Lp l thnh phn rt quan trng ca t bi n tip xc vi mt ng, gip truyn ng lc, iu khin v chi phi ton b qu trnh hot

ng. Lp cn c chc nng nng ton b trng lng v lm gim xung ng do mt ng tc ng ln t. Chuyn lp xe s cng bn gii p nhng thng tin cn bn v chi tit quan trng ny trn t.

iu g quyt nh bn chc ca lp? Lp xe t c th chia thnh cc phn chnh gm: tanh, vi b, b lp, hoa lp v thnh lp. Tanh l li thp c bn ko cao bc cao su to bn cn thit cho lp khi lp v gip lp kt ni chc chn vo vnh bnh xe. Thn lp c lm t nhiu lp vi khc nhau cn gi l vi b. Thng thng, y l loi vi si polyester. Vi b c th chia lm hai loi. loi lp b trn, si vi chy vung gc vi talng lp xe, cn loi lp b cho c hn c si vi chy ct cho talng lp. Cc lp vi b c trng cao su kt dnh vi cc thnh phn khc cng nh trnh cho khng kh thm thu. So vi lp b cho, lp b trn t bin dng b mt ngoi hn, do vy, tnh nng bm ng v quay tt hn. Tuy nhin, do cng cao ca n nn kh nng gim cc chn ng t mt ng km hn lp b cho. bn ca lp thng c xc nh qua s lp vi b. Thng thng, lp xe gm hai lp vi b so vi lp ca cc my bay ch khch ln c ti 30 lp vi b. Mt s loi lp dnh cho xe chy vi tc cao thng c thm 1 hoc hai lp vi b gip cho lp tr nn bn chc hn. Lp b trn ai thp c thm cc ai lm bng thp c s dng tng chc chn cho phn b nm trong talng. Nhng chic ai ny gip lp khng b xuyn thng, ng thi, n nh mt phng lp to tip xc ti a vi mt ng. Thnh lp, bn ngoi trng cao su tng hp, nhm to s n nh b mt bn cho lp, bo v cc lp vi b v khng cho khng kh thm thu ra ngoi. Thnh lp c th c thm cc thnh phn nhm tng cng chc chn cho b mt bn ca lp. Tip theo l lp talng c thnh phn tng hp t cc loi cao su t nhin v nhn to. Talng v thnh lp c ch to thng qua qu trnh n nhit. Cui cng l hoa lp cng cc rnh lp c thit k cn c theo cng nng s dng. Hoa lp c tm quan trng nh th no?

Khi xe di chuyn trn ng, khng kh b nn gia cc rnh, hoa lp l nguyn nhn gy ting n. l v rnh hoa lp tip xc vi mt ng c khng kh b cun vo v b nn gia cc rnh v mt ng. Khi hoa lp ri khi mt ng, khng kh b nn bt ra khi cc rnh to ra ting n. Ting n hoa lp tng ln, nu hoa lp c dng d cun nhiu khng kh vo cc rnh hn. Chng hn nh kiu hoa lp dng khi hoc vu c th pht sinh nhiu ting n hn kiu gn dc. Tn sut ca ting n cng s tng t l thun vi vn tc xe.

Ngoi ra trong iu kin tri ma, cng c th xy ra trng hp trt nc. l do khi xe i qua cc vng nc, nu nc khng kp thot ra khi cc cc rnh v hoa s khin cho lp xe ch tip xc vi mt ng qua mt lp nc trung gian v c th dn n mt li. khc phc tnh trng ny, cc nh sn xut lp nay ng dng mt h thng th nghim tinh vi v nghim ngt, ng dng cc camera chp nh tia nc bn ra khi lp c th ch to ra loi hoa lp c kh nng thot nc nhanh. Cc k hiu trn lp ni ln iu g? Trn thnh lp thng c rt nhiu ch v s th hin kch thc v chng loi lp. V d, trn lp c dng ch, s P215/65R17 th ch P l vit tt ca Passenger Vehicle, tc l xe du lch 7 ch tr xung. Nu thay bng LT, tc l lp dnh cho xe bn ti nh (Light Truck), thng dng cho xe ti trng ln, hay T dng ch lp d phng. Con s 215 biu th b rng ca lp theo mm, con s th hai, 65, th hin t s gia cao thnh lp vi chiu rng lp. Trong trng hp ny, thnh lp bng 65% chiu rng 215mm. R

l ch u ca Radial, th hin lp b trn, phn bit vi loi b cho (Bias). Lp b trn thng dng cho xe du lch v ph hp vi mi loi ng, cn lp b cho thng dng cho xe vit d. V cm gic li v hiu qu tiu th nhin liu, lp B thua lp R. S cui cng, 17, ch ng knh vnh xe lp lp. V trong khi cc kch thc ca lp trn ton th gii c tnh bng n v h mt th ng knh vnh xe li o bng inch.

