou| jzpfvmonf/
,ckrSwfwrf;udkrl rlvrSwfwrf;ygtwdkif; jyefvnfazmfjyonf/
- 15 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rsm;tzGJYcsKyf
aemufqufwGJ (30)
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf udkvdkeDqefYusifa&;rsKd;aphudk tcdkiftrmcsEdkifaom umvjzpfcJhonf/ (20)
&mpkESpftapmydkif; Ak'uvsmP,k0toif;onf OD;pGmyxr trsKd;om;pdwf"gwfudk azmfxkwftm;jznfhaomtaeESifh
ay:aygufvmcJhonf/
yxrurmppf 1914-18 ckESpf Oa&mywGif vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJrsm;onf jrefrmjynf\ EdkifiHjcm;pdk;rdk;rI
qefYusifa&;tm; BuD;rm;pGm*,ufkdufapcJhonfhtjyif Ak'uvsm,k0toif;ae&mwGif wqifhjrifh ArmtrsKd;om;A[dk
aumifpDjzpfay:vmNyD; 1921 ckESpfwGif nDvmcHrsm;ac:qdkum jyKjyifa&;udk awmif;qdkjcif;ESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&; jyem
rsm;udk udik w
f ,
G cf MhJ uonf/ odYk jzpf&jcif;rsm;onf udv
k ekd zD Ed ydS rf t
I m; rcHr&yfEikd v
f eG ;f aom jynforl sm;? ausmif;om;rsm;
oydwftygt0if vIyfSm;rIBuD;aMumifh jzpfayonf/ 1920-22 ckESpf trsKd;om;vIyfSm;rIrsm;ESifh wygwnf; (*sDpDbDat)
0HomEktoif;\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;tm; jyKjyifajymif;vJvmapcJhonf/
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; &mZ0ifrSwfwdkifBuD;jzpfonfh trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYudk zdESdyfrItcuftcJrsm; tMum;rS
rSwfwrf;wifEkdifcJhonf/ trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfEdkifcJhonf/ ausmif;om;pnf;kH;a&;ESifh ausmif;om;
or*rsm; vdktyfvmaMumif; tajctaeu TefjycJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;wGif wm0efrJh tacsmifa&omcdkvdkpdwfrsm;
r0ifoifhaMumif;? e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ vSnfhpm;jzm;a,mif;rIrsm;tm; em;ra,mifoifhaMumif;? trsKd;om;tiftm;pkrsm;
nDGwfoifhaMumif; oifcef;pmaumif;rsm; ay;tyfcJhayonf/
1930-32 ckESpf q&mpHv,form; olykefxonfh vIyfSm;rIrsm;onf ArmhvlUtzGJYtpnf;tm; e,fcsJUqefYusif
a&;twGuf jywfom;Sif;vif;aom vrf;udk cif;usif;ay;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifh rSefaom e,fcsJUudkvdkeD
pepfqefYusifa&; oabmxm;udk csrSwfEdkifcJhNyD;aemuf 1931 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (9) &ufaeYwGif &efukefwuodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm;or*ukd wdu
k yf rJG sm;Mum;rS wnfaqmufco
hJ nf/ jrefrmjynfwiG f yxrOD;qk;H aom ausmif;om;or*jzpf
t*FvefEdkifiH? atmufpzdkY'fwuodkvf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;Oya'wGif ygonfh ]ausmif;om;rsm;\ vlraI &;b0wGif
yl;aygif;aqmifGufa&;? vGwfvyfa&; jrwfEdk;onfUpdwf"gwf ay:aygufa&;? ausmif;om;rsm;\ wm0ef0w&m;rsm; odSda&;}
ponfh &nfG,fcsufrsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJhavonf/
wuoonf rsufESmjzLausmif;tkyfESifh tpdk;&\vSnfhpm;rIjzifh toGifysufcJh&m or*acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
tvkyaf umif;&a&; wud,
k af umif;pdwf arG;jrLa&; ponfh ocifynma&;vIyf mS ;rIrsm; ysufapEdik o
f nfh csKdU,Gi;f csufrsm;
udk jyKusifhcJhzl;Muonfudk 0rf;enf;pGmawGUSd&onf/ odkYaomf rD;wkwfausmif;om;rsm;\ BudK;yrf;csuft& ausmif;
om;ta&;? trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;wdkYudk vkyfaqmif&rnf[laom todw&m;jzifh or*udk jyef acgif;aqmifEdkifcJhonf/
vrf;c&D;udk jzwfoef;vIyfSm;&if; ocifygwD? wdkYArmtpnf;tkH;ESifh yl;wGJqufpyfvmcJhonf/ 193637 ckESpfwGif jrefrmwjynfvkH;rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk pkpnf;Edkifa&;twGuf jyifqifrIrsm;jyKvkyfum 1936 ckESpf *sLAvD
a[m nDvmcHwiG f jrefrmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*ukd wnfaxmifEikd cf o
hJ nf/ odYk aomf pepfusaom us,fjyefY
aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wnfNidrfrSefuefpGm pkpnf;Ekdif&ef zGJUpnf;ykHrSd[k ,lqEdkifayonf/
1938 ckESpf (1300 jynfh ta&;awmfykH) onf e,fcsJUpepftm; 'kwd,tBudrf jyif;xefpGm xdk;ESufaom
wdkufyGJodkY t&nftcsif;t& ul;ajymif;vmcJhonf/ a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm;? om,m0wDv,form;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;
wdkY\ pnf;vkH;nDGwfrIonf wdkufyGJtiftm;jzpfvmum ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf tqkH;tjzwfay;rnfh tcef;rS
yg0ifcJhayonf/ e,fcsJUESifh azmufjyefa&; kyfao;tpdk;&wdkY\ vufcsufjzifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif Adkvfatmifausmf
usqkH;cJh&onf/
Auo? wuoESifh &efukefckdifausmif;om;rsm;\ nDGwfaomvIyfSm;rIudk ausmif;om;rsm;ut&,l EdkifcJh
onf/ udkvdkeDpepfrS vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ0,f e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;wyfaygif;pk tjrLawt&if;tjrpfudk OD;pGm&,lcJh
aom 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfykHonf jrefrmhvlrIawmfvSefa&;wGif BuD;rm;vSaom tcef;rS yg0ifcJhayonf/
1941 ckEpS rf S pwifjzpfay:cJah om 'kw,
d urmppftwGi;f zufqpfqefYusiaf &;wdu
k yf w
JG iG f Armhwyfom;aumif;
rsm;tjzpf wyfOD;rS ausmif;om;vli,frsm; yg0ifEdkifcJhjcif;rSm or*rsm;\ pnf;kH;a&;tiftm;aMumifh jzpfonf/ zqyv
tzGJYcsKyfudk us,fjyefYaom zufqpfqefYusifa&;trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pk taejzifh zGJUpnf;EdkifcJh&mwGif ausmif;om;acgif;
aqmifa[mif;rsm;\ yg0ifaqmifGufrIonf xda&mufvSayonf/
zufqpf*syef vufxufwGifyif ausmif;om;or*rsm;\tSdeft0gudk r&rae xdef;odrf; ay;EdkifcJhonf/
1945 ckESpf 'kwd,urmppftNyD; jrefrmjynfodkY t*FvdyfudkvdkeDtpdk;&onf tdEd,jynf? qif;rvm;NrdKUrS jyefvnfajymif;
aTUvmNyD; qif;rvm;ynma&;pDru
H ed ;f toGiw
f rsKd;aom udv
k ekd u
D Refynma&;udk ,laqmifow
G o
f iG ;f cJjh yefonf/ ausmif;
om;ESihf jynfow
l YkdwiG f Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;wdu
k yf EJG iS hf ocifynma&; 'Dru
kd a&pDynma&; vrf;Terf w
I m0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif
- 17 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
&efjzpfvmcJh Auo? wuo? &uoponfh ausmif;om;or*rsm;udk jyefvnf wnfaxmif zGJUpnf;jyefonf/
t"duwm0efBuD;tjzpf vGwv
f yfa&;awmif;qdck sufukd tjyif;txefaqmifu
G cf MhJ uonf/ 1946 ckEpS f taxG
axGoydwBf uD;ESihf e,fcsJUorm;t*Fvyd t
f pd;k &tm; tusyfuikd w
f u
kd cf u
kd af om vIyf mS ;rIwiG f wjynfv;Hk rS ausmif;om;rsm;
wuf<upGm yg0ifcJhayonf/ 1947 ckESpf jynfvkH;uRwf ausmif;om;oydwfwdkYudk Auo\ acgif;aqmifrIjzifh qifETJum
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY t*Fvef ta&;qdkaeonfh vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJudk tav;wif; ay;cJhEdkifonf/
1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufaeYwGif jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&SdaMumif; aMunmEdkif&ef t*Fveftpdk;&
udk tusyfudkif wdkufckdufEdkifcJhavonf/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; &SdNyD;aemuf vGwfvyfa&;xdef;odrf;a&; wm0efrsm;
ESiw
hf ygwnf; trsKd;om;wnfaqmufa&;? trsKd;om;ynma&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;or*rsm;taejzifh qufvuf
xrf;aqmifcJhayonf/ 1948 ckESpf rwfvwGif pwif jynfwGif;ppfBuD; jzpfvm&um Armhynma&;twGuf &ifav;zG,f
tjzpfESifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf/ vkyfief;rsm;ESifhtwl AuoXmecsKyfESifh ausmif;om;or*tcsKdUonf vufeufudkifpGJonf
txd ajymif;vJoGm;cJh&onf/
or*rsm;\ ausmif;om;wm0efESifh trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; wm0efrsm;waygif;wnf; vkyfaqmifjcif;udk rvdkvm;
aomvlwpk\ BudK;yrf;csuft& oefYiS ;f trnfcH AuopifNydKifwck ay:aygufco
hJ nf/ ausmif;om;tcGit
hf a&; umuG,f
a&;? ausmif;om;nDw
G af &; oabmxm;Sad om Auo\ rSeu
f efaom acgif;aqmifraI Mumifh oefYiS ;f ausmif;om;rsm;
\ pifjydKif Auoonf 1950- 51 ckESpfwGif nDvmcH rac:EdkifawmhbJ ausmif;om;xkESifh tqufjywfum aysmufuG,f
oGm;cJh&ayonf/
wuov
kd f ausmif;om;avmuwGif wG,u
f yfaeao;onfh oefYiS ;f trnfcH ausmif;om;tEG,w
f Ykd onfvnf;
rlrrSefaom acgif;aqmifrIaMumifh 1952 ckESpfwGif wuotcGifhtmPmrS ausmif;om;xk\ 0dkif;y,frIudk cH,lcJh&onf/
useffSdaeao;onfh oefYSif;ausmif;om; tiftm;pkonfvnf; jyif;xefaom ausmif;om;wdkufyGJtwGif; aysmufuG,f
cJh&ayonf/
1950-51 ckESpfwGif wjynfvkH;Sd ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jyefvnfpkpnf;&ef tajctaersm;t& ausmif;om;
pnf;kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk jyifqifvkyfudkifcJh&if; 1951 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 15 &ufaeYwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf (ABFSU)
udk wnfaxmifzGJUpnf; jzpfay:aeaom trsKd;om;tajctaersm;t&(1) e,fcsJYya'o&mZfqefhusifa&;
(2) 'Drdkua&pDynma&;
(3) urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;
paom&nfG,fcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifcJhonf/
zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyfypHk nf;rsOf;Oya'ESiw
hf uG vkyu
f ikd cf ahJ omfvnf; wjynfv;Hk udk vTr;f jcHKaom taetxm;rScd ahJ y/
vlrsK;d pkausmif;om;or*rsm;tygt0if Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;udk ud,
k pf m;jyKEdik o
f nfh twdik ;f twmtxd rus,f
jyefYaom zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHOya'ESifh Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfudk acgif;aqmifcJh&ayonf/ wuodkvfaumvdyfor*rsm;ESifh
nDGwfpGm vufwGJrIrsm;udk &,lEdkifaomfvnf; tzGJUcsKyfonf ae&mtrSefwGif r&yfwnfEdkifcJhay/ txl;ojzifh wef;jrifh
ausmif;om;rsm;udk tajccH zGJUpnf;xm;aom or*ozG,f vkyfaqmifoGm;cJhavonf/
1949 ckEpS rf S ,aeYwikd f wuov
kd Ef iS hf aumvdyaf usmif;om;or*rsm;wGif Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf 0g'vkyif ef;pOf
rsm;ESihf nDw
G af om acgif;aqmifr&I ,lEikd &f ef pGr;f aqmifEikd cf ahJ yonf/ 1953 ckEpS f wuov
kd af tmufwb
kd m ausmif;wv
ydwaf &;vIyf mS ;rIwiG f zqyvtpd;k & ynma&;avmutay: rSm;,Gi;f cJah om oabmxm;tjyKtrltm; wkYH jyefEikd cf o
hJ nf/
ausmif;om;nDGwfa&; NydKuGJaponfh qdkS,fvpf 'Dtufpftdk trnfcH ausmif;om;wpk\zefwD;rIudk &ifqdkifcJh&onfrSm
wuodkvf twdkif;twmwGifomru wjynfvkH;taeESifh pnf;kH;a&;qif;um Auo pifNydKifaxmifonf txdjzpfcJhay
onf/
odkYaomf rrSefrkd;om;aom 'DtufpftdkwdkYonf rnfrQyif aiGtmPmtcGifhta&;wdkYudk tokH;jyKaomfvnf;
ausmif;om;xkonf if;wdYk tm; rSeu
f efpmG jrifvmNyD; tqufjzwfjcif;cHc&hJ onf/ 'Dtufpt
f w
kd jzpfvJ ausmif;om;&Jacgif
tzGJUonf ausmif;om;avmuwGif tajcjyKjyefaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhay/ 1956 ckESpfwGif ausmif;om;or*rsm;
zsufodrf;a&;trdefYtm; qefYusifcJh or*wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;? ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; wm0efrsm;udk zdESdyfrIESifhtusyf
twnf;rsm;Mum;rS vkyfaqmifcJhonf/
1955 ckESpf yxrOD;pD;nDvmcHtm; rEav;jrdKUwGif usif;ycJh vIyfSm;rIudk okH;oyfum aSUvkyfief;pOfrsm;
csrw
S Ef ikd cf ahJ yonf/ 1958 ckEpS f Mo*kwv
f wGif oefYiS ;f zqyv tkycf sKyfa&;acwf ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,f
- 18 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
yGJ tNyD; Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf 'kw,
d wd;k csJU OD;pD;nDvmcHac:qdu
k m tzGUJ csKyf\ pnf;k;H a&;oabmxm;ykpH rH sm;ESihf pyfvsOf;
tzGJUBuD;rm;us,fjyefYEdkifa&;udk OD;wnfaom zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;rsOf;Oya'udk ,m,Dtm;jzifh twnfjyKcJhayonf/
,if;tzGUJ tpnf;\ t"du&nf,
G cf sufrsm;rSm ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;? ausmif;om;tcGit
hf a&; umuG,f
xdef;odrf;a&;? vGwfvyfa&; wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;wdkYudk tajccHxm; wjynfvkH;vTrf;jcHK udk,fpm;jyKaomtzGJU
csKyfBuD; jzpfvmapa&;udk toGifaqmifapcJhonf/
vuf,
dS m,D twnfjyKxm;aom zGUJ pnf;yk\
H &nf,
G cf surf sm;ESihf ykpH rH sm;onf vufjdS zpf&yfrsm;ESihf pyf[yfae
trsKd;om;ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf; National Students Organisation (or) National Union of Students
wckjzpfvma&;odkY OD;wnfcJhayonf/ 1947 ckESpfrS p urmhausmif;om;rsm;or* I.U.S (International Union
of Students) ESifh w&m;0ifqufoG,fvmcJh&m Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf\ EdkifiHwumausmif;om;vIyfSm;rIrsm; tusKd;jyK
aprnfh &nfG,fcsufESifh ykHpHrsm;udkvnf; pnf;rsOf;Oya'wGif Tefjyxm;ayonf/
,aeY ausmif;om;xkw&yfvkH;udk vTrf;jcHKonfh udk,fpm;jyKonfh pnf;kH;a&;ykHpHtwGuf wef;jrifhausmif;rsm;?
ckdifjrdKUe,for*rsm;? toufarG;0rf;aMumif; ynmoifausmif;rsm;? pufrIvuffrIausmif;rsm;? aumvdyfausmif;rsm;?
wuodkvfausmif;rsm;ESifh vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;udkyg tajccHxm;aom zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;Oya'jzpfonf/
tem*wfArmjynf\ ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf wckwnf;aom tus,fjyefYqkH;aom trsKd;om;ausmif;om;
tzGJUtpnf;BuD; w&yfjzpfay:a&;? wnfaqmufEdkifa&;udk &nfrSef; nDvmcHBuD;wGif tajccsay;jcif; jzpfayonf/
Armhausmif;om;vIyfSm;rIwGif xl;jcm;vmaom oabmudk aqmif,laeonfh zGJUpnf;ykHtm; &JabmfwdkY tawGUtMuHK
aumif;rsm;udk &if;ES;D pGmzvS,Mf u aqG;aEG;a0zef jyifqifjznfph u
G f Muapvdo
k nf/ nDvmcHBuD;rS wcJeuf twnfjyK
Mu&ef jzpfayonf/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rsm;tzGJYcsKyf
ausmif;om;or*taqmuftOD
&efukefwuodkvf
&efukefNrdKY
aehYpGJ- 1960 ck? atmufwdkbmv (19) &uf
- 19 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rsm;tzGJYcsKyf
\
2/
tcef; (2)
&nfG,fcsufrsm;
/ Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\ &nfG,fcsufrsm;rSm atmufygwdkYjzpfonf/
(u) 'Drdkua&pDynma&; wnfaqmufa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;&ef?
