2 (Strain)

2.1
2.2
2.3 :
2.4 : 2 3
2.5
2.6

..214 - 2

2.1 (Introduction)

(Axial loads)
(Torsion)
(Bending moments)

(Buckling)

(Stiffness)
(Strength)
..214 - 2

2.2

(Tension test)

(Strain)

Lo

(2.1)

..214 - 2

 (2.1)

d
(2.1 )
=
dL

(2.1)

.
.
.

..214 - 2


B - Proportional Limit :
C Elastic Limit :
()
Upper yield point
D Yield point :
( Elastic
limit) (Steel)
F Ultimate strength :
G Rupture strength : (
Gt
Necking)
..214 - 2

0.2%
(Offset 0.2%)
0.002 0.2%

Proportional limit
..214 - 2

 (Working stress)
(Factor of Safety)

(Allowable stress)
Proportional Limit

Proportional Limit Yield Point

Ultimate strength
2
(N)
=

yp

..214 - 2

Nyp

ult

Nult

2.3 (Hookes Law)

(Axial deformation)


(Modulus of Elasticity: E) E =

(2.3)
= E

E (Pa)
GPa (109 Pa)
..214 - 2

PL L
=
=
AE
E

(2.4)

3
()

(Homogeneous)
Proportional Limit

..214 - 2

 (Shearing deformation)



(
)

s

tan =

..214 - 2

(2.5)
10


= G (2.6)
G (Modulus of
Rigidity)

VL
s =
A sG

..214 - 2

(2.7)

11

 2.1
10 2 P = 100 kN
E = 200 GPa 20 .
120 . 40 .

..214 - 2

12

 2.2
AB BC B P = 30 kN
AB BC 300 500 ..
E = 200 GPa B

..214 - 2

13

 2.2 ()

..214 - 2

14

2.4 (Poissons Ratio)

2 3 (Biaxial and Triaxial deformations)

Proportional limit

= =

(2.8)

( )
0.50
0.25 0.30
0.33 0.20
..214 - 2

15

 2 ( x y)
( x)
x ( y)

(2.9)

E
E
( y)

(2.10)
=
y

(2.9) (2.10)
(2.11)
( x + y ) E
( y + x ) E
x =
; y =
2
1
1 2
..214 - 2

16

 3 ( x, y z)
1

x = [ x ( y + z )]
E

y = [ y ( z + x )]
E

z = [ z ( x + y )]
E

(2.12)

(
)
E, G
E
G=
2(1 + )
..214 - 2

(2.10)

17

 2.3

..214 - 2

18

 2.4
80 .
400 kN

E = 70 GPa = 1/3

..214 - 2

19

2.5
(Statically Indeterminate Members)

(
)

..214 - 2

20



1. (FBD)

2.
3.

4.

..214 - 2

21

 2.5
6 600 ..
P = 1000 kN Es = 200
GPa Ec = 14 GPa

..214 - 2

22

 2.6
2.5 6 MPa
120 MPa P

..214 - 2

23

 2.7
0.130 .
P
E
1200 1800 .., 140 MPa 70 MPa 120 70 GPa

..214 - 2

24

 2.8

A

proportional limit
E 600 300 ..,
240 MPa 140 MPa 200 83 GPa

..214 - 2

25

2.6
(Thermal stress)

= L ( T )
T

(2.14)

()

()

..214 - 2

26

1. (
)
2.

3.

2
4. (FBD)

5.
..214 - 2

27

 2.9
2.5 2 20C
A = 1200 .. E = 200 GPa
= 11.7 m /( m.C ) 20C
()
() 0.500 .

..214 - 2

28

 2.10
5 Mg 3
40C
A = 500 .. E = 200 GPa = 11.7 m /(m.C )
A = 900 .. E = 83 GPa = 18.9m /(m.C )

..214 - 2

29

 2.11
2.10

..214 - 2

30