Ngoi cc thng tin c bn trn, thnh lp cn c nhiu k hiu khc, nh ti trng ti a, p sut lp ti a v tc an ton ti a. Thng tin v ti trng v p sut kh d hiu, cn tc c quy c bng m. C th, k hiu T cho bit tc ti a cho php ca lp l 190 km/h; ch H - 210 km/h; V - 240 km/h; v W - 270 km/h. Lp k hiu Z cha c tiu chun ho quc t m tu thuc vo tng nh sn xut, nhng t nht chu c tc ti a nh lp V. Thng thng, ch cn lp T l chy trn ng cao tc. Ngoi cc k hiu bng ch v s, trn mt s lp cn c biu tng ni (Mountain), cho bit lp c th dng cho ma ng. x lnh, c hai loi lp ma ng: M&S dng cho xe thng chy trn ng nhiu bn v tuyt (Mud & Snow), cn c biu tng bng tuyt bn trong ni th l lp dng cho thi tit c tuyt v bng. Mt s biu tng khc trn lp l TL (vit tt ca tubless - lp khng xm), SSR (Runflat tire - lp c th chy tc cao trn mt on ng di ngay c khi b xp).

Lp xe phi chu s tc ng ca nhng yu t no? Lm sao 4 chic lp vi p sut mi lp ch 30 psi (2,04 tmtphe) c th chu c chic t nng hng tn? Quan st k, bn s thy lp khng hon ton trn, v ni tip xc gia lp vi mt ng c th xem l phng v c gi l mt tip xc. Gi s nu mt ng lm bng knh, ta s tnh c din tch mt tip xc ny. Cng din tch tip xc ca 4 bnh v nhn n vi p sut lp s ra trng lng xe. Khi bnh xe quay, mt tip xc s lun chuyn theo vng quay v cn mt lc tc ng un lp cho n tip xc vi mt ng. Lp cng un nhiu, lc cng ln. Do lp xe khng hon ton n hi, nn khi tr v trng thi ban u, n khng hon tr ht lc tc ng v mt s lc s chuyn ha thnh nhit cng nh do ma st vi mt ng. Cc nh sn xut lp i khi cng b H s ma st ln (CRF) vi lp xe con h s ny l 0,015 cn h s ny ca lp xe ti l t 0,006 n 0,01. S dng CRF ta c th tnh lc tc ng lp ln trn ng. V d mt chic xe nng 4.000 pao (1814,369 kg), CRF 0,015 th lc tc ng s l 60 pao (27,215 kg). Cng sut lm bnh xe quay s ph thuc vo tc xe. vn tc 75 dm/gi (120,7 km/gi) lp s s dng 12 m lc quay; vn tc 55 dm/gi (88,513 km/gi) cng sut mi lp s dng l 8,8 m lc. T y ta c th thy c 3 yu t tc ng ti lc lm quay bnh xe l trng lng, vn tc xe v CRF. Vn g nh hng n mn ca lp? Nhng yu t nh hng n mn ca lp gm p sut lp, ti trng. Ngoi ra cn c cc lc dn ng, phanh, lc ly tm lc quay tc ng vo lp tng theo t l bnh phng ca vn tc. Do , tng tc s lm tng cc lc ny ln gp bi lm tng lc ma st gia hoa lp v mt ng, qua lm tng mn ca lp. Ngoi cc yu t ny, iu kin mt ng cng c nh hng ln n mn ca lp. ng nhin ng g gh khin lp mn nhanh hn ng nhn.