(c) ausmif;om;rsm;tm; um,? P? pm&dw? rdwAvrsm;ESifh jynfhpkHapNyD; jynfcspfpdwf"gwfudk arG;jrL
zGHUNzdK;apum wdkif;jynfESifhvlYabmif\ wm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifEdkifapa&; twGuf
aqmifGuf&ef?
(*) ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f&ef?
(C) trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rIudk xdef;odrf;apmifhaSmufzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufap&ef?
(i) vGwfvyfa&; wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;twGuf aqmifGuf&ef?
(p) urmhNidrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;wGif yg0ifaqmifGuf&ef?
(q) e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifh zufqpfqefYusifa&;wGif tm;ay;aqmifGuf&ef?
(Z) ArmEdkifiHausmif;om;nDGwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf&ef? urmw0Srf;Sdausmif;om;rsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJY
tpnf;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;pGm qufoG,fyl;aygif; aqmifGuf&ef/
tcef; (3)
vkyfief;pOfrsm;
3/
/ txufyg &nfG,fcsufrsm; atmifjrifa&;twGuf Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyfonf atmufyg vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk
vkyfudkifaqmifGufrnf/
(u) 'Drdkua&pDynma&;udk wnfaqmufEdkif&eftwGuf ynma&;udk ydkrdktqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vmap&ef
ausmif;om;vIyfSm;rIrsm;? ESD;aESmzvS,faqG;aEG;rIrsm;? nDvmcHrsm; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;tm;jzifh aqmif
Gufjcif;/
(c) upm;ckefpm;NydKifyGJrsm;udk usif;yay;jcif;/
(*) upm;ckefpm; avhusifhrIrsm;udk tm;ay;jcif;/
(C) ausmif;om;wdkif;\ ynmavhvmqnf;yl;a&;ESifh ywfouf vdktyforQ tultnDrsm;udk ay;jcif;?
aqG;aEG;&ef tzGJUi,frsm;udk zGJUpnf;OD;aqmifjcif;/
(i) pum;&nfvkyGJrsm;? pmpDpmukH;NydKifyGJrsm;? a[majymyGJrsm;udk usif;yay;jcif;/
(p) pmoifwef;rsm; zGifhvSpfay;jcif;/
(q) pmMunfhwdkufrsm; zGifhvSpfay;jcif;? pmapmifrsm; xkwfa0rIwdkYudk OD;pD;jyKvkyfay;jcif;/
(Z) pnf;urf;udk kdaoatmifavhusifhay;jcif;/
(ps) udk,fusifhw&m; aumif;rGefa&;? pdwf"mwf jrifhjrwfa&;? trsm;ESifhcspfcif&if;ESD;pGm aewwfa&; paom
pdwf"gwfrsm;udkoGif;ay;jcif;/
- 20 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
(n) vkyftm;udk kdaoaom pdwf"gwf? tvkyfudk cspfjrwfEdk;aom pdwf"gwfrsm; &Sdatmif jyKvkyfay;jcif;/
(#) pkaygif;vkyaf qmif&aomtvky?f apwemh0efxrf;tvky?f oefYiS ;f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk OD;pD;aqmifu
G jf cif;/
(X) trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI? wdkif;&if;om;,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk avhvmrIudk tm;ay;jcif;? ,Ofaus;rIyGJawmfrsm;?
NydKifyGJrsm; toD;oD; usif;yay;jcif;/
(!) vGwv
f yfa&; wnfwchH ikd jf rJa&;? urmYNidr;f csrf;a&; xde;f odr;f umuG,af &;? e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? zufqpf
qefYusifa&; paom ta&;udpr sm;wGif ausmif;om;ESifh trsKd;om;tusKd;twGuf jzpfygu ausmif;om;
qE ausmif;om;tm;ESifh 0ifa&mufaqmifGufjcif;/
() jrefrmwEdkifiHvkH;Sd ausmif;om;nDGwfa&;udk ausmif;om;tjrif? ausmif;om;qE? ausmif;om;
tiftm;wdkYjzifh ausmif;om;xkudprsm;wGif yl;wGJaqmifGufMujcif;jzifh ckdifrmpGmwnfaqmufjcif;/
(P) vli,f? trsKd;orD; tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf tusKd;wlupd r sm;wGif cspfMunf&if;ES;D pGm yl;aygif;aqmifu
G jf cif;/
(w) urmah usmif;om;rsm;or* (International Union of Students) ESihf w&m;0ifqufo,
G
f urm
w0Srf;vkH;Sd ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh cspfMunfpGm vufwGJaqmifGufjcif;/
(x) tdrfeD;em;csif;wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh tmSwdkif;jynfrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh txl;cspfMunf&if;ESD;pGm
qufqHjcif;/
(') Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyf\ &nf,
G cf sufrsm; atmifjrifa&;twGuf vdt
k yfonf[k ,lqaom tjcm;vkyif ef;
pOfrsm;udk aqmifGufjcif;/
tcef; (4)
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf0if jzpfrI
4/
/ Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyfodkY tzGJUvdkuf qufoG,fyg0ifEdkifcGifh Sdonf/
5/
/ tzGJUvkdufyg0if&rnfh Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf0ifrsm;rSm wuodkvfausmif;om;or*rsm;? aumvdyfor*rsm;?
toufarG;0rf;aMumif;qdkif&m ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;or*rsm;? jynfe,fESifh vlrsKd;pk ausmif;om;or*rsm;? ckdif
ausmif;om;or*rsm;? NrdKUe,f ausmif;om;or*rsm;wdkY jzpfonf/
6/
/ tzGJUvdkufyg0ifMuonfh ausmif;om;or*rsm;rS or*0ifrsm;onf yk*dKvft&vnf; tvdktavsmuf
Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf0ifrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/
7/
/ Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf0ifrsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;rSm ausmif;om;or*rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmifGufEdkifcGifh? ausmif;
om;or* aG;aumufyGJrsm;wGif rJay;EdkifcGifh? taG;cHEdkifcGifhESifh tcsKdUaomtcGifhta&;rsm;wGif OD;pm;ay;&SdEdkifcGifhwdkY
jzpfonf/
8/
/ Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyf0ifrsm;\ wm0ef0w&m;rsm;rSm Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyf\ zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk pnf;rsO;f Oya'udk
vufcHvdkufemjcif;? Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\ vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmifGufjcif;? owfrSwfxm;aom or*0ifaMu;
ESpfpOfaMu;rsm;udk ay;aqmifjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/
9/
/ Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf0ifrsm;onf EkwfxGufEdkifcGifh Sdonf/ EkwfxGufaom tzGJUtpnf;udk vufcH&mwGif
A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu ,m,DvufcHEdkifonf/
10/
/ Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf0ifrsm;udk or*ESifhywfoufaom jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;aMumifh tzGJU0iftjzpfrS xkwfy,f
ypfEikd o
f nftxd tjypf'Pfay;Edik o
f nf/ tjypf'Pfurkd auseyfvQif tqifjh rifah om or*trIaqmiftzGUJ rSonf Edik if v
H ;Hk
qdkif&m nDvmcHtxd t,lcHcGifhSdonf/
11/
/ Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyfwiG f tzGUJ 0iftjzpfvufcjH cif;? tzGUJ 0iftjzpfrx
S w
k yf ,fjcif; paomudpr sm;udk aqmifu
G f
&mwGif EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcHonf tmPmtydkifqkH; jzpfonf/
tcef; (5)
Auorsm; tzGJYcsKyfzGJYpnf;ykH
/ Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyfonf wEdkifiHvkH;Sd ausmif;om;rsm;udk tzGJUtpnf;tvdkuf pkpnf;xm;aom tzGJUcsKyf
12/
jzpfonf/
13/
/ Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyfzGJUpnf;ykHrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
(u) EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcH
- 21 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
(c) EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifh
(*) A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU
(C) tzGJUvdkufqufoG,faomausmif;om;or*rsm;
(i) jynfe,fESifh vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;or*rsm;
(p) ckdifausmif;om;or*rsm;
(q) NrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*rsm;
tcef; (6)
EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcH (uGef*&uf)
14/
/ EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcHonf Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyfwGif tmPmtydkifqkH; jzpfonf/
15/
/ EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcHwGif atmufygyk*dKvfrsm; yg0ifonf/
(u) A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;
(c) tzGJUvdkufqufoG,fxm;aom ausmif;om;or*rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(*) jynfe,fESifh vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;or*rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(C) ckdifausmif;om;or*rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(i) NrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
16/
/ udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& tcsKd;tpm;udk A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu oifhavsmfovdk owfrSwfydkifcGifh Sdonf/
17/
/ nDvmcHudk omreftm;jzifh (18) v wBudrf usif;y&rnf/ odkYaomf vkHavmufaomtaMumif;SdvQif A[dk
trIaqmiftzGJUu aTUqdkif;ac:,lEdkifonf/
18/
/ nDvmcHac:,la&;ESihf ywfoufonfh tcsde?f aeY&uf? pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ u owfrw
S yf ikd cf iG hf
Sdonf/
19/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU\ owfrSwfqkH;jzwfcsufudk rauseyfvQif EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcHwGif wifjyuefYuGuf
Edkifonf/
20/
/ Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\ okH;ykHwykHSdaom tzGJUvdkuf qufoG,fxm;aom ausmif;om;or*rsm;u awmif;qdk
vQif nDvmcHudk ac:qdkay;&rnf/
21/
/ EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcHwGif atmufygudprsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG; qkH;jzwfEdkifonf/
(u) Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyfESifh ywfoufaom udprsm;/
(c) ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oufa&mufxdcdkufEdkifonfh wEdkifiHvkH;? wrsKd;om;vkH;ESifh wurmvkH;qdkif&m
ta&;udprsm;/
22/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmudk nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;&rnf/
23/
/ A[kdtrIaqmiftzGJUudk nDvmcHwGif aG;aumufwifajrmuf&rnf/ aG;aumufjcif;qdkif&m enf;Oya'rsm;udk
A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUuaomf vnf;aumif;? nDvmcHuaomf vnf;aumif; jyKvkyf&rnf/
24/
/ Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f mnDvmcHonf wufa&muf&ef owfrw
S x
f m;onfh OD;a&\ xuf0ufEiS hf wOD;yd
k wufa&muf
vQif w&m;0ifxajrmufonf/
25/
26/
27/
tcef; (7)
EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifh
/ EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifhonf EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcH (uGef*&uf) rS vGJvQif tmPmtydkifqkH; jzpfonf/
/ EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifhwGif atmufygyk*K dvfrsm;yg0ifonf/
(u) A[dktrIaqmiftzJGU0ifrsm;
(c) tzGJUvdkufqufoG,faom ausmif;om;or*rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(*) jynfe,fESifh vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;or*rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(C) ckdifausmif;om;or*rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(i) NrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
/ udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& tcsKd;tpm;udk A[kdtrIaqmiftzGJUu oifhavsmfovdk owfrSwfEdkifcGifh Sdonf/
- 22 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
28/
/ EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifhudk A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu ESpfywfvnf EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcH (uGef*&uf) ESpfck
tMum;wGif omreftm;jzifh wESpv
f Qif wBudrf ac:,lusif;y&rnf/ A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ onf Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m uGezf &ifu
h kd
aTUqdkif;xm;jcif;aomf vnf;aumif;? ta&;ay:uGefz&ifhtjzpf ac:,ljcif;udkaomf vnf;aumif; jyKvkyfEdkifcGifh Sdonf/
29/
/ owfrw
S x
f m;aom OD;a&\ xuf0ufxuf wOD;yd
k wufa&mufvQif Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f muGezf &ifo
h nf w&m;0if
txajrmufonf/
30/
/ EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifhwGif A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;\ vkyfief;rsm;udk ppfaq;a0zefjcif;? Auorsm;
tzGJUcsKyfESifh oufqdkifaom udprsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG; qkH;jzwfjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
31/
/ EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifhonf A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUtm; ,m,Dtm;jzifh jzKwfcsjcif;? ajymif;vJjcif;? Auo
rsm;tzGJUcsKyf\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk ,m,Dtm;jzifh jyifqifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifcGifhSdonf/
32/
/ EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifh\ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcHwGif t,lcHEdkifonf/
33/
/ EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifhrS ,m,Dajymif;vJxm;aom A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU\ vkyfief;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;?