Nu ta bm lp qu non hoc qu cng u lm cho p sut lp khng ng tiu chun v nh vy lp s khng phng khi n tip xc vi mt ng dn n mn nhanh. p sut lp qu cao khin n b cng, khng trit tiu c cc chn ng t mt ng dn n xe chy khng m. Mi xe c mt p sut tiu chun ng vi ti trng v c tnh ca n v vy khi bm lp cn ch iu ny. Ngc li, p sut lp qu thp s khin lp b bp, lm tng din tch tip xc vi mt ng do vy tng sc cn khin cho tay li nng hn. Mt khc nu p sut gia cc lp khng u nhau, sc cn gia cc lp bn tri hay bn phi khng u dn n hin tng xe b lng sang mt bn. Ti trng ln lm tng mn ca lp cng ging nh khi lp non. Lp mn nhanh hn khi xe ch nng v lc ly tm ln hn khi quay tc ng vo xe s lm pht sinh lc ma st ln hn gia lp v mt ng. p sut lp khng , vai lp mn nhanh hn phn gia. S qu ti cng gy ra hu qu nh vy. Nu p sut lp qu ln, phn gia mn nhanh hn vai. chm qu mc khin cc lp trt ra ngoi v ko b mt tip xc ca hoa lp vo trong, gy mn do chm. V dong qu mc cng gy ra mn lp xe. Ngoi ra, s bin dng hoc r qu mc ca cc chi tit trong h thng treo cng nh hng n chnh ca bnh lm cho lp mn khng bnh thng. Nu cc bi, khp cu, u thanh ni... c r qu mc, hoc nu trc b cong, lp s b o cc im c th khi n quay tc cao gy ra lc ma st ln v tnh trng trt, c hai tc ng ny u dn n lp b mn thnh vt. Cn lu nhng vn g khi chn lp xe ph hp? Lp c thit din ngang ln hn s tip xc vi mt ng nhiu hn, qua chy n nh, cho cm gic li tt hn v chu c ti trng ln song tay li s nng. Thit din

ln cng to ra ma st ln v do tc ng ti kh nng kh ng hc lm xe tiu th nhiu nhin liu hn. Ngc li, lp xe thit din ngang nh c phn tip xc vi mt ng t hn nn tay li nh nhng ng thi tit kim nhin liu. Khi i mua lp, bn cn bit kch c ca lp xe. iu quan trng nht l nn chn c lp st vi b rng lp nguyn bn. S dng lp xe c ng knh ln hn qu nhiu c th gy nh hng n cc b phn ca h thng treo. Vic s dng loi lp nh hn s khng chu ti v lm gim bm ng, khin h thng phanh chng b cng (ABS) hot ng km hiu qu. T l gia cao thnh lp vi rng ca lp cng rt quan trng. Lp c t l ny nh cho cm gic li chun xc hn, song li gim m khi xe i vo ng nhiu g. Trng hp duy nht nn thay i t l ny l vo ma ng x lnh. S dng lp c t l thnh lp cao hn s gip xe chy m hn vo ma ng.

Hoa lp c tm quan trng th no i vi tnh nng ca xe? Hoa lp c nhiu kiu khc nhau nn kh nng thot nc cng khc nhau, p ng cc iu kin khc nhau ca mt ng v loi xe s dng. Hoa lp kiu gn dc gm nhiu rnh ch chi chy dc theo b mt lp thch hp nht vi ng nha, chy tc cao. N c c tnh lm gim ti a lc cn ln ca lp, lc cn trt ngang v to cm gic iu khin tt. Ngoi ra loi ny cn gim ting n nhng kh nng ko km hn hoa vu.