,m,Djyifqifxm;aom zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;Oya'onf vnf;aumif;? aemifwGif EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcH (uGef*
&uf) \ twnfjyKrIudk r&vifhupm; xdkMum;umvwGif w&m;0ifonf[k rSwf,l&rnf/
tcef; (8)
A[dktrIaqmiftzGJY
34/
/ A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ onf Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f mnDvmcH (uGe*f &uf) ESihf Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f muGezf &ifw
h Ykd NyD;vQif tmPm
tydik q
f ;Hk jzpf zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
Hk ajccHOya'u cGijhf yKxm;orQaom Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyf\ udpw
Ykd ukd qk;H jzwfaqmif
Guf ydkifcGifhSdonf/ vufatmufcHor*rsm;\ udprsm;wGifvnf; tMuHay;cGifh? yl;aygif;aqmifGufcGifh Sdonf/
35/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUwGif atmufygyk*Kdvfrsm;yg0ifonf/
(u) Ou|
(c) 'k-Ou|rsm;
(*) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
(C) twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;
rSwfcsuf- A[dktrIaqmifOD;a&ESifh Xmersm;udk A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu oifhawmfonf[k ,lqonfhtwdkif; owfrSwfEdkif
cGifhSdonf/
36/
/ 'k-Ou|rsm;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;rSm ckdifNrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*rsm; qdkif&mtwGuf wOD;pD? wuodkvf
rsm;qdkif&mtwGuf wOD;pD? aumvdyfrsm;qdkif&mtwGuf wOD;pD? toufarG;0rf;aMumif;qdkif&m ausmif;rsm;twGuf
wOD;pD? jynfe,fESifh vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;qdkif&mtwGuf wOD;pDESifh tjcm;vdktyfaom XmeBuD;rsm;twGuf twGif;a&;
rSL; wOD;pDwifajrmuf&efjzpfonf/
37/
/ azmfjycJNh yD;aom XmeBuD;rsm;ESihf b@ma&;? pnf;k;H a&;? jyefMum;a&; paomXmersm;twGuf vkyif ef;us,jf yefY
Edkifeif;ap&eftwGuf AsLkdrsm;zGJUpnf; aqmifGufEdkifonf/
38/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf ta&;ay:vkyfief;rsm;twGuf oufqdkif&maumfrwDrsm; zGJUpnf;aqmifGufEdkifcGifh
Sdonf/
39/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf omreftm;jzifh wvvQifwBudrf tpnf;ta0; usif;y&rnf/
40/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifOD;a&\ av;ykHwykHu awmif;qdkvQif A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU tpnf;ta0;udk ac:qdkay;
&rnf/
41/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0if OD;a&\xuf0ufxuf wOD;ydk wufa&mufvQif tpnf;ta0;rSm w&m;0if tx
ajrmufonf/ ta&;wBuD; tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif trIaqmiftzGJU0ifOD;a&\ okH;ykHwykHwufa&mufvQif w&m;0if tx
ajrmufonf/
42/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifwdkYtm; ,m,Dtm;jzifh Ekwfy,f jznfhpGufcefYxm;EdkifcGifh
Sdonf/
43/
/ A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifwdkYonf Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\ vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmifGuf&mwGif tzGJUvdkufaomf
vnf;aumif;? wOD;csif;taeESifhaomf vnf;aumif; wm0efSdap&rnf/ pkaygif;acgif;aqmifrIESifh wGJzufwm0efcHrsm;
vnf; Sd&rnf/
- 23 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGYJ
Ou|
'k-Ou|rsm;
ckdif-NrdKYe,f
vlrsKd;pk
oufarG;
aumvdyf
wuodkvf
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;
ckdif-NrdKYe,f
vlrsKd;pk
oufarG;
aumvdyf
wuodkvf
Xmewm0efcHrsm;
ynm b@m
,Ofaus;rI
tcef; (9)
Auorsm; tzGJYcsKyfodkh tzGJYvdkufqufoG,faom ausmif;om;or*rsm;
44/
/ if;ausmif;om;or*rsm;rSm 'Drdkua&pDusaom pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;ESifhtnD pepfwuszGJUpnf;xm;aom
or*rsm;jzpf&rnf/
15/
/ if;ausmif;om;or*rsm;onf if;wdkY\ oufqdkif&mvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\ taxGaxG
vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk rqefYusifapbJ oD;jcm;vGwv
f yfpmG aqmifu
G Ef ikd cf iG hf So
d nf/ odYk aomf tjyifty tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf
qufo,
G &f mwGif vnf;aumif;? yl;wGaJ qmifu
G &f mwGif vnf;aumif; Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyf\oabmwlnrD u
I kd &S&d rnf/
46/
/ if;wdYk \udpr sm;udk aqmifu
G &f mwGif Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyf\ yl;aygif;aqmifu
G rf I tultnDwYkd ukd awmif;
qdk &,lEdkifonf/
tcef; (10)
jynfe,fESifUvlrsKd;pkausmif;om;or*rsm;
47/
/ ArmEdkifiHjynfe,frsm;twGif;Sd ausmif;om;or*rsm;onf if;wdkYa'oSd or*vkyfief;rsm; wGifus,f
atmifjrifa&;twGuf jynfe,fESifh vlrsKd;pk ausmif;om;or*rsm;udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif EdkifcGifhSdonf/
48/
/ if;ausmif;om;or*rsm;udk jynfe,fESifh vlrsKd;pkw&yfvkH;qdkif&m nDvmcHrsm;rS aG;aumufwifajrmuf
&rnf/
- 24 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
49/
/ if;nDvmcHrsm; ac:qdka&;ESifh oufqdkif&m trIaqmiftzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;a&;udk jynfe,fausmif;om;or*
trIaqmiftzGJUrsm;u oifhawmfonfhtwdkif; qkH;jzwfaqmifGufoGm;Edkifonf/
tcef; (11)
cdkifausmif;om;or*rsm;
50/
/ cdkifausmif;om;or*rsm;udk cdkifnDvmcHrsm;wGif wifajrmufzGJUpnf;&rnf/
51/
/ cdkifnDvmcHrsm;udk cdkifausmif;om;or*trIaqmiftzGJUu oifawmfonf[k ,lq owfrSwfonfhtwdkif;
usif;y&rnf/
52/
/ cdkifausmif;om;or*rsm;onf Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk atmifjrifatmif aqmifGuf&mwGif
tvGef tcsuftcsmusaom ae&mwGif wnfSdojzifh wckdifvkH;Sd ausmif;om;ta&;udp vIyfSm;rIrsm;wGif av;eufpGm
wm0ef,l tajrmftjrifBuD;rI? uRrf;usifvdrmrI? &J&ifhjywfom;rI? owdSdrIwdkYESifh vkHYv0D&d,BuD;pGm pdkufxkwfum
BudK;yrf; aqmifGufMu&rnf/
tcef; (12)
NrdKYe,fausmif;om;or*rsm;
53/
/ NrdKUe,fausmif;om;or* trIaqmiftzGJUu owfrSwfqkH;jzwfonfhtwdkif; usif;yaom NrdKUe,fnDvmcH
rsm;wGif if;ausmif;om;or*rsm;udk wifajrmufzGJUpnf;&rnf/
54/
/ if;wdkYonf NrdKUe,ftwGif;Sd ausmif;om;udprsm;udk wm0ef,laqmifGufMu&rnf/
tcef; (13)
or*qdkif&mqufqHa&;rlrsm;
55/
/ ausmif;om;or*rsm;\qufqHa&;rSm 'Drdkua&pDudk tajccHaom A[kdcsKyfudkifenf;pepf (Democratic
Centralism) t& jzpf&rnf/
56/
/ or*rsm;udk ausmif;om;xku 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& aG;aumufwifajrmuf&rnf/ or*tzGJUtpnf;
tqifhqifhudk atmufajcrS aG;aumufwifajrmufjcif;jzifh zGJUpnf;&rnf/
57/
/ or*tqifhqifhwdkYonf txufrSay;aom TefMum;csufrsm;udk atmufrSemcH aqmifGuf&rnf/
58/
/ tqkH;tjzwfrsm;udk rsm;&mpkjzifh jyKvkyf&rnf/ tenf;pkonf trsm;pk\qkH;jzwfcsufudk emcH&rnf/
59/
/ trsm;pk\ qkH;jzwfcsufudk remcHvdkaomf tenf;pkonf ausmif;om;xkudk 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& pnf;kH;um
rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifu trsm;pkjzpfatmif BudK;yrf; qkH;jzwfcsufudk jyefvnfjyifqifEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif trsm;pkqkH;jzwf
csufudk remcHvdk toif;tzGJUcGJ wnfaxmifjcif;? igwaumaumjcif;rsm;udk rjyKvkyf&/
60/
/ tenf;pk\ xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfEdkif&eftwGuf trsm;pkwdkYu us,fjyefYaom
'Drdkua&pDSdap&ef wm0efcH&rnf/
61/
/ txuftzGJUtpnf;wdkYonf atmuftzGJUtpnf;wdkYxH TefMum;rIESifh vdktyforQaom tultnDrsm;udk
ay;&rnf/
62/
/ atmuftzGUJ tpnf;wdYk onf txuftzGUJ tpnf;wkYd xH tajctaet&yf&yfqikd &f m tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk ay;ydYk NyD;
txufrS TefMum;onfwdkYukd atmifjrifxajrmufatmif BudK;yrf;aqmifGufMu&rnf/
tcef; (14)
b@ma&;
63/
/ or*rsm;\ b@ma&;udk or*0ifaMu;? ESpfpOfaMu;rsm;ESifh tvSLaiGrsm;rS &Sdonf/
64/
/ or*rsm;\ b@ma&;udk b@ma&;rSL;rsm;ESifh b@ma&;aumfrwDrsm;u SmMuHpkaqmif;NyD; okH;pGJa&;
udkvnf; if;wdkYuyif pepfwuscGJa0 ay;&rnf/
65/
/ wESpfvQifwBudrf owfrSwfxm;aom pm&if;ppfrsm;u or* b@ma&;tajctaeudk ppfaq;NyD;aemuf
b@ma&;rSL;u trIaqmiftzGJUodkY b@ma&; tpD&ifcHpmwapmifudk wifoGif;&rnf/
- 25 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
tcef; (15)
ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;
66/
/ ausmif;ydw&f uf twGi;f wGif ausmif;om;or*\ udpr sm;udk qufvuf aqmifu
G &f eftwGuf or*;Hk pdu
k f
&mXmewGif aexdkifaom okH;OD;xufrenf;aom trIaqmiftzGJU0ifwdkYtm; ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;tjzpf vufSd
trIaqmiftzGJUu cefYxm;aMunm&rnf/
67/
/ ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHwdkYonf or*tzGJUtpnf;wckvkH;ESifh oufqdkifaom udpBuD;rsm;udk aqmifGuf
ajzSif;EdkifcGifh rSd/ udpB uD;rsm;udk aqmifGufajzSif;&eftwGuf trIaqmiftzGJUudk jyefvnfac:,l wm0efudkjyefvnf
tyfESif;&rnf/
68/
/ ausmif;jyefzGifhaomtcg ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;u trIaqmiftzGJUtm; wm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk jyefvnf
vTJtyfay;&rnf/
tcef; (16)
Auorsm; tzGJYcsKyf\ tvH? wHqdyfESifU oDcsif;
69/
/ Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyf\tvHrmS teDa&mifatmufcw
H iG f aT0ga&mif cGyaf 'gif;onf aT0ga&mif puf0ikd ;f twGi;f
wGif ud,
k yf ikd ;f usa&mufvsuf ygSad p&rnf/ tvH\tG,yf rmPrSm tvsm; (9) ay? teH (5) ayjzpfonf/ BuD;i,fr[l
if;tcsKd;tpm; tvdkufjzpfap&rnf/
70/
/ Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\wHqdyfrSm urmvkH;ykHoPmef aemufcHpuf0dkif;twGif;wGif pmtkyfzGifhvsufykH ygSdap
pmtkyfykH\vuf0JbufeHab;wGif rD;wkwfudk vufjzifhudkifaqmifxm;aomykH uyfvsufygSdap&rnf/ puf0dkif; tem;w
avsmufwGif ywfvnf0ef;&Hvsuf jrefrmbmomtm;jzifh ]ArmEk d i f i H v k H ; qk d i f & mausmif ; om;or* r sm;tzG J Y c sKyf }
t*Fvdyfbmomtm;jzifh "All Burma Federation of Student Unions" [k a&;om;&rnf/
71/
tcef; (17)
zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;rsOf;Oya'jyifqifa&;
72/
/ Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\ ]zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;rsOf;Oya'} udk EkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mnDvmcH (uGef*&uf) jyifqif
jcif;? jznfhpGufjcif;? Ekwfy,fjcif;? zsufodrf;jcif;wdkYudk nDvmcHwufa&mufol okH;ykHESpfykH\ oabmwlnDcsuft& jyK
vkyfEdkifonf/
73/
/ ,m,Djyifqifcsufrsm;udk EdkifiHvkH;qkdif&muGefz&ifhwGif wufa&mufol okH;ykHESpfykH\ oabmwlnDcsuft&
yvkyfEdkifonf/
jznfUpGufcsufrsm;
tcef; (1)? tydk'f 1 wGif jznfUpGuf&ef
t*Fvdyfbmomtm;jzifh "All Burma Federation of Student Unions" [k ac:wGifap twdkaumuf
tm;jzifh "A.B.F.S.U" [k ac:a0:&vdrfhrnf/
- 26 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
pmrsufESm (18)? tcef; (7)? tydk'f (28) atmufwGif oD;oefhtydk'ftjzpf xnfUoGif;&ef
Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f muGezf &ifo
h Ykd wufa&mufEikd cf iG hf adS om tzGUJ tpnf;OD;a&\ ok;H ykw
H yku
H awmif;qdv
k Qif A[dt
k rI
aqmiftzGJUu EdkifiHvkH;qkdif&muGefz&ifhudk ac:,lay;&rnf/
1958 ck? Mo*kwfv (15-16) &ufaehrsm;wGif &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* taqmuftOD
usif;yaom 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf wdk;csJY OD;pD;nDvmcHwGif wifoGif; ,m,DtwnfjyKonf/
1960 ck? atmufwdkbmv (20-21-22-23-24) &ufaehrsm;wGif usif;yaom (6) Budrfajrmuf ArmEdkifiHvkH;
qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rsm;tzGJYcsKyf EkdifiHvkH;qdkif&muGef*&ufwGif wifoGif;twnfjyKonf/
atmifyJGtqufquf cHOD;rnf
usm; / / igwkdY ausmif;om; aygif;pnf;vkdY nD&rnf - - trsKd;om;a&;ukd BudKqkdzkdY&nf - 'Drkdua&pDynma&;twGuf&nf - -wdkYtom; wdkYtaoG;paw;vSLrnf - r / / igwkd hausmif;om; aygif;pnf;vkdY nD&rnf - -trsKd;om;a&;ukd BudKqkdzkdY&nf - vGwfvyfckdifjrJ t"GefY &SnfzkdYtwnf- - jynfcspfpdwf"gwf arG;pkdY nD - usm; / / a[ - - nDnDnmnm - - vGwfvyfa&;xdef;odrf;rnf- - zufqpf0g'Dwkdufzsufrnf a[ - nDnDnmnm- - vGwfvyfa&;xdef;odrf;rnf - e,fcsJ h&efukd wGef;NzdKrnf - r /
1936-39
1939-42
1947-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-60
1960-62
wuodkvfudk,fpm;t"dywdrsm;
1947
0efBuD;apmpHzdk;oif
1948
0efBuD;Adkvfbdk;uGef;
1948
0efBuD;OD;xGef;jrifh (vif;ac;)
- 27 -
qmtmpDabma'gufuvyfaumhu&drf;
OD;wifxG#f
EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek
EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;AaqG
EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek
EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;
EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek
aemufqufwGJ (30)
1948-49
1949
1949-50
1950-56
1956-58
1958
1958
1958
1958-60
1960
0efBuD;OD;0if;
0efBuD;ref;0if;armif
0efBuD;OD;xGef;az
0efBuD;OD;oef;atmif
0efBuD;OD;xGef;wif
0efBuD;OD;&mSpf
0efBuD;ocifwif
0efBuD;OD;armifausmfuH
0efBuD;OD;um
0efBuD;a'gufwm{armif
wuodkvf 'k-t"dywdrsm;
1920-21
qmcsm;vfpfarmf*ef0ufAf
1921-27
qma&mbwfppf'eD*sKdif;vfpf
1927-31 qmbif*srif;[m;Awf[D;vf'f
1931-38 a'gufwmOD;quf
1938-39
qmjrbl;
1939-42
a'gufwmOD;quf
1947-49
OD;umpD
1949-52
w&m;0efBuD; OD;{armif
1952-58
w&m;0efBuD; OD;bdkBuD;
1958-59 a'gufwmxifatmif
1959
OD;pHvGif
tkyfcsKyfa&;t&mSd? tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;ESifU ygarmucsKyf
1945-46 rpwmt,fvfxifpD
1946-47 a'gufwmxifatmif (ynma&;)? a'gufwmvSbl; (jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;)? OD;b (tkyfcsKyfa&;)
1947-58 a'gufwmxifatmif
1959-61 a'gufwmvSjrifh
1961
a'gufwmomvS
1962
OD;um
wuodkvfarmfuGef;xdef;rsm;
1920-22
rpwm'vsLtdefav
1922-27
rpwmatuif;bJ
1927-28
rpwmatom*k
1928-33 rpwmatuif;bJ
1933-35 rpwmbDtm&fyef;
1935-42 rpwmt,fvfxifpD
1947-53 OD;,kcif
ynma&;
1953-59
1959-61
1961
OD;,kcif
OD;boef;
OD;armifarmifpdef
tkyfcsKyfa&;
1953- 59
1959- 61
1961
- 28 -
OD;odef;armif
OD;armifarmifpdef
OD;vSatmif
aemufqufwGJ (31)
aemufqufwJG (31)
'Dru
kd &wfwpfausmif;om;rsm;tzGUJ
ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*
\
zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf pkH nf;rsO;f Oya'
r*FvmpmyHEk ydS w
f u
kd f
trSwf (462) Adv
k cf sKyaf wmif vrf;rawmf
yef;yJwef;
armfvNrdKifNrdKY
- 29 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
'Dru
kd &wfwpfausmif;om;rsm;tzGYJ
ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*
\
zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyyf pkH nf;rsO;f Oya'
tcef; (1)
yk'fr- (1) trnf
tzGJUtpnf;udk ]ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*} [kac:wGifap&rnf/ twdkcsKyftm;jzifh ]Auo}
[k ac:wGifap&rnf/
yk'fr- (2) txdrf;trSwfESifU tvH
Auo\ txdrf;trSwfwHqdyfwHk;onf axmifhpGef;ig;ckSdaom Mu,fBuD;udk Mu,fi,fig;vHk;jcH&HNyD;?
Mu,fBuD;\ tv,fwGif ArmjynfyHkygSdap&rnf? if;ArmjynfyHktv,fwGif zGifhxm;aom pmtkyfyHkygSdap&rnf/
txdrf;trSwf\ ab;ywfvnfpuf0dkif;ESpfckMum;wGif ]]ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*}} ESifh ]XmecsKy}f [laom
pmwrf;ygSdap&rnf/
ckdifNrdKUe,frsm;\ wHqdyfwHk;rsm;rSm ]ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m? ausmif;om;rsm;or*cGJ}} ESifh oufqdkif&m ckdif
(odkYr[kwf) NrdKUe,frsm;\ trnfrsm; ygSdap&rnf/
Auo\tvHonf teDa&mifaemufcHum; tay:wGif tjzLa&mifcGyfa'gif;yHk ygSdap&NyD;? if;cGyfa'gif;yHk\
udk,fydkif;onf puf0dkif;wcktwGif;wGif Sdap&rnf/ xdktvH\ vuf0Jbuftxufa'gifhpGef;wGif a'gifhpGef; (5) ckSdaom
Mu,fjzLwck ygSdap&rnf/
yrmP- tvH\tG,t
f pm;rSm tvsm; (9) ay? teH (5) ayjzpfapNyD; BuD;i,fr[l xdt
k csKd;tpm;tvdu
k f jzpfap&rnf/
yk'fr- (3) wnfae&mESifU tus,ft0ef;
AuoXmecsKyf\ wnf&mXmerSm omreftm;jzifh &efuek Nf rdKUwGijf zpfapNyD;? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfw0Sr;f
vHk;wGif zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif&rnf/
yk'fr- (4) &nfG,fcsufrsm;
(1) jynfaxmifpkorwjrefrmEkdifiHawmf\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk xdef;odrf;apmifhaSmuf vdkufem
&ef?
(2) 'Drdkua&pD0g'udk avhvmusifhoHk;&ef?
(3) Nidrfcsrf;a&;ESifh wnfwHcdkifjrJa&;udk ausmif;om;xktif;tm;jzifh tpGrf;ukef&,l&ef?
(4) Srf;? csif;? u&if? u,m;? rGef? &cdkif? jrefrmtpSdaom jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om; tm;vHk;wdkY\
pnf;vHk;nDGwfa&;udk aqmifGuf&ef?
(5) vGwfvyfNyD;aom jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmfBuD;udk wdkif;wyg;om;wdkY vufodkYxdk;tyf uRefb0odkY
jyefvnfusqHk;aprnfh jynfwGif;rsKd;zsuf opmazmufwdkU\ ckwHk;taejzifh ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;tm;
aoG;aqmifjzm;a,mif;aeaom ausmif;om;opmazmufrsm;udk ausmif;om;avmurS tukeftpOf wdkuf
xkwf&ef?
- 30 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
(6) EkdifiHawmfom,m0ajyma&;twGuf yg0ifaqmifGuf&ef?
(7) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf\ ,Ofaus;rItqifhtwef;udk jrifhwif&ef?
(8) acwfrDSaom wdkif;jynftjzpfodkY wdk;jrifh&mwGif vdktyfonfh avmu"gwfq&mrsm;? tif*sifeD,mrsm;?
q&m0efrsm; tpSo
d nfh xl;cReaf om ynmwwfausmif;om;rsm;pGm ay:aygufvmap&eftwGuf tqift
h
wef;jrifhaom ynma&;udk wnfaqmuf&ef/
(9) ausmif;om;rsm;\ w&m;rQwpGm&oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tEkenf;jzifhawmif;qdk&ef/
(10) jynfaxmifpk ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;\ pnf;vHk;rItaqmufttHk cdkifrmawmifhwif;vmatmif
zefwD;&ef/
(11) ausmif;om;nDGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;jyemwdkif;wGif ausmif;om;xk\ qEjzifh
ajzSif;&ef/
(12) ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk Avig;wefESifh jynfh0vmap&ef/
(13) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmftwGif;Sd ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh urmYausmif;om;rsm; &ifaygifwef;
yl;aygif;aqmifGufEkdifap&ef/
(14) q&m? rdb? vlBuD;rsm;udk kdao&ef/
(15) (AuoXmecsKyf) tmPmydik t
f zGUJ rsm;u umvtm;avsmfpmG owfrw
S af om tjcm;aom&nf,
G cf sufrsm;
udk atmifjrifatmifaqmifGuf&ef/
tcef; (2)
toif;0ifa&;ESifh ESpfpOfaMu;
yk'rf - (5) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmftwGif;Sd pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoif,laeMuaom ausmif;ol^om;wdkif;
or*0iftjzpf ygEkdifap&rnf/
rSwcf su-f pufrIvufrI twwfoifausmif;rsm;? pdkufysKd;a&;twufoifausmif;rsm;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;twufoif
ausmif;rsm;yg tcef; (2)? yk'fr (5) wGif tusKH;0ifonf/
yk'fr- (6) txufyg tcef; (2)? yk'fr (5) t& or*0ifvdkolrsm;onf atmufygazmfjyyg t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh jynfh
pHkap&rnf/
(u) touf (18) ESpf jynfhap&rnf/
(c) l;oGyfaoma&m*g rSdap&/
(*) or*\ &nfG,fcsufrsm;ESifh pnf;urf;Oya'udk vdkufemusifhEkdifol jzpf&rnf/
(,) tusifhpm&dwaumif;rGef or*\aus;Zl;awmfudk apmifhodkdaool jzpf&rnf/
(i) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifjzpfap? ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifjzpfap? NrdKUe,ftvkyftrIaqmift
zGJU0ifjzpfap? odkYr[kwf or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJU0ifjzpfap? if;yk*dKvfrsm;xJrS ESpfOD;\ tusifhpm&dw
aumif;rGefaMumif; axmufcHpm ygSdap&rnf/
(p) ___ ___ &nfG,fcsufrsm;udk usifhoHk;vdkufemEkdifol jzpf&rnf/
(q) or*rSay;tyfaom wm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk waoGrodrf;vdkufemaqmifGufEkdifol jzpf&rnf/
(Z) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrS umvtm;avsmfpGm owfrSwfaom ESpfpOfaMu;aiGrsm;udk ajyvnfatmif
ay;oGif;Ekdifol jzpf&rnf/
yk'rf - (7) or*0ifwOD;tjzpf0ifa&muf&ef t&nftcsif;ESifh jynfhpHkolwOD;onf or*cGJtwGif;a&;rSL;xHrS awmif;,l
&SEd idk af om toif;0ifavQmufvmT yHpk u
H kd tcef; (2)? yk'rf (6)? tyd'k if ,f (i) t& or*trIaqmifEpS Of ;D \ tusifph m&dw
aumif;rGefaMumif; axmufcHpmESifhtwl ESpfpOfaMu;udkyg wyg;wnf; ay;oGif;&rnf/
yk'fr- (8) or*0ifwdkif; or*tpnf;ta0;rsm;aG;aumufyGJrsm;wGif qErJay;ydkifcGifh? taG;cHydkifcGifhtqdk wifoGif;
axmufcHEkdifcGifh Sdap&rnf/
- 31 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
yk'fr- (9) txufygyk'fr (8) t& or*trIaqmiftjzpf taG;cHEkdifcGifhonf EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ wm0efcHtvkyftrI
aqmifrsm;jzpfaom or*0ifrsm; rjzpfap&/
yk'fr- (10) or*0ifwOD;jypfrlusL;vGefcJhaomf or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUu wm0efcH&mxl;rS avQmhcsjcif;? or*rS acw
xkwyf ,fjcif; ponfwYkd ukd jyKvkyEf ikd o
f nf/ odYk aomf ckid o
f r*tvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ \ oabmwlncD sufukd &,l&rnf/
yk'fr- (11) txufygyk'fr (10) t& tjypfay;cH&aom or*0ifwOD;onf rauseyfvQif A[dkaumifpD (odkYr[kwf)
EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif t,lcHEkdifcGifhSdap&rnf/
yk'fr- (12) (u) or*0ifrsm;ESpfpOfaMu;rSm (1) usyf jzpfonf/
(c) if;ESpfpOfaMu;udk rlvtajccHor*cGJrsm;u aumufcH&rnf/ 0ifaMu;udk aumuf,lrnfr[kwf/
(*) rlvtajccHor*rsm;rS aumufcH&Sdaom ESpfpOfaMu;rsm;udk atmufygtcsKd;pm;twdkif; cGJa0,l&rnf/
rlvtajccHor*cGJrsm;
&mcdkifEIef;
10
NrdKUe,for*
&mcdkifEIef;
50
ckdifor*
&mcdkifEIef;
20
Auo (XmecsKyf)
&mcdkifEIef;
20
tcef; (3)
zGJYpnf;yHk
yk'rf - (13) Auo (XmecsKyf) \rlvtajccHor*rsm;rSm aus;Gm? (odkYr[kwf) &yfuGuf (odkYr[kwf) NrdKUr or*cGJrsm;
jzpfonf/
yk'fr- (14) Auo (XmecsKyf) \zGJUpnf;yHkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
(1) rlvtajccHor*cGJrsm;
(2) NrdKUe,for*rsm;
(3) ckdifor*rsm;
(4) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU
(5) A[dkaumifpDtzGJU
(6) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif/
yk'fr- (15) rlvtajccHor*wGif trIaqmiftzGJUwdkYudk ESpfpOfor*0ifrsm;\ ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;rS aG;aumuf
&rnf/
yk'fr- (16) NrdKUe,faumifpDESifhtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUudk ESpfpOfNrdKUe,fnDvmcHu aG;aumuf&rnf/
yk'fr- (17) ckdifaumifpDESifh ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUudk ESpfpOfckdifnDvmcHu aG;aumuf&rnf/
yk'rf - (18) ckid af umifpo
D nf zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH Oya'tcsut
f vufrsm;ESihf A[dak umifp?D A[dt
k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ wdUk \
pnf;urf;csufrsm;twGif;wGif rdrdwdkY\ckdiftwGuf aqmifGufzG,fSdonfrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmaqmifGufEkdifcGifh Sdonf/
yk'fr- (19) rlvtajccHor*0ifrsm; tpnf;ta0;onf tMuD;qHk;aomtPmydkiftzGJUjzpfonf/ xdkxufvGefvQif NrdKU
e,for*odkY wuf&rnf/ NrdKUe,for*wGif NrdKUe,fnDvmcHonftBuD;qHk;aom tmPmydkiftzGJUjzpfonf/ xdkYxufvGef
aomf ckdifor*odkY wuf&rnf/ ckdifor*wGifckdifnDvmcHonf tBuD;qHk;aomtmPmydkiftzGJUjzpfonf/ xdkYxufvGef
vQif Auo (XmecsKyf) odYk wuf&rnf/ Auo (XmecsKyf) wGif Ekid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHobifonf tBuD;qH;k aomtmPm
ydkiftzGJUjzpfonf/ EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif rSdonfhtcg A[dkaumifpD? A[dkaumifpDrSdonfhtcg A[dktvkyftrI
- 32 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
aqmiftzGJUwdkYonf tmPmydkiftzGJUrsm; jzpfonf/
yk'rf - (20) xdkYtwl ckdifor*ESifh NrdKUe,for*rsm;wGifvnf; nDvmcHobifrSdonfh tcg? oufqdkif&maumifpDtzGJU?
oufqdkif&maumifpDtzGJU rSdonfhtcg tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUwdkYonf tmPmydkiftzGJUjzpfonf/
tcef; (4)
tkyfcsKyfpDrHyHkpH pepfESifU enf;vrf;rsm;
yk'fr- (21) ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*rsm;wGif tkyfcsKyfpDrH&eft"dutcsufrSm 'Drdkua&pDenf;pepft&?
aG;aumufwifajrmuf A[dkrS OD;pD;onfhpHepfjzpfonf/
(1) tm;vHk;aom aumifpDtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk trsm;qEtwdkif; aG;aumufwif
ajrmuf&rnf/
(2) A[dkor*\ trdefYudk vdkufemaqmifGuf&rnf/
yk'fr- (22) NrdKUe,f (odkUr[kwf) ckdifudk omreftm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;e,ferdwftwdkif; vdkufem&rnf/ odkY&mwGif
tvkyfvG,fulapjcif;udk axmufxm; ckdifaumifpDu oifhavsmfovdk owfrSwfydkifcGifhSdonf/
yk'rf - (23) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf ckdifor* rjzpfao;aom e,fSdor*rsm;udk wdkufkdufaomfvnf;aumif;
eD;pyf&mckdifor*udk aomfvnf;aumif; vTJtyftkyfcsKyfpDrHEkdifonf/
tcef; (5)
EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHobif
yk'rf - (24) ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or* nDvmcHobifukd omreftm;jzifh wESpv
f Qiw
f Budru
f s usi;f y&rnf/
odkYaomf vHkavmufaomtaMumif;rsm;Sdu A[dkaumifpDuaomfvnf;aumif;/ A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUuaomfvnf;
aumif; aTUqdkif;Edkifonf/
yk'rf - (25) txl;nDvmcHobifrsm;udk taMumif;xl;vHak vmufr&I Su
d A[dt
k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ u jzpfap? A[dak umifpD
ujzpfap ac:,lEkdifonf/ xdkYtjyif EkdifiHawmftwGif;Sd ckdifor*rsm;\ oHk;ykHESpfyHkrS oabmwl ac:qdkcGifhawmif;vQif
vnf; ac:qdkay;&rnf/
yk'fr- (26) nDvmcHobifwGif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS wufa&mufEkdifolrsm;rSm(1) ukefqHk;onfhESpftwGuf A[dkaumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;
(2) ukefqkH;onfhESpftwGuf A[dktvkyfrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;
(3) ckdifor*rsm;rS enf;vrf;wus aG;aumufapvTwfvdkufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(4) NrdKUe,for*rS enf;vrf;wus aG;aumufapvTwfvdkufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
rSwfcsuf- nDvmcHobifodkY wufa&mufrnfh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&udk A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu owfrSwfydkifcGifh
Sdonf/
yk'rf - (27) NrdKUe,fESifh ckdifor*rsm;rS apvTwfaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk NrdKUe,fESifh nDvmcHrsm;u aG;aumuf&rnf/
yk'fr- (28) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobifodkY wufa&mufEkdifaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf rdrdwdkYESifhoufqdkif&m ckdif
twGuf A[dkaumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;udk oufqdkif&mckdife,frS wufa&mufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrS trsm;oabmwl
aG;aumuf&rnf/ ckdifwckvQif A[dkaumifpD0if ESpfOD;aG;wifEkdifonf/
yk'fr-(29) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobifrS A[dkaumifpDtzGJUudk zGJUpnf;&rnf/ if;A[dkaumifpDwGif - pnf;rsOf;Oya'
tcef; (3)? yk'fr (14)? tydk'f (4) ESifh tcef; (5)? yk'fr (28)? t& - A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh oufqdkif&m
- 33 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
ckdife,frS wufa&mufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrS aG;cs,fay;aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifap&rnf/
yk'rf - (30) txufygtwdkif;zGJUpnf;vdkufaom A[dkaumifpDtzGJUonf EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHobiftwGuf tqdkaG;
aumfrwDvnf; jzpf\/
yk'rf - (31) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif tqdkaG;aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU Ou|u
obmywd? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;u tusKd;aqmiftjzpf aqmifGuf&rnf/
yk'fr- (32) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif or*ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? or*\vkyfief;rsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;
ywfoufaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jref;EkdifcGifhSdonf/ odkY&mwGif ar;vdkaom ar;cGef;\taMumif;t&mrsm;udk A[dktvkyf
trIaqmiftzGJUodkY (7) &ufBudKwif taMumif;Mum;xm;ESifh&rnf/
yk'fr- (33)
(u) or*\tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf;Oya'udk jyifqifjznfhpGwf (odkYr[kwf) y,fzsufjcif;ponfwdkYudk jyKvkyfvdkaom trI
aqmiftzGUJ ? (odYk r[kw)f or*0ifwOD;OD;onf taMumif;t&m pHv
k ifpmG jzifh Ekid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHobif rusif;yrD
wvBudKwif ay;ydkYxm;&rnf/
(c) xdEdk idk if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHobifoYkd wufa&mufvmaom yk*K v
d rf sm;\ OD;a&oH;k yHEk pS yf u
kH oabmwlro
S m twnfjyK&
rnf/
yk'rf - (34) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUujzpfap? A[dkaumifpDujzpfap nDvmcHobifusif;y&m enf;vrf;wusjzpfap
&ef vdktyfaompDpOfrIrsm;udk tajctaetm;avsmfpGm pDpOfGefMum;&rnf/
yk'rf - (35) omreftm;jzifh usif;yaom nDvmcHobiftwGuf Ekid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mor*Ou|udk jyefvnfaG;aumuf&rnf/
rnfuo
hJ Ykd Ou|aG;aumuf&rnfqo
kd nfh tpDtpOfukd A[dak umifprD jS zpfap? A[dt
k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ rSjzpfap pDpOfay;&
rnf/
yk'rf - (36) aG;aumufwifajrmufcH&aom Ou|onf rdrdESifhwGJbufvkyfudkif&ef vsmxm;onfh A[dktvkyftrIaqmif
tzGJU0ifrsm;\ trnfrsm;udk aMujimNyD;vQif nDvmcHobif\oabmwlnDrI&,l&rnf/
yk'fr- (37) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHobifwGif or*\ ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmudk A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUobif
tzGJUu wifjy&rnf/
tcef; (6)
A[dkaumifpD
yk'rf - (38) tcef; (5)? yk'rf (2) t& zGUJ pnf;onfh A[dak umifpo
D nf Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHobifrv
S v
JG Qif tcsKyftcsm
tmPmtydkifqHk;aomtzGJU jzpf&rnf/
yk'rf - (39) A[dkaumifpDtpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh wESpfvQif (2) Budrfusif;y&rnf/ tpnf;ta0; ac:ydkifcGifhrSm
Ou|ESifh A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUom Sdonf/
yk'fr- (40) ta&;ay:A[dkumifpDtpnf;ta0;udk taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm ac:,lusif;yEkdifonf/ odkY&mwGif ac:,lydkif
cGifhrSm tcef; (6)? yk'fr (39) t&om ac:,lEkdifonf/
yk'rf - (41) A[dkaumifpD\ obmywdESifh tusKd;aqmifonf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ Ou|ESifh taxGaxGtxGif;
a&;rSL; toD;oD;jzpfap&rnf/
- 34 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
yk'fr- (42) A[dkaumifpDonf or*\0g'ESifh vkyfief;pOfudk jy|mef;Ekdifonf/ or*vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh ywfouf
A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUtm; pdppfEkdifonf/ TefMum;Edkifonf/
yk'rf - (43) A[dkaumifpDtzGJUonf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh rNyD;jywfEdkifaom jyem&yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf
&rnff/
yk'rf - (44) A[dkaumifpDtzGJUonf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if toD;oD;tm; tjypftavsmuf&mxl;rS ,m,Dxkwfy,f
jcif;? &yfqdkif;jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfydkifcGifh Sdonf/
yk'rf - (45) pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk ,m,DjyifqifjznfhpGwfjcif;ESifh ,m,Dxkwfy,fjcif;
rsm;udk A[dkaumifpDtzGJUu jyKvkyfydkifcGifhSdonf/
yk'fr- (46) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mOu| (odkYr[kwf) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm; vpfvyfcJhvQif A[dkaumifpDtzGJUu
yk*dKvftpm; aG;aumufwifajrmufcGifh Sdonf/
tcef; (7)
A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY
yk'rf - (47) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf A[dkaumifpDtzGJUrS vGJvQiftmPmtydkifqHk;jzpf or*\wm0ef0w&m;rsm;
ESihf ay:aygufvmaom or*EiS o
hf ufqikd o
f nfh jyem&yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;qH;k jzwfajzSi;f Ekid cf iG hf So
d nf/ vufatmufcH
or*rsm;\ vkyfief;&yfrsm;wGif yg0iftMuHPfay;jcif;? wdkufwGef;jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ vdktyfonfxifvQif
vHk;0wm0ef,l aqmifGufEkdifonf/
yk'rf - (48) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobifESifh A[dkaumifpDtzGJUrS vGJtyfaom udpt
&yf
&yfudk jzpfajrmufatmif aqmifGuf&ef tzGJUtaeESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? tzGJU0ifwOD;csif;taeESifhaomfvnf;aumif;
wm0efSdap&rnf/
yk'fr- (49) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf atmufazmfjyygtwdkif; jzpfap&rnf/
(1) Ou|
(2) 'k-Ou|
(3) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
(4) b@ma&;rSL;
(5) tjcm; (10) OD;xufrydkaom tvkyftrIaqmifrsm;/
yk'fr- (50) Ou|ESifh A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhEkdifiHa&; ygwD\ wm0efcHtvkyftrIaqmifrsm;
rjzpfap&/
yk'rf - (51) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUwGif yg0ifEkdif&ef or*0iftjzpf tenf;qHk; wESpfoufwrf;Sdolom jzpfap&rnf/
rSwcf su-f A[dkor*rS todtrSwfjyKxm;aom w&m;0ifonfh or*cGJrsm;wGif or*0iftjzpf tenf;qHk;wESpf yg0ifbl;
olrsm;udk qdkvdkonf/
yk'rf - (52) A[dt
k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ \ Ou|onf A[dt
k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ 0iftjzpf tenf;qH;k trIaqmif oufwrf;
ukefqHk;atmif aqmifGufzl;oljzpf&rnf/
yk'rf - (53) A[dt
k vkyt
f rIaqmif tzGUJ 0ifwOD;OD; Ekwx
f u
G cf ahJ omf (odUk r[kw)f xkwyf ,fjcif;cHc&hJ aomf? xdv
k pfvyfaom
trIaqmifae&mtwGuf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu ,m,DcefYxm;EkdifcGifh Sdonf/
- 35 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
yk'rf - (54) A[dt
k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ Ou|Ekwx
f u
G cf ahJ omf (odYk r[kw)f xkwyf ,fjcif;cHc&hJ aomf? Ekid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcH
obif\ oabmwlnDcsufjzifh? if;zGJUpnf;cJhaom A[dktvkyftrIaqmifrSm rysufbJ qufvuf w&m;0ifonf[k
,lq&rnf/
yk'rf - (55) A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*vkyfief;&yfrsm; wGifus,fap&eftwGuf tajctaet& XmecGJrsm;udk wdk;csJU
jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
yk'rf - (56) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*ESifhywfoufaom enf;Oya'kH;vkyfief;ESifh oufqdkifaomenf;Oya'
t&yf&yfudk owfrSwfydkifcGifhSdonf/
yk'rf -(57) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf A[dkor*twGuf taxGaxG0efxrf;rsm;cefYxm;jcif;? xkwfy,fjcif;? if;wdkY
twGuf axmufyHhaMu;aiGrsm; owfrSwfjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
yk'fr- (58) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*ydkifypnf;tm;vHk;udk wm0ef,l xdef;xdrf;apmifhaSmuf&rnf/
yk'rf - (59) A[dt
k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ onf or*vyk if ef;pOfrsm;twGuf pkaygif;acgif;aqmifrEI iS hf wGb
J ufwm0efcrH rI sm;
Sdap&rnf/
yk'rf - (60) A[dt
k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ tpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh &ufow (2) ywfvQif wBudru
f s pnf;a0;&rnf/
yk'rf - (61) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifwOD;OD;onf? A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUtpnf;ta0;ac:,l&ef vdktyfonf[k
xifjrifvQif tjcm;A[dktvkyftrIaqmif (5) OD;\ vufrSwfa&;xdk;axmufcHcsufudk Ou|xH wifoGif;vQif Ou|u
A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ txl;tpnf;ta0;udk ac:,l&rnf/
yk'rf - (62) tpnf;ta0;ac:,lyikd cf iG t
hf mPmSo
d rl sm;rSm Ou|ESihf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfonf/ odYk &mwGif trsm;\
oabmwlnDrISd&rnf/
yk'rf - (63) omreftpnf;ta0;ESifh txl;tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif tzGJU0ifOD;a&xuf0uf wufa&muf ta&;ay:tpnf;
ta0;rsm; Ou|yg0ifaom tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if (7) OD;wufa&mufvQif tpnf;ta0; jzpfajrmufonf/
yk'fr- (64) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhtcgrQ udk,fpm;vS,fapvGwf vnf;aumif;? pmjzifht
aMumif;Mum;vnf;aumif; qErJray;&/
yk'fr- (65) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*0if (9) OD;yg0ifaom twdkifyifcHtzGJUwckudk zGJUpnf; tMuHPf
rsm; ,l&rnf/
tcef; (8)
ckdifnDvmcHtpnf;ta0;
yk'fr- (66) ckdifnDvmcHtpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh wESpfvQif wBudrfus ac:,lusif;y&rnf/
yk'rf - (67) txl;ckdifnDvmcHudk taMumif;xl;vHkavmufrISdu ckdiftvkyftrIaqmifujzpfap ckdifaumifpDujzpfap
ac:,lEidk o
f nf/ xdYk tjyifoufqikd &f mckid rf S or*cJG OD;a&oH;k yHw
k yHu
k oabmwl ac:qdck iG ahf wmif;vQif ckid t
f vkyt
f rI
aqmiftzGJUu &ufow (2) ywfBudKwif taMumif;Mum; ac:qdk&rnf/
yk'fr- (68) ESpfywfvnfckdifnDvmcHudk EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif rusif;yrDtwGif; A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU
- 36 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
taxGaxG twGif;a&rSL;\ GefMum;csuft& ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu BuD;rSL; usif;yxm;ESifhNyD;jzpfap&rnf/
yk'rf - (69) Ekid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHoYkd wufa&mufrnfh ckid rf u
S ,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;udk ckid t
f vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ u owfrw
S f
xm;onfh OD;a&twdkif; aG;aumufxm;&rnf/
yk'fr- (70) ckdifnDvmcHodkY udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf wufa&mufEkdifolrsm;rSm(1) ukefqHk;onfhESpftwGuf ckdifaumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;
(2) ukefqHk;onfhESpftwGuf ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;
(3) A[dkaumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;jzpfaom ckdife,frS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(4) NrdKUe,for*ESifh NrdKUe,ftwGif;Sd or*cGJrsm;rS enf;vrf;wus aT;aumufapvTwfaom udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;
rSwcf su-f ckid n
f v
D mcHoUkd wufa&mufrnfu
h ,
kd pf m;vS,Of ;D a&udk ckid t
f vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ u owfrw
S yf ikd cf iG hf So
d nf/
yk'rf - (71) ckdifESpfywfvnfnDvmcHrS ckdifaumifpDudk zGJUpnf;rnf/ if;ckdifaumifpDwGif ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh
oufqdkif&mNrdKUe,f udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrS if;wdkYoabmus aT;aumufwifajrmufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifap&
rnf/ NrdKUe,fwckvQif ckdifaumifpD0if( 4) OD; aG;wifEkdifonf/
yk'fr- (72) txufygtwdkif; aG;aumufwifajrmufvdkufaom ckdifaumifpDtzGJUonf ckdifnDvmcHtwGuf tqdk
aG;aumfrwDvnf;jzpf\/
yk'fr- (73) ckdifnDvmcHtqdkaG;aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU Ou|u obmywdESifh
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;u tusKd;aqmiftoD;oD; jzpfap&rnf/
yk'rf - (74) ckid n
f v
D mcHwiG f ckid o
f r*EiS ahf omfvnf;aumif;? ckid o
f r*\ vkyif ef;rsm;ESiahf omfvnf;aumif;? ywfouf
aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jref;EkdifcGifhSdonf/ odkY&mwGif ar;vdkaomar;cGef;rsm;udk ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUodkY (7)
&ufBudKwif taMumif;Mum;xm;&rnf/
yk'fr- (75) ckdifnDvmcHwGif ckdifor*ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmudk ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu wifjy&rnf/
yk'fr- (76) ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUopfudk ckdifnDvmcHrS tcef; (16) t& aG;aumufwifajrmuf&rnf/
tcef; ( 9)
ckdifaumifpDtzGJY
yk'fr- (77) tcef; (8)? yk'fr (71) t& zGJUpnf;onfh ckdifaumifpDonf ckdifnDvmcHrS vGJvQif tmPmtydkifqHk;aom
tzGJUjzpfonf/
yk'fr- (78)
(u) ckdifaumifpDtpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh wESpfvQif (2 ) Budrfusif;y&rnf/
(c) ta&;ay: ckdifaumifpDtpnf;ta0;udk taMumif;xl; tvHktavmufSdygu ac:,lusif;yEkdifonf/
(*) tpnf;ta0;ac:ydkifcGifhrSm- Ou|ESifh A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUom Sdonf/
(C) ckdifaumifpDtzGJU\ obmywdESifh tusKd;aqmifonf ckdiftvkyftrIaqmif\ Ou|ESifh taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
toD;oD;jzpfap&rnf/
yk'rf - (79) ckdifaumifpDopf? ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh rNyD;jywfaom udp& yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf vkyfaqmif
&rnf/
- 37 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
yk'rf - (80) ckid af umifpo
D nf ckid t
f rIaqmiftzGUJ 0if toD;oD;tm;vnf;aumif;? or*0if toD;oD;tm;vnf;aumif;?
tjypftavsmuf &mxl;rS ,m,Dcsxm;jcif;? xkwfy,fjcif;? &yfqdkif;jcif;? or*tjzpfrS ,m,D&yfpJjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfydkifcGifh
Sdonf/
yk'rf - (81) ckdifaumifpDonf ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if wOD;OD;vpfvyfcJhaomf if;ae&mwGif yk*dKvftpm; cefYtyf
EkdifcGifhSdonf/
tcef; (10)
ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY
yk'rf - (82) ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrSm ckdifnDvmcHrS trsm;qEt&aG;aumufwifajrmufaom tzGJUjzpfap&rnf/
yk'fr- (83) ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfap&rnf/
(1) Ou|
(2) 'k-Ou|
(3) twGif;a&;rSL;
(4) b@ma&;rSL;
(5) tjcm; (12) OD;xufrydkaom trIaqmifrsm;
yk'fr- (84) ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf
(u) ckdifausmif;om;or*rsm;\ vkyfief;&yfrsm;wGif vHk;0wm0ef,l aqmifGuf&rnf/
(c) A[dt
k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ \ ckid af usmif;om;or*vyk if ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmifu
G af y;jcif;? tultnD
ay;jcif;ESifh vHk;0wm0ef,l acgif;aqmifjcif;rsm;udk vufcH&rnf/
(*) kH;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrS TefMum;aomvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmifGuf&rnf/
(C) or*cGJrsm;odkY A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrS ay;ydkYaomTefMum;vTmrsm;udk rdwLrsm;jyKvkyf or*odkY
jzefUcsd&rnf/
(i) or*\pm&if;tif;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk BudKwiftaMumif;Mum; ppfaq;Ekdifonf/
yk'fr-(85) ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*\vkyfief;t&yf&yfwGif yg0ifaqmifGufEkdifonf/ vdktyfygu vHk;0
wm0ef,l acgif;aqmifEkdifonf/
tcef; (11)
NrdKYe,fnDvmcHtzGJY
yk'fr- (86)
(u) NrdKUe,fnDvmcHtpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh wESpfvQifwBudrf ac:,lusif;y&rnf/
(c) NrdKUe,for*0ifrsm;\ oHk;yHkwyHku tpnf;ta0;ac:,l&ef awmif;qdkydkifcGifhSdonf/
yk'fr- (87) NrdKUe,fnDvmcHwGif atmufygyk*dKvfrsm; yg0ifap&rnf/
(u) ukefqHk;onfhESpftwGuf NrdKUe,faumifpDtzGJUrsm;
(c) ukefqHk;onfhESpftwGuf NrdKUe,ftvkyfrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;
(*) oufqdkif&mNrdKUe,frS ckdifaumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;
(C) NrdKUe,for*rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
yk'rf - (88) NrdKUe,for*\ ESpyf wfvnfnv
D mcHukd ckid n
f v
D mcH rusif;yrD NrdKUe,ftvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ \ qH;k jzwfcsuf
t&? twGif;a&;rSL;u ac:,lusif;y&rnf/
- 38 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
yk'fr- (89) NrdKUe,for*ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHwGif(1) NrdKUe,fnDvmcH wufa&mufrnfh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&udk NrdKUe,ftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu owfrSwf
ay;onfhtwdkif; jzpfap&rnf/
(2) NrdKUe,faumifpDtzGJUudk zGJUpnf;&rnf/ if;wGif nDvmcHwufa&mufaom or*cGJwdkif;rS udk,fpm;vS,f
(2) OD;uspDESifh NrdKUe,ftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU yg0ifap&rnf/
(3) NrdKUe,ftvkyfrIaqmiftzGJUudk trsm;qEt& aG;aumufwifajrmuf&rnf/
(4) nDvmcHwGif NrdKUe,for* ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmudk NrdKUe,ftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu wifjy&rnf/
(5) ckdifnDvmcHESifh EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHodkY wufa&mufrnfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk aG;cs,fxm;&rnf/
tcef; (12)
NrdKYe,faumifpDtzGJY
yk'fr- (90) tcef; (11) yk'fr (89) tydk'fi,f (2) t& zGJUpnf;aom NrdKUe,faumifpDonf NrdKUe,fnDvmcHrSvJTvQif
tmPmydkiftzGJUjzpfonf/
yk'fr- (91) NrdKUe,faumifpDtwGuf tcef; (9)? yk'fr (78)? tydk'fi,f (u? c? *? C)? yk'fr (79)? (80) ESifh (81)
rsm;uJhodkY vkyfaqmifEkdifonf/
tcef; (13)
NrdKYe,ftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY
yk'rf - (92) NrdKUe,ftvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ rSm NrdKUe,fnv
D mcHrS trsm;qEt& aG;aumufwifajrmufaom tzGUJ jzpf&rnf/
yk'fr- (93) NrdKUe,ftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUOD;a&rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfap&rnf/
(1) Ou|
(2) 'k-Ou|
(3) twGif;a&;rSL;
(4) b@ma&;rSL;
(5) tjcm; (8) OD;xufrydkaom trIaqmifrsm;
yk'fr- (94) NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUonf
(u) NrdKUe,for*vkyfief;&yfrsm;wGif vHk;0wm0ef,laqmifGuf&rnf/