Kiu hoa vu gm cc rnh chy ra mp lp theo hng gn nh vung gc. Loi ny to c lc ko ln, lc cn ln hi cao hn, lc cn trt ngang thp hn, n ln, song ph hp vi tc chm, ng g gh hoc ng khng tri nha, v thng dng cho cc loi xe ti hng nng. Kiu kt hp gia gn dc v vu gip gim trt ngang, nng cao tnh nng dn ng v phanh, v chy c c trn ng nha cng nh ng g gh. Cn hoa kiu khi, chia b mt lp thnh cc khi c lp, s dng hu ht cc lp chy trn ng c tuyt v lp b trn. N thng gim trt di v trt quay trn ng c nhiu bn v tuyt ph nhng loi lp ny thng mn nhanh hn kiu gn dc v vu c bit khi chy trn b mt cng. Ngoi ra, cn c kiu hoa lp mt chiu, hng theo chiu quay. Cc rnh ngang c b tr theo mt chiu quay nht nh tng kh nng thot nc v nh vy khi i trn ng t, xe chy n nh hn.
Ting Vit 5.1.3 Influence of Filler Type The level and type of filler is another significant factor, which controls the tack or autohesion. In the case of reinforcing fillers the major parameters affecting the tack are the extent of reinforcement of the rubbers by the filler and the extent of decrease in surfacemobility of rubber molecules due to the presence of the filler. It is interesting to note how these two parameters affect the tack of rubbers like NR and SBR. NR which has a higher chain mobility compared to SBR is more influenced by the reinforcement effect while SBR by the chain mobility effect. In the case of NR, addition of high abrasion furnace (HAF) black up to 40 phr substantially enhances the tack compared to the unfilled compound, and this remains unchanged with contact pressure since the effect of reinforcement predominates over the effect of decrease in mobility in this range. 5.1.3 nh hng ca loi cht n Hm lng v loi cht n l mt yu t quan trng khc, chng kim sot tnh dnh hoc tnh t dnh. Trong trng hp ca cht n gia cng cc thng s chnh nh hng n tnh kt dnh l mc gia cng cao su bng cht n v mc gim tnh chuyn ng b mt ca phn t cao su do s hin din ca cht n. Ch xem hai thng s ny nh hng n tnh dnh ca cao su nh NB v SBR nh th no. NR vn c linh ng cao hn khi so snh vi SBR, b nh hng nhiu hn bi tc ng gia cng trong khi SBR b nh hng nhiu bi tc ng chuyn ng mch. Trong trng hp ca NR, vic thm than en l chu mi mn cao (HAF) ln ti 40 phn v bn cht s nng cao tnh kt dnh khi so snh vi cc hp cht khng n v iu ny vn khng thay i theo p sut tip xc v tc ng gia cng chim u th hn tc ng gim kh nng chuyn ng ca mch trong khong ny. Tuy nhin, vic thm than en trn 40 phr gim nh tnh dnh v tc ng lm gim tnh

However, addition of carbon black above 40 phr marginally reduces the tack since the effect of the

decreased chain mobility predominates over this level. When the rubber is mixed with carbon black, bound rubber is formed on the surface of the filler. The amount of bound rubber increases with increase in surface area and structure. Hence the tack is reduced with decrease in the particle size or increase in the structure of carbon black. In the case of SBR, which cannot easily achieve bond formation, when 40 phr of easy processing channel (EPC) black is added the tack is reduced and then remains almost the same during mastication. The filler in this case further restricts chain mobility, reducing interfacialinteractions and thus leading to lower tack. If an SBR can be synthesised with a sufficiently low MW the relative tack can be made close to unity. However, in this case tack would be low due to the poor cohesive strength, but addition of carbon black to such a polymer would be expected to increase tack. Therefore it may be concluded that the effect of carbon black addition on tack depends more on the rubbers ability to achieve bond formation than its chemical nature. The bond strength between two different rubbers like NR and BR is found to depend on the strength of the weaker substrate [8], as the two rubbers have similar cure rate, and types of curing system. The reinforcement of the weaker substrate, BR, by carbon black or silica improves NR/BR bonding.

linh ng ca chui thng tr trn mc ny. Khi cao su c trn vi than en, cao su c hnh thnh trn b mt ca cht n. Lng cao su tng vi s tng din tch b mt v cu trc. V th tnh kt dnh gim vi s gim kch thc ht hoc tng cu trc ca than en. Trong trng hp ca SBR, khng d dng hnh thnh lin kt, khi 40 phr than en mng d gia cng (EPC) c thm vo, tnh kt dnh gim v duy tr trong sut qu trnh ha do. Cht n trong trng hp ny hn ch tnh linh ng ca mch, lm gim tng tc b mt phn cch v v th dn n tnh kt dnh thp hn. Nu cao su SBR c th c tng hp vi khi lng phn t thp th tnh kt dnh tng i c th gn ng nht. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny tnh kt dnh thp do bn lin kt km, vic thm than en vo nhng polyme ny c mong i s lm tng tnh kt dnh. V vy, c th kt lun rng tc ng ca vic thm than en ln tnh kt dnh ph thuc nhiu vo kh nng hnh thnh lin kt ca cao su hn thnh phn ha hc ca n. Khi hai cao su c vn tc v h lu ha tng t nhau, bn lin kt gia hai cao su khc nhau nh NR v SBR c nhn thy ph thuc vo bn ca cht nn yu hn [8]. S gia cng ca cht nn yu hn nh BR bng than en hoc silica s ci thin s lin kt NR/BR.