(c) ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ NrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*vkyfief;&yfrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmifGufjcif;? tul
tnDay;jcif;ESifh vHk;0wm0ef,l aqmifGufjcif;rsm;udkvnf; cH&rnf/
(*) kH;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrS TefMum;aomvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmifGuf&rnf/
(C) or*cGJrsm;odkY ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrS ay;ydkYaom TefMum;vTmrsm;udk rdwLrsm;jyKvkyf or*cGJ
rsm;odkY jzefYcsd&rnf/
(i) or*cGJrsm;\ pm&if;tif;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk BudKwiftaMumif;Mum;cg ppfaq;Edkifonf/
(p) ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUodkY wvwBudrftpD&ifcHpmrsm; ay;ydkY&rnf/ tpD&ifcHpmwGif
(1) pnf;kH;rItiftm;
(2) vkyfief;pOft&yf&yf
(3) b@ma&;tajctaeESifh
(4) XmetoD;oD;rS tpD&ifcHpmrsm; yg0ifap&rnf/
yk'rf (95) NrdKUe,ftvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ pnf; vkyif ef;t&yf&yfwiG f yg0ifaqmifu
G Ef idk o
f nf/ vdt
k yfygu vH;k 0wm0ef,l
aqmifGufEkdifonf/
- 39 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
tcef; (14)
or*cGJnDvmcHtzGJY
yk'fr- (96) or*cGJnDvmcHudk or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJU\ qEt& ac:,lEkdifonf/ or*cGJrsm;rS or*0ifOD;a& oHk;yHk
wyHkuvnf; ac:,l&ef awmifqdkEkdifonf/
yk'fr- (97) or*cGJnDvmcHwGif atmufygyk*dKvfrsm; yg0ifap&rnf/
(u) or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJU
(c) NrdKUe,faumifpDwGif yg0ifaom oufqdkif&mor*rS aumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;
(*) twef;wm0efcHrsm;
(C) or*0ifrsm;/
yk'rf - (98) or*cJG ESpyf wfvnfnv
D mcHukd NrdKUe,fnv
D mcHrusif;yrD oufqikd &f mor*cJG trIaqmiftzGUJ \ qH;k jzwfcsuf
t& twGif;a&;rSL;u ac:,lusif;y&rnf/
yk'fr- (99) or*cGJ ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHwGif(1) NrdKUe,fESifhckdifnDvmcHrsm;odkY wufa&mufrnfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk aG;cs,f&rnf/
(2) or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUopfudk trsm;qEtwdkif; tcef; (17) t& aG;aumufwifajrmuf&rnf/
(3) or*cGJ ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmudk trIaqmiftzGJUu wifjy&rnf/
tcef;- (15)
or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJY
yk'rf - (100) ckid v
f ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHoYkd ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;apvTwaf om or*cw
JG ckonf NrdKUe,for*rw
S qifh ckid o
f r*
odkY qufoG,fxm;aom or*cGJjzpf&rnf/ xdkqufoG,fjcif;udk A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu todtrSwfjyKNyD;aomtcg
A[dkor*\w&m;0ifaom or*cGJwck jzpfvmonf/
yk'fr- (101) or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUrSm or*cGJnDvmcHtpnf;ta0;rS wifajrmufaomtzGJU jzpf&rnf/
yk'fr- (102) or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfap&rnf/
(1) Ou|
(2) 'k-Ou|
(3) twGif;a&;rSL;
(4) aiGxdef;
(5) tjcm; (5) OD;xufrydkaom trIaqmifrsm;
yk'fr- (103) or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUwGif twdkifyifcHrsm;? twef;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifap&rnf/ if;twef;
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk oufqdkif&mtwef;rS aG;aumufwifajrmufaom (odkYr[kwf) trnfwifoGif;aom twef;udk,f
pm;vS,frsm; jzpfap&rnf/
yk'rf - (104) or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUonf oufqdkif&mor*cGJSd or*0ifrsm;tm; or*XmecsKyf\ &nfG,fcsuf0g'ESifh
vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk em;vnfvdkufem aqmifGufap&ef wm0efSdonf/
yk'rf - (105) or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUonf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ TefMum;csufrsm;t& vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk aqmif
Guf&rnf/
yk'fr-(106) or*cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUonf- 40 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
(u) or*tcGJvkyfief;rsm;wGif wm0ef,laqmifGuf&rnf/
(c) NrdKUe,ftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrS or*vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmifGuf
jcif;? tultnDay;jcif;ESifh vHk;0wm0ef,laqmifGufjcif;rsm;udk vufcH&rnf/
yk'rf - (107) or*cGJ\ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk or*cGJtrIaqmifrS twGif;a&;rSL;onf Ou|\ vufrSwfjzifh NrdKUe,ftvkyf
trIaqmiftzGJUESifh NrdKUe,frSwqifh ckdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUodkY wvwBudrf ay;ydkY&rnf/
yk'fr- (108) or*cGJ trIaqmiftpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh &ufow (2) ywfvQif wBudrf usif;y&rnf/
tcef; (16)
or*b@ma&;
yk'rf - (109) or*ESifhXmecsKyf oufqdkifaom &efyHkaiGtm;vHk;udk or*XmecsKyftrnfjzifh A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu
aG;cs,faombPfwGif tyfESHxm;&rnf/
yk'fr- (110) or*cGJrsm;onf aumufcH&Sdaom ESpfpOfaMu;rsm;xJrS tcef; (2)? yk'fr (12)? tydk'fi,f (*) t&
oufqdkif&modkY qufaMu;ay;ydkY&rnf/
yk'fr- (111) or*cGJrsm;rS 0ifaiGtm;vHk;ESifh oD;oefYjy|mef;jcif; rSdaom tjcm;0ifaiGtm;vHk;udk omref&efyHkaiGxJodkY
xnfhoGif;&rnf/
yk'rf - (112) tvSLaiGrsm;?o'gaMu;rsm;? aiGw;kd rsm;ESihf ESppf OftoH;k p&dwrf S ydak omaiGrsm;teuf tenf;qH;k oH;k yHEk pS yf u
kH kd
oD;oefY&efyHkaiGtjzpf ajymif;vGJxm;&rnf/
yk'rf - (113) or*XmecsKyf\ kH;oHk;ypnf;rsm;? y&dabm*rsm; 0,f,ljcif;ESifh jyifqifjcif;rsm;rSty oD;oefY&efyHkaiGudk
A[dkaumifpDtzGJU? odkYr[kwf EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif\ qHk;jzwfcsufr&vQif roHk;&/
yk'rf - (114) Ekid if jH cm;odYk ynmawmfoif apvTwjf cif;? pHpk rf;Munfh aI &;tzGUJ rsm; apvTwjf cif;? ud,
k pf m;vS,f apvTwjf cif;
EkdifiHjcm;rS tzGJUtoD;oD;udk vufcHjcif;? taxGaxGtcrf;tem;ESifh {nfhcHjcif;wdkYtwGuf txl;&efyHkaiG jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
yk'fr- (115) ta&;BuD;aomudprsm; ay:aygufvmaomtcg ta&;ay:&efyHkaiGtjzpf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu
pDrH aumufcHEkdifonf/
yk'rf - (116) b@ma&;rSL;onf oD;oefY&efyakH iG wd;k yGm;apjcif;iSm tvSLaiGEiS hf o'gaMu;aiGrsm; pm&if;udk rdrpd m&if;t&
zGifhxm;Ekdifonf/
yk'fr- (117) or*XmecsKyf\ 0ifaiGtoHk;pm&if;rsm;udk ppfaq;&ef A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu oifhavQmfaomol
wOD;OD;udk pm&if;ppftjzpf cefYxm;&rnf/
yk'rf - (118) ESpfpOf EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcH rwdkifrD or*XmecsKyf\ 0ifaiGxGufaiGpm&if;rsm;udk pm&if;ppfu ppfaq;
&rnf/ ppfaq;NyD;aomtcg pm&if;rsm;udk pm&if;ppf\ tpD&ifcHpmESifhwuG EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif rwdkifrD
tenf;qHk; &ufowywf (2) ywf BudKwifNyD; A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUodkY b@ma&;rSL;u wifjy&rnf/ ESpfpOf
0ifaiGpm&if;Sif;wrf;ESifh pm&if;ppftpD&ifcHpmudk nDvmcHodkY wifjy&rnf/ b@ma&;tpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;&rnf/
yk'fr- (119) or*XmecsKyfxm;aom aiGpm&if;ESifh toHk;pm&if;rsm;udk 'k-Ou|u ppfaq;&rnf/
yk'rf - (120) or*&efyakH iG wd;k yGm;a&;twGuf b@ma&;rSL;onf jyZmwfyk f iS yf rJG sm;udk tvSLcHjcif;? uyGrJ sm;usif;yjcif;
- 41 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
ESifh o'gaMu;rsm; aumufcHjcif;udk or*rsm;onf oufqdkif&m NrdKUe,fckdifrsm;wGif aumufcHEkdifcGifh Sdonf/
tcef; (17)
aG;aumufyGJrsm;
yk'rf - (121) aG;aumufyGJrsm;udk or*rsm;\ tcsKyftcsm tmPmtydkifqHk;aom ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHrsm;wGif usif;y
&rnf/
yk'fr- (122)
(u) aG;aumufyGJrsm;udk tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ Ou|a[mif;rsm;u OD;pD;&rnf/ tu,f Ou|a[mif;onf jyef
vnf aG;cs,fcHvdkaomf (odkYr[kwf) aG;yGJwGif ysufuGufcJhaomf qdkif&mor*rS wm0efvTJtyfaom yk*dKvfu aG;
aumufyGJ wm0efcHt&mSdtjzpf aqmifGuf&rnf/
(c) or*cGJrsm;wGif qErJay; aG;aumufwifajrmufjcif;ESifh trnfwifoGif;jcif; ESpf&yfteuf or*cGJu vdkvm;aom
enf;pepft& aG;aumufyGJudk jyKvkyf&rnf/
yk'rf - (123) aG;aumufyGJwGif qErJpm&if;rsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;? rJpm&if;rsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;rSm aG;aumufyGJwm0efcH
t&mSd\ wm0efjzpfonf/
yk'rf - (124) aG;aumufyGJwm0efcH t&mSdonf aG;aumufyGJ usif;y&eftwGuf trIaqmif&mxl;vufrcHrnfh or*0if
(4) OD;udk orm"dvlBuD;rsm;tjzpf cefYxm;cGifhSdonf/
yk'fr- (125) aG;aumufyGJwGif vGwfvyfpGmESifh vQKdU0Suf wdkufkdufrJay;aom pepfudk toHk;jyK&rnf/
yk'fr- (126) qdkif&mor*odkY ay;tyf&efSdaom aMu;aiGt&yf&yfudk ajyvnfatmif ray;oGif;aomolrsm;onf
aG;aumufyGJwGif taG;cHEdkifcGifh? tqdkwifoGif;EkdifcGifh? axmufcHEdkifcGifhrsm; rSdap&/
yk'rf - (127) taG;cHvo
kd l or*0ifwOD;onf tenf;qH;k qdik &f m or*0ifEpS Of ;D \ axmufccH suEf iS hf aG;aumufyw
JG m0efcH
t&mSdxHodkY taG;cHEkdifcGifhavQmufvTm wifoGif;&rnf/
yk'fr- (128) taG;cHEkdifcGifhavQmufvTm wpHkwckonf pnf;rsOf;t&? jznfhpGuf&ef vdktyfaom ta&;BuD;onfh tcsuf
tvufrsm;wGif jznfhpGufjcif; ysufuGufcJhaomf if;avQmufvTmudk y,fcs&rnf/
yk'fr- (129) or*0ifwOD;vQif wm0efcH&mxl;ae&m qErJwckxuf ydkray;Ekdif/
yk'rf - (130) wm0efcHwOD;vQif wm0efcH&mxl;ae&m ta&twGufxufydk taG;cHolrsm;cJhvQif rJta&twGuf tenf;
trsm;tvdu
k f wm0efc&H mxl; aG;cs,f&rnf/ rJqEiS w
f OD;onf taG;cHrnfo
h l wOD;twGuf wrJomay; ydik cf iG hf o
dS nf/
yk'fr- (131) aG;aumufyGJtwGuf oD;oefYxm;aom qErJyHkpHpmGufrsm;udk aG;aumufyGJ wm0efcHt&mSdu xkwfa0
&rnf/
yk'fr- (132) rnfonfhrJqESifrS udk,fpm;vS,fvTwf vnf;aumif;? pmjzifhtaMumif;Mum; vnf;aumif;? if;\
qErJay;ydkifcGifh rSd/
yk'fr- (133) qErJpm&if;udk aG;aumufyGJaeYwGifyif wm0efcHt&mSdonf orm"dvlBuD;rsm; aSUarSmuf ppfaq;
a&wGuf aG;aumufwifajrmufjcif; cH&olrsm;\ trnfpm&if;udk tjrefqHk;aMunm&rnf/
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aemufqufwGJ (31)
yk'rf - (134) qErt
J a&twGuEf iS hf ywfouf rauseyfcv
hJ Qif aG;aumufyt
JG rIaqmifukd vnf;aumif;? aMujimNyD;csderf S
(40) em&DtwGif; rJqESif (21) OD;\qEjzifh rJpm&if;ta&twGufudk MunfhIppfaq;Ekdifonf/
tcef; (18)
aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm;
yk'rf - (135) aEGausmif;ydw&f ufrsm;twGi;f trIaqmif(3) OD;xufrenf; qdik &f mor*\ k;H pdu
k &f mNrdKUrsm; use&f pfcv
hJ Qif
if;wdkYrSm aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm; jzpfap&rnf/
yk'rf - (136) aEGausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; trIaqmif (3) OD;xufenf; qdkif&mor*\ kH;pdkuf&mNrdKUrsm; usef&pf
cJv
h Qif vuft
dS vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ u ausmif;ydw&f ufrwdik rf D or*0ifrsm;xJrS or*\wm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk xrf;Guf
Ekdifrnfh or*0if (3) OD;tm; aEG&moDwm0efcHtjzpf cefYxm;&rnf/
yk'rf - (137) qdkif&mtrIaqmiftzGJUonf aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm;\ trnfrsm;udk aG;cs,fNyD;onfESifh wNydKifeuf aMunm
&rnf/
yk'rf - (138) aEG&moDwm0efcrH sm;onf b@ma&;XmerSty trIaqmiftzGUJ \ aqmifu
G q
f v
J yk if ef;rsm;ESihf wm0efrsm;udk
vufcH&rnf/
yk'fr- (139) aEG&moDwm0efrsm;onf(u) trIaqmiftzGJUu vTJtyfaom wm0ef0w&m;rsm;ESifh kH;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmifGuf&efomjzpfonf/
(c) or*wckvHk;ESifhomqdkifaom vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk qHk;jzwfajzSif; aqmifGufydkifcGifh rSdap&/
yk'rf - (140) pnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (18)? yk'rf (139)? tyd'k if ,f (c) ESihf oufqikd af om ta&;rsm;ay:aygufvmcJah omf
aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm;onf trIaqmiftzGJUudk jyefvnfac:,l wm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk jyefvnftyfESif;&rnf/
yk'rf - (141) b@ma&;rSL;onf ausmif;ydw&f ufrsm;wGif qdik &f mNrdKUrScd ahJ omf tvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ rS oabmwlncD suf
udk &,l oifhavsmf ,HkMunfpdwfcs&aom trIaqmifwOD;OD;udk aEG&moDwm0efcHtjzpf cefYxm;cJhNyD;vQif rdrdwm0ef
0w&m;rsm;udk vTJtyfcJh&rnf/
yk'rf - (142) ausmif;jyefzGifh trIaqmifa[mif;rsm; jyefvnfa&mufSdaomtcg aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm;u or*wm0ef
0w&m;rsm;udk jyefvnftyfESif;&rnf/
tcef; (19)
enf;Oya'ESifU bdkifavmrsm;
yk'fr- (143) or*tkyfcsKyfyHk pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk rlwnf if;Oya'ESifh bdkifavmrsm;udk or*toD;oD;wdkY usifhoHk;
aqmifGufEkdifcGifhESifh usifhxHk;wdkY twlwljzpfapEdkif&eftwGuf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu jy|mef;Ekdifonf/
yk'fr- (144) enf;Oya'udk jy|mef;&mwGifvnf;aumif;? jyifqif&mwGifvnf;aumif;? jznfhpGuf&mwGifvnf;aumif;?
xkwfy,f&mwGifvnf;aumif; EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobifuom jyKvkyfEkdifonf/
yk'fr- (145) enf;Oya'udk ,m,Djy|mef;jcif;? ,m,DjznfhpGuf xkwfy,fjcif;rsm;udk A[dkaumifpDu jyKvkyfydkifcGifh
tmPmrsm;Sdonf/
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aemufqufwGJ (31)
ordkif;0ifpmGufpmwrf;rsm;
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No. BC/3/57
10 January 1957
Dear Friend,
In accordance with the suggestions made at the Regional
Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations held in Colombo
that more material relating to the United Nations should be
made available in national languages, we are commencing
production of radio programmes in Burmese. The attached press
release will give you full information on this.
Yours sincerely,
Eugenio Soler-Alonso
DIRECTOR
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The President,
University of Rangoon Students Union,
Rangoon.
Dear Sir,
The University of Malaya Historical Society is making a
Goodwill and study Tour of Burma between July and August this
year. The party comprising thirty students, including three
ladies, will leave for Rangoon on July 6th. They will return
from Rangoon on Aug. 7th after a months tour of the country.
Thus far we have been in touch with members of the staff
of the University of Rangoon who are helping us with our
arrangements, in particular Dr. Kyaw Thet of the Dept. of Far
Eastern History. We have also written to Dr. Ba Nyunt.
As one of the objects of this tour is to foster goodwill
and understanding among students of different nationalities
it is our hope that you will assist us meet students
informally beside the help you could give us as one student
organisation to another.
At this stage we are faced with the problem of finding
accommodation for the duration of our stay in Rangoon (July 9
to July 13; Aug 5 to Aug 7). I have been asked to write to
you by the Consul of the Union of Burma in Singapore
regarding this. He is also making other necessary
arrangements through the Burmese Foreign Office.
I would much appreciate it therefore, if you could
suggest suitable alternative accommodation since I have been
informed that the University hostels will be fully occupied
at that time. As regards accommodation at the other towns on
our itinerary, I have written to the Director of Public
Instruction.
I enclose herewith the tentative itinerary of our tour;
dates of arrival and departure given are only approximate. I
must before closing
rSwfcsuf- rl&if;pmom;rsm;udk rlvtwdkif; jyefvnfdkufESdyfazmfjyonf/
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-2-
Yours Faithfully,
(K. RAMANUJAM)
Hon. Secretary
Historical Society
University of Malaya
c.c. to
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Enclosure
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....
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to take over by granting loans to the refugees on the same terms as those
being for our own students.
(NSS)
U N I O N
O F
S O U T H
A F R A I C A
The National Union of South Africa Students issued the following statement
to the press on 13 November, 1956.
The Nation Union of South Africa has been following with anxiety the recent
events in Hungary.
It has come to our attention that course of the disturbances, students
actively engaged in the struggle for their freedom and that of their
universities have been made to suffer grievously as a result of military
and police action.
The National Union has for some time been of the opinion that all students
living in the totalitarian countries of Eastern Europe have been deprived
of fundamental academic freedom and the most elementary of student rights.
The view has been confirm by statement from leading academicians and
student leaders in Hungary by a call which we received from the staff of
the University of Szged.
It is a matter for deep regret that it has now become apparent that the
efforts of the students have been of no avail, and that their determined
actions have been taken at so great a cost.
The above statement was circulated to Students Representative Councils in
South Africa with a request from the NUSAS President, E.K. Wentzel, and
Vice President for International Relations, J. Ruban. to assist those
students who suffered as a result of military bombardment and police
actions. NUSAS asked that students donate to cash sums which may be used
by those distributing relief in whatever manner is most necessary.
(NUSAS)
W E S T
I N D I E S
The Guild of Undergraduates of the College of the West Indies issued the
following statement on November 9, 1956:
The Guild of Undergraduates wishes to express its sincerest sympathy and
complete solidarity with the students of Hungary in your fight to secure
our legitimate rights.
We believe that student have the right to establish and organise democratic
student government empowered to act within its constitution, without any
control of interference from the state. We believe in the autonomy of
Universities as centers of learning and research where enquiry for knowledge
can be pursued in an atmosphere of academic freedom, of students right to
express opinion on the development of their country and to obtain an
education in keeping with their aptitudes and interests.
It is our fervent hope that suppression of students will cease immediately,
your demands will be satisfied, and your former rights restored. We are
fully prepared to give you any possible form of assistance, and will in the
meanwhile give extensive publicity in our country to your struggle. We
shall be pleased to receive any further information you can offer.
(Guild of Undergraduates)
rSwfcsuf- rl&if;pmom;rsm;udk rlvtwdkif; jyefvnfdkufESdyfazmfjyonf/
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COORDINATION COMMITTEE
International Relief for Hungarian Students
PROGRESS REPORT
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2.
3.
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- 3 and which had been so far denied them. They proved to Communists that
no propaganda whatsoever quench the thirst for freedom.
Following the example of the university youth in Szeged, one by
one, students in Budapest and elsewhere withdrew from membership of
the DISZ and formed the MEFESZ (Union of Hungarian University and
other tertiary students). This organisation was no longer to act as
the mouthpiece of Communism but to take up the interests of young
people at universities.
Events then moved quickly:
22 October: The students agree to approach the government and
organise a silent demonstration for 23 October. That night they paste
leaflets listing their demands on house walls in Budapest.
23 October: Groups loiter in the streets reading the students
declarations. Murmurs of approval are heard from the crowd.
The demonstration is scheduled for 2 p.m. At 1p.m. the Minister
of Internal Affairs withdrawn permission. Students send a deputation
to Broadcasting House and call upon the Minister of the Interior to
withdraw his statement. At 2 p.m. the Minister gives permission for
the demonstration. Thousands of students now make their way along
both sides of the Danube to Bem Joseph square situated in Buda. Here
the two processions meet, those from Pest passing through the inner
city. Along the route people everywhere raise the Hungarian flag. At
Bem joseph square, the students demand the Kossuth emblem and
soldiers of the army barracks standing in this square bring it out,
asking the crowd for cockades and joining the students to walk back
with them to Pest and the Parliamentary building. Meanwhile the
slogans of the crowd become more and more radical in character. The
most popular is Down with Ger ( Gero was then Prime Minister).
The crowd become denser and denser until it is 60 - 70,000
strong as it reaches the Parliamentary building. As leader of the
crowd, we first talk to them; then we demand that Imre Nagy talk,
since the masses have previously insisted he should be the leader of
the country. Students are promised their demands will be fulfilled
and it is declared on behalf of the government that Ger will give a
radio-speech. At 8p.m. Ger denounce us in his broadcast as fascist
hands and threatens punishment. At that moment Russian tanks are
already on their way to Budapest. Gers speech fill the people with
rage and they march along Stalin Road towards Stalin square to
destroy the Stalin monument. Another crowd makes its way towards
Broadcasting House to announce its 15 point proclamation. While the
crowd in Stalin square pulls down the
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- 4 statue, these in Broadcasting House fire the first shot. And the
students demand printing of their 15 points the AVO (secret police)
open fire on them. This firing marks the beginning of the revolution,
and with arms obtained from the soldiers, students besiege
Broadcasting House. As soon as the crowds gathered on Stalin square
learn of the shooting, they disarm all soldiers in town and march to
the army barracks where the soldiers hand them arms.
This fact was also of prime importance. The police and the
armed forces whose task it was to protect the government, sided with
the people, and after all they were of the people. That night,
fighting started in Budapest. At first the army remained passive but
when Soviet tanks appeared the next day, they openly sided with the
people and began a fight of life or death.
The Soviet troops were supported by the AVO whose members have
even less regard for human life than the Russians, but I shall not
digress here is details have been given in the newspapers. Every
person who possessed arms or could obtain them, took part in the
fighting - soldiers, civilians, women and even children. To replenish
their ammunition the AVO use ambulances car to obtain protection and
then even fired at the ambulance personnel. Doctors were fired upon
and the streets littered with dead bodies and hospital packed so that
wounded lay on the floors. In the street, people queuing for bread
were fired upon with machine-guns and artillery. The peoples
ammunition was running out, but in spite of this, the revolution was
approaching a victorious end.
The government changed and Imre Nagy became Prime Minister
taking the place of Ger in the Cabinet. New people filled
ministerial seats and among them the despicable traitor Jnos Kdr
who had been a political prisoners under the Rakosi regime.
The government asked the Russians to withdraw their troops from
Budapest. Revolutionary committees were being formed and power was
now in their hands.
In the town itself there was chaos . A number of revolutionary
committees were at wars, the most powerful of which was the committee
of Hungarian intellectuals and it was this committee which had the
greatest influence over the population. Gradually the fighting
stopped, though here and there it continued against small scattered
groups of the AVO. Complete victory was nearly ours when the
insidious Russian intervention began.
Pretending to secure the withdrawal of Russian troops, they
occupied commune then lines between Budapest and Zahony. They
occupied the
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- 5 airfields and all the other important points. Soviet tanks poured in
from Rumania, until a threefold ring encircled Budapest. The Soviet
attacked on 3 November.
It was historys most treacherous attack against a handful of
people fighting for their freedom in the middle of Europe.
The Soviet troops had a crushing superiority over the poorly
equipped Hungarian army. You all knew the rest.
Hungary has become one huge battlefield. There is ruin and
annihilation everywhere yet the people continue still their desperate
fight and will continue as long as they have weapons.
But rather let us consider what this revolution has taught us,
as it will be important for all countries and also for members of the
Communist Party in these countries.
In the first place, Communist policy has dropped its veil and
shown its real face. Soviet propaganda which has always been shouting
for peace and denouncing imperialism has not refrained from
insidiously attacking a small nation engaged in desperate fight for
its freedom. This must discredit the Soviet for ever in the eyes of
the world. Of added significance also is the fact that in the cases
of Korea and Vietnam, the Soviet Union declared the break-down of
capitalism had started when these countries broke the chain of
capitalistic oppression; but here we are with a country in the very
centre of Europe which wishes to break away from the Communist chain
after 12 years of propaganda. If the revolution successes, it will
serve as an example for all other democracies as well, for there have
been demonstrations in Rumania too. And to use the Soviet Unions own
phraseology: thus also the collapse of Communism has made a
beginning.
It was only to be expected for nations have always wanted
freedom and stills want it today, you will always want it even in the
face of oppression. And sooner or later, the world will have to
submit to the will of the millions of people fighting for their
freedom.
Hungary is not lost and shall not be lost, however small it may
be compared to the Soviet Union, for it has found many friends
throughout the world, such friends as sympathise with the fate of
this small Hungarian nation, still fighting for its freedom.
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N 2
N 3
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John M. Thompson
Administrative Secretary
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PROFESSIONAL MEETINGS
There are the subjects proposed discussion in the meetings
between young people during the festival in Moscow.
Miners
- Working conditions, safety measures and ways of
safeguarding the health of young miners.
Farmers
- Possibility for young farmers to have their own farms
and the conditions for making them paying enterprises,
Exchange of experience on farming.
Dockers
- Protection of the labour of young dockers during
handing operations. Professional training, full
employment and permanent salaries for young dockers.
Electrical Engineer and Power Industry
- Conditions for the training and improvement of young
workers in the electrical engineering and power
industry.
Food Industry
- Mechanization and intensification of labour in the
food industry and the position of young workers.
Working conditions and health protection.
Building Workers
- Professional training.
- Mechanization in building and problems facing the
young builders.
Railwaymen
- Intensification of labour and working conditions.
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..........
The Conference also:
..........
b
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Secretariat
All China Federation of Democratic Youth
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TO:
USNSA has made three full mailings to its member-school student body
presidents on the recent Hungarian crisis. What began as a sympathetic response
to Hungarian student demands for freedom has turned toward solving immediate
needs of refugee students who have fled from Hungary. But the original cause - the
cause for which Hungarian students have brought so much responsibility upon
themselves - has not been forgotten by U.S. students. U.S. students marked the
significance of Hungarian students in this revolt and their reasons for organizing
and fighting; U.S. students have regarded the Hungarian events not as an uprising
against one regime but lasted as a quest for freedom embodying the aspirations of
students of students throughout the world.
The second of our domestic mailings - that of 6 November - was sent in
similar form to overseas addresses. Here we will bring up-to-date our reporting
of the whole Hungarian situation.
I. HUNGARIAN STUDENT TOURS U.S COLLEGES UNDER USNSA PROGRAM
What part did Hungarian students play in the revolt? How was it that
University of Budapest and University of Sopron students organized independently
but at the same time, without corresponding or agreeing to organize? How was it
that Soviet soldiers had been variously informed that they were being sent to Suez
or to protect Hungary against Western invaders? How did the Sopron students
first formulate their demands and then turn to military action when Soviet
soldiers were ordered to break the revolt?
Istvan Lazlo, elected leader of the students of the University of Sopron
on 23 October, came to the U.S. on November 5 as a member of the mission to the
UN of Mrs. Anna Kethy, Minister of State without portfolio of the Imrc Nagy
government. When USNSA found that he was here, we endeavored to give him the
opportunity of speaking to college and university audience, the group to which he
thought the most important the Hungarian student plight be explained. In his
talks since October 18 he has explained some of the questions which we have stated
above.
USNSA has organized for Laszlo a tour of colleges and universities throughout
the U.S. We feel that it is important that the quest of Hungarian students for
freedom be explained, that their circumstances be described, and that the events
of the short-lived revolt be elaborated. By understanding this one instance in
which the Universities were oppressed, matriculation made dependent upon criteria
other than ability and effort, and limitations placed on personal freedom of
inquiry and expression, U.S. students can gain a better understanding of their
own freedom perhaps too often taken for granted.
Funds collected at meetings at which Istvan appears are to be given through
USNSA, at his request, to the COSEC WUS Austrian (NUS coordinating committee for
international Hungarian students relief In Vienna and to the Hungarian student
committee now being formed by elected representatives of the refugee students
centers in Austria.
rSwfcsuf- rl&if;pmom;rsm;udk rlvtwdkif; jyefvnfdkufESdyfazmfjyonf/
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FA6/19
WORLDSTUD NY
LEAST 1200 HUNGARIAN REFUGEE STUDENTS INCLUDING MANY FORMER POLITICAL PRISONERS
HAVE FLED TO AUSTRIA MINUS BELONGINGS STOP HUNDREDS MORE EXPECTED IN FACE BRUTAL
SOVIET DEPORTATIONS STOP ALL IVE MET PARTCIPATED IN STUDENT INSPIRED NATIONAL
REVOLUTION STOP SHOW GREAT COURAGE AMAZING DEVOTION AND UNDERSTANDING DEMOCRATIC
IDEALS AND DETERMINATION RECOMMENCE CONSTRUCTIVE LIVES STOP EUROPEAN STUDENT
GROUPS PROVIDING MAGNANIMOUS ASSISTANCE BUT LARGE SCALE AMERICAN STUDENT HELP IS
ESSENTIAL STOP ON 11/16 INTERNATIONAL STUDENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE SUPPORTED
BY WUS AND USNSA ESTABLISHED SPECIAL HOSTEL 300 STUDENT REFUGEES FOR NEXT THREE
MONTHS STOP TREMENDOUS STEP FORWARD IN HANDLING STUDENT PROBLEM BUT STILL SHORT
RANGE NEED MONEY FOR MAINTENANCE HOSTEL ALSO TRANSPORTATION CLOTHING MISCELLANEOUS
EFFECTS BOOKS INSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND PERSONNEL STOP LONG RANGE NEED ASSIST
RESETTLEMENT FILL OUT GAPS EUROPEAN SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMS PROVIDE EDUCATIONAL
FACILITIES ALL TYPES TO UNIVERSITY OF SOPRON NOW REESTABLISHING SELF NEAR
SALZBURG STOP NO POSSIBLITIES YET ENSURE CORRECT DISTRIBUTION STUDENT RELIEF IN
HUNGARY BUT ARE INVESTIGATING STOP HUNGARIAN STUDENTS LOOK TO AMERICA FOR AID AND
MORAL SUPPORT STOP HOPE WE WONT LET THEM DOWN STOP WE REQUEST SPEEDY INFORMATION
ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS DATES FOR REFUGEES INTO SCHOOL OFFERING SCHOLARSHIPS
ESPECIALLY MEDICINE ENGINEERING EG ANY EMERGENCY SIMPLIFICATIONS STOP OUR SUGGESTION
HAVE REFUGEES WORK ONE YEAR LEARN LANGUAGE THEN STUDY SINCE FEW BETTER THAN BROKEN
ENGLISH REGINA VIENNA MONAY PLEASE INFORM LARKIN
CLIVE
(4) BB287 B CDW051 314/311 1/50 PD INTL CD WIEN VIA MACKAY 23 1925 LT
(23 November)
NATSTUD CAMBRIGE (MASS)
NOW ORGANIZED 800 STUDENTS WEST AUSTRIA AND COMMITTEE FORMED ON BASIS REPRESENTATION
MOST REFUGEE STUDENT CENTERS BY MIDDLE NEXT WEEK STOP SOPRON STUDENTS CONCERNED
ABOUT LASZLO ABSENCE BUT THEY SAY OK ON 3 WEEKS US TRAVEL PROVIDED HE WRITES THEM
rSwfcsuf- rl&if;pmom;rsm;udk rlvtwdkif; jyefvnfdkufESdyfazmfjyonf/ - 103 -
1,850.00
587.00
1,000.00
6,000.00
898.00
500.00
2,156.00
1,000.00
576.00
1,664.00
570.00
1,000.00
500.00
500.00
6,000.00
2,000.00
1,313.00
500.00
- 104 -
- 4 495.00
3,000.00
2,000.00
World University Service National Office, 20 West 40th Street, N. Y. 18, N.Y.
WUS Regional Offices:
1145 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts
1001 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia 7, Pennsylvania
13 Auburn Avenue, Atlanta 3, Georgia
19 South La Salle Street, Chicago 3, Illinois
3012 Maple Avenue, Dallas 4, Texas
715 South hope Street, Los Angeles 17, California
813 S.W. 6th Avenue,
Portland 4, Oregon
Schools which have not done so are encourage to undertake emergency
fund drives for Hungarian student relief. For assistance contact a WUS
regional office at address at above.
In summary, U.S. schools may follow one of these courses:
(1) Raise funds, sending to USNSA for transmission to indicated point or
for use our Judgment, for relief or other purposes; USNSA may transfer
to WUS,
(2) Raise funds, sending to WUS or NFCCS, especially if moneys not
earmarked for administration, Hungarian committee, ect.
(3) Contact WUS regarding scholarship needs; obtain guarantee of tuition
from administration and provide funds to cover other needs; you may
communicate either to WUS or to USNS: on this matter.
(4) Continue to consider moral support of Hungarian students and
implications for freedom which their actions involved; but translation
of these sentiments to action most basis present need.
IV. USNSA CABLE
On 18 November USNSA sent the following two cables protesting widely
reported deportation of Hungarian students:
PRESIDENT DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, WHIT HOUSE, WASHINGTON D.C.
USNSA PEPRESENTING 710,000 STUDENTS AND 311 COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES URGES
IMMEDIATE CLARIFICATION POSITION OF US GOVERMENT WITH RESPECT TO SOVIET DEPORTATION
OF HUNGARIAN STUDENTS STOP US GOVERNMENT MUST TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION PROPER
EXERCISE OF MORAL POSITION THROUGH EFFECTIVE MECHANISMS STOP US STUDENTS MORE
EFFECTIVE UNITED URGING FREEDOM AND SAFETY OF HUNGARIAN STUDENTS THAN ANY PRIOR
STUDENT QUESTION STOP PLEASE REPLY USNSA THE MT AUBURN STREET CAMBRIDGE MASS
BRUCE LARKIN INTERNATIONAL VICE PRESENT
HARALD BAKKEN PRESENT
TO
USNSA REPRESENT ING 710,000 STUDENTS AND 311 COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES URGENTLY
AND VEHEMENTLY PROTESTS DEPORATION OF HUNGARIAN STUDENTS FROM HUNGARY BY SOVIET
rSwfcsuf- rl&if;pmom;rsm;udk rlvtwdkif; jyefvnfdkufESdyfazmfjyonf/ - 105 -
- 5 FORCES STOP EARIER REPORTS OF SOVIET OPPRESSION TELL TERRIBLE STORIES STOP
DEPORTATION EVEN MORE SCRRIFYING TO DEGREE ALMOST BEYOND COMPREHENSION! STOP
INSIST YOUR ORGANIZATION TAKE STAND BEFORE WORLD STOP SITUATION CRITICAL STOP
FAILURE TO ACT LEADS INEVITABLY AND JUSTIFIABLY TO COMPLETE ABSENCE OF TRUST AND
CONFIDENCE EITHER IN HUMANITY OF SOVIET STUDENTS OR REPRSENTATIVITY OF YOUR
ORGANIZATION STOP REPLY IMMEDIATELY NATSTUD CAMBRIDGE MASS
HARALD BAKKEN PRESENT
BRUCE LARKIN INTERNATIONAL VICE PRESENT
The following cable was sent to Eastern European national student organization:
US NATIOAL STUDENT ASSOCIATION REPRESENTING 710,000 US STUDENTS IN 311 COLLEGES
AND UNIVERSITIES CALLS ON YOUR ORANIZATION TO EXERT INFLUENCE IN BRINGING TO
HALT THE DEPORTATION OF HUNGARIAN STUDENTS FROM HUNGARY BY SOVIET TROOS STOP ALSO
REQUEST YOU QUESTION IUS STATEMENT REGARDING HUNGARIAN SITUTATION AS BEING
INCOMPLETE HYPOCRITICAL AND POLITICAL STOP FAILURE TO APPLY STATED PRINCIPLES
WOULD SUGGEST TO WORLD STUDENT COMMUNITY THAT YOUR ORGANIZATION NOT REPRESNTATIVE
PRESIDENT BAKKEN
VICE PRESIDENT BAKKEN
USNSA
28 November 1956
V
.COMMENTS
U.S. students have shown marked concern about these recent events. Students
courses in Hungarian universities have been disrupted; many students have chosen
to leave Hungary; the Hungarian Universities themselves were interrupted; Hungarian
students lack material necessities to study (although present reporters are that
distribution of funds in Hungary itself cannot be properly guaranteed and
administered).
But we wish to emphasize again that other cases of university suppression
and restriction of freedom exist and will be brought to our attention from time
to time. Perhaps they will not be so dramatic - they probably wont be. There
wont be so many newspaper headlines. Students alone may be concerned, not the
immediate fate of an entire country. But when that happens - as it may happen when
apartheid legislation is introduced into the parliament of the Union of South
Africa to segregate the open universities - anticipated for January - students
concern should be just as great as it has been in this crisis. Perhaps in other
cases money will not be involved, but rather legitimates and reasonable pressure
exerted from a strong moral position .Whatever form it takes, let us be aware
when it happens that the principle we follow is very much like the principle we
have worked from during these last few hectic weeks. The stakes are just as large.
USNSA wishes to thank the national unions and member schools which have
sent us their reactions, comment, and word of their doings.
We would like to hear from you soon.
Sincerely,
Bruce D. Larkin
International Vice-President
- 106 -
- 107 -
(35) "rom&
(36) armifoefYpif (a';'&J)
(37) ausmfGefYrdk;
(38) armifxGef;oGif
(39) zsmykHpkd;
(40) rEav;ta&;awmfykH
(41) ocifpdefckd (vufa&;rl)
(42) ukdukd
(43) ukdukd (vufa&;rl)
(44) atmifqef;
(45) b[def;
(46) okyPu
- AkdvfatmifausmfeJYtwl qEjycJhonfhaeYu
- ausmif;om;wkdYaoG;ajruscJhpOfu
- Akdvfatmifausmfukd,fwkdifa&;cJhaom pmwpfyk'f
- cGyfa'gif;tvHatmufrSwkdufyGJ0ifcJhol
- atmifausmfpmay
- aejynfawmfvGwfvyfa&;
- avmifawmrJhta&;awmfykH&JU c&D;wpfaxmuf
- pmrwwfolyaysmufa&;rS NAdwdoQe,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;
- aqmif;yg;
- avmu0d[m&
- qif;&Jom;ypnf;rJhrsm;ESifhausmif;om;rsm;
- "rESifht"r
('kwd,wJG)
(1) ppfukdif;[efwif
- pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm; (1-2-3)
(2) ppfukdif;[efwiff
- jrefrmEkdifiHawmfrSwfwrf; (1-2-3)
(3) ppfukdif;[efwif
- jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;okdY (1-2-3)
(4) &JabmfvSrsdK;
- orkdif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;
(5) a'gufwmoef;xGef;
- e,fvSnfh&mZ0if (y-'k-w)
(6) a'gufwmoef;xGef;
- acwfopf&mZ0if (y-'k-w)
(7) jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;
- twGJ (1) rS twGJ (15)
(8) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; tESpfcsKyfrsm;
- 1987 rS 1995
(9) &efukefwuokdvf aT&wkpmapmif (ESpf 50) - twGJ (1)
(10) &efukefwuokdvf aT&wkpmapmif (ESpf 50) - twGJ (2)
(11) &efukefwuokdvf ESpf (50)
- (1920-70)
(12) &efukefwuokdvf pdef&wkpmapmif (75 ESpf) - twGJ (1)
(13) rdk;BudK;? Armhacwf? aMu;rHk owif;pmrsm; - 1945-1962
(14) tkd;a0*sme,frsm;
- &efukefwuokdvforkdif; (1920-70)
(15) tkd;a0r*Zif;
- 1947-48 rS 1960-61
(16) tkd;a0pmapmif aT&wkobif txl;xkwf
(17) tkd;a0 twGJ (1)? trSwf (5)
(18) tkd;a0 twGJ (1)? trSwf (7)
(19) tkd;a0 twGJ (5)? trSwf (1)
(20) The University Student's Union Magazine Vol: (2) -No: (1)
(21) The University Student's Union Magazine Vol: (4) -No: (1)
(22) The University Student's Union Magazine Vol: (4) -No: (5)
(23) aTwl*sme,frsm;
(24) rsKd;GefYr*Zif;rsm;
- c -
(25) Aef;armfwifatmif
(26) Aef;armfwifatmif
(27) wkdYArmtpnf;tkH;ordkif; jyKpka&;tzGJU
(28) wkdYArmtpnf;tkH;ordkif; jyKpka&;tzGJU
(29) OD;av;armif
(30) OD;av;armif
(31) orkdif;jzpf&yfrSef jyKpka&;tzGJU
(32) orkdif;jzpf&yfrSef jyKpka&;tzGJU
(33) &Jabmfaeatmif
(34) &Jabmfaeatmif
(35) wifxGef;atmif (jrefrmhtvif;)
(36) OD;atmifodef;[ef (0dZm-*kPfxl;)
(37) AkdvfcsKyfrdefYcGef;rsm;
(38) OD;ykav;
(39) okawoDjrifhxGef;
(40) wuodkvfae0if;
(41) atmifoef;
(42) atmifoef;
(43) pkaygif;
(44) tnMw&Jabmf
(45) arjrdKUcspfaqG
(46) wifpkd; (abm**kPf)
(47) AkdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
(48) jrwfarmf
(49) odef;azjrifh
(50) odef;azjrifh
(51) odef;azjrifh
(52) odef;azjrifh
(53) vSuGefY
(54) vSuGefY
(55) ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;
(56) vlxka':trm
(57) 0d"l&ocifcspfarmif
(58) armifwifaT
(59) wkdufpkd;
(60) OD;bOD; (bDat)
(61) OD;zkd;usm;
(62) wwd,tBudrf AuouGefz&ifh (ykodrf)
- jreffrmEkdifiHorkdif;
- ukdvkdeDacwf jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;
- wkdYArmtpnf;tkH; orkdif; (y)
- wkdYArmtpnf;tkH; orkdif; ('k)
- jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif; (y)
- jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif; ('k)
- jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif; (y^ 1958-62)
- jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif; ('k^ 1958-62)
- e,fcsJUtusOf;om; (y)
- e,fcsJUtusOf;om; ('k)
- jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ESifh ocifbabmif;
- jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;opf
- igwkdYAkdvfcsKyf bmvkyfcJhoenf; (y-'k-w)
- AkdvfcsKyftrGdKifokdYc&D;pOf
- AkdvfcsKyftrSwfw&
- atmifqef;
- atmifqef;rdom;pk
- AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; twKywd
- arhaysmufr&aom atmifqef;
- jynfolcspfaom AkdvfcsKyf
- AkdvfcsKyf\ pD;yGm;a&; tjrif
- Armhpdefac:oH
- AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef; EkdifiHa&;pD;yGm;a&;tjrif
- awmfvSefa&;umv EkdifiHa&;tawGYtMuHKrsm;
- taSUuae0ef;xGufonfhyrm
- ausmfjidrf;
- oydwfarSmufausmif;om;
- az-yk-Sdef
- MuHawmuajymaomorkdif;
- bGdKif;aumuf#Dum
- q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;
- urmhvSnfhocifukd,fawmfrIdif;
- ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; olYpm? olYb0
- trsKd;om;ynm0efOD;zkd;usm;
- trsKd;om;aeYjzpfay:vmykH &mZ0if
- trsKd;om;aeY&mZ0if tusOf;csKyf
- ukdatmifqef;rdefYcGef;
- 8 -
(63) rEav;ta&;awmfykHrSwfwrf;
(64) jrbl;aumfrwD\tpD&ifcHpmESifhywfouf AuorScefYxm;tyfaom wuokdvfjyifqifa&;aumfrwDrSwfwrf;
(65) taSUOa&myArmausmif;om;rsm;aumfrwD - cGyfa'gif;pmapmif (1952)
(66) ppfukdif;[efwif
- vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;okdY
(67) ocifcspfarmif
- EkdifiHa&;a0zefcsufrsm;
(68) ocifAarmif
- 0HomEkta&;awmfykH
(69) wuokdvfpdefwif
- jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJESifh ocifApdef
(70) aTaoG;
- pdefrSefuif;tppf xif;jzpfcJhpOfu
(71) wkdufpkd;
- *sLAvDa[mjrifuGif;
(72) ausmfatmif
- or*tvHawmfatmuf0,f
(73) pHatmif
- nDGwfa&;\ta&;awmfykH
(74) aZ,smarmif
- puLjzLjyZmwf (c) ArmhEkdifiHa&;tajcae
(75) udktHhausmf
- 1980 ckESpf? r[m0dZmbJGU,lpmwrf;
(76) 0if;armifoef;
- ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHk
(77) udkpdk;odrf;\ vufESdyfpufdkuf udk,fa&;&mZ0if
(78) cGyfa'gif;pmpOf (rwuo - 7 &uf? Zlvdkif)
(79) rsKd;cspfjynfolUygvDrefygwD (1^90)
(80) General Aung San
- Burma Challenge
(81) Mg Mg
- From Sangha to Laity Burmese Nationalist Movement
(1920-1940)
(82) U Nu
(83) Dr. Ba Maw
- Saturday's Son
- Breakthrough in Burma: Memoirs of a Revolution
(1939-1946)
- C -
rSDjirf;aqmif;yg;rsm;
(1) ouf0if; - oxHkrD;yGm;
(2) oHrPd&Jabmfa[mif;wpk - 1946-47 ckESpfqDu wuodkvfausmif;om;oHrPdwyf
(3) 1953 rS 1962 cktxd pmGufpmwrf;? aMujimcsufrsm;
rSDjirf;pmtkyf-aemufqufwJG
1/ jirf; pmapmif- trSwfpOf (7) Zlvdkifv 2001? trSwfpOf (4) ar 2001
2/ a'gif;tdk;a0- (1^3) Mo*kwf 1997? (2^1) Zlvdkif? (1^2) Zlvdkif 1997
3/ atmifapmOD;- vGwfvyfa&;a&T&wk (yxr tBudrf)1998 Zefe0g&D
4/ wuodkvfae0if; jynfaxmifpkAdokum AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; (yxrtBudrf 1997? arv)
5/ jr[ef AkdvfcskKyfatmifqef;{/fpmayvuf&m (1998? Zefe0g&Dv)
6/ ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;{/f vufa&G;pOfav;csKd;w&m (yxrtBudrf 1973? Zlvdkif)
7/ OD;Ek- ig;ESpf&moDArmjynf (1941-45) (yxrtBudrf 2002)
8/ wuodkvfESpfig;q,fjynfhpmapmif (1970)
9/ ausmfNidrf;-&JabmfoHk;usdyf yxrtBudrf (1938)
10/ '*kefwm,m zswfceJawGU&aomkyfykHvTmum;csyfrsm; (yxrtBudrf 1997 'DZifbmv)
11/ trsKd;om;aeYESifhtrsKd;om;ynma&;vIyf&Sm;rIUordkif;tusOf; (a&T&wkobif txl;xkwf (y^tBudrf? 11^1970)
12/ a&eHajrocifbwif 1300 jynfhESpf ta&;awmfykHrSwfwrf;
13/ armifrkef;atmif qJAif;Zlvdkif (odkU) ausmif;om;or*{/f tpOftvmudk azsmufzsufNcif; (1^3) Zlvdkif 2005
14/ tusOf;axmifxJrS tmZmenfrsm; (1999 {&m0wD)
15/ ArmjynfuGefNrLepfygwD&JU EkdifiHawmftmPmodrf;ydkufa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; (5.8.89 txl;owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG)
16/ wyfrawmfordkif; (y-twGJ? 1994 azazmf0g&Dv)? (yOrwGJ 1962-1974)
17/ atmifapmOD; (rIdif;&mNynfh) jrefrmEkdifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIorkdif;tusOf; (w-tBudrf 1993 pufwifbm)
18/ &SpfpuefYNidrf pGefYvTwfol{/f&mZ0if (ar2006)
19/ cspfMunfa&;- twJG (4) Ekd0ifbm 2006
20/ wuodkvfaumvdyfr*Zif; 1939
21/ &efukefwuodkvfESpfvnfpmapmif twJG(3) trSwf(5) 1314 ck
22/ vlxka':trm 83 ESpfajrmuf txdrf;trSwf (y^tBudrf? Ekd0ifbm 29? 1998)
23/ a'gufwmoef;xGef; igajymcsiforQightaMumif; (y^tBudrf? 2001 ar)
24/ Nidrf;csrf;pGmtwl,OfwGJaexdkifa&; rl0g'rSonf ppfrSef aomNynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkY
25/ &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;or* pdef&wk (wuo) 75 ESpf 2006
26/ tifwmeufpmrsufESm- 'DADowif;Xme? {&m0wDowif;Xme (b0kyfyHkvTm)? acwfNydKifowif;Xme? jrefrmowif;
qufoG,fa&;enf;ynm (bDtdkifwD)? 0DuDyD'D,m? atatyDyD? ol&d,
- i -